Experience in the development of tourism in the USSR. Problems and achievements in the activities of the pre-war foreign tourist. Problems of the development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

Population of Japan, its distribution throughout the country The population of Japan for a year is the number

Power industry

Government and political system of France Form of government in France

Agricultural land For on-farm roads and communications

Typology of countries by level of socio-economic development Typology and groupings of countries

Saudi Arabia: population

1.1 Youth tourism in the USSR

Considering the history of the development of youth tourism, first of all, it is necessary to define this type of tourism.

Youth tourism is a specific type of tourist activity for young people and adolescents, implemented both within national borders and at regional and global levels.

Consider the stages of development of youth tourism in the USSR.

Tourism and local lore activity for the period from 1918 to 1928 was concentrated in out-of-school institutions and was carried out in the form of multi-day (6-10 days) excursions, travel, so-called "wanderings". Their main topic was the study of natural history disciplines, agricultural labor and handicrafts. It is noteworthy that already in 1918 a special school excursion bureau was organized in the People's Commissariat of Education. On behalf of the People's Commissar A.A. Lunacharsky, Professor I.I. Polyansky organized by May 1919 6 excursion stations for excursion research work with students and teachers of a unified labor school. The organizational and methodological side of tourism and local history was determined at that time by the works of I.M. Grevs, N.P. Antsiferova, B.E. Raikova, A.A. Yakhontova, N.K. Krupskaya. As I.M. Grevs in the first issue of the magazine "Excursion Bulletin": "To make the excursion a necessary factor in the school course was a task of the new era. Krupskaya defined the role of excursions as follows:" An excursion is of great importance, but only if it is well prepared.

We must learn to observe life and try to draw from it everything that is possible. "

In the late 1920s, the Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions announced the All-Union research campaign "For raw materials for five-year machine tools", in which a large number of groups of young tourists took part. Academician A.E. Fersman, who immediately appreciated the possible benefits of hiking, wrote that "from tourism we are moving on to a whole series of stages of our work in the field of not only scientific discoveries, but also conquests of great economic importance."

In the thirties of the 20th, tourist trips and excursions occupied a significant place in the practice of many Soviet teachers. The experience of A.S. Makarenko, who widely used collective campaigns for education. The outstanding teacher used the hikes as an incentive, as a gift to the team for the success of the academic and working year. Analyzing the experience of tourist work in the commune named after F.E.Dzerzhinsky, Makarenko believed that there is no better method of education and development of youth than summer excursions and hikes, annually arranging them for his pupils.

In the pre-war years, a number of measures contributed to the strengthening of tourist and local history work among children. In 1932, the collegium of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education adopted a resolution "Excursion and tourist work among children at the highest level", which instructed the "regional, regional and district departments of public education, together with children's communist organizations, to take all measures to organize workers and major collective farm areas of children's excursion and tourist stations and bases on them, carrying out methodological work through the latter. In 1937, the All-Russian campaign of pioneers and schoolchildren for mineral raw materials was announced.

In 1940, the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR "On children's tourism" was issued. Young tourists' clubs were established in schools. "Children's tourism and excursions, - said the People's Commissar of Education Potemkin at the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Education, - this is a kind of educational work in which all students should be involved." Tourism and excursions pursue, first of all, general educational tasks and in their very organization carry elements of physical conditioning and training of the future fighter. In 1940, 261 thousand schoolchildren were involved in the campaigns. At the beginning of 1941, All-Union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren were announced to places of military glory of the Civil War and to study small rivers.

During the Great Patriotic War, the tourist and local history activities of schoolchildren were aimed at helping the front and rear. Children collected useful wild plants, wrote down biographies of heroes of the Great Patriotic War, helped families of front-line soldiers and invalids.

In the post-war and early 50s, children's tourism became widespread. Many teachers - former front-line soldiers - organized campaigns to the places of battles, introduced children to the glory and heroism of our people. It was at this time that many teachers began to use tourism as an effective means of education and training. VA Sukhomlinsky wrote: "Real moral education is impossible without emotional communication with nature." His numerous walks with children into the forest, to the river, in the field were of an educational nature, were lessons of humanism. At the end of the 40s and the beginning of the 50s, annual gatherings of young tourists from cities, regions, and later - All-Russian and All-Union ones became a practice.

On December 24, 1958, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the law "On strengthening the connection between school and life." New curricula and programs were approved that emphasized the special role of the local history approach to teaching school subjects, the value of excursions and observations in nature.

In the mid-60s, the All-Union campaign "Road to the Glory of the Fathers" began. The first All-Union rally of the participants of the campaign to the places of revolutionary, labor and military glory took place on September 19, 1965 in the hero-fortress Brest. More than three million people took part in the campaign. During the campaigns, monuments to the dead were erected, burial sites were put in order, the names of those who were buried in mass graves were established. There were 11 stages of the trip. All-Union rallies were held in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Ivanov, Minsk, Yerevan, the 12th (and last) rally was held under a different name.

In the 70s, the practice of conducting All-Union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren continued. The All-Union Expedition "My Motherland - USSR" was announced.

The expedition was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Soviet Union and the 50th anniversary of the assignment of the name of V.I. Lenin. The main goal was to educate students on the revolutionary, military and labor traditions of the Soviet people, on the examples of friendship and brotherhood of our peoples multinational country... In schools, in each class, it was supposed to create an expeditionary detachment. As the reports from the field later showed, such units were created in more than 20% of the classes. Gatherings of the best expeditionary teams, conferences, exhibitions of local history materials were held, museums were created, patronage work was carried out with veterans.

For a more active participation of tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions in conducting a tourist expedition of Soviet youth "My Motherland - USSR", the Presidium of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions decided to propose to republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions: to more widely involve working and student youth in hiking, travels and excursions around the native land with a visit, comprehensive acquaintance and in-depth study of the objects of the All-Union tourist expedition "My Motherland - USSR", paying special attention to the active participation of youth of draft and pre-draft age in the expedition; more effectively use the tourist routes of the expedition to pass the standards for the "Tourist of the USSR" badge and the All-Union physical culture complex "Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR"; with the participation of the commissions of the Tourism Federation, to develop new tourist routes around the native land, weekend hikes and multi-day trips with the obligatory inclusion of the expedition objects program in them; to determine the list of topics for excursions organized by excursion institutions for the participants of the tourist expedition; to include in the curricula and programs of training seminars and fees for the training of public tourist personnel of all categories and links sections related to the organization and conduct of the expedition; to make wider practice of holding evenings and meetings of members of the expedition "My Motherland - USSR" with notable workers, leaders and heroes of the five-year plans, participants in the Great Patriotic War, veterans of tourism and excursions; to regularly cover the progress of the expedition in the local press, by means of radio and television to promote the experience of the best tourist clubs, tourism and excursion councils and tourist clubs of enterprises, institutions, educational institutions.

In the thirties - early fifties, children's excursion and tourist stations (DETS) are created, which become

instructional, methodological and organizational centers of tourist, local history and excursion work in the field. In their circles, the research method in the tourism and local history activities of students is widely developed.

Analyzing the work of the circles of the stations of young tourists and the Houses of Pioneers S. Istomin wrote: "The forms and methods of search and research work in school tourism are so multifaceted that they can satisfy the ever-growing interests of schoolchildren."

In order to develop youth international tourism in June 1958, the international youth bureau "Sputnik" was formed. The Bureau dealt with the exchange of youth groups of the USSR with other countries. However, in the period from 1960 to 1970, only 0.4% of the citizens of the USSR went on foreign trips.

In the 60s of the XX century, the development of tourism during this period took place in accordance with plans, the implementation of which was mandatory. They were developed for a long period of time (5-10 years) and approved by the highest tourism authorities. The normative indicators of the plans, which were taken as a basis for the development of the tourism industry and services, were subject to strict control.

Tourism was used as a means of educating the younger generation. So, in the 1970s, all-Union campaigns and expeditions of schoolchildren and youth were carried out. The goals of such mass tourist enterprises were to foster patriotism, excursion and local history work, sports training and hardening.

From that time on, new forms of recreation began to be introduced: some camp sites began to accept parents with children. The range of tourist services in tourist farms has increased.

In the period 1980-1992. the material and technical base of medical and health tourism gradually grew, new hotel complexes appeared in large cities of the country (Izmailovo and Salut in Moscow, Tourist in Pskov, Velingrad in Kislovodsk, etc.), new types of services - family vacation and course treatment. During course treatment, vacationers lived in apartments and houses of the private sector, and received a course of treatment and health improvement in a sanatorium. Recreational services have been well developed in sanatoriums and rest homes.

The main features of the administrative-normative period are: the development of tourism in the conditions of rigid regulation and planning; distribution of new forms of service (family vacations, course treatment); creation of large and comfortable hotel complexes; creation of a scientific basis for the study of tourism.

In 1986, in the Soviet Union, 17 horse trails operate in Altai, the South Urals, the North Caucasus, the Transcaucasus and other regions. Cycling routes appeared in a number of places. Transport trips were also among the planned local routes: ship, rail, air.

Organized and sea excursions along the Black Sea, the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan and the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the White, Barents, Red Seas. Aviation tour routes acquired a massive character in the 80s. More than 160 bureaus used aviation services, which allowed 2 million people to rest annually.

In June 1958, the Sputnik Bureau of International Youth Tourism was established to address issues of youth international exchange.

The restructuring of the second half of the 80s ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the Soviet Union. The process of creating independent states, as well as national tourist and excursion organizations, began.

Since 1990, the period of development of Russian tourism has been characterized by a transition from administrative regulation of tourism to economic incentives based on new Russian laws concerning both entrepreneurship and the market in general, and tourism activities in particular.

Since 1992, the Russian Federation has been implementing the program of the tourist and local history movement "Fatherland", which replaced the expedition "My Motherland - USSR".

1.2 Tourist societies, their educational role for youth

Consider the main tourist societiesthat existed in Russia since the XX century.

In 1900, the Russian Mining Society was founded. Its founders were famous scientists: V.I. Vernadsky, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, N.M. Przhevalsky and others. In 1901, the Russian Touring Club was transformed into the Russian Society of Tourists, which existed until the summer of 1928. According to the charter, students, youth and low-ranking military personnel could not be members of the ROT. The members of the ROT were privileged money people. The Society set itself the task of organizing tourist trips in Russia and abroad, acquaintance with the sights of Russian cities, as well as organizing travel "to holy places."

In 1907, under the "Russian Society of Tourists", a commission was created to organize educational excursions across Russia for schoolchildren, which was engaged in excursions across Russia and acquaintance with ancient Russian cities. In 1911 the board of the society moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In 1914, the Russian Tourism Society numbered 5 thousand people.

ROT published the magazines "Russian Tourist", "Excursion Bulletin", "School Trips and School Museum" (Odessa), "Russian Excursionist" (Yaroslavl), theoretical, methodological and reference books, guidebooks. After the 1917 revolution, many organizations and societies were banned.

The emergence of Soviet tourism can be attributed to the 20s of the XX century.

In 1918, the first tourist organization, the Bureau of School Trips, was created. In 1919, decrees on medicinal areas were adopted. Resorts of various directions began to be built on their basis. In 1920, a decree was signed "on the use of Crimea for the treatment of workers."

In 1921, a decree was adopted on the organization of rest homes. The active construction of tourist centers, sanatoriums, health resorts, pioneer camps, etc. begins. Churches, country houses, landowners' estates and other houses of rich people, which today are considered architectural monuments, were given to rest houses.

Since the 1920s, the Russian Tourism Society has begun its active work again. In 1928, the ROT was closed, and on its basis the "Society of Proletarian Tourism OPT of the RSFSR" was created, and in March 1930 - the "All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions" - OPTiE, 6.5 million people were members. The "Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions" united excursion and tourist societies and organizations such as "Soviet Tourist", "Tourist of Georgia" and others.

In 1929, the All-Union Joint-Stock Company Intourist was created to serve foreign tourists and organize tourist trips of USSR citizens abroad. Over time, Intourist opened branches in many cities of the USSR and representative offices in foreign countries. Later on, the USSR State Committee for Tourism owned 4 travel companies and over 20 representative offices abroad, some of which were registered under the sign of Intourist.

In the spring of 1936, the management of domestic tourism and excursions was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. At the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Center for Tourist Excursion Administration was established, with corresponding departments in the republics, territories and regions.

In 1958, the Central Committee of the Komsomol created its own tourist organization - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik" to organize trips of Soviet youth abroad and foreign youth in the USSR. The organization of tourist and excursion work with schoolchildren is carried out by the Central Children's Excursion and Tourism Organization, created in 1918 and reorganized in 1932.

On May 31, 1983, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the society was transformed into the Committee for Foreign Tourism of the USSR.

Youth tourism is a means of harmonious development of adolescents and young men, realized in the form of recreation and socially useful activities, a characteristic component of which is travel (excursion, walk, hike, expedition). This definition first of all indicates that tourism should integrate all the main aspects of education: ideological and moral, labor, aesthetic, physical, patriotic and international, mental development, polytechnic education, etc. Based on the history of the development of tourist activity, the cognitive function in to one degree or another is inherent in any tourist event, therefore, the knowledge of new and unusual things for children on excursions, hikes, expeditions, field camps is based on one of the main components of tourist activity.

This form of organizing the educational process in children's tourism is based, in addition to the above, on the theoretical foundations of the research method of teaching in hikes, which determines the activities of the leader of the children's group in the preparation and conduct of educational events and participants in the hike.

It should be noted that when organizing and conducting this form of the educational process, a personality-oriented pedagogical paradigm is used. Within the framework of this paradigm, the following basic principles and approaches to educational work in a tourist camp with vacationing children are implemented:

Personal and activity;

Dialogue or polysubjective

Individual and creative;

Cultural conformity;

Expediency;

Conformity to nature;

Local history;

the integrity of the educational process and the unity of the pedagogical influence.

Based on these theoretical positions, it is possible to determine those fundamental pedagogical views that should be based in the practice of organizing and conducting tourist camps for children. The main task of a teacher in a health camp is to create a hypothetical model for the formation of a developing and learning environment for children.

It is the teacher-educator, the tourism instructor in the children's tourist camp who should set the conditions, forms and methods of research activities in the hikes, thanks to which the child will form an internal motivation to approach any first information that appears before him from a creative standpoint.

It follows from this that one of the most significant tasks is to solve the question of how to form internal motivation, that is, the transformation of the external need to explore new and unknown things that a child meets in tourist trips into an internal need.

One of the most important principles of organizing educational recreation of children in tourist camps, especially successfully carried out in the process of tourist and local history activities, is the principle of the integrity of the educational process and the unity of pedagogical influence. This activity is able to simultaneously influence the intellectual, emotional and volitional spheres of the personality of a young tourist, to carry out an organic fusion of educational, upbringing and health-improving processes.

The joint practical activity of children on the hike should be based, first of all, on interest, passion for a particular business, understanding of work, and secondly, on theoretical and practical classes to study the basics of tourism and health improvement.

The tourist and local history form of educational work is an emotionally bright and very meaningful side of the life of children. This form of work promotes health improvement, versatile upbringing, the formation of citizenship and patriotism of the younger generation. Particularly relevant now for residents of urbanized spaces are: strengthening the health of students through dosed physical activity, acquaintance with the most beautiful landscapes of the country, direct contact with nature.

For students in adolescence and adolescence, a variety of trips, acquaintance with various parts of their country, studying in practice their historical, cultural, natural sights is the most natural, or, as the classics would say, a nature-friendly activity.

The use of a variety of tourist and technical means in a health-improving tourist camp: climbing on rocks, swimming in kayaks, boats and catamarans, working with various devices and mechanisms, conducting radio communications, in which middle-aged and older children have an increased interest, creates an additional attractive factor of participation on a camping trip.

Youth hiking trips and expeditions are held in a form that is as close as possible to a real research expedition in sports tourism.

1.3 Main achievements and problems of the Soviet system of youth tourism

After the liquidation of the Russian society of tourists in 1928, a society of proletarian tourism was created on its basis in 1929, which in 1930 was transformed into the All-Russian society of proletarian tourism and excursions.

On April 11, 1929, the Resolution of the Council of Labor and Defense “On the organization of the State Joint Stock Company for Foreign Tourism in the USSR” was adopted. In fact, from that moment on, tourism was divided into external and internal. The management of external tourism is transferred to the State Committee for Tourism.

In 1936, the management of domestic tourism was entrusted to the trade unions represented by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in which the Central Tourism and Excursion Administration was formed with branches in the republics and cities of the country. In 1969, this office was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions.

The organization of youth tourism was entrusted to the Central Committee of the Komsomol, which in 1959 creates its own tourist structure - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik". In addition, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Education and a number of other departments organizing the recreation of workers in their industry were involved in tourism.

There was no single normative act regulating tourism activities. Legal regulation of tourism was carried out on the basis of departmental instructions.

The transition from command and control of the economy to a market economy has also affected the tourism sector. The former monopolists of tourism "Sputnik", "Intourist", the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions were transformed into joint-stock companies and holdings.

After the liquidation of the USSR State Committee for Tourism in our country for three years, there was no department responsible for the development of tourism in general and youth tourism in particular.

1989 to 1992 practically not a single normative act was adopted that would consolidate and regulate new market relations in the field of tourism.

The main achievements of the Soviet system of youth tourism were to attract young people to the educational and health-improving value, ideological and patriotic orientation of tourist trips, the content and versatility of tourism as an active form of recreation and sports.

Soviet mass tourism was one of the most effective means of communist education. The educational value of tourism was linked to the principles of the moral code of the builder of communism, using specific examples it was shown how a camp life, passing in a team and associated with overcoming various difficulties, helps to form high moral and volitional qualities, including courage, comradely solidarity, high discipline, hard work and etc.

The educational significance of Soviet mass tourism lies in the fact that tourist trips, rallies and competitions are important means of instilling practical skills that are useful both in professional activity and in service in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Such professional and military-applied skills include knowledge of topography, provision of first-aid medical care, organization of search and rescue operations, transportation of the victim with improvised means, technique of movement and overcoming natural obstacles in various terrain conditions and with different means of transportation, organization bivouac, etc.

By solving the problems of developing tourism and excursion business in the country in soviet time involved trade union organizations, as well as the tourism departments of the Ministry of Defense and military districts.

Youth tourism in Soviet times was considered as one of the mass physical culture, along with gymnastics, jogging, skiing, swimming, sports games. Certain types of tourism (hiking, skiing, water, cycling, and at the level of sports hiking also mountain, auto, motorcycle, and speleotourism) require the involvement of various elements from the field of physical culture and sports: skiing, cycling, rowing, auto and motor sports, mountaineering and always, for all types of tourism - the ability to orientate on the terrain. This inevitably aroused interest in sports, involved in cross-country running, swimming, cross-country skiing, rowing and water slalom, sports games, mountaineering, orienteering, etc. Regulatory requirements of the TRP complex for athletics, swimming, shooting, gymnastic exercises, ski racing became norms for the tourist, and these types of physical exercises were included in the year-round training cycle.

1.4 Problems of development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

Until 1990, youth tourism, as a social movement, was implemented through the system of tourist clubs under the Councils for Tourism and Excursions.

The number of republican, regional, regional, city and district clubs in 1989, which can be considered as a turning point, in the RSFSR was more than 700. On the basis of the clubs, about 80 regional federations of sports tourism were formed. More than 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked on a voluntary basis at enterprises, institutions and educational institutions. More than 3 thousand classified sports and recreation routes were developed and operated. By 1989, 5240 mountain passes and about 1 thousand caves were classified and included in the all-union list.

Tourist asset and its public organizations were able to engage 6.8 million people a year in tourism, and at the same time hold hikes, rallies, and competitions for 15.2 million people. The number of participants in sports category hikes, giving the right to assign sports categories and titles, was 136,021 people, and the number of sports tourist groups - 14,252.

This work was carried out at the expense of insignificant allocations - about 6 million rubles. per year, received in 1989 from the funds of the trade unions.

The state system of children's and youth tourism in Russia is based on federal and municipal educational authorities in the structure of which there are about 500 centers, stations, clubs and bases for young tourists, as well as over 2,000 palaces and houses of children's and youth creativity, in which departments and sections of tourism function ... More than eleven thousand qualified teachers work in specialized tourist institutions for children.

In 220 centers and stations of young tourists, tourist training grounds and rock simulators (climbing walls) are equipped, about 400 equipped educational tourist and excursion trails are constantly used.

More than 3,400 specialized camps are organized in the Russian Federation annually, in which more than 350 thousand children receive tourism skills and recover.

More than 300 thousand children are constantly engaged in tourist and local history circles and sections of institutions of additional education, and more than 1.5 million children participate in campaigns, expeditions and travels organized by them.

Since the 90s, many of the former sports tourism management structures have largely ceased to exist. The state budget, the budgets of trade unions and sports organizations have significantly decreased, and in some places they do not provide for the allocation of financial assistance to sports tourism at all.

The number of tourist clubs has decreased to 300; territorial federations of sports tourism continue to operate on their basis. A significant number of clubs have lost their premises and operate on a voluntary basis.

The number of people engaged in sports tourism has approximately decreased in comparison with 1989 by 3-4 times, and the proportion between organized and unorganized sports tourism has changed from 1/3 to 1/9, traffic control has noticeably dropped.

Over the past ten years, prices for tourist equipment, means of transportation for tourists themselves, as well as transport services have increased - all this primarily influenced the flow of sports tourism, even to such famous and traditional regions as Karelia, Ural, Altai, Sayany, Baikal and dr.

The social and amateur foundations of sports tourism are being replaced by commercial technologies, which noticeably affects the inner spirit of the movement.

Budget funding has decreased tenfold compared to 1989 and does not even meet the minimum needs for the development of sports and health tourism in the country. As of 2000, the approximate amount of funding for sports and health tourism from budgets of all levels and other extra-budgetary sources is no more than 0.03 billion rubles, while there are no appropriate conditions for investors willing to invest in sports tourism. This point is aggravated by the fact that there is a noticeable skew in the distribution of budgetary funds at all levels in favor of elite sports of the highest achievements.

