Modern typology of the countries of the world: classification according to certain criteria. Typology of countries by level of socio-economic development Typology and groupings of countries

The variety of countries in the modern world is most clearly manifested at the country level of the socio-geographical picture of the world. The reasons for their dissimilarity and at the same time the similarities lie in the complexity of social systems that are the result of a long development process.

The typological approach to the study of countries makes it possible to estimate this diversity optimally, i.e. their grouping according to some common, similar features, properties, indicators, qualities.

Quantitative typologies, allow you to compare the main geographic parameters of countries:

by the size of the territory all countries can be divided into groups:

the largest countries with an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 4 million km 2: Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia;

large, from 1-4 million km 2, there are 24 such countries;

medium, from 0.2-1.0 million km 2 - 55 countries of the world;

small (including "micro"), less) .2 million km 2 - the overwhelming majority - 144 (48).

grouping of countries by population indicates a sharp predominance in the world of small states (about 150), despite the dominant position of the world's population (about 60%) of the group of 10 largest countries (China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, Japan, Bangladesh, Nigeria) ;

by the peculiarities of geographic location: coastal (Russia, USA, China, France, etc.), island (Japan, Great Britain, Indonesia, etc.) and landlocked (there are 36 of them - Afghanistan, Niger, Paraguay, Kyrgyzstan, etc.). the first two types of geographic location facilitate progress, while the third, characteristic of many least developed countries, inhibits progress. The factor of the position in relation to economically developed countries is of great importance, helping to accelerate the socio-economic progress of their less developed neighbors.

The quantitative typologies should include their grouping according to individual economic indicators. In particular, produced in a year country's GDPlets judge about the scale of its economy, economic potential.According to the differences in this indicator (for 1996), it is necessary, first of all, to single out a group of eight largest countries with a GDP of over 1 trillion. US dollars - 6.8; China-3.37; Japan - 2.65; Germany - 1.58; India - 1.35; France - 1.15; Great Britain and Italy - 1.1. They account for more than 60% of the world's gross product. Large GDPs (from 0.5-1 trillion dollars) - Brazil (0.94), Indonesia (0.73), Mexico, Canada (0.61 each), Russia (0.585), Republic of Korea (0.579), Spain (0.549).

The average size and structure of the economy includes 30 countries with an annual GDP of 0.1 to 0.5 trillion. dollars (Netherlands, Poland, Turkey, Argentina, South Africa, Egypt, etc.), and to small, constituting the absolute majority of countries (more than 180) - with a GDP of less than 100 billion dollars. (Uzbekistan, Belarus, Israel, Peru, Hungary, etc.)

However, large, medium and small indicators of GDP still do not allow us to reliably judge the level of economic development of countries.This is their quality in a first approximation is evidenced by another quantitative indicator - production of GDP per capita... as a result, similar indicators in the mid-1990s. had such economic different countries as the United States and Kuwait (more than $ 20 thousand), Russia and Panama (less than $ 5 thousand), China and Equatorial Guinea (less than $ 3 thousand) with an average world indicator of $ 5705 thousand (1996 d)

Along with quantitative groupings, a necessary condition and component of a more complete integral understanding of the differences between the countries of the world are their qualitative typologies:

by historically established differences in the nature of social relations of systems or social order:

the first type of country (or "first world") was called developed capitalist countries (more than 30). This group was formed on the basis of the classical capitalist society, which reached the greatest degree of maturity in the twentieth century.

the "second world" is made up of socialist countries, demonstrating in the twentieth century. a fundamentally different new type of society.

the "third world" declared itself after the Second World War in the process of the national liberation movement and the collapse of the colonial system and is defined as developing countries (over 160). Their development paths can be reduced to three options:

countries of the capitalist path of development (Latin American, most Asian, some African);

countries of the dual (dual) type (the vast majority in Africa, Oceania, the rest are Asian);

countries with a socialist orientation (Libya, Angola, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Burma, Nicaragua, Guyana, etc.)

"fourth world" - post-socialist countries, which includes 28 states. Within this type, two groups of countries can be distinguished - avant-garde (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia) and delayed (Russia, Ukraine, etc.).

by levels of socio-economic development;Representations are formed based on the following characteristics of her life:

1.Produced GDP per capita per year;

2. the share of manufacturing industries in GDP;

3. life expectancy;

4. educational level of the population (proportion of literate people). All UN countries are divided into two types - economically developed and developing (in a narrower, socio-economic sense). Currently, economically developed countries include about 70 countries in Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and Oceania (2), Africa (1).

typology of countries by quality of life;assessed using a comprehensive human development index (HDI), determined by UN experts. Depending on the size of the HDI, the countries of the world are grouped into three types:

one). with a high HDI level - 63 countries (from 0.95 for Canada to 0.804 for Brazil);

2). average - 64 (0.798 in Kazakhstan to 0.503 in Cameroon);

3). low level - 47 (from 0.483 in Pakistan to 0.207 in Niger).

state-political typologies of countries;differences in terms of international status are assessed, all countries can be divided into three types:

sovereign states - 190 countries of the world;

non-Self-Governing Territories, mainly insular (Great Britain - Gibraltar, Antilia, Cayman Islands; France - Gadelupe, Guiana; USA - Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands; Denmark - Greenland, etc.);

"problem" territories with transitional and international status (East Timor, the Gaza Strip - the Arab territories of Palestine; Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus),

typology based on differences in the nature and forms of the state system;

republican form: (150 countries)

presidential republics;

parliamentary republics;

ideocratic republics:

socialist republics;

islamic republics.

monarchical form: (more than 40 countries)

A constitutional monarchy;

Absolute monarchy;

Theocratic monarchy;

members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

differences in the administrative-territorial structure;

unitary states, the government of which is centralized;

federal state (states, provinces, republics, etc.), the powers of power are divided between the central authorities and the subjects of the federation;

confederation; it involves the unification of sovereign states (while maintaining power) to achieve common goals.

differences in political regimes or type of government;

democratic regimes, they are characterized by electivity and separation of powers, a multi-party political system;

totalitarian regime; control over all areas of public life based on the principles of a certain ideology.

Lecture 4. Factors of the territorial organization of social production

There are more than 230 countries on the modern political map of the world. The vast majority of countries in the world are sovereign states.

Sovereign state- a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs.

The main features of the state- the presence of a special system of authorities and law (that is, mandatory rules of conduct) with their inherent forms of government and administrative structure of the territory, within which these power and rules of conduct are limited.

The state has a strictly localized territory over which its sovereign power extends. The composition of the state territory includes land with its subsoil, internal waters (rivers, canals, lakes, reservoirs, bays, etc.) and territorial waters (that is, the waters of the World Ocean adjacent to the land of the country within 12 nautical miles, or 22.2 km), as well as the airspace over land and water. The spatial boundaries of a state are designated by boundaries (land and sea), along which one state is separated from another (others).

The main forms of government- republican and monarchical.

Republic- a form of government in which the highest legislative power belongs to an elected representative body - parliament, and executive - to the government. More than 75% of the countries of the world have a republican form of government. United States of America, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Iceland, Poland, Hungary, Greece, Algeria, Egypt, Cameroon, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Rwanda, Uganda, India, China, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Sri Lanka, the Philippines and many other countries of the world are republican states. All countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) also have a republican form of government.

Monarchy- a form of government in which the supreme state power belongs to one person - the monarch (king, emperor, sultan, emir, prince, shah) and is inherited. The monarchical form of government is less widespread than the republican one. In reality, there are about 30 monarchies in the world, and formally more than 40. The latter is due to the fact that in a number of countries of the British Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc.), the Queen of Great Britain is considered the head of state. Monarchy can be constitutional and absolute. Among the countries with a monarchical state system, the constitutional monarchy prevails on the modern political map of the world, where the real legislative power belongs to the parliament, and the executive power belongs to the government, while the participation of the monarch himself in governing the state is purely formal. The monarchy in such countries is preserved as a kind of tradition. In Europe, these are Andorra, Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Spain, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden; in Asia - Bahrain, Putan, Jordan, Cambodia, Kuwait, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Japan; in Africa - Morocco, Swaziland, Lesotho; Oceania - Tonga.

IN absolute monarchieson the contrary, the power of the monarch is almost unlimited. The head of state (king, etc.) exercises legislative and executive power. All absolute monarchies are located in Asia - Brunei, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia.

One of the varieties of monarchies is theocracy (Vatican)

From the point of view of the administrative-territorial structure (division), all countries of the world are subdivided into unitary, federal and confederal.

Unitary statehas a form of administrative-territorial structure in which the country has a single legislative and executive power. The overwhelming majority of countries in the world are unitary states (Great Britain, France, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, Algeria, Colombia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, etc.).

Federal statehas a form of administrative-territorial structure, in which, along with uniform (federal) laws and authorities, there are separate territorial units (republics, provinces, lands, states, etc.), which have their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities. In Europe, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia have a federal structure; in Asia - India, Malaysia, Myanmar, UAE, Pakistan; in America - Brazil, Venezuela, Canada, Mexico, USA; in Africa - Comoros, Nigeria, South Africa; in Australia and Oceania - Australia, Micronesia.

Confederation- a form of uniting states to achieve limited goals (military, foreign policy, economic, etc.) is very rare. There are currently no legally established confederations in the world.

Of great practical importance (for understanding the diversity and laws of the modern world) is also typology of countries by the nature of the economy and the level of socio-economic development.

Indicators of the level of socio-economic development of a country are primarily the value of its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the size of which expresses (in market prices) the aggregate value (total volume) of final goods and services produced on the territory of its country, regardless of the national property of the owners of enterprises operating here; sectoral structure of GDP; the level and quality of life (determined by a set of indicators, including life expectancy, level of education, consumption of various goods and services, unemployment, state of the natural environment, etc.).

According to these signs, all countries of the world are subdivided into three main groups: developed, transitional and developing.

Group developed (industrially developed, industrial) countries includes states with market economies and the highest GDP per capita - approximately from 20 to 30 thousand dollars. The structure of their GDP is dominated by the tertiary sector, i.e. the service sector (more than () 0%), and in the secondary sector, i.e., industry and construction, the share of manufacturing industries is high. Life expectancy is high (on average 70 years for this group of countries), the level of education, consumption of goods and services, and informatization.

In the group of developed countries, the countries of the so-called "Big Seven" are especially distinguished. These are the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. They account for about half of the world's GDP, most of the industrial production and foreign trade turnover of the world.

Another subgroup in the composition of developed countries is formed by countries of smaller scale of production, but very noticeable in the world economy, trade and politics of the country. This includes all European countries (except for the G7 and former socialist countries), as well as Israel, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

Group of countries in transition includes states that are making the transition from an administrative-command (socialist with centralized planning) economy to a market one, therefore they are also called "countries in transition". These are the countries of Eastern Europe (Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic and Slovakia), the former republics of the USSR (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia), as well as China, Mongolia and Vietnam. Countries in transition still have many challenges to overcome in creating market economies. In terms of the structure of GDP, the level and quality of life, they are close to developed countries, however, based on the low average per capita GDP, they are closer to developing countries (with the exception of the Czech Republic and Slovenia, where this figure exceeds 10 thousand dollars). This group of countries accounts for about 17-18% of world GDP, of which about 12% is in China alone.

The group of developing countries is very large and heterogeneous in composition. In general, this group is formed by states with a market economy and a low level of economic development. The average per capita GDP in many developing countries is extremely low - less than $ 350 per year, in the structure of GDP there is a large share of the primary sector, i.e., agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing (more than 40%), and the extractive industries prevail in the secondary sector.

In addition to the relatively low level of development of the productive forces, the characteristic features of developing countries are: the backwardness of industry, agriculture, the service sector, the agrarian and raw material orientation of exports, high mortality (especially children), and low literacy.

At the same time, in the developing world, there are countries that differ from the main group in a large GDP per capita (quite comparable with developed countries), a modern structure of the economy, a significantly higher standard of living, very high rates of economic development (even higher than in the group of developed countries). countries), These include the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Taiwan, Hong Kong (Xianggang is a territory that retained the status of a British colony until mid-1997, and has now come under the jurisdiction of the PRC), Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Turkey, Argentina , Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Cyprus, Tunisia, Philippines, Venezuela, Mauritius, Vietnam, Egypt. These countries, named "Newly industrialized countries" (NIS) or "New industrial economies" (NIE), in terms of the level of socio-economic development, they have greatly reduced their lag behind developed countries. For this reason, they are sometimes even included in the group of developed countries. In terms of the scale of its economy, India has come close to the leading countries of the world *. However, India's GDP per capita is only $ 340.

A special subgroup among developing countries is also made up of states - oil exporters - OPEC (Algeria, Venezuela, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia) and a number of other oil exporting countries that are not part of this organization - Mexico, Ecuador, Brunei, Bahrain, etc. GDP per capita in the countries of this subgroup is very high - on average 10-15 thousand dollars and more.