If earlier sports tourism still somehow used the most seedy property of the trade unions, then after its privatization by the administrative and economic apparatus of tourist bases and hotels, it became completely separated from any property, both in the city (clubs) and the natural environment (shelters , tourist camps, tourist centers).

Due to the persisting departmental structure of the organizational and managerial structures of sports tourism (the State Administration of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Federation of Sports Tourism on the one hand) and children and youth (the Ministry of Education and the stations of young tourists on the other hand), the gap between children and adults is constantly growing. tourism, there is a duplication of the regulatory framework, few joint activities. On the other hand, today, with a stroke of the pen, in a number of regions, without due reason, children's institutions are being merged, reorganized or simply liquidated. The leaders of the social movement - basically representing the technical intelligentsia, eke out a miserable existence, while the administrative staff of clubs, federations, state bodies has decreased by at least 30 times compared to the period before the 90s.

The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of the state policy in the country in the field of socially oriented sports and health tourism, currently does not guarantee its development. The 1996 Law "On the Basics of Tourist Activity in the Russian Federation" is reduced to international outbound and inbound tourism. Sports and health tourism, which in 1987 made up one third of the country's tourist flow, completely falls out of the general scheme of the law, it is practically only mentioned in passing, since its importance in the life of Russian citizens cannot be directly translated into the ruble equivalent. At the same time, the unique social significance of sports and health tourism is not available to most representatives of the tourism industry.

The drop in the current level of citizens' involvement in sports tourism is largely due to the almost complete absence of healthy lifestyle promotion in the media, especially on television; ineffective economic levers of regulation and encouragement of sports tourism and curtailment of forms of active recreation in recreation establishments.

Since 1998, sports and health tourism has passed the critical point of its decline and there have been positive trends in its development. This became possible thanks to the organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture and tourism, the efforts of the public tourist asset and, most importantly, the desire of the socially unprotected segments of the population themselves in a cheap and effective way to solve the problem of their recreation and a healthy lifestyle in the difficult situation of the city. ... Against this background, in the territorial state committees there is a steady process of creation of full-time units dealing with the development of sports and health tourism. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation is showing great interest in the movement, as a source of specialists with the skills of rescue operations and having unique equipment for action in extreme situations.

Considering that today the most acute problem of the country is children and youth, who continue to lose their last healthy moral guidelines and are increasingly slipping into the soulless, drug-addicted and criminal environment of the city, and also taking into account the fact that the majority of the population cannot recover from stress and find the strength to survive in extreme situations, the state and public institutions should demand sports and health tourism, as one of the most modern technologies the production of healthy, spiritual and physical qualities in a person, as well as cognitive and self-preserving principles at minimal cost to the state and the traveler himself.

Youth tourism on the present stage requires special attention to itself. On the territory of the Russian Federation there are a sufficient number of tourist bases built on the principle of collective accommodation in rooms, with amenities in the territory, which today are experiencing difficulties in occupancy due to the moral and physical deterioration of fixed assets and the low quality of the services offered. Investment in the construction of new and reconstruction of existing youth hostels is required. The financial situation of student and student youth, their undemandingness to living conditions make it possible to reorient tourist bases for youth camps with the provision of a complex of animation, tourist, sports and entertainment events.

In the Russian Federation, competitions in tourist sports all-around are regularly held, namely: pedestrian, water, mountain tourist all-around. Orienteering competitions are also held, tourist gatherings are held 4 times a year. There are all the necessary natural resources for the above activities, except for the conditions for extreme tourism and sports competitions. The positive dynamics of the involvement of the population of all age groups in the field of sports tourism is traced. Sports and health tourism is an independent and socially oriented sphere; an effective means of spiritual and physical development of a person, which allows to harmoniously solve the problems of improving the personality and preserving nature by means of sports tourism. Over the past three years, the Russian Federation has seen a steady increase in those who are fond of sports and health tourism. According to the Federation of Sports Tourism of the Russian Federation, in 2004, in comparison with 2001, the number of people engaged in sports tourism increased 2.25 times, the number of participants in touristic all-around competitions - 1.5 times. The number of tourist clubs and sections is growing. The direction of sports tourism is most attractive for socially unprotected segments of the population: people with disabilities, orphans, families with low monetary incomes, children, youth and families in general. Unfortunately, the level of development of sports and health tourism in the country does not meet the requirements of the time. Little attention is paid to sports tourism in many regions of Russia. In view of the lack of promotion of tourist and sports events in the regions of the Russian Federation, an insufficient number of young people are attracted to competitions in sports tourist all-around.

2. FEATURES OF YOUTH TOURISM ORGANIZATION

2.1 Features and directions of youth tourism

Traveling for young people is a lifestyle of a developed social society. There is a concept that young people at the stage of their life up to the age of 25, until they have had a family and children, should see the world, travel, learn how other peoples live. This will help them choose the right path in life, form their own life principles. Students of day educational institutions and non-student youth under 25 years old are everywhere provided with significant benefits for travel, reduced tariffs are set for transportation by almost all types of transport (but in the tourist or economic class), for accommodation in special youth hostels (hostels), for visiting museums, attractions and theme parks. Moreover, they are given a special discount in price, and sometimes they even have the opportunity to call their parents for free.

There is a concept that young people have a freer mode of life in terms of having time for rest and travel, they have long vacations in the winter and summer. Students travel in groups accompanied by a teacher or employee of an educational institution. Often, students unite in small groups of 3-5 people and independently make long enough trips around the country and abroad. It is noteworthy that the accompanying person is also provided with certain discounts.

International youth organizations are involved in the organization of preferential travel arrangements. For example, travel arrangements for young people are part of the Federation of International Youth Travel Organization - the International Federation of Young Travel Organizations. The Federation was established in 1951, the headquarters is located in Copenhagen, the federation functions under the auspices of UNESCO.

2.2 ISIC and other international youth certificates

Young people and students are the most traveling segment of the world's population. At the same time, representatives of this category cannot be called wealthy people.

Travel students are:

· Thrifty consumers using specialized travel products, services and routes that suit their individual needs, interests and wallet;

· Frequent traveling consumers, going to study or on vacation;

· Independent travelers who prefer more flexible prices;

· Entrepreneurial, for whom travel is an integral part of their life experience;

· Loyal consumers, loyal to companies that provide quality products and services at affordable prices;

How do they manage to actively travel not only to the capitals of many countries of the world, but also to get into the deep jungle of the planet? Everything is very simple. The interests of student youth were taken care of by the International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC), established in 1949, which includes 5 associations, including the International Student Identity Card Association (ISIC).

Transport companies have a unique opportunity to take their place in this expanding market through the highly specialized network of student offices of the International Students Land Tourism Association (ISSA).

IRANT was established in 1992 as one of the five Associations of the International Student Tourist Confederation SITC (ISTC).

The aim of IRANT is to support the development of a land-based tourism product for students and young tourists around the world, to help develop coordinated marketing strategies, and to encourage practical cooperation between its members.

Through SITC, IRANT members work together to create programs and services specifically for student travelers from around the world. The International Student Tourism Confederation sets the standards of conduct for students holding the ISIC International Student Identity Card (ISIC), represents the interests of students and youth, and negotiates beneficial services on their behalf.

Most of the IRANT members are official companies focused on student tourism in their countries. SITC members annually serve over 10 million tourists and receive a trade turnover of about $ 3 billion.

International Student Tourism Confederation is a worldwide student tourism network. As a member of the SITC International Student Ground Transportation Association, it is an integral and active part of the worldwide student tourism network. ISIC is a confederation of 5 associations working in the field of student tourism services.

Land Travel (ISSA)

International Student Identity Cards (ISIC)

Air travel (SATA - Student Air Travel Association)

Insurance (IASIS - International Student Insurance Association)

Exchange programs (IAEWEP - International Association for Educational and Exchange Programs)

With 50 years of experience, an international network spanning every continent, tailor-made products and services, and a commitment to making travel affordable and affordable for students, SITC members empower ground tourism operators to gain a foothold in local and international markets. IRANT (ISSA) works closely with its sister association International Student Identity Cards, which works with various organizations to provide discounts.

Today's students are the vanguard of the future world community - informed, knowledgeable and very interested in various types of tourism.

The student tourism market has a huge potential in rail, bus, sea, road and city transport. IRANT members give direct access to about 4 million potential clients - full-time students are clearly identified by International Student Identification Cards. Holders of these cards have a unique opportunity to use all products and services around the world at a discount agreed for them in the specifically specified special ISIC guides issued by the ISIC Headquarters in Holland.

Student focus is an important and profitable market strategy, as brand preference, consumer loyalty, and purchasing power that have developed in the past influence future purchasing decisions.

IRANT members work together with transport companies to introduce and market a special student tourism product. They help develop and regulate a network of special student passes and assess customer feedback.

ISIC is the only officially registered international identity card.

Young people are given the opportunity to purchase international student and youth cards ISIC and G025, which provide ample opportunities to travel to almost any region of the world. International Student Idenity Card (ISIC) - IDs of an international student organization. Similar certificates are issued not only to students, but also to young people under 25 - International Youth Travel Card (GO 25), as well. also for teachers (accompanying groups of students on tourist trips) - International Teacher Idenity Card (ITIC).

The main goal of the International Student Identity Association - ISIC, created at the initiative of UNESCO, is to promote the development of student tourism, educational and cultural exchanges, to encourage the dissemination of knowledge about other countries and cultures, and thereby contribute to the strengthening of mutual understanding between peoples. The introduction of a single student card with a fixed period of validity (16 months) has become a simple, but quite effective step towards creating a whole system of benefits and discounts, direct access to which has significantly expanded the possibilities of student tourism.

Since the foundation of the Association, more than 30 million students around the world have become happy owners of ISIC at different times. The card has proven its viability by immense popularity among student youth. More recently, the ISIC card could only be used abroad (90 countries, 17,000 discounts). Today this can be done without leaving Russia:

Cardholders can get discounts on accommodation and meals in hostels, visits to museums and attractions, as well as transport passes, for example, at the STA or KILBOY air fare. Air tickets of these fares have significant benefits (validity period of one year, the possibility of changing the route, unlimited terms for purchasing tickets and booking them, the possibility of canceling the flight with the least penalties, etc.). ISIC cardholders are provided with medical, financial and other assistance in critical situations that happened abroad.

To protect against counterfeiting, increase trust and recognition, the ISIC card is equipped with:

1.Strong topographic layer to protect student data and photography

2.Micro-printed and four-color design

3.Magnetic tape

4. place for the cardholder's signature

5.Unique identification number

IS 1C and ITIC cards are valid for a calendar year, G025 cards are valid for one year from the date of purchase. Detailed information on how to obtain ISIC, GO 25 and ITIC cards can be obtained from the International Student Idenity Card Handbook or on the Internet.

For small youth groups, it is possible to travel with minimal transport costs to 14 countries in Europe and the UK using the EUROBUS discount program. The general distributor in Russia is Sinbad Travel.

2.3 Benefits provided by ISIC in the world and in Russia

The bearer of the certificate is entitled to significant discounts (up to 50%) when using air, rail, water transport, buses, car rental; when placing in youth hotels, hostels; when visiting museums, exhibitions, parks, attractions, cinemas, cultural and historical centers; when eating in youth cafes, restaurants, visiting nightclubs, discos, libraries ...; when visiting sporting events and renting sports equipment. In addition, the owner of the certificate has the right to urgent information assistance on visa, legal issues, on issues of obtaining preferential and medical assistance.

ISIC - Campus Access Card

ISIC - Card of access to international preferential communication

ISIC - Card for access to international free

HELP LINE support information service

ISIC - Discount card providing discounts on:

· Air-railway tickets;

· Travel by intercity buses, accommodation in hotels, motels, hotels, youth hostels;

· Visiting museums, exhibitions, cultural and historical centers;

· Visiting restaurants, cafes, nightclubs, discos;

· Visiting sporting events, renting sports equipment;

· Up to 70% discount on international phone calls (more than 80 countries);

· Free e-mail;

· Virtual telesafe;

· Fax;

· Free service in many languages.

For example, in Europe, ISIC cards provide the following benefits:

1. from 33 to 50% of the cost of railway tickets;

2. up to 50% of the cost of railway tickets on international routes from any EU country to more than 2,000 European cities (for young people under 26);

3. up to 33% of the cost of tickets for international buses;

4. from 15 to 45% of the airfare (for young people under 26);

5. up to 50% of the cost of entrance tickets to museums, castles and other attractions; many museums are open for free visits once a week (a month or on certain days);

6. from 25 to 45% of the cost of tourist excursions.

ISIConnect is a new system that allows you to use an ISIC card to receive communication services:

a long distance and international telephone calls. To do this, you need to buy phone time by properly charging the card. This can be done the first time you contact a multilingual operator who will activate the card and give you your personal four-digit PIN. The card can be recharged using your credit card or your friends 'or parents' card. At the same time, it is important that when negotiating through the ISIConnect system, favorable student telephone rates are provided;

a voice mail. Voice messages can be left for you, which are sent by your friends or relatives from any part of the world. These messages can be read on any cell phone. Autoresponder messages can also be received by e-mail. Thus, leaving home on a trip, it is enough to leave your ISIC card number and communication will be provided through the fSIConnect operator in the USA, tel: 1-732-365-5000.

a telefax. If you have a fax machine, using the ISIC card, you can receive and send fax messages at a reduced rate;

a telesafe. This is a unique new virtual telesafe service. In case of loss of documents, their photocopy can significantly facilitate the process of resolving conflicts, issuing new documents that replace them. Therefore, when leaving on a trip, you should make copies of the documents and send them by fax to TeleSafe. Once the documents have been deposited, copies can be retrieved by e-mail or fax at any time;

a email. All ISIC owners receive free e-mail services and their personal mailing address - [email protected]. In any Internet cafe you can use e-mail services, get access to special databases intended for students, for example, the ISIC student discount database.

2.4 Hostels in Russia

Hostel (or, in English, youth hostel) literally translates as a youth shelter. The French say "Auberge de jeunesse", the Germans say "Jugendherberge".

The hostel is a cheap youth hostel type hotel. Usually has a corridor system, shared toilets, showers, kitchens with refrigerators and microwave ovens on each floor, a common lounge with a TV, a payphone. Meals are organized in a cafe or a cheap canteen. Hostel rooms are usually from 2 to 6 beds (and sometimes more). Hostels are uncomfortable, but almost always very clean, they are intended for young people, but they are popular with tourists with low incomes due to the cheapness of services.

It can be noisy for a middle-aged tourist in hostels, often young people have fun long after midnight. However, many tourists who are already far out of their youth use hostels. They are accustomed to the youth spirit and way of life, and the cheapness of services also plays an important role. There are hostel options where you can even use your own bedding. Many hostels close during the day for cleaning, and your luggage can be stored in the luggage room. Among the services provided by hostels are laundry, sale of tickets with discounts to museums, theaters, cinemas, buses and trains, organization of individual excursions, Internet service, etc.

Student hostels are an excellent alternative to a hotel if the tourist is staying for a short time and prefers active and independent travel. It is also a great opportunity to meet like-minded people from all over the world and find a travel companion.

Hostels are common all over the world, but they are most popular in Europe, where hotels are traditionally expensive. In large cities there are several hostels; in the summer their number increases, since student dormitories are used for hostels. As a rule, hostels are located near the train and bus stations, not far from the center.

The fact that hostels are student hostels does not mean that only students can live in them. Even an over-aged tourist can get accommodation in a hostel. The exceptions in this sense are Bavaria, which has set the age limit for hostel residents - 26 years, and the Scandinavian countries, where a membership card of the International Hostel Association is required for hostel accommodation. If you have an international or national student card (voucher) in any hostel, you can get a big discount in the price of hotel services and food services.

In the famous Finnish hostel "Eurohostel" in Helsinki, the usual prices are normal rate for YHA members: single, 160 FMK, 145 FMK; double, 2x100 FMK, 95 FMK; triple 3х110 FMK, 95 FMK; family room, 210 FMK. For groups: min 11 pax - 95 FMK room 2-3 bed, every 16 pax bed free charge. Meals: breakfast 25 FM; lunch 35 FM; diner 35-50 FM.

Hostels are united in large hotel chains and are available in almost every major European city and in countries on other continents. The international federation of youth hostels - Hostelling International is organized. Special catalogs of hostels are published, a reservation service has been created.

Youth hostels began in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1901. a youth society "Migratory Birds" (Wandervogel) was formed, whose members were fond of long hiking trips for educational purposes. In addition to gathering for political reasons, they studied German folklore, folk dances and often spent the night outdoors in the open air. In 1910. on the initiative of this society, a special hostel was opened - the simplest and cheapest youth hostel. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating hostels quickly spread, and they began to be created not only in Germany, but also in the Netherlands, Switzerland and further in other European countries. The First World War somewhat slowed down the process of the spread of hotelei, but already in 1930. the first youth hostels association, Y.H.A., was established in England.

In 1932. organized by The International Youth Hostel Federation - YHF with headquarters in Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire (England). The Youth Hostel Association is an organization that provides young tourists with accommodation in hotels, hostels and camp sites at reasonable prices. The association includes more than 5500 hostels all over the world. In Australia, the YHA system includes 140 hostels linked by a single booking system. Today the federation includes 70 countries of the world. In 1934. the American Youth Hostels Association was founded in the USA. The hostel chain in the USA and Canada is described in a special guide: Hostelling North America: A Guide to Hostels in Canada and the United States. Fodor and Michelin Guides hostel guides are also known.

The Russian Association of Youth Hostels was founded in 1992. - Russian Youth Hostel Association - RYHA. The center of the association is located in St. Petersburg. The association includes 7 hostels. The Association has been a member of the IYHF since 1993. Hostelling International Card actively distributes national discount hostel cards (RYH Card) for IYHF and RYH members in Russia, which allow you to get substantial discounts on accommodation in more than 5500 hostels around the world.

St. Petersburg International Hostel is a popular hostel among student traveling youth in St. Petersburg, owned by RYH - Caron Inc. The hotel was opened in 1991. and is conveniently located in the city center near the Moscow railway station and Nevsky prospect. This was the first hostel in Russia. He enters russian association hostels. The hotel has 56 beds in 2 and 5-bed rooms. The hostel staff is exclusively young. Responsible and friendly customer service.

The hostel provides cheap service for tour groups and individuals. Toilets, washrooms and showers are on the floors, the hostel has an Internet cafe. The cost of living is from 12 to 15 USD, breakfast is included in the room price. The hostel operates a travel agency "Sinbad Travel", where you can book a place in any of the 5500 hostels in 77 countries of the world. Appropriate visa support is organized. Reservation of any tourist services is carried out. There are five terminals of the Amadeus automated booking system. The sale of air tickets of 15 airlines for students (with discounts for student and youth fares) is also organized right there. We accept payment for services by credit cards of leading payment systems. The hostel has an international telephone connection (payphone). The receptionist is on duty around the clock. There is a separate desk for issuing ISIC student cards.

2.5 Analysis of the most popular tours in the youth tourism market

2.5.1 Sports Tours

The demand for sports tours among young people is very high.

Within the Russian Federation, the main interest of travelers who have applied to travel agencies in the Novosibirsk region is the following regions: Altai Republic - 79%, Altai Territory - 13.5%, Krasnodar Territory - 1.2%, Novosibirsk Region - 1.7%.

With regard to inbound tourism, from the total tourists sent to the Russian Federation, 8 thousand people (31%) rested in the Altai Republic, 6.9 thousand (26.5%) - in the Novosibirsk region, 4.4 thousand (17%) - in the Altai Territory, 2.8 thousand (10.6%) - in the Krasnodar Territory, 1.2 thousand (4.8%) - in the Kemerovo Region, 1.3 thousand people (4.9%) visited St. Petersburg ...

Barnaul travel agencies offer the following types of recreation on the territory of the Altai region: recreation at tourist centers and resorts, horse and hiking trails, rafting on mountain rivers, mountain climbing, ski tours, fishing and hunting. In 2002, Russian tourists preferred passive recreation at tourist centers (58% of tourists who visited the Altai region), in second place were rafting and resorts - 12% each, horse trails - 7%, slightly inferior to them on foot - 6%. Fishing, hunting and mountaineering each attracted 1.2% of Russian tourists.

According to marketing research conducted by Russian travel agencies located in the Novosibirsk region, among active types of tourism, rafting is of the greatest interest - rafting on rapids on inflatable frameless boats, horse trails, hunting (Fig. 1)

Figure 1 - preferences of tourists in the Novosibirsk region in the choice of tours

Foreign citizens vacationing in the region were more inclined towards active types of tourism. Thus, the share of foreigners vacationing at tourist centers in 2002 was 25%, adherents of hiking (trekking) - 40%, horse travel - 5%, fishing and hunting - 10%, rafting - 10%, mountaineering - 10%.

Ski tourism has begun to revive recently. Since there is snow in Siberia for several months a year, this species is quite promising. However, snowmobile rest was added to it. Today, water tourism is developing dynamically - the organization of travel along rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Tourist trips to the Eastern and Western Sayans are also popular. More and more campgrounds can be seen in Ergaki. And do not forget that foreign tourists go to Siberia for exotic, not European service. They are only interested in hotel amenities at the exit from the route.

2.5.2 Educational (sightseeing) tours

Excursion (cognitive) tours are also in high demand. It can be noted that in 1997 in Moscow a special youth-tourist program “Moscow - the capital of the Russian state” was developed.

For the purposes of this program, the purposeful formation of young people's interest in history, culture, and the present day of Moscow, the heart of Russia, was designated. This program was aimed at developing and supporting educational, cognitive tourism for children and adolescents.

The Sputnik Youth Tourism Bureau offered 2-, 3-, 4-hour, one-two-day excursion programs around Moscow and its sights in line with the curriculum of the subject “Moscow Studies”. Considering the important role of nearby cities in shaping the history of Moscow, Sputnik has developed interesting routes to Sergiev Posad, Vladimir-Suzdal, Borodino, Ryazan-Konstantinovo, Tula Yasnaya Polyana, St. Petersburg, Novgorod and others.

The goal of the program was to create optimal conditions for a wide range of Moscow schoolchildren, students, and students when choosing targeted trips that encourage young people to travel, broaden their horizons, get an education in the world's best education centers, and expand contacts with peers.

Along with trips around Russia, Sputnik offers educational and cognitive tours abroad:

To England / London, Oxford, Brighton / - English classes;

To France / Paris / - French classes;

To Italy / Rome-Florence-Venice / - historical.

Stay programs in these countries include courses to improve knowledge of a foreign language. Classes are taught by experienced teachers. Excellent linguaphone, audio-video equipment. Another option for training can be the residence of children in / English, French / families, which gives an additional opportunity to improve language skills. In addition to the curriculum, tours include excursion activities (5-6 excursions) to the sights of the cities visited.

Unfortunately, there is no such program in the Novosibirsk region, but the administration of the Novosibirsk region is also considering various projects for the development of student tourism.

2.5.3 Local history

The formation of interest in studying the history of their own land among schoolchildren and students is also a popular area of \u200b\u200btourism at the present time.

The history of the city of Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region is reflected in the expositions of museums with more than 4 thousand exhibits in the main fund. Painting, archeological objects, numismatics, photographs and documents are widely represented there.

Among the leading museums are the Novosibirsk Regional Museum of Local Lore with branches and the Novosibirsk Picture Gallery. There are 145 monuments of architecture, history, monumental art and archeology in the city under state protection, among them there are interesting examples of wooden and stone architecture that form the image of modern Novosibirsk.

Suzunsky copper smelter with the Mint. (Suzun. Suzunsky district of the Novosibirsk region).

On the territory of modern Suzun, the remains of ancient buildings have survived, in the place of which there was once a copper smelter with the Mint. This is a unique object of the history of Siberia.

The mint in Suzun was the only one from the Ural Mountains to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. For almost a hundred years, Siberian copper coins were minted here. Stone walls and ditches, an ore mining site - witnesses to the events of the 18th century.

At the beginning of the 18th century. In the foothills of the Altai, local miners discovered deposits of silver and copper ores. This became known to the Ural industrialist A. Demidov - the largest businessman in Russia of this period. He built metallurgical plants in Altai, which laid the foundation for the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mining district.

In 1729. The first copper-smelting plant, Kolyvansky, began to operate in 1744. the Barnaul plant comes into operation. (Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov worked at the Barnaul plant since 1747, who in 1763 developed a project for a universal steam engine - the world's first two-cylinder continuous-action machine, which he failed to implement.) Along with copper, the ores contained silver and gold, but they were mined Demidov had no right, since according to the law, the land and its subsoil were the property of the state or the sovereign, and only they could mine precious metals. The breeder nevertheless took the risk of starting illegal smelting of silver. After that, the factories were taken from the Demidovs and became the property of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (daughter of Peter the Great), under the control of the Tsar's Cabinet. In 1764, the construction of the Suzun copper smelter and the Mint began on the banks of the Nizhny Suzun River.

Huge Siberia suffered from a shortage of coins; merchants were often forced to use payment in kind in their calculations. The plant and the Mint came into operation in 1766. A large settlement arose at the plant, inhabited by artisans. And the factory buildings, and the mint and the settlement had fortifications in the form of an earthen rampart with a wooden palisade.

At the Suzun Mint, coins were issued in denominations from ten kopecks to half a penny (0.25 kopecks). The Siberian coin differed from the all-Russian one in its appearance. Initially, it was even larger. On the obverse, framed by laurel and palm branches, was the monogram of Catherine II - the letter "E" with the Roman numeral II woven into it. On the reverse side of coins of all denominations, except for a half, the coat of arms of Siberia was depicted - two sables holding an oval shield crowned with a crown in their front paws with the designation of the value of the coin. The whole composition was covered by a circular inscription - "Siberian coin". After 1781. at the Suzun Mint, they began to make a copper coin of the all-Russian sample. The minting of coins in Suzun stopped after the fire of 1847. and was no longer renewed.

In terms of production scale, the Suzunsky plant and the Mint were the largest non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the 18th century. in Russia.

Historical and Architectural Museum - Reserve (in the open air) SORAN.

An open-air historical and architectural museum is located on the picturesque coast of the Ob Sea near Akademgorodok. It presents cultural monuments of the Russian and indigenous peoples of Siberia, ranging from rock carvings of ancient artists and dwellings of Siberian peoples and ending with the estates of Russian pioneers. The Spaso-Zashivirskaya hipped church (1700) was delivered from the banks of the Indigarka to Novosibirsk, peasant huts and barns from Transbaikalia and the Irkutsk region, from Buryatia - a Buddhist dugan, from the Tyumen region - watchtowers of forts, from the Barabinsky district of the Novosibirsk region - a windmill. After careful processing of wood, these structures are installed in a new place as a memory of times long gone.

A memorable object of the history of the city of Novosibirsk is the railway bridge across the Ob, built at the end of the last century. The appearance of Novosibirsk is connected with its construction.

In 1891. railway engineer and famous Russian writer N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky led an exploration party that chose the site for the construction of a railway bridge across the Ob near the village of Krivoshchekovo (located on the left bank of the Ob) and the mouth of the Kamenka river on the right bank. on the construction of a bridge near Kolyvan, then the railway would pass through the center of the province - Tomsk. N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky convincingly proved and economically substantiated the Krivoshchekov variant. Here, as the locals said, the Ob flows like in a rocky pipe that does not allow the river to deviate anywhere.

In March 1897. the bridge was open to traffic. During this time, a settlement of workers - builders arose and grew on the site of Novosibirsk. The author of the project of the bridge over the Ob is Professor N. Belelyubsky. The bridge construction system proposed by him became known in the world bridge building practice as the "Russian system". The railway bridge across the Ob, along with other bridges of the Trans-Siberian Railway, became the largest and most perfect structure in Russia at the end of the 19th century.

In 2002 the bridge was dismantled and moved to the shore and serves as a historical monument of the city. http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top # top

Chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Merlikia

In 1915, in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, the chapel of St. Nicholas was erected on the central Fairgrounds of Novonikolaevsk. The chapel served as the symbolic center of the Russian Empire. It was built in the modernized stylistic forms of the Novgorod-Pskov architecture of the 12-14 centuries. The architects F.F. Ramman and A.D. Kryachkov. During the years of Soviet power, the chapel was destroyed, next to the place where it was later a monument was erected to the leader of "all times and peoples" I.V. Stalin. But Stalin's personality cult was exposed and the monument was removed. During the preparation for the celebration of the 100th anniversary of Novosibirsk in 1992. the chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the city center was also restored.

City trade building. (Building of the Novosibirsk Regional Museum of Local Lore.)

The individuality of the central part of Novosibirsk is given by the building of the City Trade Building, built in 1911 by the architect A.D. Kryachkov (like many buildings in Novosibirsk).

In 1909. in the city there was a terrible fire, as a result of which 22 quarters burned out, more than 6 thousand people were left homeless, many shops and warehouses were damaged. The trade building was built at the initiative of the city authorities as a fire-safe and profitable enterprise for the city. The lower floor consisted of premises leased to individual merchants. The second floor was used for administrative premises: the city duma and council, the treasury, a branch of the State Bank, on the second floor there was a hall for a thousand people for meetings and evenings. This hall was the largest and most beautiful room in the city at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1914. the city government allocated 300 rubles. for the equipment in the hall of the City commercial building of cabinets and showcases for the library-museum, which would "give a systematic image of modern reality."

In connection with the events of the revolution and civil war, the museum was opened only in 1920. For many years, the building of the City Trade Building housed shops and a restaurant.

Since 1987 the trading building houses the Novosibirsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. Numerous exhibits present the ancient history of the region, introduce the culture and life of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, here you can see a unique collection of shaman costumes and tambourines, present a picture of the settlement and development of the region - the Novosibirsk region in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. One of the halls is dedicated to the history of Novosibirsk. Concerts, performances by artists and musicians are held in the large hall of the City Trade Building. http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top # top

Commercial club. (The building of the theater "Red Torch").

In 1914. in Novonikolaevsk was built a Commercial Club (or Merchant Assembly). The design and construction of the building was carried out by the architect A.D. Kryachkov. Concerts, masquerades, performances by amateurs and professional theater troupes who came on tour were held here. But in 1918. this building began to be called the "House of the Revolution", meetings and meetings, meetings of the Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies were held here.

Later the building was named "Workers' Palace". November 1, 1932 in this building the theater "Red Torch" showed its first performance. This theater was born in Odessa, for 12 years the theater traveled around the country until it linked its fate with the rapidly growing center of Siberia.

In 1936-1937. the building where the theater is located was reconstructed according to the project of the architect K.E. Osipov. Novosibirsk State Academic Theater "Red Torch" celebrated its 75th anniversary.

The house is a monument to Lenin.

A monument to the political history of the 20th century. in Novosibirsk is the Lenin House, built in 1924-1925. This building was built at the expense of the residents of the city. To raise funds, a million cards were issued according to the number of bricks needed for its construction, each worth 10 kopecks. This building was supposed to house a center for the propaganda of Lenin's ideas, to perpetuate the memory of the leader, a hall of public meetings.

Initially, the architecture of the building resembled the mausoleum of V.I. Lenin in Moscow (project authors I. Burlakov, I. Zagrivko, M. Kuptsov). In the House of Lenin, at the First Siberian Regional Congress of Soviets, it was decided to change the name of Novonikolaevsk to Novosibirsk. In 1944 it was reconstructed into the Theater of the Young Spectator. (Currently, it houses the Novosibirsk State Philharmonic Society.) Http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top # top

Municipal Scientific Memorial Center named after Yu.V. Kondratyuk. (The building where Kondratyuk Yuri Vasilyevich worked (Shargei Alexander Ignatievich) - one of the theorists of space flight)

In Novosibirsk, the building where Yu. V. Kondratyuk once worked has survived. Today there is a scientific and memorial center named after him, which presents materials about the life of this amazing and talented scientist, about the history of cosmonautics in Russia.

The name of Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk is on a par with the names of famous scientists, founders of the theory of space flight K.E. Tsiolkovsky, N.A. Kibalchich, F.A. Zander, S.P. Queen. Born Yu.V. Kondratyuk (his real name is Alexander Ignatievich Shargei) August 9 (21), 1897 in Poltava.

In 1919, having become interested in the problem of interplanetary communications, he completed the work "For those who will read in order to build", in which, independently of Tsiolkovsky, he deduced the main provisions of the rocket movement in space. The civil war ruined his plans for further studies and scientific work.

Later Kondratyuk was a machinist, fireman, and mechanic. He designed conveyors, new types of elevator buckets (the so-called Kondratyuk bucket is still used in elevator technology). He arrived in Novosibirsk in August 1927. at the invitation of the regional office "Khleboprodukt". He settled on a quiet street of Nerchinskaya, in house 27 (unfortunately, this house has not survived). During these years he has been working on the book "The Conquest of Interplanetary Space". besides her, he wrote several more works that remained unpublished. The manuscripts are kept at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1932. Kondratyuk was recalled to Moscow.

In October 1941. Yu.V. Kondratyuk was at the front near Kaluga in the communications company of the 62nd Infantry Regiment. In one of the battles, Kondratyuk was killed. This amazing man lived only 44 years, but many questions of rocket dynamics and rocketry were found in his writings and are used in astronautics. A crater on the Moon and a square in Novosibirsk are named after Kondratyuk.

Memorial ensemble "To the feat of Siberians in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945." (Monument of Glory)

The Glory Monument is one of the most magnificent monuments of Novosibirsk, located on the left bank of the city. This is a reminder of the heroic and harsh times, of the feat of the Siberians, who, together with all the soldiers of the Soviet Army, defended their homeland from fascism. Its opening took place on November 6, 1967.

The author of the Glory Monument is the Novosibirsk muralist A. Chernobrovtsev. The sculptor B. Ermishin, architects M. Pirogov and B. Zakharov took part in its creation. The monument occupies almost two hectares, five wide paths, framed by weeping willows, lead to the square intended for demonstrations, parades, rallies.

The memorial consists of a symbolic statue of a grieving woman mother, an eternal flame and seven powerful ten-meter pylons, on which scenes depicting the individual stages of the war are engraved. On the opposite side, the names of 30266 Novosibirsk people who fell at the fronts, made of metal, are pressed into the concrete of the pylons. Between the pylons on the dais are four urns with earth from the places of bloody battles. From under the city of Yelnya, where in August-September 1941. the soldiers of the 24th Siberian Army inflicted the first serious defeat on the fascist invaders. From the Borodino field, on the Borodino field and the Volokolamsk highway near Istra and Serpukhov at the end of 1941. Siberians together with other soldiers defended Moscow. From Mamaev Kurgan, where in the historical the battle of Stalingrad tens of thousands of Siberian soldiers fought to death.

Here is stored the land from the battlefield of the 19th Guards Siberian Volunteer Rifle Corps, which passed the battle path from the Moscow region to the Baltic Sea. Behind the memorial there is an Alley of Glory, where there are 100 fir trees planted in honor of the Heroes of the Soviet Union from Novosibirsk. Monument of Glory - sacred place for all Novosibirsk residents, the memory of those who gave their lives for the freedom and independence of the Motherland.http: //www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top # top

Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater.

The Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, one of the most beautiful buildings in the city, has rightfully become the architectural symbol of Novosibirsk. The construction of the theater begins in the pre-war decade.

The idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding a "big theater of Siberia" arose back in 1925. Its construction reflected the moment when our city was transformed into the capital of Siberia, into the center of the vast Siberian region. The city of the future is being created. The history of the theater building itself is also unusual.

In 1929 it was decided that the theater would be a part of the House of Science and Culture (DNA) complex, which, in addition to the theater hall, was to include a research institute with laboratories and conference rooms, the regional museum of the productive forces of Siberia with scientific offices and an art gallery ... Its authors are M. Kurilko and T. Barth, whose project was adopted in 1930 as a result of a wide competition.

The concept was based on the idea of \u200b\u200ba theater with transforming elements of the internal space, which would give more freedom to directors in the embodiment of a stage work. The seats for spectators with the help of special devices were supposed to be moved around the hall. Under the parterre, there was to be a large reservoir for the pool, which would allow the staging of water pantomimes. The circular auditorium could be used as a theater, circus or planetary.

The new theater was chosen the best place in the central square of the city. The construction of the theater began on May 22, 1931. But in the course of design and construction, it became necessary to solve the most complex problems of acoustics and optics, and at the same time the high cost of the building and its equipment came to light.

In 1935 they decided to build a theater of the usual type. The theater reconstruction project was approved in 1936. He received the final edition in Moscow at the Second Architectural Workshop of the Moscow City Council under the direction of V. Birkenberg with the participation of B. Gordeev and a number of Novosibirsk architects (N. Bolotin, B. Dmitriev, etc.). The suspended ceiling of the auditorium was painted by Novosibirsk artists I. Yanin, A. Fokin, A. Ivanov, P. Yakubovsky, A. Bertik, O. Sheremetinskaya. The stucco work and sculpture in the theater were performed by the sculptor V. Stein. Professor P. Pasternak with a group of design engineers V. Dmokhovsky and B. Mothers developed for the theater an original design of a monolithic reinforced concrete smooth dome with a diameter of 55.5 m, having an average thickness of only 8 cm, lying freely on a supporting reinforced concrete ring resting on standing around the column. The dome design has no analogues.

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is one of the first stone buildings on the territory of our city, built in 1896-1899. At this time, the construction of a railway bridge across the Ob was being completed, the village received its official name - Novonikolaevsky. His first plan was drawn up, in which the main street was already designated - Nikolaevsky (now Red) Avenue on the site of a forest clearing. St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was the first building of this avenue.

The royal family attached great importance to the construction of this temple, provided a land plot free of charge, allocated additional funds, donated icons and church utensils. The cathedral was a monument to Emperor Alexander III on the Siberian railway, it was during his reign that its construction began. During the construction of the cathedral, the architect N. Soloviev used the project of the "New Church of the Mother of God" for St. Petersburg, drawn up by civil engineers V. Kosyakov and D. Prussak in 1888.

The cathedral was built in the "Byzantine" style, which became widespread in the official architecture of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. The interior paintings of the cathedral and its iconostasis were made by the Tomsk icon-painting workshop of I. Pankryshev. Engineer N. Tikhomirov supervised the construction of the cathedral. In 1937 the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was closed.

For many years it housed the West Siberian newsreel studio, here the well-known newsreel "Siberia on the Screen", documentaries, etc. were published. In 2007, the entire Orthodox world celebrated the 1000th anniversary of Christianity in Russia, a movement unfolded in the city for the return of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky.

At the beginning of 1989. the temple was returned to the church and restored in 1992. Modern Novosibirsk is decorated with buildings built in the 20s - 30s. They remind of the time when our city was the party and administrative center of Siberia. http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top # top

A page of the history of our city in the 1920s. also represents a building specially built to house Sibrevkom. Its design and construction was carried out by the architect A.D. Kryachkov in 1925. As a public building, it has a monumental look.

The composition of the facade is complemented by a sculptural group - the figures of a worker and a collective farmer with the attributes of their labor, made by the sculptor S. Nadolsky. The political power of Siberia was concentrated in this building. In subsequent years, the building belonged to the Novosibirsk Regional Committee of the CPSU.

At present, the Novosibirsk Art Gallery is located here. Its creation dates back to 1958. Paintings, graphics, sculptures from the State Russian Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Pavlovsk Palace Museum and other museums of the country have arrived in our city.

A valuable collection of the gallery is a collection of works by Nicholas Roerich, sixty of his paintings are constantly on display. In the halls of the gallery you can see the works of contemporary Siberian artists and exhibitions of artists from other countries of the world.

The building of the Regional Executive Committee (currently the Administration of the Novosibirsk Region is located here) and the first 100-apartment residential building of the Regional Executive Committee.

These buildings still define the architectural appearance of the center of Novosibirsk. The building of the Regional Executive Committee was built in 1931-1932. designed by architect A.D. Kryachkov, with the participation of architects B. Gordeev and S. Turgenev.

This is one of the best administrative buildings in the city. Next to him in 1932-1937. also according to the project of A.D. Kryachkov, with the participation of architect V. Maslyannikov, the first 100-apartment residential building of the Regional Executive Committee is being built. This building attracts attention at the present time.

In its design, the architect was guided by the techniques of compositions by the French master Auguste Perret (house on Rue Renoir in Paris). This structure, among other projects of A.D. Kryachkov received at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris. gold medal and diploma "Grand Prix" .http: //www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top # top

Novosibirsk Zoological Park is the favorite place for leisure activities of Novosibirsk citizens.

The zoo of our city contains about 4000 individuals of 399 species. More than 120 species are listed in the International Red Book. About 180 species are included in the Red Book of Russia and the CIS. An international herd book is kept for 38 species. The zoo staff participates in 32 international programs for the conservation of rare and endangered animal species.

The Novosibirsk Zoo is in contact with more than 100 zoos around the world. In addition to scientific research, he conducts extensive educational work. The offspring of some rare species for the first time in the world zoological practice was obtained in our zoo - River Otter, Bandage, Asian Siberian Grouse, Kamchatka Bighorn Sheep.

The archaeological monuments of the Novosibirsk region, which have preserved evidence of events that took place before the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state and in the initial period of Russian colonization, include the ancient settlements of the Siberian Tatars.

The Baraba Tatars left one of the unique archeological monuments - Voznesenskoe settlement or Tontur, located on the left bank of the river. Omi opposite the village of Voznesensky, Vengerovsky district.

Another monument associated with the history of the Siberian Tatars is the village of Yurt-Ora in the Kolyvan region. In Russian historical documents of the 17th - early 18th centuries. the town is known as Chatsky.

In 1703, the Umrevinsky prison was founded 100 km from Novosibirsk on the right bank of the Ob River (near the modern village of Umreva, Moshkovsky district). This prison is the first sign of Russian statehood on the Novosibirsk land and the first defensive fortification built by Russian pioneers. It is currently taken under state protection as an archeological monument.

The Chanovsky district is famous for the fact that on its territory there are two main tourist attractions of the Novosibirsk region at once: the country-famous resort of Karachi and Lake Chany - a unique biosphere complex in which dozens of rare species of animals, birds and fish live.

2.5.4 Entertainment tours

The target group of tourists consuming the services of the entertainment sector of tourism is tourists visiting various countries for the purpose of consuming entertainment services, as well as all vacationers (being treated) at the Stavropol resorts.

The basis of a competitive tourist product of the modern entertainment industry is made up of resorts with casinos, clubs, water parks, ice rinks, amusement parks, hippodromes, events dedicated to memorable dates.

Resorts provide short rest and entertainment from 2-3 days to 2 weeks in order to have time to spend the money allocated for pleasure.

2.5.5 Extreme tours

Extreme tourism includes water, land, mountain and exotic types of tourism.

TO aquatic species extreme tourism include:

Diving, wakeboarding, water skiing, windsurfing, kayaking, rafting.

Therefore, many of our fellow citizens prefer to travel to Sharm el-Sheikh or Southeast Asia than to Sochi. For a slightly higher price, they get much more fun, not cheap. General training and equipment will cost a beginner up to $ 1000, but then he will be spent only on tickets and hotels. If you don't buy equipment, then the cost of preparing for the first round is reduced to $ 250. True, then you will have to pay $ 30-40 for renting a suit, scuba gear and other things that are necessary in the depths. Well, really good equipment costs from $ 1500 for a complete set.

Russian divers are mostly young - their average age is 30 (in the USA - 36). These are intelligent urban youth: in Russia, the vast majority (77%) of divers have higher education (in the USA - 50%).

In general, diving is very poorly developed in our country, and is very expensive by our standards. And there are few travel agencies in Russia offering this type of recreation directly in our country.