Most of the remaining developing countries belong to the subgroup least developed... In total, the UN includes more than 50 states in this category. These are, for example, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Yemen, Cambodia, Bhutan, Laos, Afghanistan - in Asia; Angola, Benin, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Zambia - in Africa; Bolivia, El Salvador, Haiti - in Latin America. These countries have a very low average per capita GDP ($ 100-200 per year), an excessively narrow (monocultural) structure of the economy. Their economy is highly dependent on external sources of funding. The minimum shares of the manufacturing industry in the creation of GDP (less than 10%) and literate population are also typical.

A certain conventionality of this kind of groupings is also explained by the fact that different indicators can be used as a criterion for including a country in a particular group. At the same time, the range of characteristics underlying such classifications is very wide. For example, to determine the economic situation of the country, in addition to the above indicators, they also serve:

Social structure of the economy (the ratio of various forms of ownership);

The level of industrialization and the structure of production (in economically developed countries, the production of consumer durables, science and technology-intensive industries occupy an important place);

The structure of employment of the population (in economically developed countries, the bulk of the population works in the non-production sphere, and in developing countries - in material production);

Consumption of raw materials and energy per unit of output (as economic development progresses, the consumption of raw materials and energy decreases and instead of natural raw materials, artificial materials are increasingly used);

test questions

1. The main features of the state

2. What does the state territory include?

3. What is the difference between a republic and a monarchy?

4. Indicators of the level of socio-economic development of the country

5. Which countries are included in the group of developed countries?

6. Which countries make up the group of countries with economies in transition?

7. What are the characteristics of the group of developing countries?

8. Which countries are included in the "newly industrialized countries"?

9. List the countries included in OPEC

10. What additional indicators characterize the economic situation of the country?

There are about 230 countries and territories on the modern political map of the world, the overwhelming majority of them are sovereign states. Their classification is carried out primarily on the basis of political criteria; the grouping of countries according to the size of their territory and population is also widespread.

In terms of territory, there are seven largest countries, with an area of \u200b\u200bover 3 million km² each, which together occupy 1/2 of the entire earth's land. This is Russia (17075 thousand km); Canada (9,976 thousand km²); China (9561 thousand km²); USA (9364 thousand km²); Brazil (8512 thousand km²); Australia (7687 thousand km²); India (3288 thousand km).

In terms of population, the ten largest countries are distinguished, with a population of more than 100 million people in each, which account for 3/5 of the world's population. This top ten includes China (1172 million); India (860 million); USA (252 million); Indonesia (185 million); Russia (148 million) and others (data are given as of 1993).

Often, countries are grouped according to the characteristics of their geographic location: they distinguish between coastal, peninsular, island countries and archipelagic countries. Countries that do not have an outlet to the sea stand out separately. There are about 40 of them.

The countries of the world differ not only in size, population and geographic location. First of all, they differ in terms of the level of socio-economic development. On this basis, they can be divided into two main types.

Type I - economically developed countries.

There are about 60 of them on the political map. All of them are distinguished by a higher level of economic and social development. They are characterized by a high per capita gross domestic product. But the countries belonging to this group are distinguished by significant internal heterogeneity, and within them groupings can be distinguished:

Countries of the "big seven". These are the leading countries with the largest scale of economic and political activity. The gross domestic product per capita here ranges from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. The role of these countries in world politics and economy is great. The G7 countries are distinguished by their undeniable successes in the development of science and technology. If you look into history, it turns out that most of these countries were in the past large colonial empires and derived considerable profits from this. A common feature of these countries is the dominance in their economies of monopolies, especially transnational corporations;

Smaller countries. The political and economic power of each of them is small, but in general they play an ever-increasing role in world affairs. The gross domestic product per capita in most of them is the same as in the G7 countries. Almost all other European countries belong to this group. They often act as a link in the economic and political relations of the G7 countries;

Countries of "resettlement capitalism". These countries are former colonies (dominions) of Great Britain: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. They practically did not know feudalism, now they are distinguished by their economic and political originality. Israel can be attributed to this grouping. These states are characterized by a high level of socio-economic development;

A special group includes the countries of the CIS, which was formed in 1991 as a result of the collapse of the USSR. This also includes most of the countries of Eastern Europe.

Type II - developing countries.

Together, they occupy more than half of the Earth's land area and concentrate more than half of the world's population. This type of country is internally very diverse, so several groupings can also be distinguished in it:

Key countries. This group includes India, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina. They are distinguished by a relatively developed sectoral structure of the economy, the export of manufactured products. Market relations have reached a relatively high degree of maturity here. However, per capita gross domestic product in these countries is significantly lower than in developed countries;

Newly industrialized countries. This group includes the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc. Until recently, they had an economy typical of developing countries, in the structure of which agriculture and extractive industries predominated. These countries had scanty per capita incomes, an undeveloped market, and currency problems. But already in the 1980s they were far ahead of most other developing countries. These countries have a relatively high per capita gross domestic product. Their foreign trade is developing rapidly. About 80% of exports are in the manufacturing industry;

Oil exporting countries. This group includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Libya. Most of the countries in this group are members of the OPEC organization. They are characterized by a very high gross domestic product per capita. It is necessary to note the social backwardness of some of them. The structure of the economy of these countries is dominated by the oil-extracting and oil-processing industries;

Countries lagging behind in their development. This group includes the largest number of developing countries;

Least developed countries. In Asia, this group includes countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Yemen; in Africa - Mali, Niger, Chad, Somalia; in Latin America - Haiti. A total of 42 countries make up this group.

Laggards and least developed countries share similarities. They are united not only by the colonial past, but also by the poverty associated with it, the acute contradiction between political independence and economic dependence, the preservation of pre-capitalist forms of economy, the agrarian and mineral-raw material nature of the economy, and gigantic indebtedness to developed countries.

Among the developing countries, the UN also includes China, which has its own characteristics both in the social order, since it is a socialist country, and in production. China's per capita gross domestic product is low, although the country ranks among the top in the world for a number of indicators.

World typology

Typology of the countries of the world: common features and differences of the countries of the world; classification of countries into different categories; composition, subgroups, characteristics and role in the global economy.

The description of countries is possible from various points of view. Studying them in terms of recreational geography is just one of many approaches. The essence of recreational regional studies is that countries are described, first of all, in terms of the degree of development of international tourism in them and how this or that country is interesting for international tourism, as well as what standards of recreational activities have developed among the local population. The first aspect is mainly of an applied nature. The second is more connected with fundamental research and in many respects intersects with the geography of culture. The time scale of the first aspect is usually limited to the period after the end of the Second World War; the scale of the second aspect can cover very significant periods of time (up to several millennia).