Wakeboarding is a combination of water skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding and surfing. The boat is towing a raider standing on a short, wide board. Moving at a speed of 30-40 km / h with additional ballast on board, the boat leaves behind a wave that the raider uses as a springboard. You can perform many different tricks while jumping.

Wakeboarding began to develop especially dynamically in the early 90s. He revolutionized water sports just as he did snowboarding in alpine skiing. From a hobby of a small group of enthusiasts, it turned into a popular sport with its own philosophy and culture. A lot of tricks came to wakeboarding from related "board" sports - snowboarding, skateboarding. And this gives the wakeboarder the opportunity to progress all year round. All you need to do is change the board!

The cost of a complete set of wakeboarding equipment is from $ 400. A specialized boat is needed for wakeboarding, but such boats are expensive, which is why they rarely appear in Russia. Consequently, in our country this type of recreation is almost undeveloped due to its very high cost.

Water skiing is one of the most famous types of outdoor activities. It is a worthy replacement for downhill and cross country skiing.

Water skiing first appeared in 1922, when an American, a resident of Minnesota, Ralph Samuelson, experimenting with ordinary winter skiing, decided to try them on the water. He fitted two wide pine planks with leg braces. After that, the inventor successfully tested the ski on the waters of the lake in Lake City. Then this sport was constantly progressing. Today it has become so spectacular and popular that in 1998 the Greek Olympic Committee recommended the introduction of water skiing into the program of the 2004 Athens Olympics. True, the IOC has not yet made a final decision on this issue.

Well, for water skiing you will need four things: the actual water ski, a life jacket, gloves and a wetsuit.

The cost of skis ranges from $ 120 to $ 1000, plus the rest of the equipment (wetsuit, gloves, life jacket) costs somewhere around $ 150.

Water skiing is now actively practiced on the Black Sea coast. But they ride there for a pretty short period of time, for which you will have to pay a lot of money. Therefore, in Russia, it is really difficult for an ordinary tourist to enjoy water skiing, or rather, very expensive.

Windsurfing is an oval CFRP board with a rough surface for stability and stabilizer fins on the underside, and a small sail that attaches to the board. Surfing is the same without sail. Windsurfing itself is derived from surfing. With a good wind, you can reach speeds of more than 10-12 m / s. Well, the record for today is over 70 km / h.

And all the equipment is not cheap either. Windsurfer included $ 1000, spare sailing set (mast, boom, sail) $ 500, wetsuit $ 200, total $ 1700.

Kayaking is very popular abroad, and is gaining more and more popularity in Russia. This single sport, although it lacks a team spirit, makes it possible to challenge the elements and stay alone with it.

In modern kayaking, three main directions are developing - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting.

Slalom kayaking is the ability to maneuver a kayak while feeling the boat and the water.

Rodeo, unlike slalom, is not only a virtuoso technique, but also an element of the game. Freestyle on a kayak is the performance of various tricks on a boat due to the features of the relief of the river.

And finally, the alloy. On a kayak, you can go on a water trip along the river of any complexity, or play rafting on a small section of a mountain river, choosing individual obstacles in the form of barrels, shafts and waterfalls and passing them lightly. Naturally, in order to feel confident during rafting, you need to master the basic slalom and rodeo techniques.

The kayaker's equipment includes: a boat, a helmet, a life jacket, a skirt (prevents water from entering the boat), rubberized slippers and a paddle.

Rafting is an exciting descent down a mountain river by canoe or special rafts. Rafting is one of the most visited tours, completely safe even for the youngest tourists. IN last years it arouses such tremendous interest from fans of extreme recreation that most of the mountain rivers suitable for this tourism have been mastered by professionals who now offer rafting tours to almost anywhere in the world.

Raft tours are basically the following: day trips (from $ 60 to $ 150) or half day (around $ 25-75), and multi-day trips. During the latter, tourists find themselves in remote corners of the mountains, with untouched nature, camp as they pass the river and explore the wild surroundings around the camps. The minimum cost of such raft tours is from $ 1000-1500.

Terrestrial extreme tourism includes mountain biking, speleology, spelestology, X-races.

Mountain biking is becoming more and more popular, despite its high cost. To seriously engage in mountain biking, you will have to spend a lot of money. So a bike for a beginner costs from 300 to 500 dollars, and there are mountain bikes with a rear shock absorber costing up to $ 10,000. And of course, you will need to spend money on ammunition and various parts, which is more than $ 800. And then such an amount is aimed at a beginner, and a professional biker spends much more money.

But even though it is an expensive form of recreation, dozens of international mountain bike competitions are held every weekend in the world - from the World Cup and National Mountain Bike Association championships to festivals in a Scottish town or Polynesian atoll. Among all this competitive variety, there are starts that are held for non-professional mountain bikers from around the world. Such events become for them a real test, and a holiday, and the discovery of a new place and new friends.

Speleology is a branch of geology, namely karst studies and hydrogeology. And most importantly, the caves are the last white spots on the world map, the last opportunity to go where not only a person's foot has not stepped, but also where the gaze of his eyes or cameras did not fall. Speleologists are engaged in the study of this mysterious underground world.

Of course, not everyone is involved in serious, scientific speleology. Beginners participate in training expeditions. There are "teams" that only travel for recreational or "sports" trips.

To practice speleology, you need to have serious training, and not only physical, but also technical, as well as psychological. After all, a cave is a completely different world, where a person is deprived of his usual landmarks: the sky over his head, the horizon line ... It can only be compared with underwater or outer space.

Spelestology is a fascinating mixture of tourism and science, exploring artificial cavities. In the broadest sense of the word, spelestology is the science of artificial underground structures.

Spelestology is closely related to speleology, only spelestologists are not interested in caves. They are interested in penetration into any underground city structures that are inaccessible or uninteresting to others.

In order for any dungeon to interest spelestologists, it must be unused at the present time, and be of a certain historical interest. These include abandoned quarries, mines, water conduits, wells, underground passages, underground temples and monasteries, and so on.

X-races are when the same people are so well and universally trained that they can climb rocks, ride a horse, kayak or raft along rapids, rush through the mountains on a bicycle and descend on ropes under a waterfall ... These people unite in teams and participate in competitions, where their goal is to cover a distance of 3-4 hundred kilometers as quickly as possible using their skills. This is called "multisport", or "extreme" (and more often even "adventure") races.

More than 200 extreme races are held annually in the West. For example, the largest racing in Great Britain, organized by the "Extreme Racing Association of the United Kingdom and Ireland".

Mountain types of extreme tourism are represented by mountaineering, mountain skiing and snowboarding.

Mountaineering is considered the most extreme vacation. Today mountaineering is a whole industry that is steadily developing and popularizing. As a rule, it is customary to choose summer for ascents, when the weather allows you to reach the planned summit with minimal losses. However, the thrill-seekers do not stop in winter. Difficult weather conditions and avalanches only add to the thrill of the trip. They go to the mountains to test themselves, take risks, overcome everything and get to the top. The taste of victory is sweet, even if the climber did not conquer Elbrus, but only the wall at the local climbing wall. To do this, you need to be well physically prepared, it is desirable to have strong forearms, good "stretch" and a small weight, which will have to be kept on only one fingers. When lifting, you will have to work not only with muscles, but also with your head in order to choose the right hooks to grab.

Climbing gear is expensive, a full set of high-quality equipment will cost an extreme person $ 1500-2000. However, if you just want to climb Elbrus once in your life, you can rent equipment. Such a 10-day tour will cost about $ 200.

The main problem of mountaineering in Russia, in addition to its high cost, is the small number of experienced instructors. But they are necessary for climbing amateur climbers. Basically, there are few instructors because of the low salary. By the way, it is not uncommon to meet a Russian instructor abroad.

Alpine skiing is one of the oldest outdoor activities. Over the years, the number of people wishing to go skiing has not decreased, but rather increased. In addition, the ski service is now much better and more diverse than 10 years ago, not to mention the 80s and 70s. Almost every ski resort has slopes for both professionals and beginners. Which local instructors can always teach how to ride correctly. Equipment: a set of skis, bindings, poles, boots, suit, helmet, mask, gloves will cost an average of $ 700-800. And rent is about $ 30-40 per day.

Snowboarding - downhill skiing from mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. This is a more aggressive, active and extreme sport than alpine skiing. Snowboarding as a separate sport appeared in America in the 60s of the XX century. Furious fans of the newfangled hobby were mostly surfers who did not want to sit around waiting for summer days. In our country, snowboarding received mass recognition only in the mid-90s. However, now in Russia you can buy a variety of equipment from the world's leading manufacturers and get riding lessons from experienced instructors.

Now there are many special tracks with jumps and other all kinds of obstacles, on which snowboarders can do various acrobatic stunts. But recently, the half-pipe (from the English half-pipe "half-pipe") has become especially popular among snowboarders - a structure made of snow, similar to a roller ramp.

In general, extreme hobbies associated with mountain skiing and snowboarding can be divided into several groups: freeskiing or freeride is a descent along steep, unprepared slopes with difficult terrain; heliskiing - the same, but using a helicopter as a means of delivery to the mountain; ski-touring (randonee ski) - ski tour, mountain tourism using skis and special mounts for climbing uphill;

ski-mountaineering (ski mountaineering) - climbing a mountain in order to descend from the summit on skis or snowboard (the use of insurance, or any additional equipment other than skiing, on the descent violates the "purity" of such an ascent); in recent years, a new school has appeared - something like a snowboard freestyle.

Ski tourism is perhaps the most developed of all types of extreme tourism in Russia. We have ski resorts of a fairly high standard. And although they are significantly inferior to their counterparts, for example, in European countries, our tourists with an average income enjoy visiting Russian resorts. And the Krasnaya Polyana ski resort is popular among foreigners, mostly from Eastern Europe. And this resort is still actively developing.

Exotic types of extreme tourism are represented by space tourism, kitesurfing, jailoo tourism, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic, extreme places.

Space tourism is the most expensive and, perhaps, the most exotic type of extreme tourism - a trip to Earth's orbit. While space tourists can be counted on one hand, they are American millionaire Denis Tito and South African citizen Mark Shuttleward. The first one week stay on the International Space Station cost $ 12 million, the second - $ 14 million. Later, the soloist of the N "Sync group Lance Bass was preparing for the launch on the ISS, but due to lack of funding, his launch did not take place. However, Rosaviakosmos claims that in the future they will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will gladly accept applications for space travel. from any citizen of the Earth.

But after the famous crash of the Shuttle, the sending of tourists into space has stopped indefinitely.

The essence of kitesurfing is that a person standing on a board is accelerated by a kite, the rope from which is in his hands. You can go kitesurfing both in the mountains and on flat terrain, the only prerequisite is wind. You can even ride on any kind of field, however flat or bumpy. But it is considered a special chic to ride on a board through reservoirs covered with an ice crust and powdered with snow. In addition, river beds or lakes are usually the most windy places. Amazing all-season versatility allows kites to be used in winter and summer. And some professionals make jumps up to 100 meters long and 30 meters high. The kite allows you to develop a speed exceeding the wind speed by more than two times. The realistically achievable speed of movement is 60-70 km / h, and the highest speed was recorded on September 22, 1990 in Ocean City, USA - Pete Jaconno, driving an aerobatic kite, developed a speed of over 193 km / h.

Kiting is more popular in Europe, namely in France, than in Russia.

Jailoo tourism is one of the types of exotic extreme recreation - life in a primitive tribe with all the delights of a nomadic life. This fascinating type of tourism is successfully developing in the high-mountainous pastures of Kyrgyzstan. They offer sleeping right on the floor of the shepherd's yurt, next to the smoky hearth, fresh lamb and kumis, as well as horseback riding in the mountains and pastures. A great opportunity to take a break from the big city.

Cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic have started relatively recently. And more and more people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and see exotic animals such as the penguin. In addition, the North and South Poles are the most environmentally friendly places on Earth.

There are also exotic tours such as a trip to Chernobyl or a trip through the jungle.

For obvious reasons, there are not many who want to go to Chernobyl. After all, even after 16 years, the ecological situation in this area is far from optimal. Of course, thrill-seekers in special costumes are sent there, accompanied by specialists with dosimeters. However, access to the forbidden 30-kilometer zone is closed for pregnant women and minors, since radiation directly at the power plant is many times higher than the permissible limits.

For $ 105, you can see a breathtaking sight: an extinct city, towering grass and wildlife everywhere. Without human intervention, the zone has become a unique natural Park... New species of plants have appeared here, populations of endangered animals have revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes, gray wolves, feral horses have taken over the area.

When hiking in the jungle, a tourist has the opportunity to literally fit into nature, but at the same time be cut off from the civilized world. And even if such a group has modern facilities satellite communications, it may take hours or days for help to arrive. Therefore, any emergency can lead to serious consequences.

Extreme tours are not very popular with young people, as they are very expensive.

2.5.6 Study Abroad

Education abroad is carried out according to student exchange programs. Student exchange programs between different countries as a form of international cooperation appeared in the late 1940s. Their goal is to empower young people from different countries get to know each other better, get acquainted with the culture of other countries. To make these programs available, students are given the opportunity to work in the host country, which pays for part of the cost or the full cost of the programs. Since 1989, students from the former USSR have also had the opportunity to participate in similar programs.

These programs include: Work & Travel, AngloTraining, AuPair, CAMPAMERICA, FloridaSummerTerm, AFS International Youth Camp, Internship, AmericanWorkExperience, EnglishWorkExperience and IHTTI: Studying the Hotel Business in Switzerland.

Work & Travel program members get a real opportunity to make their American dream come true. Everyone, without exception, is provided with work in the service sector for a period of 2-4 months, and then another travel across the United States for a month.

In order to become a member of Work & Travel you must:

· Be over 18 but under 24;

· Be a student of not the last year of one of the universities of Russia;

· Be fluent (or slightly less fluent) in English;

· Be physically able to work 40 hours a week;

· To feel acutely the need to receive for their work from $ 5.45 per hour.

Now England can be visited not only by those who want to admire the beauty of this unique country, but also those who want to work there.

The student is 18, but not yet 26;

Full-time student of the university;

The student specializes in hospitality, tourism or catering;

The student is fluent in English.

Anglo Training participants get employment in a good hotel anywhere in the UK except London for periods ranging from 3 to 12 months.

Au Pair for those who

· Wants to see the life of the country "from the inside", since the main duty of a participant - looking after children - requires living in a foreign "cell of society";

· Wants to get acquainted with a new culture, improve knowledge of a foreign language, communicating with members of the host family, as well as attending language courses (2 - 3 times a week);

· Do not mind receiving a sufficient amount for the work performed (usually 400 DM) for pocket money.

Age: 18-26 years old

Student graduated from high school

The student speaks a foreign language

Have some experience with children

As an Au Pair participant, it is the responsibility of

Babysitting (up to 40 hours per week)

Maintaining order in their room (as well as in theirs)

The Au Pair must never do heavy housework, gardening, mowing lawns, looking after pets or running the entire household.

If it becomes necessary to change the family, you can contact the supervising organization and explain the motives for replacing the family.

In this program, counselors from all over the world usually teach American "pioneers" to shoot archery, cross-stitch, and sculpt clay toys. Camps are "ordinary" scout, family, student, religious, farm.

The minimum term of work is 9 weeks, after which you can work more - for additional money or go on a journey across the American expanses, which must be left no later than September 30th.

International youth camp AFS. Schoolchildren of 12-17 years old can spend their holidays in the camp, where teenagers from different countries will take part in the work of the camp with them.

For 50 years, AFS has been running training camps for students around the world as part of its exchange programs. Since 1996, AFS international camps have been held in Russia as an independent program, open not only for foreign students coming to Russia, but also for Russian teenagers interested in learning foreign languages \u200b\u200band international communication.

AFS conducts international exchange programs and is today the world's largest community of organizations representing 55 countries in Europe, North and South America, Asia, Africa, as well as Australia and New Zealand. About 10,000 students and schoolchildren participate in AFS programs annually, and more than 100,000 volunteers ensure the high quality of these programs according to uniform international standards.

The Tutorial Program provides lessons in small groups (4-5 people) at the teacher's home or at the local library. Classes are held in the morning - from 9 am to 12 am. The total duration of the program is 4 weeks, 3 of which are devoted to classes. Those who are 13-18 years old can take up teaching.

Home Lessons is distinguished by the fact that classes are taught by a visiting teacher. This trainer knows the language of the participant. You can choose the intensity of training - 15, 20 or 25 hours per week.

ESL Courses & Activities are group lessons (12-15 people in a group with the same level of language proficiency). Classes are held in the morning, the rest of the time is devoted to the various interests of the participants. One day a week is fully occupied with excursions. You can choose one of several options for this program: 12 hours of classes per week; 9 hours of English / 9 hours a week of training in your favorite sport; 15 hours of language per week.

English Courses & Sport Activities. By becoming a member of this program, you will study english language, you can devote 27 hours a week to your favorite sport. In addition, excursions will be organized for you, and on Saturdays - youth parties and discos. The duration of the program is 1 month.

Discovery Tours: a group of 20-50 people aged 15-25 exploring Canada, the USA, the European Union or New Zealand. For those wishing to travel for a short time (7-10 days) - Mini Discovery Tours.

Internships is a specialty internship for 4-8 weeks. You can get started on any Monday! The main thing that such practice gives is work experience. Internships are designed for 4-8 weeks and are held in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, USA. If you are interested in any other country, the internship will be ordered according to your wishes.

Now everyone can take part in the following special internship programs:

Hotel Management in Paris is an internship in the hospitality industry for those who are over 18 years old and whose specialty is directly related to the field of internship. The duration of the internship is 8 weeks.

Work Study Experience in Australia is an internship in your specialty for a period of 4 weeks to 6 months. An application for participation is submitted at least half a year before the expected start of the practice.

Work Study Program in London - You can apply for an internship in the hotel business in London at least 6 months in advance. You can choose the duration of the internship yourself - 8, 10, 12, 14 weeks.

Students can study in a country whose name is synonymous with stability and quality.

Switzerland is a country where tourism originated and developed in a multinational and multicultural environment. Tourism is a sector of the world economy that is developing at a very fast pace. Therefore, many people can find themselves in this area, realize their abilities and make their dreams come true.

IHTTI is not just education, but also a world of individual development, real work experience and research opportunities.

LIST OF REFERENCES

On the tourist expedition of Soviet youth "My Motherland - USSR" (Resolution as amended)

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Http://vip-voyage.ru/05_pole_jungles_chernobyl.htm

The Soviet government paid close attention to tourist and excursion activities, realizing that this was one of the ways to influence the masses. Already in 1918, courses for teachers were created, in order to improve their qualifications, using the type of training as excursions.

The main difference between the "bourgeois" and Soviet tourism was that the foreign bourgeois sought not for vivid impressions, but for exoticism and adventure, in conditions of the richest comfort they travel to different parts of the world. While Soviet tourism was part of cultural work, and was a deeply political phenomenon.

In 1919 excursion sections were created to organize excursion business in schools. The first six sections were located in the vicinity of Petrograd, and special routes were developed. For children on excursions, free meals were offered (and this was in the conditions of the Civil War and foreign military intervention!). Schoolchildren who arrived for multi-day hikes were accommodated for the night. They were given special preferential travel tickets for travel by rail. Gradually, differentiation began in the areas of work with schoolchildren. In addition to the Central Station of 1920, 3 more support centers arose: in Peterhof, Pavlovsk and Tsarskoe Selo. Humanitarian stations conducted excursions to museums and estates, this made it possible to acquaint schoolchildren with the flattering landscape, etc.

In 1920, an Excursion Bureau was created under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, where plans for upcoming trips and excursions were developed.

Since 1921, conferences on the problems of guiding business have begun, and they were of an all-Russian character. And now, the excursions had to be not only of a general educational nature, but also of an ideological one, so the historical and revolutionary themes began to be developed, and the lists of enterprises of the national economy were also clarified.

From the mid-20s, articles began to appear on the pages of Komsomolskaya Pravda urging young people to take up tourism. In December 1926, the first mass excursion was organized, 300 people took part in it, and the purpose was to familiarize young people with the construction of the Volkhov hydroelectric power station.

Thus, all of the above activities led to the creation of the Tourism Bureau in 1927, main task which was the development of mass tourism among young people.

In the 1930s, it became obvious that the world was on the verge of a new war. The USSR was threatened by a war on 2 fronts: against fascist Germany in the west and Japan in the east. A common thread through many publications on tourism issues is the idea that "you can fight successfully only when, among other conditions, the fighters know the area of \u200b\u200boperation well enough." The tourist training of many powers made it possible to successfully fight opponents in the mountains and other areas, since there was good preparation. And tourism, "being predominantly a mass movement of workers 'and peasants' youth, that is, just the bulk of the future defenders of the Soviet Union, in its most free and interesting form provides the broadest opportunities for exploring the borders." Of course, "mass" tourism in the border areas was carried out relying on rather strict rules to avoid intelligence activities under the guise of tourism.

Along with domestic tourism, foreign tourism began to develop very early in the USSR. Just as in the development of domestic tourism, propaganda issues were priority here, trying to reveal to the western man in the street the appearance of the new Russia. It was also believed that acquaintance with Soviet Russia "will inevitably accelerate the collapse of capitalism throughout the world." At the very beginning, the responsibilities for servicing foreign tourists were assigned to "Sovtorgflot", but this organization was more engaged in foreign exchange, there was no proper organization.

In 1929, the flow of foreign tourists increased, and the All-Union Joint Stock Company Intourist was created, which eventually became a monopoly in the field of organizing foreign tourism in the USSR. Intourist establishes its offices both abroad and in a number of Russian cities, concludes agreements with foreign railway and shipping companies. Tourists were offered excursions not only in Moscow, but also in other large cities of Russia. The natural decline began in 1938, as a consequence of the world crisis, and the spirit of the forthcoming war was felt. In foreign tourism in connection with the Second World War, and then the Cold War, there comes a long break, and ends only in the 50s.

But did the Soviet citizens travel abroad in the pre-war period? The main form of going abroad was, of course, business trips abroad. Such people as Tsvetaeva, Mayakovsky, Yesenin, Gorky, etc. have visited abroad.

Organized, or, as it began to be called, planned foreign tourism, emerged in the USSR in 1930, when the first group of 257 production leaders from different cities of the Union went on a sea cruise with a call to Hamburg, Naples and Istanbul. Tourists were given lectures on the international situation, political information was held, but also a regional history magazine was given to all countries and shores along which the journey took place.

Domestic tourism began to revive only at the end of the 40s, and in the post-war period, such types of tourism as planned, independent, children, family and sports became widespread.

The history of Soviet sea tourism begins in 1957. Intourist rented 2 ships - "Pobeda" and "Georgia", which carried out sea voyages around Europe from Odessa to Leningrad. In 1960, the motor ship "Admiral Nakhimov" began to ply along the Crimean-Caucasian coast. Later, sea tourism began to develop in the Baltic.

In 1964, the Office for Foreign Tourism and the Council for Foreign Tourism were created, which were to coordinate the work of various organizations for the further development of foreign tourism in our country. In the mid-1960s, a special training system was created for hotels and restaurants, guides and translators. The main tourist centers were: Leningrad, Sochi, Yalta, Irkutsk, etc.

Since 1964 "Intourist" began to receive tourists for the purpose of health-improving recreation in places such as Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Sochi, Essentuki.

The trip on the "Trans-Siberian Express" from Moscow to Vladivostok across the entire USSR aroused great interest. The exotic cruise along the Karakum Canal quickly gained general interest. Also, many tourists were offered a hike in the Baltic taiga.

The main tourist regions were Central, which, in addition to Moscow, included the Tula, Ryazan, Kaluga, Kalinin, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and Vladimir regions. Northwestern T, which includes Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov. More than half of all routes were laid in such resort places as the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimea, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia.

Since the 1970s, the stage of normative-planned development of tourism begins. The main tasks were: the massive development of tourism among the working people and youth, contributing to raising the cultural level and strengthening health, highly productive work, instilling love for the socialist homeland in Soviet people, etc. At the same time, planning in tourism began to acquire a total character, plans were developed and approved for 5, and sometimes even 10 years in advance. The promotion of tourism among young people was also actively continued, in the 70s a program of all-union trips and excursions for schoolchildren and students was developed.

In connection with the deformation of market relations in the USSR, the demand for health services increased, and in this regard, new forms of service appear, for example, course treatment in sanatoriums. On these vouchers, vacationers received medical and health services in sanatoriums, with meals and accommodation in the private sector.

1970-1980 the geography of tourism is expanding. Along with sea and river cruises, when there were travels along the Northern Sea Route, from Murmansk to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, along the seas of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, the development of independent routes from the Khibiny to Kamchatka is observed. Tourist travel is becoming one of the most popular forms of recreation among Soviet citizens.

Social tourism also began to develop, when workers bought vouchers through their unions for only 30% of their value, sometimes more.

Since 1960, the first organized car tourism has appeared, but it only got real development in the 80s. In 1985, there were 5 all-Union routes for autotourists: along the Georgian Military Highway, from Moscow to Alushta, from Rostov-on-Don to Derbent, Novgorod-Pärnu, from Smolensk to Kara-Bugaz.

The USSR took part in the World Tourism Conference held in the Philippines in 1980. The leadership of the Soviet Union, on behalf of Leonid Brezhnev, noted that tourism should contribute to meeting the growing needs of people in understanding the world, in mutual acquaintance with the culture, traditions and way of life of peoples. Tourism also became an important factor in strengthening mutual trust and thus made a significant contribution to maintaining peace throughout the world.

Rail travel of a planned nature first appeared in the 1960s, gradually routes using rail transport became an integral part of many routes of that time.

The relative cheapness of air tickets was one of the components of the boom that experienced aviation in the 80s. Moreover, aviation services were used not only to deliver tourists to places of rest and back, but independent air travel was also developed.

In the 1960-1980s, tourism no longer had the same forced ideological character as it was in the pre-war years. Various tourist organizations have developed thousands of all kinds of routes of different types, duration in time, complexity and comfort. But, due to the fact that tourism was of a pronounced social character, the demand for tourist services exceeded supply. And many tourist and excursion bureaus could not provide vouchers for everyone.

The perestroika that began in the second half of the 1980s and the subsequent disintegration of the USSR led to the collapse of the single tourist and excursion system of the Soviet Union.

4.2. Tourist and excursion business in the USSR

Tourist and excursion activities The Soviet government literally from the first months of its existence began to pay close attention, realizing that this was one of the possibilities of influencing the masses. On the initiative of the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky, at the beginning of 1918, courses for teachers were created in the suburbs of Petrograd. They improve the qualifications of teachers thoroughly, using at the same time such a type of training as excursions. But from episodic excursions they quickly move to the beginning of the formation of an organization that could coordinate this process.

In 1919, excursion sections were created at the Department of the Unified Labor School of the People's Commissariat for Education. They were planned for organizing excursions in schools. The first six sections, located in the vicinity of Petrograd, having developed special routes, began their work in the same year. How seriously the Bolsheviks took this type of education and training can be seen from the fact that the natural history commission, which developed the subject of excursions, included such prominent scientists as Academician S.F. Oldenburg, professors D.N. Kaigorodov, L.S. Berg and other scientists.

For those children who arrived at the station, free meals were offered (and this was in the conditions of the Civil War and foreign military intervention!). Schoolchildren who arrived for multi-day hikes were accommodated for the night. They were given special preferential travel tickets for travel by rail.

Gradually, differentiation began in the areas of work of the stations. In addition to the Central Station, which arose in 1920, there were three support centers: in Peterhof, Pavlovsk and Detskoe (Tsarskoe) Selo. Humanitarian stations conducted excursions to museums and estates; geological ones tried to use the exposed rock outcrops of the Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian periods; geographic were located in places with different landscapes. This made it possible to acquaint schoolchildren with the forest landscape, as, for example, in Pavlovsk, or to study the Primorsky district in Sestroretsk.

In order for the excursions to be conducted at a high scientific level, courses for guides were opened. Moreover, such figures as, for example, the director of the Hermitage S.N. Troinitsky.

Chairman of the Main Political Education N.K. Krupskaya highly appreciated the versatile possibilities of the excursion business. “Excursions can be,” she wrote, “of the most varied nature: natural history, historical, aesthetic, archaeological — they can be aimed at studying economics, social life, etc. As diverse as the phenomena, the excursions aimed at studying these phenomena can also be varied. "

The scope of this phenomenon in the early 1920s. can be judged by the following data: in 1920 the number of excursions was 46 thousand (the number of sightseers - 138 thousand), and in 1921 - 53 thousand (the number of sightseers - 161 thousand).

In 1920, an Excursion Bureau under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR was created in Moscow. Three commissions (natural science, humanitarian and technical) are trying on a scientific basis to develop plans and programs for upcoming trips and excursions. For courses, guides are preferred to accept teachers as listeners.

People from all over the country came to the "House of the Excursionist" - that was the name of one of the stations in Petrograd; Among those registered were tourists from the Far East, the Kola Peninsula, Siberia, Astrakhan, etc. A good library has been picked up here.

Since 1921, conferences on the problems of guide business have been held. From the very beginning, the conferences were not local, but all-Russian. They had two sections on natural science and humanitarian issues. This was not accidental, since excursions and hikes were supposed to carry, in addition to general cognitive and educational, also an ideological load. Historical and revolutionary themes were developed in accordance with Lenin's 1918 decree on monumental propaganda, and lists of enterprises in the national economy were refined, where one could be convinced of the "superiority of socialist methods of management." In Moscow, the Central Museum and Excursion Institute and the excursion department were created at the Institute of Out-of-School Work Methods, and in Petrograd, respectively, the Research Excursion Institute. Employees of these institutions were engaged in generalization of experience in the tourism sector, read various lecture cycles and prepared conferences and congresses on both theoretical and practical issues related to tourism.

Since the mid-1920s. on the pages of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" articles began to appear, urging young people to go in for tourism. In December 1926, the Moscow Komsomol Committee, together with Komsomolskaya Pravda and MGSPS, organized the first mass excursion, about 300 people took part in it. It was an advertising and propaganda event in the framework of GOELRO. Its purpose was to familiarize young people with the construction of the Volkhov hydroelectric power station. One of the participants in the trip recalled that “a special train was allocated from ordinary reserved seat cars. Tourists occupied all the shelves, including those intended for luggage. The train was not heated, there was no electric lighting (stearin candles were dimly burning in the lanterns above the doors), and there was no bedding either. Despite the wretchedness of the road environment, in which it was necessary to spend four nights, the carriages were cheerful and noisy. Young people joked, they heard cheerful revolutionary songs. " Travel, which was the antipode of the bourgeois "richest comfort", nevertheless made a wonderful impression on the Komsomol members. "On the way back, many of the participants expressed a strong determination to go on holiday trips."

The Komsomol seeks to seize the reins of tourism in its own hands. Therefore, hot on the heels after a trip to Volkhovstroy, an article by G. Bernam “We need a society of proletarian tourists” appears in the press organ of the Central Committee of the Komsomol. Moreover, amateur tourism organizations should not be formed within the framework of trade unions or educational organizations, but “it goes without saying that they should be led by the party and the Komsomol,” the article said. In the course of the unfolding campaign, it was found out that "tourism is a vital and necessary business." And in mid-January, a Meeting on the Organization of Mass Tourism in the USSR is convened. The range of issues discussed at the meeting was wide enough, which indicates an understanding among party and Komsomol functionaries of the importance and significance of tourism as one of the means of ideological influence on the masses. Not only stereotyped problems were touched upon, such as "the main tasks of mass proletarian tourism" and "the study of the experience of tourist work of workers, students and peasant youth", but also tried to take into account the "experience of proletarian tourism abroad", as well as to figure out "what types of tourism most interesting to young people. "

All of the above activities led to the creation at the end of January 1927 of the Tourism Bureau under the Komsomol MK, and the next year the Tourism Bureau was created under the Komsomol Central Committee, acquiring all-union status.

The main task of the newborn organization is proclaimed "the development of mass tourism among young people." The Komsomol did not start with blank slate, the work of the Bureau was based on the experience of the ROT, whose activity resumed in the first years of NEP. By 1929, the ROT became the leading center of tourism in the country. Dozens of its branches appeared in other cities. There has been a huge increase in turkeys in factories, army units and clubs. This, of course, was facilitated by the slogan: "Each tourist must attract at least 10 comrades to the cell in a year."

But already in 1929 the ROT was renamed the Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR - OPT. N.V. Krylenko was elected its chairman (Nikolai Vasilyevich Krylenko (1885 - 1938) was a professional revolutionary. He had an excellent education: he graduated from the historical and philological faculty of St. Petersburg University in 1914. He was an ensign on the fronts of the First World War. An active participant in the October Revolution In the first composition of the Soviet government, he held the post of People's Commissar for military and naval affairs. In the 1920s he was the state prosecutor at the main political trials. From 1929 to 1934 he headed the OPTE, was a member and leader of a scientific expedition to the Pamirs. - Head of the chess and ball section, initiator of international chess tournaments in 1925 - 1936. Since 1931 - People's Commissar of Justice.After the article by A.A. Zhdanov that appeared in 1938, accusing Krylenko of neglecting direct state duties and passionate about mountain climbing, he was dismissed from his job, convicted and shot as an enemy of the people. Posthumously rehabilitated.). The charter of the OPT stated that the main goals of the society were "to spread the ideas of organized tourism among the working people." It should also "help raise the cultural level, ensure the cultural use of labor rest", "promote live communication between the peoples of the USSR, foster artistic skills and love for nature, temper health and character", in addition, it is necessary to "promote the defense of the USSR through militarization tourism ".

The organizational measures taken led to the fact that the number of the OPT for the year of operation increased by 100 (!) Times and amounted to 50,000 members. OPT activity spread throughout the USSR. Its branches appeared from Petrozavodsk to Vladivostok and Sakhalin. New routes are being developed, in particular, river cruises on the Amur and travels on Lake Baikal. The production of special literature is being established. In 1929, the journal On Land and Sea began to appear. All newspapers, including the local press, have a “corner” covering tourism issues. Many factory and institutional wall newspapers also had a special place for promoting tourism. For more effective work on agitation and promotion of tourism, the following directions and topics for magazine and newspaper articles were proposed:

“A) articles linking tourism with the current tasks of the party and the state;
b) articles exposing all kinds of perversions of our tourism;
c) articles devoted to tourism problems (program issues, methodology, planning, etc.);
d) articles on those scientific fields that are, in one way or another, related to tourism (geography, geology, ethnography, economics, etc.);
e) articles devoted to the description of routes and travels, including scientific expeditions;
f) articles on equipment;
g) literary and artistic works of a tourist nature (novels, stories, stories, poems, etc.);
h) articles and notes about foreign tourism;
i) a chronicle of the tourist movement in the USSR and the voluntary society;
j) tourist humor;
k) various reference information ".

A series of brochures entitled "Library of the Proletarian Tourist" begins to appear. To support the tourist press, they are not limited to the slogans "Tourist, support your print" and "There is no tourist without a tourist magazine", but there is a massive compulsory subscription to tourist literature. Other requirements are now imposed on guidebooks, which from now on should not be "designed for a qualified bourgeois intelligentsia," but issued "for the use of the broad working masses." They should be itinerary guides, and the information contained in them should "in a popular, not vulgarized form" set out the facts and comment on the route map. The first guidebooks that met such requirements began to appear in the mid-1920s. XX century But in the guidebooks, in addition to the obligatory, “the most important information on the history of the national struggle, from the history of revolutions in particular, and especially from the revolutions of 1905-1907, February and October, the subsequent years of the Civil War and from the history of the party; information about revolutionary monuments and museums "; various kinds of local history and natural science information, due attention is paid to the national issue. The sections on “what you need to know from everyday life so as not to offend, not to offend national feelings and not to get into an awkward situation” are also considered necessary. The prices for different types of transport that can be used on this route were necessarily indicated in the guidebooks. The publishing plan of literature on tourism for 1930 consisted of 155 titles.

OPT began to produce tourist special equipment, which had been imported before. The "Tourist" store was opened, where you could buy things you needed during the trip.

Such an agitational and propaganda form appears as Tourism Evenings. By no means all of them were overorganized. Of course, such an evening traditionally began with a political presentation, followed by a co-presentation on tourism issues. Sometimes they showed transparencies or films illustrating and complementing the main theses of the report. But more often they showed independently made diagrams, drawings, demonstrated the collections collected during the campaigns, read the most interesting places from the travel diaries they sang, however, not yet amateur tourist songs, but songs of revolutionary content, whose repertoire was strictly checked in advance by an appropriate commission.

To correctly understand the place of proletarian tourism in the life of Soviet society in the pre-war period, it is necessary to understand the tasks that the participants in the campaigns set themselves.

At first, this is the propaganda and explanation of both socialist ideology and the practice of building socialism. “In one 'bear's corner',” writes a group of tourists from the polytechnic school to the district branch of the OPT, “we started a long conversation with the peasants about the international situation, about collective farm construction, about the five-year plan, and the country's industrialization. Here we sat down. The speeches of the peasants, deeply understood by themselves, were full of quotations from the speeches of Stalin, Kalinin, Rykov. We only had to be surprised and open our mouths. We responded to the words of the peasants with general phrases interspersed with "socialism", "communism", "world revolution", "construction" ... We would like to give advice to all tourists going on a trip so that they prepare themselves well for conversations with the peasants before leaving. read newspapers more, studied the five-year plan and other foundations of our life better. We warn all our tourists that the interest in these issues is huge everywhere. You will be bombarded with questions, quotes - be able to answer and explain. Be real proletarian tourists. "

Within the framework of ideological and educational work and according to the program of proletarian tourism, which spoke about the need to expose religion as a dope, a trend emerges that can be called "anti-pilgrimage." In the mainstream of anti-religious propaganda, trips are being undertaken to operating monasteries in order to "understand the grandiose colossus of fooling the masses, to see the technique of processing slaughtered peasants." In these "anti-pilgrimage" campaigns and processions could take part from several tens to several hundred tourists at the same time.

Secondly, these are issues of tourism and defense. Hiking trips were used to teach future fighters to navigate the terrain, the basics of mountaineering and ski tourism, the study of border areas, water tourism and, finally, for military-patriotic work.

In the 1930s. it became obvious that the world is on the verge of a new war. The USSR was threatened by a war on two fronts: against fascist Germany and its satellites in the west and against militaristic Japan in the east. A common thread through many publications on tourism issues is the idea that "you can fight successfully only when, among other conditions, the fighters know the area of \u200b\u200boperations well enough." In the article by M. Fuerst "Tourism and the World War 1914/15." It was directly stated that “the lack of mountain skills - a natural consequence of the absence of any kind of mountaineering in the field of preparation for war - brought the peoples of the East - Russians, Turks, etc. - the most severe losses, and sometimes complete defeats. At the same time, tourist training in the Central Powers allowed them to successfully fight in the mountains with quantitatively large enemy forces. "

Our state had the longest land border in the world. And tourism, “being primarily a mass movement of workers 'and peasants' youth, that is, just the bulk of the future defenders of the Soviet Union, in the freest and most interesting form for young people, gives the broadest opportunities to explore the borders. " The corresponding slogan also appears: "Mass tourism to the borders!" one . Of course, "mass" tourism in the border areas was carried out relying on rather strict laws and regulations in order to avoid intelligence activities under the guise of tourism.

Tourism began to take root in the army. “Travel of a group of commanders of the 51st division on Danube kayaks from Smolensk to Odessa, along the Dnieper and the Black Sea; boat trip of the commanders of the Smolensk garrison from Smolensk to Kiev; bicycle race of the command of the Kiev garrison along the route Kiev-Zhitomir; mileage of the commanders of the Volga Military District along the Kazan-Sviyazhsk-Cheboksary route; A 700-kilometer cruise on boats of the command personnel of the North Caucasian Military District along the river. Don, etc. " These facts testify to the understanding of the importance of tourism by the army command in the education of such qualities necessary for a fighter as the ability to navigate the terrain, hardening of character, the development of such qualities as courage, endurance, and mutual assistance.

Since the early 1930s. there was such a type of tourism as military extras. On the twentieth anniversary of the Kronstadt rebellion, 800 workers made a transition on the ice under the leadership of the participants of those days to the Kronstadt fortress. Longer routes were also compiled, for example, "On the Heels of Yudenich", designed for a two-week hike.

In 1939, a voluntary military-sports mountaineering organization was created. Special detachments were formed from the members of this organization during the Great Patriotic War.

Thirdly, great attention was paid to practical assistance from tourists to the development of the national economy. Tourists often helped farmers in sowing and harvesting companies. There are cases when, during the era of mass collectivization, tourists even held founding meetings of collective farms.

And finally fourthly, this is a research project. Special routes were developed, where the participants of the campaigns carried out the forest inventory. One of the most significant public events was the All-Union research hike of tourists, held under the auspices of the USSR Academy of Sciences. With the active support of Academician A.E. Fersman, a special memo was drawn up on the methods of prospecting for raw materials. The success exceeded all expectations. Tourists explored deposits of phosphorites and rock crystal, obtained information about the massifs of cedar forests and deposits iron ore and lime spar and much more.

Tourism brought tangible help to the country. Of course, he was not only self-sufficient. With all the benefits and discounts on tickets, about 1 million people visited museums, which implied significant subsidies from the state.

In addition to the OPT, in 1928 the excursion state joint-stock company "Soviet Tourist" appeared, its founder was the People's Commissariat for Education. Each member of this society was a shareholder. Each share was worth 1 ruble. This price was available to any citizen who wanted to tour, as they said at the time. But only those who owned at least 100 shares had the right to vote on any issue.

"Soviet tourist" developed about 30 routes, which covered virtually the entire territory of the Soviet Union. There were even developed routes in the Pamirs. Taking into account that the average length of vacation for most workers and employees was about two weeks, respectively, and the vast majority of tours were of the same duration.

The difference in the activities of the OPT and Sovtur was that the OPT was engaged in organizing amateur trips, and Sovtur served groups of vacationers along predetermined routes, which were mainly of general educational and local history in nature.

Sovtur, being a commercial organization, focused on the wealthy segments of the population. He built comfortable hotels and recreation centers. But the trade unions obliged him to serve also the OPT groups at their bases at preferential rates. Non-competitive conditions were created for Sovtur. And in the already totalitarian state that had developed by that time in the USSR, a single organization for tourism arose. This happened in March 1930.

According to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, Sovtur and OPT were merged into a single organization - the All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE). It was headed by the former chairman of the OPT, NV Krylenko. The Charter of the newly created organization emphasized that "proletarian tourism for us, first of all, is one of the methods of socialist construction."

And although for several more years the campaign to criticize the relaxation moment in tourism, which was one of the main components in the activities of Sovtur, could not subside by inertia, but the problems of scientifically based recreation were put on the agenda.

In the early 1930s. A Meeting was convened with the participation of the People's Commissariat for Health, Osoaviakhim, the All-Union Council for Physical Culture and Sports, where three categories of tourist routes were developed depending on the age of the tourist and his state of health. These standards were used until the end of the 1970s.

Since the mid-1930s. tourism is already taking on a nationwide scale, and specific social shifts can be traced in it.

A source:

In 1932, a tourist and excursion college was opened in Moscow, where planned training of personnel for the tourist industry began.

In 1936 the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions became a monopoly in the field of domestic tourism. By order of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the All-Union Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) is liquidated, its entire material and technical base is transferred to the trade unions. A new management structure is being created in the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions - the Tourist and Excursion Administration (TEU). For five years, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, its material and technical base has doubled, and the provision of travel services - three times. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, 165 tourist houses, 50 tourist centers, 12 tourist hotels, 24 stationary tourist camps, hundreds of tent camps and other enterprises functioned in the USSR. And the resort industry in the USSR as a whole had in 1939-1940. 1270 rest houses and 1828 sanatoriums.