Recreational regional studies practically did not develop in the USSR. It is difficult to unequivocally determine what is the reason for this situation. Probably partly because foreign tourism was one of the components of the state ideology and was regulated primarily on the basis of ideological goals and standards. The bulk of foreign tourists in the USSR were oriented towards organized trips. In general, foreign tourism was not fully developed. Another reason we see is that a small number of specialists in recreational geography were loaded with other work, so there was no one to deal with recreational geography, and there was no need to.

Within the CIS, the situation has changed dramatically. Firstly, the Russian SCS itself began to act not as one, but as 15 states, where foreign tourism should flourish thanks to long-standing ties. Secondly, the place of the closedness of the USSR was taken by the openness of many new CIS states and the throwing of some of them between the Russian and Western SCS. In such conditions, the development of foreign tourism and related recreational regional studies becomes a really important task.

An additional important source for the development of recreational regional studies is the dramatically changed dominant theoretical framework. Within the framework of Marxism-Leninism, the predominant tendency was to perceive the world as a fairly uniform space in which the struggle of two forces - socialism and capitalism - took place. Naturally, differences between countries were recognized and noted, but the struggle between capitalism and socialism remained clearly dominant - everything else receded into the background. Under such conditions, the study of the characteristics of recreation in various cultures and countries was not considered a completely important topic.

The dominant philosophical, methodological and theoretical views now proceed mainly from the idea of \u200b\u200bthe diversity of the world and the presence in it of a large number of constants, independent of too changeable political and economic standards. In particular, the theory of socio-cultural systems draws attention to precisely this. Such a theoretical basis is much more favorable for the development of recreational regional studies.

However, before speaking on a given topic, one should define its most basic concept, that is, the typology of countries.

“Typology of countries is the identification of groups of countries in the world that are similar in level, nature and type of socio-economic and historical development. The first stage of any typology is the classification of countries according to a set of demographic, economic, social and other indicators of development. The second stage is the identification of typological characteristics of countries with a similar level of development and their grouping. The typologies of developing countries are widely known: Bolotin BM, Sheinis VL, Volsky VV, Mashbitsa Ya. G. and other geographers and economists ”http://rgo.ru/geography/econom_geography/slovar/tipols1.

Country, state - the main object of the political map of the world. The total number of countries on this map during the XX century. increased markedly. First, as a result of changes associated with the results of the First World War. Secondly, as a result of the changes that followed the Second World War, expressed in the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism, when during 1945-1993. 102 countries achieved political independence. Thirdly, in the early 90s. as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia.

There are about 230 countries on the modern political map. This quantitative growth is followed by important qualitative shifts. This is manifested in the fact that out of 230 states, 193 are sovereign states. The rest falls on the so-called Non-Self-Governing Territories.

“With such a large number of countries, it becomes necessary to group them, which is carried out primarily on the basis of different quantitative criteria. The most common grouping of countries according to the size of their territory and population. The grouping of countries according to the peculiarities of their geographic location is often used.

For example, there are sovereign, independent countries (about 193 out of 230) and dependent countries and territories. Dependent countries and territories can have different names: possessions - the term "colonies" has not been used since 1971 (there are very few of them), overseas departments and territories, self-governing territories. Thus, Gibraltar is a British possession; Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, Guiana in South America - overseas departments of France; the island country of Puerto Rico has been declared a "freely acceding state to the United States."

1. Grouping of countries by territory size- the largest countries (territory over 3 million km2) (see Appendix 2). “These include states of different regions. Half of the dozen participants were delegated by the New World, four countries are located in Eurasia, one - in Africa. Moreover, only Russia can be considered a European country. The most spoken language in the largest countries of the world is English. It is spoken in the USA, Canada, Australia and a little in India. Russian is widely used in Russia and Kazakhstan.

The top ten is dominated by multinational countries. The country with the most diverse ethnic composition is India. More than 500 nations, nationalities and tribes live here. Many ethnic groups live on the territory of Sudan, Russia, Canada, Kazakhstan, China, USA. But the populations of Argentina, Brazil and Australia mainly belong to the same ethnic group.

If we take into account not the total area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, but the land area, then China will come in second place, after Russia, and Canada will become the "bronze medalist". The fact is that many inland water bodies are included in the territory of Canada - first of all, Hudson Bay, as well as lakes Manitoba, Winnipeg, Athabasca, Big Slave, etc. China does not have extensive inland water basins.

In the ten largest countries in the world, one can observe serious contrasts in the degree of population density. High population density (over 100 people / km2) in India and China. At the same time, in four countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Canada, Australia), the average population density does not even reach 10 people / km2.

Despite the fact that the largest country in the world is Russia, the length of land borders (but not the number of neighboring countries) is greater for China, and the length of the coastline is for Canada. The fact that the length of the coast is so significant (six equators!) Are to blame for the numerous islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the heavily indented shores of this country ”http://geo.1september.ru/2002/21/5.htm.

• - large countries (have an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1 million km2): Algeria, Libya, Iran, Mongolia, Argentina, etc .;
• - medium and small countries: these include most countries in the world - Italy, Vietnam, Germany, etc.
• - microstates: Andorra - 446 km2, Vatican - 0.44 km2, Liechtenstein - 160 km2, Monaco - 1.95 km2, San Marino - 61 km2. These also include Singapore and the island states of the Caribbean and Oceania.
• 2. Grouping according to the state system, forms of government and the administrative-territorial structure of the countries of the world.

The countries of the world also differ in forms of government and in the forms of territorial-state structure. There are two main forms of government: a republic, where the legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive power belongs to the government (USA, Germany), and a monarchy, where power belongs to the monarch and is inherited (Brunei, Great Britain).

Most countries in the world have a republican form of government. In the republics, the highest state power belongs to an elected representative body; the head of state is elected by the population of the country. There are presidential republics, where the president heads the government and has great powers (USA, Guinea, Argentina, etc.) and parliamentary republics, where the role of the president is less, and the head of the executive branch is the prime minister appointed by the president. There are currently 30 monarchies.

Among the monarchies, constitutional and absolute are distinguished. In a constitutional monarchy, the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution and the activities of parliament: the real legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive power belongs to the government. At the same time, the monarch “reigns but does not rule,” although his political influence is quite large. Such monarchies include Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, etc. Under an absolute monarchy, the ruler's power is not limited by anything. There are only six states with this form of government in the world now: Brunei, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the Vatican.

The so-called theocratic monarchies, that is, countries where the head of state is simultaneously its religious head (Vatican and Saudi Arabia), are especially distinguished.