Territorial TEUs were created on a self-supporting basis, whose functions included not only the promotion of tourism, development of routes, economic and cultural services for tourists, but also the construction of tourist centers, tourist houses, camps, as well as the production of tourist inventory. Independent tourism was to be supervised by the All-Union Council of Physical Culture at the Central Executive Committee, while mountaineering was separated from tourism.

The regrettable fact of OPTE liquidation is not surprising. In the conditions of a totalitarian state, there was no place for amateur voluntary societies. They were, as it were, outside the control of the party and state structures. It was difficult to interfere with their activities directly. Already at the July Plenum of the Central Committee

The CPSU (b) stated that "the development of socialist forms of economy on the basis of the NEP does not lead to a weakening, but to an increase in resistance from the capitalist elements," the same thesis about the growth of the class struggle in the conditions of the development of socialism becomes dominant after the February-March Plenum of the CPSU (b) in 1937 when determining the internal repressive policy. In the USSR, almost all amateur organizations were disbanded: ODN (Down with Illiteracy Society), Avtodor, Friend of Children, and others. The activities of voluntary organizations began to be viewed as potentially dangerous. It was here that the "enemies of the people" could conduct their work.

The above is not far-fetched. Most of the members of the Presidium of the Central Council of the OPTE were arrested, many of them later died in camps and exile.

In 1940, the Regulation on the badge "Tourist of the USSR" was introduced. It said that the "USSR Tourist" badge set aims to promote the development of amateur tourism among the workers of the Soviet Union as one of the best forms of active recreation, combining, along with the physical development of workers, raising their cultural level, knowing the socialist homeland and acquiring defense skills. necessary for every defender of our country ”. The introduction of this provision was the impetus for the development of sports tourism. By March 1941, 5000 people in the USSR had fulfilled the standards for obtaining this qualification badge.

Along with domestic tourism, foreign tourism began to develop very early in the USSR. As with the development of domestic tourism, propaganda issues were priority here. Speaking at the 8th Congress of Soviets in December 1920, Lenin said: “Why are they still afraid to send delegations to us, and not we to them? Until now, from the delegations they sent to us, we have always chipped off at least a small part to our side, despite the fact that the delegations consisted mainly of the Menshevik element, and these were people who came to us for a while. " Representatives of the trade and business circles arrived in the Soviet state to discuss the problems associated with concessions, as well as writers and journalists who tried to reveal the face of the new Russia to the Western inhabitants. Workers' delegations made up a significant part of foreign tourists, and "few of them sympathize with us, but we are sure that upon returning home they will be the best agitators in our favor."

Before the establishment of a one-party system in the USSR, Mensheviks, Bundists and Socialist-Revolutionaries competed for influence on foreign workers' delegations with the Bolsheviks. This determined the general nature of the competitive struggle between social democrats and radical Cominternists on the world stage for influence on the working class. In one of the welcoming speeches on behalf of the Mensheviks and Bundists to the members of the British workers' delegation, it was said: “We warmly welcome your decision to try with your own efforts to solve the riddle of the Sphinx - the Russian revolution, to see with your own eyes that outlandish country about which so much is written and told in Western Europe fantastic and unfaithful, which some immensely blame and pour streams of lies, while others also immensely exalt and praise. " ...

A certain "flirtation" of these parties with members of foreign workers' delegations manifested itself in a by no means an isolated episode. In one of the speeches of NI Bukharin, who was actually the head of the Comintern at that time, the quite sensible idea sounded that some representatives of the trade unions would deliberately collect information discrediting the Soviet system. The Mensheviks come out with the following statement: “On behalf of all the class-conscious elements of the Russian proletariat, we ask you, comrades, for an apology for this paradoxical manifestation of the specific national hospitality to which you have undergone in our country ... We would like to see the People's Commissar on this model of culture Bolshevik Party, you did not draw erroneous conclusions about the level of culture of the people, which was achieved by our glorious revolution. " ...

There was a lot of propaganda pressure on these delegations. V. I. Lenin in one of his letters noted that “despite all the hostility of many (members of foreign workers' delegations. - M.S.) to the Soviet system and to the dictatorship of the proletariat, despite their immense captivity to bourgeois prejudices ", acquaintance with Soviet Russia" will inevitably accelerate the collapse of capitalism throughout the world. "

Initially, the servicing of foreign tourists was entrusted to Sovtorgflot. But since at the heart of his activity was the replenishment of foreign currency, which he received through the transport of pilgrims from the Middle East to Palestine on his ships, it is not necessary to say that the case of organizing foreign tourism in our country was properly organized.

In 1929, to serve the increased flow of foreign tourists, the All-Union Joint Stock Company (VAO) Intourist was created, which eventually became a monopoly in the field of organizing foreign tourism in the USSR. "Intourist" creates its representative offices both abroad and in a number of cities of the Union, concludes contracts with foreign railway and shipping companies. Intourists were offered about a dozen routes for traveling around the USSR, which included, in addition to Moscow, large administrative centers of the European part of the country. The scope of Intourist's activities is evidenced by the fact that over the period from 1929 to 1938 more than 100,000 foreign tourists visited the USSR. Almost a third of all tourists were US citizens. The highest intensity of foreign visits to our country during the interwar period was in 1934-1937, when their number reached 70,000.

The natural decline begins in 1938, which was both a consequence of the world economic crisis and the fact that the immediate proximity of the impending war began to be felt everywhere. In 1938, only 5,000 foreign tourists arrived in the USSR. There is a long hiatus in foreign tourism in connection with the outbreak of World War II, and then the Cold War. It ends only in the mid-1950s, when a new stage begins in the development of foreign tourism in the Soviet Union.

Did Soviet citizens go abroad in the pre-war period? Or was emigration the only opportunity to get to know other countries, relax there and improve your health?

The main form of going abroad was, of course, business trips abroad. A kind of "report" about one of them was "One-story America" \u200b\u200bby I. Ilf and E. Petrov. S. Yesenin and V. Mayakovsky, M. Gorky and V. Kataev, M. Tsvetaeva and many others have visited abroad. V. Kataev's feuilletons "To Western Europe" and "Ours Abroad" narrate specifically about travel. At the same time, the writer shows the extraordinary nature of this event. “The state of mind of a man in the street who goes abroad for the first time is usually difficult to describe. He eats little, sleeps little, annoys his friends with phone calls. " In the late 1920s, and the feuilleton was written in 1928, the living standards in the USSR and the countries of Western Europe were already quite different, which is why such an ugly phenomenon arises when Soviet citizens exported abroad some products that were in short supply in the West. they sold there. The hero of the feuilleton asks: “Listen, do you know how much our pressed caviar costs in Western Europe? Expensive? It's good. Mercy. And cigarettes? They say that our Russian cigarettes are considered the most luxurious. Do you think it is worth capturing a thousand and a half "mosaics"? .. ". But if a person did not want to become “restricted to travel abroad,” he had to observe the simple “rules of the game”, which consisted in “reinforced concrete” devotion to the cause of socialism, in showing the advantages of socialist construction over the “decaying West”.

V. Kataev writes an essay “Paris-Vienna-Berlin”, which says the following: “I went to Vienna for a few days. The impression is terrifying. It is hard to imagine what ... the crisis did (the time of writing the essay - 1931 - M.S.) with this classic city of chic and fun. The city is a shadow. The city is a corpse. The city is an abstraction ... Germany is dying. Austria died long ago. Cars - the cat cried ... The shops are empty ... People in Vienna are awfully dressed. I can't believe that this is almost in the center of Europe. Boots are unkempt, patched, patched ... Hats! Elegant felt Viennese hats - faded, faded, with red ribbons hanging at the edges. It can be seen that people are wearing the latter, and what is next is unknown. Darkness. And most importantly, there is no way out. " ... I wonder if, after reading this essay, would anyone want to visit Vienna? And next to such material was a reportage with graphs and diagrams about the construction of our industrial giants, about new institutes and hospitals, etc.

Organized, or, as it eventually began to be called, planned foreign tourism, emerged in the USSR in 1930, when the first group of 257 production leaders from different cities of the Union went on a sea cruise with a call to Hamburg, Naples and Istanbul. During the cruise, tourists were given lectures on the international situation, political information was held, which was mandatory part of travels. But they were also given rich regional geographic material on all those states, near whose shores they sailed. Literary and art evenings were arranged for them, talks about tourism were held.

The Great Patriotic War and the recovery period pushed tourist problems into the background. Domestic tourism began to revive only in the late 1940s. In the post-war years, both planned and amateur, sports, children's and family tourism became widespread.

Tourism was also restored in the Armed Forces of the USSR. According to the order of the Minister of Defense, the head of this direction in tourism was assigned to the head of the Logistics of the Armed Forces, and the direct management was assigned to the Department of Tourism and Excursions of the Ministry of Defense. The All-Army Tourism Council was specially created to involve wide layers of the army and navy community in this work. Tourism, both planned and amateur, soon becomes one of the most popular and popular types of recreation.

By the mid-1980s. there were 24 camp sites that were subordinate to the military departments and the Ministry of Defense. From 1980 to 1985 alone, about 1.2 million servicemen and their family members rested on them. The most popular tourist center during the Soviet era was Terskol, which received tourists all year round. In the summer, hikes and excursions across the Elb-Rus were made from here, and in winter skiers came. Its uniqueness, however, lay elsewhere. Only here were developed routes of various categories: from the simplest, which gives the right to the "Tourist of the USSR" badge, to the 1st category of complexity.

Dozens of routes for bus travel across the USSR were developed. River travels along the Volga and Volga-Balt were also popular, and in July, a 15-day tour along the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk to the polar Dikson was held annually.

They also took care of the families of young officers. It tripled in the mid-1980s. the number of camp sites where you could have a rest with children from the age of five.

Amateur tourism has not been overlooked either. Since the 1970s. the annual all-army competitions for the best tourist travel began to be held, and since 1976 - the all-army gatherings of tourists. These were grandiose events. They were carried out in several stages. For example, during the third rally, held in 1982, 99,000 campaigns were conducted, which were conducted in places of military and labor glory, revolutionary battles or were associated with the life and work of V.I. Lenin. During these trips, military tourists read 44,000 reports and lectures on military-patriotic topics and gave 11,000 amateur concerts. In the course of this raid, 74,000 people became "badges", and 17,000 received the sports category.

School tourism has traditionally been an important area of \u200b\u200btourist and excursion work. Even before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, it was announced the beginning of the tourist regional study of the All-Russian expedition "My Motherland - USSR". The idea of \u200b\u200bresuming this expedition was returned only in the mid-1950s. In 1956, Pionerskaya Pravda and the Central Children's Tourist Station published the main provisions of this Expedition. The work unfolded in seven directions: "Lenin is still more alive than all living things", "To the secrets of nature", "Art belongs to the people", "In the everyday life of great construction projects", etc.

Since 1957 the history of Soviet sea tourism begins. Intourist rented two ships - "Pobeda" and "Georgia", on which sea voyages around Europe were carried out from Odessa to Leningrad. The motor ship "Peter the First" carried out Black Sea cruises for tourists from socialist countries. And in 1960, the notorious Admiral Nakhimov motor ship began to ply along the Crimean-Caucasian coast. In the early 1960s. sea \u200b\u200btourism began to develop in the Baltic, and the ship "Grigory Ordzhonikidze" arranged 20-day tours along the Far East coast.

It took ten post-war years to create the requirements for the reception of foreign tourists that meet European standards. It was necessary to build a network of hotels and restaurants, gain experience in transporting a large number of foreigners by air and by rail, to deploy advertising and, finally, to establish the production of souvenirs.

Intourist faced problems related to the specifics of the Soviet Union as a tourist country. The USSR was far from the tourist markets of Europe, and to arrive from England or France to our country, it was necessary to travel a long way. And if we take into account the fact that the distances between individual tourist sites in the USSR were thousands of kilometers, it turned out that transport costs accounted for most of the cost of the voucher. The length of some routes developed by Intourist was up to 6,000 km.

After the launch of the world's first artificial earth satellite in 1957, interest in our state has sharply increased. This has led to an increase in tourist flows. But in conditions cold war Not only did the US government specifically select anti-Soviet American citizens to travel to our country, it did not issue entry visas to those persons who had a stamp on their visit to the Soviet Union in their passports. Some Latin American countries did the same. This began to hinder the development of our foreign tourism.

In 1964, under the USSR Council of Ministers, a Foreign Tourism Directorate and a Foreign Tourism Council were created, which included representatives of 17 ministries, committees and departments. The Office and the Council were supposed to coordinate the work of various organizations for the further development of foreign tourism in our country. In the mid-1960s. a special training system is being created for hotels and restaurants, as well as accompanying groups and guide-translators. Since 1966, the Office has been acting as the official tourism organization of the Soviet Union, being a full member of the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations and the International Federation of Travel Agencies. Intourist remained the only commercial organization in the system of the Foreign Tourism Administration of the USSR Council of Ministers 2. Intourist branches were opened in almost 80 points of the USSR. They functioned in all the capitals of the Union republics, as well as in large tourist centers - Leningrad, Sochi, Yalta, Irkutsk, etc.

Intourist was engaged in the organization of not only group tours, but also individual sea and river cruises, trips of foreigners to the resorts of the USSR, and Soviet citizens to foreign resorts. Exclusive tours were also arranged, for example for hunting.

Since 1964 Intourist began to receive tourists for treatment at the most famous resorts in the country. These included sanatoriums known for mineral springs, for example, Matsesta in Sochi, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Tskhaltubo therapeutic mud, etc.

In order to advertise tourist trips to the Soviet Union, Intourist published and distributed both in the USSR and abroad tourist brochures, booklets, posters, advertising tourist films, advertised on radio and television, as well as through the Soviet and foreign press. Intourist's print ads were sent to foreign travel agencies, shipping companies, distributed on Aeroflot planes and at airports in the Soviet Union, and distributed on steamers plying international lines. Intourist tried to take into account the wishes of foreign tourists regarding reference books, atlases, travel guides and other information and tourist publications.

And although the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions "On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country" back in 1969 pointed out many shortcomings, among which were the lack of "attention to improving the culture and service of tourists and excursionists", " a small number of tourist and excursion institutions in certain regions of the country ", incomplete" use of the possibility of organizing travel by trains, buses, river and sea vessels "," shortcomings in the selection and training of qualified tourist and excursion personnel ", our country remained a very attractive tourist destination.

From 1956 to 1985, over 70 million foreigners from 162 countries visited the USSR, although not all of them came as tourists. Dynamics of foreign tourism:

A source:

In 1983, the Main Directorate for Foreign Tourism under the USSR Council of Ministers was transformed into the USSR State Committee for Foreign Tourism. Its chairman was a member of the Council of Ministers, which indicates the high importance of this area in the economy of the former USSR. The material and technical base for servicing foreign tourists was constantly growing, and by the end of the XI five-year plan, more than 100 hotels, motels and campgrounds with 55,000 beds were at their service. More than 60% of foreign tourists were representatives of socialist countries. Finland was the leader among the capitalist countries, its tourists accounted for more than half of all tourists in these countries. Foreigners in the late 1980s. more than 500 routes in the Soviet Union were proposed. 150 cities were "open" for their visit.

The trip by the "Trans-Siberian Express" from Moscow to Vladivostok, across the entire USSR, aroused great interest. The exotic boat cruise along the Karakum Canal, introduced in 1985, also quickly gained popularity. Trained tourists could also be offered a 30-kilometer hiking trip through the Baikal taiga.

According to secret polls conducted among foreign tourists, it was revealed that they are most attracted by cognitive orientation in tours of the USSR. The greatest interest among 60 - 70% of those who came to the Union was the history and culture of our country. But business trips traditionally occupied the "honorable" last place, which was quite understandable from the point of view of the command-administrative system that existed in the USSR with its total planning of the economy and the complete monopoly of ministries and departments.

The foreign tourists were served by representatives of more than two hundred professions. Particular attention was paid to the need to improve the qualifications and general cultural level of guides-translators, since very often, due to the language barrier, they were the only Soviet people with whom direct contact of foreigners was possible. Speaking about the entertainment industry in the USSR, it can be noted that in the early 1990s. the country had 747 professional theaters, 2,471 museums, 140,000 cinema installations and 134,600 club establishments.

Along with attracting foreign tourists to the USSR, Intourist also organized trips of Soviet citizens abroad. He had an agreement with the Central Council for Tourism of the Soviet Trade Unions, which, through local tourism departments, sold vouchers to those who wanted to go on a foreign tour. Intourist provided services to Soviet tourists abroad on a commission basis, on the basis of agreements with foreign travel companies, which took upon themselves the service of our tourists during their trip abroad.

After the creation of the socialist camp, the possibility arose of the formation of a new form of tourism based on non-currency exchange. Apart from Intourist, tourist exchange was dealt with by the Central Council for Tourism of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Bureau of International Tourism under the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR "Sputnik" and others.

Created in 1958, Sputnik was entrusted with the task of organizing the exchange of youth tourist groups with foreign youth tourist organizations on a reciprocal basis, on preferential terms and without foreign exchange costs. During the Soviet era Sputnik collaborated with hundreds of foreign youth and student organizations from many countries of the world. More than 100 routes were offered to them for foreign youth who decided to travel around the Soviet Union. International youth camps functioned in the Caucasus, Crimea and other places, in which Soviet youth and representatives from abroad rested together.

In addition to these organizations, foreigners who visited the USSR as tourists were received by the Soviet Peace Committee, the Committee of Soviet Women, the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (USSD), etc. But in every creative Union - composers, journalists, writers etc. - there were commissions to promote the development of foreign tourism.

The Academy of Sciences, as a rule, on the basis of long-term agreements with the Academy of Sciences of Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, the DPRK, Romania, Poland and Czechoslovakia, received a large number of foreign scientists who came to the USSR with tourist passports and visas. But scientific tourism did not develop on a one-sided basis. Soviet scientists also had the opportunity to visit the countries of the socialist camp as tourists.

There were tourist departments in large sports societies, such as Dynamo, Spartak, etc. In most cases, many participants in various international festivals, competitions, congresses and conferences came to the Soviet Union as tourists.

In the 1960s. in the USSR, there were five directions of tourism, which existed largely parallel to each other:

Proftourism (Central Council for Tourism and Excursions - TsSTiE at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions);
- Intourism (State Committee for Foreign Tourism under the Council of Ministers of the USSR);
- youth tourism ("Sputnik" at the Central Committee of the Komsomol);
- military tourism (Administration for Tourism and Excursions of the USSR Ministry of Defense);
- school tourism (TsDTES of the USSR Ministry of Education).

In the 1960s. Tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions have developed over 13,000 routes - linear, circular, radial. In order to ensure the development and production of various types of advertising, the organization in the press, on radio, television and in the cinema, propaganda and advertising of events held by tourist and excursion organizations, it was decided to create an advertising and information bureau "Tourist". It was opened in 1971 and operated on a self-supporting basis.

The main tourist regions were Central, which, in addition to Moscow, included Tula, Ryazan, Kaluga, Kalinin, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and Vladimir regions; and Northwestern, which included the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. Only one Moscow excursion bureau in the 1960s. sold 4 million tourist vouchers. Tourist "mek-kami" during this period were the routes: "Through Pushkin's places", "Through ancient Russian cities and Leningrad", etc. Although the number of routes in the Central and North-Western regions was less than, say, in the Transcaucasia or Crimea, but they were attended by a much larger number of tourists due to the development of infrastructure. In addition, large tourist complexes were concentrated here, which were able to serve a large number of travelers. Many routes in the Central and Northwestern regions were of an all-Union nature, which also influenced the mass character, although this does not mean that local routes did not exist here.

More than half of all planned all-Union routes were laid in such resort areas as the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimea, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia. This region was the leader in terms of the "concentration" of campgrounds, tourist centers and hotels, of which there were more than 50% of their total number in the country.

The routes with active modes of movement included 55 all-Union routes. They were horse, bicycle, water (boat, kayak and inflatable rafts), pedestrian. A tourist who took part in one of them had the right to receive a certificate and badge "Tourist of the USSR". Nine routes, ranked in the first category of complexity, among which one can name such as "Along the mountainous Crimea", "Along the Dniester canyon on rafts", "Along the Teletskoye lake and the Altai taiga", etc. - could bring the tourist the third category in tourism , however, if he already had the "title" of "Tourist of the USSR".

Tourism in the 1960s became so popular that almost all universities in the USSR set up tourist sections, and some universities even organized tourist clubs.

Before the Great Patriotic War, universities did not train specialists in tourism. Since the mid-1950s. teaching tourism is introduced as a compulsory discipline for all students of pedagogical universities who studied in the specialty "Physical culture". (In the late 1970s, orientation was added to tourism.) In the early 1960s. in the institutes of physical education also began to introduce the discipline "Tourism". Students got acquainted with the basics of tourism theory and had to take part in a mandatory 5-day hike. For the first time in the Azerbaijan SSR, the discipline "Tourism" was to be studied by all students of physical culture universities.

The first graduation of specialists with a higher education in tourism took place in 1978. Since that time, by a joint agreement between the USSR Ministry of Higher Education and the USSR Sports Committee, the specialty “Mass physical culture and health work and tourism” has been introduced in all physical education universities.

Excursion business was paid attention mainly in universities. In 1968, at the geological and geographical faculty of Rostov State University, the first enrollment was made for the correspondence department in the specialty "Local history and methods of organizing tourist and excursion work." This experience was later adopted by the universities of Kiev, Simferopol, Tbilisi, Tashkent, etc.

In the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions "On the work of trade union and tourist-excursion organizations" it was proposed that "tourism councils and trade union councils develop and implement practical measures to radically improve the selection, placement and education of leading tourist personnel, instructors, guides, service personnel of tourist-excursion farms. , improving their qualifications and responsibility ... The Central Council for Tourism - to resolve the issue of opening the Central Tourism Courses in Moscow to improve the qualifications of executive personnel, bringing the number of students to them up to 1000 people a year; regularly conduct zonal seminars (gatherings) to improve the qualifications of teachers and instructors involved in the field to train tourist workers and activists.

Republican, regional and regional tourism councils to create training centers for advanced training of tourism instructors, tour guides, service personnel of tourist and excursion farms based on the training of each employee at least once every two years; provide organizational and methodological assistance to the councils of voluntary sports societies ... enterprises, educational institutions, collective and state farms in the mass training of tourist organizers, public tourism instructors, on-the-job travel managers with coverage of up to 300 thousand people a year. For the entire grandiose tourist work, it was proposed to allocate up to 1.4 billion rubles from the state budget annually by 1975. ...

The Higher School of the Professional Movement (HSHPD) at the Central Committee of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions began to train economists for tourist and excursion work at the faculty of sanatorium and resort and tourist and excursion institutions. The first 23 graduates received their diplomas there in 1977. Subsequently, the Russian International Academy of Tourism (RMAT), one of the leading universities in this field, will emerge on the basis of the Institute for Advanced Training of Workers of Tourist and Excursion Organizations of Trade Unions, established in 1980.

Excursion guidance as a second specialty could be obtained in many universities of the country at the turn of the 1970s - 1980s.

In 1964, a Research Institute for Tourism was created in Abkhazia. Its Academic Council included 47 specialists from various branches of the national economy, science and culture. These are cavers and climbers, art critics and historians, architects and economists, and many others.

Since 1995, the Institute of Tourism and Hospitality of Moscow State University has been successfully conducting educational and research work in Moscow. Students receive diplomas in such specialties as social and cultural services and tourism, tourism management, accounting and audit, guide-translator, etc.

Since the 1960s. tourist and excursion vacations on weekends and holidays are becoming widespread, and railway travels are also being organized.

Tourism in the USSR, including foreign, is taking on enormous proportions. In 1967 alone, more than 1,500 million foreigners visited our country. This became possible due to the changed internal political conditions in the USSR. After the death of JV Stalin, NS Khrushchev slightly "dismantled" the Iron Curtain. At the XX Congress of the CPSU, for the first time, it was said about such an ugly phenomenon as the cult of personality, the process of rehabilitation began, concerning some political prisoners. This was an integral part of such a political phenomenon, which, with the light hand of I. Ehrenburg (who called his novel that way), began to be called the "thaw". The Soviet totalitarian system passed into the bureaucratic stage of its development, which in general did not interfere with the development of not only domestic, but also foreign tourism, although in the 1960-1970s. only about 0.4% of our citizens went abroad. Limiting external (outbound) tourism is one of the features of Soviet tourism. But, despite this depressing circumstance, the dynamics in the departure of Soviet people abroad is obvious:

2007 year

Introduction

1. Stages of tourism development in the USSR

1.1. Post-revolutionary stage of tourism development

2.2. Development of Tourism Legislation

Conclusion

On April 12, 1918, VI Lenin signed a decree "On the removal of monuments erected in honor of the tsar and their servants, and the development of projects for the monuments of the Russian socialist revolution." A memorial is being created near the Kremlin, where the names of prominent thinkers and revolutionaries are perpetuated. In Moscow, Petrograd and other cities, the construction of monuments, steles, bas-reliefs and memorial plaques in honor of famous fighters for the people's power and revolutionary achievements began. These first objects of proletarian ideological symbols and attributes became objects of new revolutionary, exhibition excursions and tourist events.

At the same time, the search for new organizational forms of tourism and excursions began. In some institutions, divisions were created whose task was to conduct excursions and tourist trips out of town.

One of the first to carry out this work was the out-of-school department of the People's Commissariat of Education (People's Commissariat for Education) in November 1917. It was headed by N.K. Krupskaya. Similar subdivisions were organized in the provincial network of the People's Commissariat for Education. In 1918, excursion stations were created across the country, and the Experimental Excursion Base of the People's Commissariat for Education was formed.

In March 1919, VI Lenin signed a decree "On medical areas of national importance", which contributed to the development of medical tourism and the organization of excursions to healing springs.

In 1920, under the People's Commissariat for Education, a United Lecture and Excursion Bureau was created - a prototype of modern tourist and excursion institutions, the purpose of which is to widely promote proletarian tourism and excursions.

Since 1920, excursions and so-called tourist outings began to be carried out by some departments and institutions. Trade unions became their organizers for workers and employees. Students and military personnel were sent on trips by the People's Commissariat for Education and the RKSM. Most of this work was done by freelance enthusiasts. They developed tourist programs and routes.

As the interest of the population in tourism and excursions increased, the need for their use in cultural work became obvious. Among the population, for this purpose, as well as to increase the ideological content of all activities in the field of tourism and excursions, the methodological management of tourist and excursion practice in 1920 was entrusted to the Main Political and Educational Committee of the People's Commissariat for Education (Glavpolitprosvet). The question arose about the training of public personnel; the established excursion stations began to train freelance activists - group guides and so-called tourism organizers.

Glavpolitprosvet undertook to investigate the question of how effective the initial forms of tourism and excursions are and whether they meet the urgent tasks of society. The Provincial Political Education of the Moscow Department of Public Education (Gubpolitical Education MONO) was instructed to conduct a study to study the demand and wishes of Moscow workers in the field of tourism. A selective survey of residents of Krasnopresnensky and Rogozhsko-Simonovsky districts of the capital was carried out, which showed that tourism and excursions became more and more popular among the population, especially trips to study the social reorganization of society. As a result, the so-called social science excursion themes were developed.

In the early 1920s, interest in tourism and excursions began to grow. Thousands of workers were involved in excursions, trips and travels. So, only one excursion section of the Gubpolitprosvet MONO in 1921 conducted more than 400 group excursions every month. Approximately the same number of the population was served by the Moscow City Council of Trade Unions, the Labor Artel of Moscow Workers, and others. The Glavpolitprosvet developed "scientific-revolutionary" and "industrial" excursions, thanks to which the social theme of events in the field of tourism became more intense.

An excursion conference held in 1921 in Petrograd with the participation of trade unions, the Main Political Education and the Petrograd Excursion Institute, studied the results of excursion work and recommended expanding its application in school practice.

The structural expansion of the tourism and excursion network began. Departments for short and long excursions were created under the People's Commissariat for Education, which was dealt with by NK Krupskaya. In 1923, the department of long-distance excursions of the People's Commissariat for Education became part of the Moscow Museum-Excursion Institute, and later into the joint-stock company "Soviet Tourist" (Sovtur).

Various institutions began to organize tourism and excursions. For the first time since 1914, a trip to Crimea was organized by the Institute of Out-of-School Work Methods, the YM Sverdlov Communist University, and the Communist University of Eastern Workers; some universities and workers' faculties promoted tourism among students and listeners. The stations of young naturalists offered "natural history" excursions. Some museums have introduced into practice "museum excursions" for nonresident tourists.

The study and expansion of the methods and organizational principles of tourism and excursions were initially carried out by the Moscow Institute of Out-of-School Work Methods, the scientific and pedagogical forces of Petrograd, the Department of Excursion Affairs of Moscow State University, and excursion sections of the Glavpolitprosvet.

Somewhat later, the Main Directorate of Scientific and Artistic Institutions under the Nar-Compros (Glavnauka) developed the methodological foundations for the work of local history organizations in many cities of the country. They created the first experimental models of group local history trips, trips, excursions on the ground.

Certain measures for the development of tourism were taken by the state. They were aimed at creating a material and technical base and training professional personnel. The ways of activities in this direction became more and more obvious: centralization of tourism activities, provision of tourists and excursionists with transport, accommodation, meals, as well as guidebooks, information about the objects of visit, training of cadre organizers, etc.

In 1923 alone, the People's Commissariat for Education and the Institute for Out-of-School Work Methods trained 2,500 teachers-group leaders of tourist groups, held ten-day seminars for nonresident workers in the education system. In excursion circles and seminars at the Central House of Gubpros and its district houses in Moscow, teachers and Komsomol activists trained. They were essentially the first professional personnel in Soviet tourism, although they worked part-time.

By the early 1920s, the geography of tourism was taking shape. If in 1918 - 1920. hikes and trips were carried out locally - within the Moscow and Petrograd provinces, then in 1921 - 1924. tourist trips have already been carried out beyond them and beyond. Visits to neighboring cities began. The first all-Union route was the mass route to the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow.

More and more institutions began to turn to tourism as one of the progressive forms of recreation. According to the plans of the organizers, tourism in the future was to become a necessary part of everyday life, not only a personal matter of everyone, but also a mass social and political movement.

These ideas were developed by public, and then special editions: "On the paths of a new school", "Bulletin of education", "Excursion business", etc.

The Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper played a significant role in such activities. In December 1926, the newspaper created a headquarters at the editorial office and was one of the initiators of the development of mass tourism, which it called "proletarian" in terms of purpose and content.

The headquarters of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" in 1926 organized the first in the history of tourist and excursion work numerous visits of 600 workers to the "Vol-Khovstroy". Immediately after that, a tourism bureau was created under the Central Committee of the Komsomol, and then Komsomolskaya Pravda held the first correspondence meeting on the organization of proletarian tourism.

Meanwhile, while there were several institutions that conducted unstable tourist trips for people of different professions, there was no specialized department to organize tourism for the broad masses of workers. The existing Russian Society of Tourists (ROT), due to its small size and adherence to pre-revolutionary methods of leadership, was not able to lead the tourist movement.

By the end of the 20s, within the framework of the general tasks of cultural work, it became necessary to streamline the management of tourism and excursions in the country as a whole, create a target organization capable of providing the population with meaningful and cheap tourist travel, develop a clear ideological basis for tourism, create a material base, personnel, routes , to make tourism useful for the national economy.

The trade unions, the Komsomol and the People's Commissariat for Education became in 1924 - 1928. leaders of tourist and excursion work in the country. Organizational forms initially developed autonomously in two directions: the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the People's Commissariat for Education began to create grassroots tourist links - groups at industrial and agricultural enterprises, in educational institutions, at clubs, etc.

The Komsomol created a tourism bureau under the Komsomol committees. The bureau was tasked with assisting local "mass travel societies", conducting reference and instructing work. Under them, sections were created: local history, camp, distant, suburban tourism. They accumulated tourist materials (maps, route descriptions), cooperation was established with interested state and public organizations - local councils of trade unions, sports and local lore groups, associations of young naturalists, Osoaviakhim, Osnav (Society for Rescue on Water), as well as with catering establishments , transport, hotel, utilities and other services. Such activities contributed to the organizational formation of tourism, an increase in the number of its participants.

In the first half of 1927 alone, about 200 thousand people of different ages, professional and territorial affiliation took part in group campaigns and trips through the Komsomol.

The Tourism Bureau has begun raising funds for the further deployment of tourist and excursion work. For this purpose, lotteries, amateur performances were held among the population, Sunday workshops were organized to collect waste paper, scrap metal, and various works were carried out.

In 1927, the Central Bureau of Mass Tourism for the first time expanded the geography of tourism and excursions, offering workers 39 approximate routes in six regions of the country: Northwest, Central Industrial, Middle Volga, Ural, Crimea, Caucasus.

Combining the efforts of the trade unions and the Komsomol on the issues of tourist work made it possible to introduce a preferential tariff for railway travel along the routes, rent premises for tourist camps, and accumulate equipment, i.e. provide workers with tourist services, partly paid by trade unions.

As the network of local tourism organizations expanded, its organizational structure improved. This contributed to the increased role of grassroots cells. They heard the reports and wishes of tourists, on their basis guidelines for new travels, hikes, trips, data on local history was accumulated.

In 1927, at the editorial office of the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda", a temporary reference and instruction center and an organizing commission were created, which were instructed to prepare the question of creating a society of mass tourism. Thus, the initiator and organizer of the development of mass tourism was the Komsomol, which since the mid-1920s has launched a wide range of activities to organize leisure for young people.

The Central Committee of the Komsomol and the editorial board of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" in January 1927 held a meeting on the organization of mass tourism. All its participants expressed the opinion that tourism should become widespread, become a powerful means of raising the cultural and political level of youth, acquaintance with the history and modern life of the country. The recreational value of the campaigns, their possibilities for the development of public initiative were emphasized. At the meeting, a commission on tourism was created at the Central Committee of the Komsomol and the editorial board of Komsomolskaya Pravda, which began its work with propaganda. On the pages of "Komsomolskaya Pravda", then in almost all local Komsomol newspapers, articles by Y. Ilyin, L. Barkhash, G. Bergman and other enthusiasts about tourism were published, advice on travel techniques, recommendations of approximate routes, messages about the first undertakings were given.

"Where will you go next Sunday? - the newspaper addressed its readers. - Do not miss the holidays for local tourism. Get ready for summer holidays." The "Komsomolskaya Pravda" section has opened the "Tourist mailbox" column.

Under the provincial and district committees of the Komsomol, tourism bureaus began to be formed, and under the cells - tourist sections. Already in March 1927, at the V All-Union Conference of the Komsomol, I. Zheldak, a speaker on the cultural work of the Komsomol, said that "we have a movement that the union had not been involved in before - proletarian tourism, in which there are about 20 thousand tourists united in groups" ...

In 1927, the pre-revolutionary Russian Society of Tourists (ROT), uniting about 500 people, resumed its activities in Moscow. In terms of social composition, society mainly consisted of the intelligentsia and former wealthy townspeople, and only one person represented the workers. On the advice of the Tourism Bureau under the MK Komsomol, 1,500 young tourists were sent to the ROT, who demanded the convening of an extraordinary conference. At this conference, the activities of the old government were recognized as unsatisfactory and a new one was elected, which included N.V. Krylenko (chairman), V. Antonov-Saratovsky, L. Barkhash, V. Nikitin and others. The society was renamed the Society of Proletarian Tourism (OPT).

Thus, in July 1928, the OPT began practical tourist and excursion work, focusing primarily on the wishes of the workers. In the first year of its existence alone, the company served more than 300 thousand people. In 1929 the charter of the OPT was approved.

Compared with other organizations of departmental tourism, the Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR immediately came to first place in popularity among workers and the volume of work. It carried out 90% of the tourist and excursion work in the country.

The organizational basis of the society was the primary tourist cells at industrial and agricultural enterprises, institutions, educational institutions, in the Red Army, at huts-reading rooms, etc.

The activities of the OPT covered not only the adult population. Since 1929, children's tourist and excursion stations have been organized under him. The branches of the Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR have been widely developed in Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan and other republics, contributing to the all-Union expansion of the geography of tourism.

The creation of the OPT meant a transition to mass organized tourist and excursion work, but it clearly lacked the material capacity. Therefore, in order to strengthen and develop the mass tourist movement in the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in March 1930 adopted a resolution "On the merger of the joint-stock company" Soviet Tourist "with the Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR and the creation of the All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE).

The work of the newly created society was put on a state basis. Other autonomous tourism organizations (the joint-stock company "Tourist of Georgia", the Ukrainian company "Umpet", etc.) were included in it. OPTE improved its work. Its Central Council includes state, professional, public and other organizations and enterprises. It was led by the Presidium of the Central Council of the society. A prominent statesman, People's Commissar of Justice N.V. Krylenko, was elected Chairman of the Presidium. The financial basis of the OPTE was made up of membership fees and funds of organizations. The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR instructed several enterprises to establish the production of tourist inventory.

The results were not slow to affect the level of work. So, if in the year of its creation, OPTE organized trips for 300 thousand people, then the next year - for 3 million tourists. By 1931, the number of members of the society had grown to 500 thousand, by 1932 - to 800 thousand. The professional composition of tourists has changed: by the end of 1930 there were 49% of workers, the next year - already 52%, office workers accounted for 19%, students - 23%, collective farmers and peasants - 6%.

Direct work with the population was carried out through a grassroots tourist cell. The regulations on it were worked out by the All-Union Conference of Tourists in September 1930, which stated that the main task of the cell was "to promote the ideas of organized tourism and excursions and the massive involvement of workers, turning tourism into a truly popular, organized proletarian movement."

The growing mass character of tourism required further development of the corresponding material base, which in turn necessitated the attraction of additional material and financial resources.

The All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions inherited from Sovtur and other organizations several enterprises of material production and consumer services (workshops for the production and repair of tourist equipment, boat stations, ski rental centers, bases in the Crimea and the Caucasus, etc.), and the budget of the society totaled only 2 thousand rubles. Therefore, OPTE led in several directions the work on the accumulation of the financial fund, the main source of which was the contributions of collective and individual members. The money went to a special "tourist" account of the Moscow branch of the State Bank.

The acquired funds were invested in the widespread development of the material and technical base of tourism. Tourist camps, campings, bases, shelters, mountain huts, tent camps, and tourist material production enterprises were built and rented from various organizations. By the beginning of the second five-year plan, the OPTE system had about 300 of its own and leased bases, factories, repair shops and tourist equipment stores, a photo studio, rental points and other enterprises.

In the mid-30s, the material and technical basis of tourism became so strong that its financial contributions to the state budget amounted to significant amounts. Centrally and autonomously, the OPTE divisions and its cells contributed money to the local industry and agriculture, for cultural construction, state defense. Part of the deductions was intended for the construction of tourist facilities of Union significance. So, 3 million rubles. were subsidized for the construction of the All-Union Tourist House in Moscow.

Part of the financial savings was directed by OPTE to create a public tribune for the tourist and excursion movement - the media. Since the beginning of the 30s, OPTE published the periodical magazines "World Tourist", "On Land and Sea" (first monthly, then twice a month) and the organizational and methodological monthly "Tourist-activist". An appendix to the journal "On Land and Sea" was the "Library of the Tourist" (12 brochures per year) - small brochures authored by tourists who reported on the most successful tourist and research expeditions and campaigns, on types of public work among the population in places of passage of routes. In 1929, the journal "Tourist" began to be published - the organ of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which later became the leading periodical on the theory, methodology and practice of Soviet tourism. In addition, a state publishing house "Physical culture and tourism" was created in Moscow, which published books on the methods and techniques of various types of tourism, with descriptions of tourist areas and specific travels. Began to publish books and periodical bulletins and local societies, for example, "Tourist Transcaucasia", etc.

"Tourist" stores were opened in Moscow and some other cities, where a small discount was established for members of the society.

The creation of an organizational and managerial basis (district, city, regional, republican and Central division of tourism, an extensive network of cells), the development of a material and technical base, an increase in population demand for tourist services has significantly expanded the geography of tourism. Travels and trips to new regions became more and more frequent - Western Siberia, Altai, Kuzbass, Central Asia, the Arctic.

The development of foreign tourism necessitated the development of measures to streamline the reception of foreign guests in the USSR. In May 1929, by the decision of the Labor and Defense Council, the All-Union Joint Stock Company Intourist was created. In addition to receiving and servicing foreign delegations and tourist groups, it organizes the departure of its own tourists abroad. In 1930 - 1931 For the first time, mass cruise trips of labor shock workers of the first five-year plan were carried out on board the motor ships "Abkhazia" and "Ukraine" around Europe. The participants in Germany, Italy and Turkey (England and France did not allow stopping) were received by workers of the Soviet envoys. M. Gorky specially came to Naples for all the days of "Abkhazia's" stay. Several books and films were dedicated to the trip.

More than 200 railway, hiking and combined routes on local history, industrial, agricultural and other topics were provided to tourists in the mid-30s. The number of tourists and sightseers has increased. At the turn of the first and second five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, only OPTE provided tourist services to about one and a half million workers.

To a large extent, this success was due to the reduction in the cost of providing services to the population. Groups of tourists were entitled to reduced travel by rail (50% of the cost for groups of at least three people and for a distance of over 300 km). At the tourist bases, OPTE members were provided with preferential services.

The contingent of tourists has also changed towards an increase in the representatives of the working class and peasantry. So, if in 1930 workers and collective farmers accounted for 55%, then in 1935 - already 61%.

The increase in the volume of activity, as well as the expansion of the network of tourist organizations and cells (there were about 1,000 district councils alone), the development of new routes, the improvement of the material and technical base required solving the problem of personnel. It was necessary to train practical workers of the tourist apparatus, personnel of service enterprises, qualified guides, guides, guides, and public organizers.

Since it became no longer possible to serve tourism with the forces of social activists, on whom this work was mainly entrusted, the Central Council of the OPTE, continuing to orientate itself to a certain extent towards enthusiasts, invited Komsomol, trade union and other workers for cooperation.

In the local tourism organizations, staff units were created. For their training and advanced training, as well as for training the personnel reserve, OPTE opened short-term central tourist courses for the asset. For several years, these forms of education have covered over 10 thousand people. At the same time, the issues of creating departments and cycles for tourism and excursions in political education universities and technical schools, the introduction of an optional course in tourism at the geographical and ethnographic faculties of a number of higher educational institutions were worked out. A specialized technical school for the training of middle management of tourist workers was opened in Moscow.

A significant event in the activities of the OPTE in 1932 was the All-Union Congress, which met in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. The delegates represented 800 thousand members of the society. OPTE already had over 300 tourist bases. The financial plan for 1932 exceeded 80 million rubles. The number of participants in the campaigns was already hundreds of thousands.

However, in the development of tourism and excursions, difficulties and unresolved problems began to accumulate. There was a discrepancy between the growth of the tourist-excursion movement and the available material base, there was a shortage of specialists in tourism. By this time, two main directions of working people had developed and gained mass distribution in national tourism: hiking of workers, especially young people, within the framework of amateur tourism and tourist excursion trips and travel along planned routes. Both directions required equally constant attention and the creation of favorable conditions for its further development.

1.2. The development of domestic tourism in the middle of the 20th century

In April 1936, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR considered it inexpedient to further develop tourism within the framework of a voluntary society and decided to liquidate it. All the property of the OPTE (camp sites, factories, etc.) was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where a tourist-excursion administration was created - the TEU of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which was entrusted with the management of tourist routes of all-Union significance, as well as all activities in the field of tourism and excursions. The functions of territorial TEUs, which worked on a self-supporting basis according to the planned tasks of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, included the promotion of tourism, consultation of the population, cultural and economic services on the way, the development of routes, as well as the construction of tourist houses, mountain huts, camps, and the production of inventory. In November 1937, the Charter of the Tourist and Excursion Administration of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was approved.