There are countries that have a specific form of government. These include the states that are part of the so-called Commonwealth (until 1947 it was called the "British Commonwealth of Nations"). The Commonwealth is a union of countries, which includes Great Britain and many of its former colonies, dominions and dependent territories (50 states in total). It was originally created by Great Britain to preserve its economic and military-political positions in the territories and countries that previously belonged to. In 16 Commonwealth countries, the British queen is formally considered the head of state. "The largest of them are Canada, Australia, New Zealand. In them, the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the governor-general, and the legislature is parliament.

• 3. By forms of government distinguish between unitary and federal countries. In a unitary state, there is a single constitution, a single executive and legislative branch, and the administrative-territorial units are endowed with minor powers and are directly subordinate to the central government (France, Hungary). In a federal state, along with uniform laws and authorities, there are other state formations - republics, states, provinces, etc., in which their own laws are adopted, they have their own authorities, that is, the members of the federation have a certain political and economic independence. But their activities should not contradict federal laws (India, Russia, USA). Most of the countries of the world are unitary, there are now a little more than 20 federal states in the world. The federal form of the state is typical both for multinational (Pakistan, Russia) countries and for countries with a relatively homogeneous ethnic composition of the population (Germany).
• 4. By population.

“Goskomstat of Russia has calculated the results of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census on the population in the Russian Federation, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the distribution of the population into urban and rural areas and by sex, as well as on the population by cities with a population of 100 thousand inhabitants or more.

According to the data, in the All-Russian population census of 2002, 145,537 thousand people were taken into account.

The Russian Federation ranks seventh in the world in terms of population (ms Appendix 1) after China (1285 million people), India (1025 million people), the USA (286 million people), Indonesia (215 million people), Brazil (173 million people) and Pakistan (146.0 million people).

The resident population of the Russian Federation was 145182 thousand people ”http://www.gks.ru/PEREPIS/predv.htm.

• 4. By population.
• - coastal countries;
• - peninsular;
• - island;
• - archipelagic countries;
• - countries occupying an inland position "http://geo-pk19.3dn.ru/publ/4-1-0-4.

In other words, “when countries are grouped by geographic location, landlocked countries (Chad, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, etc. - only 42 countries in the world) and coastal (India, Colombia) are usually distinguished. Among the seaside, there are island (Sri Lanka), peninsular (Spain) and archipelagic countries (Japan, Indonesia) "http://info.territory.ru/univer/geo.htm.

6. In contrast to the classification (grouping) of countries, based mainly on quantitative indicators, the typology is based on qualitative characteristics that determine the place of a country on the political and economic map of the world. These signs can be different and take into account the level of socio-economic development of countries, their political orientation, the degree of democratization of power, involvement in the world economy, etc. Therefore, further discussion will focus on the grouping of countries into subgroups and according to their role with the world economy.

Until the early 90s. all countries of the world were subdivided into three types: socialist, developed capitalist and developing. After the actual collapse of the world socialist system, this typology was replaced by others. One of them, also three-member, divides all countries of the world into economically developed, developing and countries with economies in transition, i.e. carrying out the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy.

A two-term typology is widely used with the division of all countries into economically developed and developing ones. The main criterion for this typology is the level of socio-economic development of the state, expressed through the indicator of gross domestic product per capita.

Among economically developed countries currently, the UN includes about 60 countries in Europe, Asia, North America, Australia and Oceania. All of them are characterized by a higher level of economic and social development and, accordingly, GDP per capita. However, this group of countries is characterized by rather significant internal heterogeneity, and four subgroups can be distinguished in its composition.

“The IMF among the developed countries includes Western Europe (except Turkey), the USA, Canada, Australia, NZ. Since 1997, this includes such countries as Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Israel. The UN adds South Africa to these countries. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development also includes Mexico (under pressure from the United States), Turkey, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic (geographically) among developed countries. When Cyprus and Estonia enter the EU, they will also be ranked among the developed countries ”file: // localhost / C: /DOCUME~1/366C~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/Rar$EX00.937/35346.htm.

In other words, the number of economically developed countries mainly includes: "G7" (GDP per capita 20-30 thousand dollars) - Japan, USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada; countries of Western Europe; countries of immigration capitalism - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel "http://www.hiv-aids-epidemic.com.ua/past-0071.htm.

As you can see, the boundaries are vague. Without Turkey and Mexico, these are about 30 developed countries, which account for 53% of world GDP. (USA - 21%, Japan - 8%, Germany - 5%, about 20.5% falls on the EU). NAFTA approximately 24%.

First subgroup form the countries of the "Big Seven" (USA, Canada, UK, France, Japan, Germany and Italy). These leading countries of the Western world are distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity. They have a pronounced post-industrial structure of the economy and a high level of development of market relations. The G7 countries account for about 50% of the world GNP and industrial production, over 25% of agricultural products, their GDP per capita is from 20 to 30 thousand dollars.

To second subgroup can be attributed to the smaller, but also highly developed countries of Western Europe (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, etc.). Despite the fact that the political and economic power of each of these countries is small, on the whole they play an ever-growing role in world affairs. They actively participate in the global system of territorial division of labor. GDP per capita in most of them is the same as in the G7 countries.

Third subgroup form non-European countries - Australia, New Zealand and the Republic of South Africa. These are the former resettlement colonies of Great Britain, which practically did not know feudalism. At present, they are distinguished by some peculiarity of political and economic development. Recently, Israel has been included in this group.

Fourth subgroup is still in the stage of formation. It was formed in 1997, after such countries and territories of Asia as the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan were transferred to the category of economically developed countries. These states have come close to other economically developed countries in terms of GDP per capita. They have a wide and diverse economic structure, including a rapidly growing service sector, and are actively involved in world trade.

TO developing countriesincludes about 150 countries and territories, which together occupy more than half of the earth's land area and concentrate about 3/5 of the world's population. On the political map, these countries cover a vast belt stretching in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania to the north and especially south of the equator. Some of them (Iran, Thailand, Ethiopia, Egypt, Latin American countries, etc.) enjoyed independence long before the Second World War. But most of them won independence only in the post-war period.

Developing countries can be divided into six subgroups.

First subgroup form the key countries - India, Brazil and Mexico, which have a very large natural, human and economic potential and in many ways are the leaders of the developing world. These three countries produce almost as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined. But their GDP per capita is much lower than in economically developed countries.

In second subgroup includes some developing countries that have also reached a relatively high level of socio-economic development and have a GDP per capita in excess of $ 1,000. Most of these countries are in Latin America (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.), but they are also in Asia and North America.

TO third subgroup can be attributed to newly industrialized countries (NIS), specializing in a number of labor-intensive manufacturing industries. In the 80s and 90s. XX century they made such a leap that they received the nickname "Asian Tigers." "In these countries, the economy over the past 20 years has developed at an extremely high rate due to foreign investment, the introduction of the latest technologies and the availability of cheap and qualified local labor" http://info.territory.ru/univer/geo.htm. The "first echelon" of such countries includes the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The "second echelon" usually includes Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.

Fourth subgroup form oil-exporting countries. Thanks to the inflow of "petrodollars", the per capita GDP reaches from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. These are primarily the countries of the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran), as well as Libya, Brunei and some other countries. These countries have very high GDP per capita rates from oil sales. Rapid development of countries - the emergence of powerful banks, companies, modern cities, water and energy supply systems; an increase in the standard of living of the population is often combined in these countries with the former social life, which is primarily determined by Islam.

IN fifth, the largest, subgroup includes most of the "classic" developing countries with GDP per capita less than $ 1,000 per year. A characteristic feature of these countries is a backward diversified economy. These are countries that are lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than $ 1,000. They are dominated by a rather backward mixed economy with strong feudal vestiges. Most of these countries are in Africa, but they are also in Asia and Latin America. This subgroup includes the states of the concessional development of capitalism that have become rich on the development of tourism (Jamaica, Bogamy, etc.).

Sixth subgroup form about 40 countries (with a total population of 600 million people), which according to the UN classification belong to the least developed countries. They are dominated by consumer agriculture, there is almost no manufacturing industry, 2/3 of the adult population is illiterate, and the average per capita GDP is $ 100-300 per year. These countries are characterized by low levels and rates of socio-economic development; high birth and death rates, dependence of the economy on agriculture. These countries enjoy special attention of the world community, they most clearly manifest the global problems of mankind.

The place of any country in the typology is not constant and can change over time. This subgroup includes countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Mali, Ethiopia, Haiti, etc.

The inclusion of post-socialist countries with economies in transition in this two-term typology presents certain difficulties. In terms of their socio-economic indicators, most of the countries of Eastern Europe and the Baltic States, of course, are economically developed. Among the CIS countries there are both economically developed and countries that occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing ones. The same contradictory position is occupied by China, which has its own characteristics both in the political system and in socio-economic development.

7. You can also group countries by nationality. “The population of the Earth belongs to 4 main and several intermediate and mixed racial groups.

Race is a historically formed group of people connected by the unity of origin, which is expressed in common morphological and physiological characteristics.

• 70% of the world's population is made up of four main races: 43% - Caucasoid race; 19% - Mongoloid race; 7% - Negroid race; 1% - Australoid race.
• 30% of the population belongs to the intermediate (Ethiopians, Malagasy, Polynesians) and mixed racial groups - mestizo (Caucasoid and Mongoloid); mulattoes (Caucasoid and Negroid); Sambo (Negroid and Mongoloid). Mestizos, sambo and mulattoes live mainly in Latin America.

“There are about 3 thousand peoples in the world. Most of them are small in number, and 57% of the world's population falls to the share of large peoples, whose number is more than 50 million each ”http://www.gks.ru/PEREPIS/predv.htm. The largest nations in the world with a population of over 100 million. are Chinese, Hindus, US Americans, Bengalis, Russians, Brazilians, and Japanese. Peoples are classified by language. Peoples with related languages \u200b\u200bare grouped into language groups, and groups into language families. The largest linguistic family is Indo-European, the languages \u200b\u200bof which are spoken by 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Australia, with a total population of about 2.5 billion people. This family includes such large language groups as Slavic, Romance, Germanic and Indo-Aryan. More than 1 billion people speaks the languages \u200b\u200bof the Sino-Tibetan family.

Depending on whether or not ethnic borders coincide with state ones, the countries of the world are divided into single-ethnic and multi-ethnic.

The world is dominated by multinational countries, within the borders of which several ethnic groups live, for example, India, Russia, China, USA, Indonesia.

Binational - Canada, Belgium. Examples of single-national countries are Poland, Germany, Argentina, Australia, Japan.

country world territory build

CALCULATION PART OF CONTROL WORK

In this part of the test, we need to give the condition of the problem to be solved, the calculation methodology, the calculation itself and draw conclusions on the indicated problematic issues based on the data obtained.

Problem number 1

The countries of Arica and Britica produce only two goods - steel and flour, the level of costs for their production is characterized by the data shown in Table 1, the marginal replacement costs remain unchanged for any production volume.

Table 1 - Costs of steel and flour production in Arica and Britica:

Define:

Describe how in this situation, according to the theory of A. Smith, trade between these countries will be built. What is the disadvantage of this theory?

What goods will Arica and Britica export and import under free trade?

The initial data for the options are presented in table 2 of the guidelines.

The variant number corresponds to the last number of the grade book. The solution technique can be illustrated by the following example.

The level of costs for steel and flour in Arica and Britica is characterized by the data shown in table 3, the marginal replacement costs remain unchanged for any volume of production.

Table 3 - Costs of steel and flour production in Arica and Britica

Define:

In the production of which product and which country has an absolute advantage?

For which commodity does each country have a comparative advantage?

A comparison of absolute costs, that is, the cost of producing steel and flour in each country, indicates that costs are lower for both products at Britica. Consequently, this country has an absolute advantage in both flour and steel.

Based on the data obtained, it is necessary to draw a conclusion about how in this situation, according to the theory of absolute advantages, trade between these countries will be built. Indicate the disadvantage of this theory

To determine the comparative advantage of each country, it is necessary to calculate the comparative advantage ratios.

The calculation of coefficients for steel is carried out as follows:

for Arika 180: 157 \u003d 1.15;

for Britica 163: 136 \u003d 1.2.

Consequently, Arica has a comparative advantage in steel production (as 1.15<1,2).

Comparative advantage ratios for flour are calculated in a similar way.

for Arika 157/180 \u003d 0.87;

for Britica 136/163 \u003d 0.83.

Accordingly, Britika has a comparative advantage in flour production (as 0.83<0,87).

It is necessary to indicate the directions of specialization for each country

based on identified relative advantages.

Thus, we can conclude that Britica should sell flour, and Arica should sell steel.

Problem number 2

If the demand function for wheat in country X is O x \u003d A x -b xX P, and the supply function is 8 x \u003d C x + c1 x xP, and in country Y demand is expressed by the relationship B y \u003d A y - b yX P, and the function of the sentence 8 Y \u003d C Y + c! y xP, determine what will be the price of wheat in each country in the absence of foreign trade? What will be the trading volumes? Given the world price level of $ 6.4, what will be the volumes of exports and imports? Imagine the equilibrium in the national markets of countries X and Y, the volumes of exports and imports graphically.

Initial data for the options are presented in table 4 of the guidelines.