The management of independent tourism was entrusted to the All-Union Council of Physical Culture at the Central Executive Committee, and mountaineering was separated from tourism.

The liquidation of OPTE caused enormous damage to the development of tourism. In the mid-1930s, not only OPTE was liquidated, but also almost all mass voluntary societies: "Friend of Children", "Avtodor", "Down with Illiteracy", "Technology for the Masses", etc.

By this time, an administrative-command system had already been formed in the country, which did not need independent public organizations that united thousands of people. They were replaced by reliable officials. Voluntary societies were seen as potentially dangerous "nests", convenient signboards for "enemies of the people."

The next step was the repression in 1937-1938. former employees of liquidated companies. At the OPTE, most of the former members of the Presidium of the Central Council (CC), many members of the CC, employees of local organizations and cell activists were arrested. V.L.Semenkovsky, L.L.Barkhash, V.A.Vorobyov, A.G. Itim, A.I.Usagin and other prominent organizers of the tourist movement became victims of repression. Almost all of them died in Stalin's prisons and camps.

Nevertheless, tourism, subordinate to the administrative command system, continued to develop. With the introduction in March 1939 by the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of the Regulation on the badge "Tourist of the USSR", sports tourism has developed significantly. In it, in particular, it was indicated: "The complex of the USSR Tourist badge" sets its task to promote the development of amateur tourism among the workers of the Soviet Union as one of the best forms of active recreation, combining, along with the physical development of the workers, raising their cultural level, knowing the socialist homeland and acquiring defense skills that every defender of our country needs. "

An extensive campaign was launched to meet the standards of the complex to obtain a qualification badge. As a result, as of March 1, 1941, there were 5000 owners of USSR Tourist badges in the USSR.

In 1937 - 1940. a comprehensive reorganization of the structure of tourism was carried out, which was based on strict state-party planning of capital investments, personnel and the geography of recreational activities. The implementation of planned tourism was entrusted to 25 tourist and excursion departments of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, 16 excursion and tourist bureaus, 165 tourist houses, 50 tourist centers, 12 tourist hotels, 24 station camps, 19 tourist and mountaineering shelters, hundreds of temporary (seasonal) tent camps, campgrounds.

During the Great Patriotic War, tourist and excursion activities were completely stopped. The material and technical base of tourism in the areas occupied by the German fascist invaders was plundered and destroyed.

Over the years of the war, the number of staff members of tourist and excursion organizations has significantly decreased, the system of training specialists at all levels has fallen into decline.

Together with the restoration of the destroyed national economy, the system of tourist and excursion institutions was restored and improved. However, this process was very slow and contradictory, due to the fact that the residual principle of financing the social sphere dominated. At the same time, the authorities in charge of tourism and excursions focused on administrative pressure, reshuffle of personnel and "cosmetic" reforms.

In 1962, on the basis of the TUE, a system of tourism councils was created, which was headed by the Central Council for Tourism of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

In the early 60s, the intensification of tourist activity was clearly felt in the USSR. By 1965, in all the union republics and in most of the autonomous republics, territories and regions, tourism councils were organized, which developed and mastered tourist routes.

Tourist travel has become one of the most popular forms of recreation for Soviet citizens.

The Central Council for Tourism and Excursions was involved in the development of planned tourist travel. He issued vouchers for routes that have the status of all-Union. All other routes, which were under the jurisdiction of the republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions, were local.

In the 60s, tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions developed over 13 thousand routes - linear, circular, radial. Planned routes starting in one city and ending in another are called linear routes. For example, the all-Union bus route No. 271 "North Caucasian" began in Makhachkala, where tourists spent five days, then they were transported by buses to Grozny, Ordzhonikidze and the journey ended in the capital of the Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR - Nalchik. For each city, a five-day program was developed, the basis of which was a variety of excursions both around the city and to the most interesting valleys of the North Caucasus - Tseyskaya, Cherkesskaya, Baksanskaya, Chegemskaya, etc.

If the route starts and ends in the same place (city, village), it is called a circular route. One of the most popular circular routes was the all-Union bus route 401 "Golden Ring", which passed through such ancient Russian cities as Vladimir, Kostroma, Yaroslavl; its starting and ending point was Moscow.

Many planned routes refer to radial ones, when tourists spend the entire rest period at the same tourist base, in a tourist hotel or boarding house, making excursions, as well as short tourist trips, with overnight stays at tourist shelters.

All-Union and local routes covered the whole country and made it possible to get acquainted with the most interesting cities and sights of the Soviet Union, with such unique, inaccessible places as Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Franz Josef Land, etc.

The most important excursion regions of the USSR were the central one, which included the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Smolensk, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Ryazan, Tula regions, and the northwestern, which included the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. The names of tourist and excursion areas are borrowed from economic geography.

Millions of tourists visit these two areas every year. Only in the excursions of the Moscow excursion bureau in the 60s, 4 million people took part, who arrived in Moscow on vouchers of the all-Union routes No. 1 "Moscow", No. 401 "Golden Ring", No. 402 "In places of military glory", No. 404 "Po cities of the "Golden Ring", etc.

The most popular routes of the north-western tourist and excursion region were such as No. 194 "Lenin places of Leningrad and the Karelian Isthmus", No. 196 "Through Pushkin places", No. 195 "Through ancient Russian cities and Leningrad", which included a visit to Pskov and Novgorod ...

In terms of the number of routes, the central and northwestern regions were inferior to other regions of the Soviet Union, for example, such as the North Caucasus or Transcaucasia, but on each route of these important excursion regions, due to the use of the largest tourist complexes in them, significantly more tourists were received than along the routes that functioned in other regions of the country. Thus, on route No. 326 "From the Quiet Don to the Black Sea" in the 1980s, an average of about 1,700 vouchers were sold per year, while the Moscow tourist complex "Izmailovo" accepted up to 10 thousand people simultaneously.

More than 50% of all-Union planned tourist routes were laid in five regions of the Soviet Union: in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Almost half of the tourist bases, campings, tourist hotels of the country were concentrated in these regions.

Every year the geography of all-Union routes expanded. Only in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, 18 all-Union routes functioned, which passed through the most ancient cities - Samarkand, Fergana, Khiva, Bukhara, the capitals of the Central Asian republics, and two of them made it possible to get acquainted with the Tien Shan mountains. All-Union routes were opened in Altai, Krasnoyarsk Krai and Irkutsk Oblast.

Among the all-Union routes, 55 belonged to routes with active modes of movement: hiking, skiing, water (kayaking, boats, inflatable rafts), cycling, and horseback riding. Participation in most of them gave the right to receive the USSR Tourist badge, and after passing one of 9 routes (No. 22 "Through the mountainous Crimea", No. 59 "Along the Belaya River on helots" (Southern Urals), No. 71 "Along the Dnestrovsky canyon on rafts ", No. 72" On the river Psel on boats "(Poltava region), No. 75" Altai southern ", No. 76" Along the Teletskoye lake and the Altai taiga ", No. 187" Through the wooded Carpathians ", No. 433" Through the Gissarsky ridge "(camp site" Marguzor Lakes "- camp site" Iskander-Kul ", No. 434" Along the Gissar ridge "(camp site" Iskander-Kul "- camp site" Marguzor Lakes ") participants, if they had a badge" Tourist of the USSR ", were assigned the third category on tourism, since all of the above routes belonged to hiking trips of the first category of complexity.

1.3. The final stage of tourism development in the USSR

In the 80s, routes for parents with children were developed. So, in 1985, parents could have a rest with children, traveling along route No. 413 "Transcarpathian" (with children under five years old), twenty routes in Moscow, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, in the Baltic States and other places (with children from 7 years old) and 29 routes - with children from 12 years old.

All-Union routes for autotourists were organized by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. A voucher for them gave the right to stay in a tourist camp or hotel, use a free parking lot, food and excursion services. In 1985, five such routes functioned: from Rostov-on-Don along the Georgian Military Highway to Gagra; Smolensk - Kiev - Lvov - Karolino-Bugaz; Moscow - Kharkov - Alushta; Novgorod - Pskov - Parnu; Rostov-on-Don - Nalchik - Makhachkala - Derbent.

Local planned tourist routes organized by republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions covered the territory of the Soviet Union with a much denser network than the all-Union ones. They were intended mainly to serve the population of certain regions, but citizens from anywhere in the country could purchase vouchers for them by applying for a voucher sale to the appropriate council.

Among the local tourist routes, a significant number were travel with an active mode of movement: on foot, on skis, rowing boats. A number of tips for tourism and excursions allowed parents to stay with children. With a child over 7 years old, tourists could go on a horse ride in the south of Bashkiria (Bashkir Council for Tourism and Excursions), in the South Urals with children of the same age, it was possible to hike around the Chelyabinsk region.

The Estonian Republican Council offered tourists a kayak route of the second category of difficulty, and parents with children over 12 years old could travel along this route (the only one in the USSR).

Republican, regional and regional councils actively developed types of travel that are non-traditional for planned tourism. In Ukraine, the country's first speleo route "Along the Caves and Rivers of Ternopolytsyna" was created, which included a six-day hike with a visit to the caves.

In 1985, in the Soviet Union, 17 horse trails operated in Altai, the South Urals, the North Caucasus, the Transcaucasia and other regions. Cycling routes appeared in a number of places. The Irkutsk Council organized a cycling route along the Olkhon Island, the Leningradsky one - along the lakes of the Karelian Isthmus, the Kazakh one - along the Karakaraly mountain-forest oasis. Planned cycling tourism began to develop in Penza, Perm, Turkmen and other councils.

The local planned routes also included transport trips: motor ship (river and sea), rail and aviation.

Travels on river ships took place along all the main rivers of the Soviet Union: along the Volga and its tributaries Kama and Oka, Northern Dvina and Sukhona, Onega and Ladoga lakes and the Neva river, along the Lower Don, Dnieper down from Kiev, along the Ob from Novosibirsk and Irtysh from Omsk, along the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk to Dikson, along the Lena from Ust-Kut to its confluence with the Laptev Sea and along the Amur from Blagoveshchensk to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. The ultra-long route Astrakhan - Leningrad - Astrakhan and many short ones - for three to five days, for example, Astrakhan - Volgograd - Astrakhan or Moscow - Uglich - Moscow, passed along the Volga and its tributaries. About 40 tips for tourism and excursions, not only from the regions located in the European part of the Soviet Union, but also such as Azerbaijan, Armenian, Moldavian, Kazakh and others, rented ships and organized travel for their citizens along the main waterway of Russia. Volgograd, Saratov, Kuibyshev, Ulyanovsk, Kazan, Gorky, Moscow were the main excursion centers for those traveling along the Volga. For 20 days, tourists got acquainted with many sights.

There were also organized sea excursions along the Black Sea, in the east - the Japanese and Okhotsk, in the north - along the White, Barents and Red seas.

In the 80s more than 150 river and sea ships were used annually for tourist purposes.

Scheduled rail travel has been actively developing since the beginning of the 60s, and by the end of the 80s, almost all republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions had tourist routes using rail transport. For this purpose, special tourist and excursion trains and the so-called health trains were formed. In 1986, there were 2,600 tourist and excursion trains.

The program of the railway routes was made in such a way that transfers between excursion centers were carried out at night.

For residents of the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan and the Far East, four circular routes were organized, which passed through the capitals of the union republics and the most interesting cities in terms of sightseeing: Moscow - Minsk - Vilnius - Riga - Tallinn - Leningrad - Moscow; Moscow - Kiev - Odessa - Kherson - Sevastopol - Moscow; Moscow - Smolensk - Pskov - Novgorod - Leningrad - Moscow; Alma-Ata - Frunze - Fergana - Samarkand - Dushanbe - Ashgabat - Bukhara - Tashkent - Alma-Ata.

Aviation tourist routes acquired a massive character in the 80s. According to statistics, more than 160 travel and excursion agencies in major cities and regional centers used aviation services to organize planned tourist trips, which allowed 2 million people to have vacations annually.

Along with the planned, amateur tourism also developed, which was organized by a tourist group along routes developed by the participants themselves, from simple weekend hikes to numerous sports hikes of the highest categories of complexity. According to statistics, over 20 million Soviet citizens took part in weekend hikes, multi-day non-category and sports travel in the 80s.

Thus, in the 60s - 80s, various tourist organizations developed thousands of routes (linear, circular, radial), which were used by millions of Soviet tourists.

To resolve issues of international youth exchange in June 1958, the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik" was created, which was engaged not only in receiving groups of foreign youth and organizing Soviet tourism abroad, but also in the intra-union travel of young men and women, organizing their recreation in youth camps ...

The 70s were marked by the beginning of the third stage, characterized mainly by the extensive development of internal and foreign tourismas well as further changes in the management structure.

The restructuring of the second half of the 1980s ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the Soviet Union. The process of creating independent states from the former Soviet republics, as well as national tourist and excursion organizations, began.

2. The history of tourism development in modern Russia

2.1. General trends in tourism development

Reforms of the state structure of post-perestroika Russia influenced the country's economy, changed priorities in many spheres of the national economy, influenced the standard of living of the population, the distribution of labor and financial flows, and the effective demand for goods and services and tourism services in particular. The introduction of the institution of entrepreneurship and the law on exit and departure gave a powerful impetus to the generation of large-scale tourist flows.

The creation of a solvent segment of the consumer market in the country has caused a revival of the tourism industry, many thousands of tourism enterprises and tens of thousands of jobs have been created.

In the field of international tourism alone, more than 13 thousand travel companies were licensed in 1990 - 2000.

First of all, outbound tourism (sending tourists abroad) was intensively developed as an activity that does not require investment in the tourism industry and the creation of a tourism product. This type of tourism is based on the sale of a tourist product from other countries in Russia. This was facilitated by three significant factors:

Adoption of the law on entry-exit from Russia, which globally changed the state's immigration policy;

Stable incense of visits abroad in any form, formed by a significant part of the population during the Soviet period;

Policy adoption currency regulationallowing the legitimate circulation and export of significant amounts of currency, including national;

Identifying a segment of the population with medium and high incomes sufficient for traveling abroad;

Intensive promotion of a foreign tourist product, supported by significant funding from foreign tourism firms, tourist centers and resorts, based on budgetary support from host countries

Inbound tourism to Russia was developed at the beginning of the perestroika process due to the generation of the attractiveness of the processes of transparency and openness

In general, the hospitality sector in the country has remained at the same level and is not able to provide a competitive offer on the world tourism market without a fundamental investment.

The Russian Federation, despite its high tourist potential, still occupies an insignificant place in the world tourist market: its share is about 1% of the world tourist flow (6.8 million tourists who visited Russia, out of 698 million world international tourist arrivals).

According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, in 2000. our country was visited by 21.2 million foreign citizens from 200 countries of the world, but the number of those who came for tourism purposes amounted to only 6.8 million.

Non-CIS countries account for 35% of the total number of foreigners coming to Russia.

The main countries supplying tourists to the Russian Federation are Finland, Germany, USA, UK, France and Italy.

By virtue of its geographic location Russia is not and cannot become a country of mass entry of tourists for the purpose of traditional summer beach holidays. Nevertheless, the cultural, historical, natural potential of the country is enormous, and with the correct organization of marketing work, improvement and development of tourist infrastructure, the number of foreign tourists arriving in our country can significantly increase.

The factors constraining the development of inbound tourism to Russia are:

The image of Russia as a country unattractive for tourism, created by individual foreign and domestic media;

Absence abroad of state non-commercial advertising of the country's tourism opportunities, including through participation in international exhibitions and activities of state-funded foreign tourism missions;

Unfavorable for tourist visits visa regime, which consists in the inflated cost of visas, long terms of their issuance;

Underdeveloped tourist infrastructure, high moral and physical deterioration of the existing material base, a small number of tourist class hotel accommodation facilities;

Lack of favorable treatment for investment in tourist accommodation facilities and other tourist infrastructure;

Low quality of service in all sectors of the tourism industry, including the discrepancy between the price and quality of hotel accommodation.

Reforms in the economy have led to a decrease in the standard of living of the population, especially those employed in the public sector, there is a sharp drop in the level of effective demand for tourism services of domestic tourism, structural and qualitative changes in activities in this area.

Simultaneously with a sharp drop in the ability to pay of a significantly predominant part of the population and an increase in transport costs during this period, a significant drop in the volume of domestic tourism was noted.

Since 1999 the demand for tourist services within the country is constantly growing. At the same time, the discrepancy between the existing tourist product and modern tourist demand was clearly revealed. The reason for this lies in the almost complete absence of two-three-star tourist class hotels offering quality service, and the low level of training of personnel to work in the tourism market. In general, Russia, despite its huge tourism potential, remains one of the few countries with a low level of domestic tourism development.

The main trends in tourist demand in the domestic tourism market are the preservation of the priorities of traditional types of recreation - beach recreation in southern Russia, cruise in the Volga region, health and skiing. Interest in cultural and educational tourism is gradually returning.

Social tourism is developing and for a capacious segment of the consumer market is the only possible alternative to recreation and health improvement. In many constituent entities of Russia, at the expense of social insurance and local budgets, children's recreation, recreation for the elderly, as well as other socially vulnerable categories of the population is organized. However, this process is not systematic, insufficiently regulated and left to the mercy of local administrations.

The overwhelming majority of sanatoriums, boarding houses, rest homes are loaded through social insurance and other institutions. In the period 1997 - 1999 the resort sector was actively looking for a tourist or vacationer and participated in tourism exhibitions, established contacts with tour operators of domestic tourism. Up to 7% of the volume of loading was carried out through the sale of tourist vouchers through travel agencies.

At the same time, the interest of large enterprises in financing tourism for workers is increasing.

2.2. Development of Tourism Legislation

The sphere of tourism in Russia in the period 1991 - 2000 became an important and rapidly developing link in the country's economy. Against the backdrop of a slowdown in development and a decline in other sectors of the economy, the workplace, there is a circulation of significant financial resources.

The formation of a state approach to the formation of a policy of regulation and coordination, regulation of tourism activities, primarily international tourism activities, was observed. Formally, the executive authorities were entrusted with the functions inherent in the National Tourism Administration. In 1992, the first government body regulating tourism was created, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Russian Federation, then the functions of regulating the tourism industry were transferred to the State Committee for Physical Culture and the Russian Federation. The State Duma of the Legislative Assembly of the Russian Federation has created a Committee for Tourism and Sports.

Tourism is recognized as a priority branch of the state economy. It is this area that has become attractive and most adapted to market relations and entrepreneurial activity. Practice has shown ample opportunities for solving social problems of the development of society by economic means.

Significant preferences have been made for tourist activities: the ability to work without a cash register, the use of unnumbered tourist vouchers (the numbering is carried out in each enterprise), the limit of entertainment and advertising expenses has been increased, and tax benefits. The federal law "On the fundamentals of tourist activity in the Russian Federation" was adopted, as well as a number of laws of the constituent entities of the Federation that regulate and stimulate tourist activity in the field. A licensing system for international tourism activities and certification of tourism services and hotel services has been introduced.

On June 1, 2007, Federal Law No. 12-FZ of 05.02.2007 "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On the Basics of Tourist Activity in the Russian Federation "comes into force.

In connection with the termination of the licensing of tour operator and travel agency activities from January 1, 2007, the Law establishes additional obligations for tour operators and travel agents.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the Law, the implementation of tour operator activities on the territory of the Russian Federation is allowed only by a legal entity (currently, individual entrepreneurs are also entitled to carry out this type of activity).

All tour operators registered on the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Law "On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs" must have financial security, that is, a civil liability insurance contract for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations or a bank guarantee of fulfillment of obligations under the contract (p. 3 article 1 of the Law).

Financial support is not required only in two cases: for organizations providing excursion services on the territory of Russia for no more than 24 hours in a row, as well as for state and municipal unitary enterprises and institutions that carry out travel arrangements within the territory of Russia according to the established state prices in order to solve social problems (clause 3, article 1 of the Law).

The insurer under a tour operator's liability insurance contract may be an insurance organization registered in the Russian Federation and entitled to carry out civil liability insurance for non-performance or improper performance of obligations under the contract. The guarantor for a bank guarantee may be a bank, another credit organization or an insurance organization registered in accordance with the Federal Law "On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs" (clause 9 of Article 1 of the Law).

From June 1, 2007 to June 1, 2008, the amount of financial security determined in the tour operator's liability insurance agreement or in a bank guarantee cannot be less than 5 million rubles for tour operators operating in the field of international tourism, 500 thousand rubles for tour operators carrying out activities in the field of domestic tourism, and 5 million rubles for tour operators operating in the field of domestic and international tourism (Article 2 of the Law).

From June 1, 2008, the minimum amount of financial support for tour operators operating in the field of international tourism and tour operators operating in the field of domestic and international tourism will double (paragraph 9 of article 1).

Information about the tour operator who has financial support will be entered in the register of tour operators (clause 3 of article 1 of the Law).

I. V. Zorin and others. Tourism management. Tourism as an activity. - M .: "Finance and Statistics", 2004.

Sokolova M. V. History of tourism. - M .: "Academy", 2006. - 351 p.

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Experience in the development of tourism in the USSR. Problems and achievements in the activities of the pre-war foreign tourist. Problems of the development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

1. YOUTH TOURISM IN RUSSIA

1.1 Youth tourism in the USSR

1.2 Tourist societies, their educational role for youth

1.3 Main achievements and problems of the Soviet system of youth tourism

1.4 Problems of development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

2. FEATURES OF YOUTH TOURISM ORGANIZATION

2.1 Features and directions of youth tourism

2.2 ISIC and other international youth certificates

2.3 Benefits provided by ISIC in the world and in Russia

2.4 Hostels in Russia

2.5 Analysis of the most popular tours in the youth tourism market

2.5.1 Sports Tours

2.5.2 Educational (sightseeing) tours

2.5.3 Local history

2.5.4 Entertainment tours

2.5.5 Extreme tours

2.5.6 Study Abroad

LIST OF REFERENCES

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