From the equilibrium condition in the domestic markets of countries, the price level and volume of sales within each country are determined. The wheat market situation in countries X and Y is presented graphically.

The resulting graphs display the level of the world price, which clearly shows which of the countries will be the importer and which will be the exporter of wheat. If the level of demand in a country at a given price level exceeds supply, then the country will import this product. Accordingly, if the supply at the world price level is greater than the demand, the country will export the goods.

Import and export volumes are also displayed on the graphs.

To determine the price of wheat and the volume of trade in each country in the absence of foreign trade, we will perform the following steps:

The demand function for wheat in country X is:

Dx \u003d 365-8p, and the offer function, respectively: Sx \u003d 160 + 17p.

In country Y, demand is expressed by the dependence:

Dу \u003d 220-15p, and the supply function, respectively: Sу \u003d 70 + 15p.

Let's determine the equilibrium price and sales volume in country X:

Dx \u003d Sx, that is, 365-8p \u003d 160 + 17p,

p \u003d 8.2 (currency units).

Dx (8.2) \u003d 365-8 * 8.2 \u003d 299.4 (tons).

Similarly, we define the equilibrium price and sales volume in country Y:

Dу \u003d Sу, that is, 220-15р \u003d 70 + 15р,

p \u003d 5 (currency units).

Du (5) \u003d 70 + 15 * 5 \u003d 70 + 75 \u003d 145 (tons).

Next, we need to determine which country is the exporter and which is the importer. To do this, we need to graphically represent the equilibrium in the national markets X and Y, which will also allow the volumes of exports and imports.

Let's compile the following tables for countries X and Y, respectively:

After analyzing the graphs, we can conclude that country X is an importer, since Sx (5) Du (8.2), that is, there is a surplus. The latter is defined as follows: Sу (8.2) -Dу (8.2) \u003d 193-97 \u003d 96 (tons).

To determine the volume of exports and imports at a world price level of $ 6.4, it is necessary to substitute this rate in the previous equations: 1) the volume of imports: Dx (6.4) - Sx (6.4) \u003d 313.8 -268.8 \u003d 45 (tons); 2) export volume: Sу (6.4) -Dу (6.4) \u003d 166-124 \u003d 42 (tons).

Problem number 3

VAZ exports cars to Ukraine. Calculations are carried out in hard currency, the price of one car is $ R. Exchange rate $ 1 \u003d X rubles. Production costs per vehicle are C thousand rubles.

How will VAZ's profit from the export of each car change if:

the ruble will rise by Y%;

the ruble will fall by Y%.

The initial data for the task are presented in Table 5.

Table 5 Initial data for problem No. 3

It is necessary to determine the revenue and profit from the sale of one car in rubles at the current exchange rate.

A comparison is made of revenue and profit before and after the exchange rate change, provided that:

with an increase in the rate of the national currency, the cost of one dollar will decrease by Y% rubles;

with a decrease in the national currency rate, the cost of one dollar will increase by Y% rubles.

Let's calculate the price of one car: p \u003d 4000 + 2 * 250 \u003d $ 4500.

We will determine the profit from the sale of one car before the change in the exchange rate, but by the first action we will determine the exchange rate of $ 1: 27.5 + 2/5 \u003d 27.9 (rubles) and production costs per car: 90,000 + 2 * 500 \u003d 91,000 (rubles) :

Pr \u003d 27.9 * 4500-91000 \u003d 125 550-91000 \u003d 34550 (rubles) - profit from the sale of one car at the current exchange rate.

Let's determine how the profit will change when the rate increases by 1%:

1 $ \u003d 27.9-0.01 * 27.9 \u003d 27.621 (rubles), Pr \u003d 4500 * 27.621-91000 \u003d 33294.5 (rubles),

Pr \u003d Pr0-Pr1 \u003d 33294.5-34550 \u003d -1255.5 (rubles). Thus, we see that the profit decreased by 1255.5 (rubles), that is, it is not profitable for exporters.

Let's determine how the profit will change when the rate depreciates by 1%:

1 $ \u003d 27.9 + 0.01 * 27.9 \u003d 28.179 (rubles), Pr \u003d 4500 * 28.179-91000 \u003d 35805.5 (rubles),

Pr \u003d Pr0-Pr1 \u003d 35805.5-34550 \u003d 1255.5 (rubles). That is, we can observe that the profit increased by 1255.5 rubles, which means that it is profitable for exporters.

Bibliography

• 1.http: //rgo.ru/geography/econom_geography/slovar/tipols1
• 2.http: //geo.1september.ru/2002/21/5.htm
• 3.http: //www.gks.ru/PEREPIS/predv.htm
• 4.http: //geo-pk19.3dn.ru/publ/4-1-0-4
• 5.http: //info.territory.ru/univer/geo.htm
• 6.file: // localhost / C: /DOCUME~1/366C~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/Rar$EX00.937/35346.htm
• 7.http: //www.hiv-aids-epidemic.com.ua/past-0071.htm
• 8.http: //info.territory.ru/univer/geo.htm

WEALTH AND POVERTY

GEOGRAPHIC TYPOLOGY OF COUNTRIES

Types of economically developed countries

These countries are characterized by high per capita GNI indicators, energy consumption, high average life expectancy, a predominance of the service sector in the economic structure of the economy, and a low share of agriculture. All of them are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development *.

Major capitalist countries- this is USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Great Britain. They occupy the leading places in the world in terms of GDP. They and Canada are called the G7 countries. They account for more than half of all industrial production in the world, the bulk of foreign investment. They form the three main economic "poles" of the modern world: Western European with a "core" in Germany, American (USA) and Asian (Japan). Over the past decades, the role of these states in the world economy has changed significantly. The role and influence of Japan in the Asia-Pacific region and in the world as a whole is growing; over the past decades, Japan's share in world GDP has almost doubled, and Japanese high-tech goods are conquering markets in other regions.

Economically highly developed small countries of Western Europe

(Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Iceland, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Andorra) are characterized by a high level of per capita income, a high quality of life, and political stability.

Amsterdam (Netherlands)

Many of them are neutral states with the lowest defense costs in the world. The high-tech industry of these countries operates mainly on imported raw materials, and most of the manufactured products are exported. In the GDP, a large share of income received from the service sector - banking and tourism.

Countries of resettlement capitalism - these are mainly the former colonies of Great Britain, some of them still recognize the English queen as the head of their state, Australia, Canada, South Africa. The population of these countries was formed with the decisive role of migrations from the metropolises. The indigenous population has been placed on reservations and has significantly lower income and quality of life. In the economies of these countries, the leading role is played by the companies of the former metropolis or neighboring countries - economic giants. In comparison with other developed countries, the mining industry is of great importance in their economy.

This type of country also includes Israel , formed by the decision of the UN in 1948. Its population was formed by aliyah - the return of Jews to the land of Palestine. The first flow of immigrants was made up of immigrants from Eastern Europe (the second half of the 1940s); the bulk of the second stream of repatriates were citizens of the USSR (in the 1960s-1980s).

The port city of Barcelona was built up with pompous buildings that highlight the wealth of Spain

Countries with an average level of economic developmentpossessed in the past huge colonial empires and lived off the exploitation of overseas colonies and unequal exchange with them. The loss of the colonies led to a weakening of their economic power and the loss of political influence in Europe. During the twentieth century. almost all of these countries were ruled by military and fascist dictatorships, which also affected their lag behind other economically developed countries. Accession to the European Union, the signing of the Schengen agreements and the entry into the euro area contributed to an increase in economic growth and an increase in living standards in these countries. This group includes Greece and Ireland, long dependent on Great Britain, Spain and Portugal.

Developing countries

Mumbai Outskirts (India)

This type includes states with a market economy and a low level of socio-economic development. Differences between industrialized countries and developing countries lie not so much in the field of economics as in the peculiarities of the territorial structure of the economy. Some states that are classified as developing according to the classification adopted today, in terms of a number of indicators (GDP per capita, development of pioneering industries), not only approach developed countries, but sometimes even surpass them. Nevertheless, the main characteristics of the socio-economic development of developing countries - dependence on foreign capital, the size of external debt, the territorial structure of the economy - make it possible to classify them as developing countries.

Within the boundaries of the territory of developing countries, as a rule, areas with different socio-economic structures coexist - from a primitive appropriating economy, subsistence economy to modern industrial ones. Moreover, natural and semi-natural lifestyles occupy a significant area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, but are practically excluded from the general economic life. Commodity structures are mainly associated with the external market. Many of the developing countries have not yet defined their "face" in the international economy and politics.

Modern neighborhoods in Shanghai (China)

Key countries(countries of large potential). This group includes China, India, Brazil, Mexico, occupying the second, fourth, ninth and fourteenth places in the world in terms of GDP, respectively. They have the most significant human potential in the developing world, cheap labor, and a variety of world-class mineral resources; a number of manufacturing industries produce high-tech and high-quality products. India and China are world leaders in terms of population; these countries are characterized by low per capita GNI, a low share of the urban population, and low indicators of the quality of life.

Camp of landless peasants in Brazil

Brazil and Mexico have been politically independent states since the first quarter of the 19th century. They have reached a high level of development through the use of foreign investment. In these countries, there are sharp contrasts between poor and rich areas, between poor and rich groups of the population.

Highly urbanized resettlement countries with rich agricultural resources and a high standard of living - Argentina and Uruguay are allocated to a separate group of countries. The lack of significant reserves of minerals impeded the development of those industries from which industrialization usually began, and the European Union's prohibitions on imports of cheap agricultural products to support farmers, introduced in the 1970s, began to restrain the development of their agricultural sector.

Countries of enclave development. The main distinguishing feature of the economy of many countries of this type is the existence of export-oriented mining enclaves that are controlled by foreign capital and are weakly linked to the national economy. Venezuela, Chile, Iran, Iraq receive the main income from the development of deposits and the export of minerals (oil in Venezuela, Iran and Iraq; copper and saltpeter - in Chile).

Phosphate mining in the desert regions of Tunisia

Countries of external development. This type includes the country's average in terms of population and resource potential - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay (in Latin America), Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia (in Africa), Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand (in Asia). The economies of these countries are focused on export of minerals, light industry products, agricultural products of agriculture. For some countries - Colombia and Bolivia - drug production and trafficking, illegal political movements and labor immigration to wealthier countries are important.

In this group of countries stand out, the economy of which in recent decades has been developing and newly industrialized countries (NIS) exceptionally high rates due to foreign investment, imported technology and the availability of a cheap and relatively skilled labor force. The development of high-tech industries (electronics, electrical engineering) has brought these countries to the ranks of the world leaders in the export of consumer goods (clothing, consumer electronics) to developed countries.

NIS of the first wave - Republic of Korea, Singapore, Xianggang (SAR of China) and the island of Taiwan managed to close their gap with the economically developed countries. The classification of the International Monetary Fund since 1997 classifies them as economically developed countries. Newly industrialized countries also include Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines (NIS of the second wave). Newly industrialized countries play an ever-increasing role in the export of knowledge-intensive industrial goods to developed countries.

Oil exporting countries their modern development is due to the inflow of petrodollars. Oil export, whose fountains sounded in desert areas, previously known only to nomads, radically transformed the economy of these countries, made it possible to create modern cities, develop education and health care. It is interesting that economic growth has little changed the traditional social institutions of oil-exporting states: in the majority, the monarchical system has been preserved, the norms of everyday life and even laws are based on the commandments of Islam. This type includes the oil-producing monarchies of the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain) , which in recent decades have turned from a backward nomadic periphery of the Arab world into the largest oil exporters. Some of these countries have begun using petrodollars to form "funds for future generations", the funds of which are spent on the creation of manufacturing industries and irrigated agriculture.

Plantation countries ("Banana republics") do not differ in large human and resource potential.This type includes Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba (in Latin America), Sri Lanka (in Asia), Cote d'Ivoire and Kenya (in Africa).

Banana plantation. Favorable agro-climatic conditions are the basis for the development of the plantation economy. Bananas, coffee, sugarcane are grown. In some countries, plantations are owned by foreign capital, primarily American.

The ethnic composition of the population of Latin American countries was formed under the influence of the slave trade. The political life of all countries, with the exception of Costa Rica, which is dominated by a Creole population, is characterized by political instability, frequent military coups and guerrilla movements. The low standard of living of the population, the domination of foreign capital, dependent national policy contribute to the growth of social contrasts, which in turn give rise to frequent military coups and revolutions.

Concession Development Countries.

These are Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Gabon, Botswana, Papua New Guinea. These countries have recently gained political independence, possess mineral reserves of world importance. Extraction and export of minerals, on the one hand, provides the bulk of foreign exchange earnings, on the other hand, it makes the economies of these countries dependent on price fluctuations on world markets.

Landlord countries - small island and coastal independent states and colonial possessions located at the crossroads of major international transport routes. Favorable geographical location, preferential tax policy have turned their territory into the location of the headquarters of the largest transnational corporations and banks.Some countries, thanks to the extremely favorable conditions of freight and insurance of ships, have become "home ports" of huge fleets that brought together merchant ships from all over the world (

Leading countries in terms of population, in comparison with 1975 and 2005, million people