8.3. Post-war world structure in 1946-1953. The post-war world has not become more durable. In a short time, relations between the USSR and its allies in the anti-Hitler coalition deteriorated significantly. To characterize them, the metaphor “cold

A country's economy

Political system

Educating spirituality

Post-war world structure

part East Prussia Klaipeda region Transcarpathian Ukraine

Has changed. Defeated and lost the role of great powers of the aggressor countries - Germany and Japan, much . In the same time the influence of the USA has grown,

Led by the USSR.

The war put gained independence

Sharp the influence of the communists grew

During the World War 1945 year in San Francisco

cold war Dulles

The basis of confrontation USSR and USA Churchill 1946 year

USA and USSR.

In Western Europe in 1949,

Soviet Union also conducts confrontation politics

Asian civil War in China

The final disintegration of the "world

European countries were invited

IN

A country's economy

damage

In March 1946 g. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted fourth five year plan

The reform allowed abolish the card system government loans country.

course

Under construction industrial giants

Created quickly atomic industry... IN 1948 g. in the Urals entered service combine "Mayak" nuclear center .

Unfolded arms race

Difficult the situation was in agriculture

By the end of the fourth five-year plan

increased purchase prices reduced tax on collective farmers

February-March

Political system

These ideas were laid down in

In countries capitalist bloc the company unfolded anti-Sovietism

50s mcCarthy period

The apogee of McCarthyism was

Since the beginning of the cold war the internal policy of the USSR was sharply tightened. The situation of "military camp", a "besieged fortress" demanded, alongside the fight against an external enemy, the presence of the "internal enemy", "agent of world imperialism."

In the second half of the 40s. repression against enemies resumedSoviet power. The largest was “ Leningrad affair "(1948 g.), when such prominent figures as the chairman of the State Planning Committee N. Voznesensky, the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU A. Kuznetsov, the Pre-Council of Ministers of the RSFSR M. Rodionov, the head of the Leningrad party organization P. Popkov, and others were arrested and secretly shot.

When after the war was created the state of Israel, there it began a mass migration of Jews from all over the world. In 1948, arrests of representatives of the Jewish intelligentsia began in the USSR, fight against "rootless cosmopolitanism". In January 1953 a group of doctors at the Kremlin hospital, Jews by nationality, were accused of having killed the secretaries of the Central Committee Zhdanov and Shcherbakov through improper treatment and plotted the assassination of Stalin. These doctors allegedly acted on the instructions of international Zionist organizations.

Post-war repressions did not reach the scale of the 30s, there were no high-profile show trials, but they were wide enough. It should be borne in mind that only in national formations from among the peoples of the USSR during the war years on the side of Nazi Germany fought from 1.2 to 1.6 million people. So a large number of repressed for cooperation with the enemy is understandable. There were former prisoners of war repressed (by order of the Commander-in-Chief of Stalin, all captured fell into the category of traitors to the Motherland). The war and the difficult post-war situation in the country also led to a colossal the rise in criminality... In general, by January 1953 there were 2,468,543 prisoners in the GULAG.

After the death of I. Stalin, a collective leadership was created country and party. G. Malenkov became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, his deputies L. Beria, V. Molotov, N. Bulganin, L. Kaganovich. K. Voroshilo became the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSRin, and post secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was taken over by N.S. Khrushchev... The easing of domestic policy began. Immediately, on April 4, 1953, the rehabilitation in the "case of doctors". People from camps and exiles began to return.

In July The 1953 plenum of the Central Committee discussed the "Beria case". L. Beria led the security and internal affairs bodies, was the direct leader of the repressions. On charges of "collaboration with imperialist intelligence services" and "conspiracy to restore the rule of the bourgeoisie." L. Beria and six of his closest associates were sentenced to death.

After L. Beria was shot, mass rehabilitation of convicts for political crimes. The first timid begins in print criticism of the "personality cult", but the name of I. Stalin has not yet been mentioned. The period begins, which went down in history under the name “ thaws».

Revision of the "Leningrad case"Undermined the position of G. Malenkova... In February 1955 he was dismissed from the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, this post was n. Bulganin appointed... This led to a change in the balance of power at the top - to the first positions n.S. Khrushchev.

A country's economy

Political system

Educating spirituality

Post-war world structure

As a result of the second world war the balance of power in the world has changed... Winning countries in the first place Soviet Union, enlarged their territoriesat the expense of the defeated states. The Soviet Union has acquired a large part of East Prussia with the city of Konigsberg (now the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation), the Lithuanian SSR received the territory Klaipeda region, the territory of the Ukrainian SSR Transcarpathian Ukraine... In the Far East, in accordance with the agreements reached at the Crimean Conference, the Soviet Union was returned to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands (including the four southern islands that were not previously part of Russia). Czechoslovakia and Poland increased their territory at the expense of the German lands.

Has changed the interior of the western world... Defeated and lost the role of great powers of the aggressor countries - Germany and Japan, much weakened the position of England and France... In the same time the influence of the USA has grown, which controlled about 80% of the gold reserves of the capitalist world, they accounted for 46% of world industrial production.

A feature of the post-war period was people's democratic (socialist) revolutions in Eastern Europe and a number of Asian countrieswho, with the support of the USSR, began building socialism. The world socialist system was formed led by the USSR.

The war put the beginning of the collapse and the colonial system imperialism. As a result of the national liberation movement gained independence such largest countries as India, Indonesia, Burma, Pakistan, Ceylon, Egypt. Some of them started on the path of socialist orientation. In just the post-war decade gained independence 25 states, 1200 million people were freed from colonial dependence.

A shift to the left has taken place in the political spectrum of the capitalist countries of Europe. Left the scene fascist and right-wing parties... Sharp the influence of the communists grew... In 1945-1947. communists were part of the governments of France, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Finland.

During the World War formed a single anti-fascist coalition - the alliance of the great powers - the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France. The presence of a common enemy helped to overcome the differences between the capitalist countries and socialist Russia, to find compromises. April-June 1945 year in San Francisco constituent conferences of the United Nationsincluding representatives of 50 countries. The UN Charter reflected the principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different socio-economic systems, the principles of sovereignty and equality of all countries of the world.

However, the Second World War was replaced by “ cold war"- a war without fighting. The term "cold war" was coined by US Secretary of State D.F. Dulles... Its essence - the confrontation of political, economic, ideological, two socio-economic systems of socialism and capitalism, brinkmanship.

The basis of confrontation became the relationship between the two superpowers - USSR and USA... It is customary to date the beginning of the Cold War with the speech of W. Churchill in the American city of Fulton in March 1946 year., in which he called the people of the United States to a joint struggle against Soviet Russia and its agents - the communist parties.

The ideological rationale for the Cold War was the doctrine of US President Truman, put forward by him in 1947 According to the doctrine, the conflict between capitalism and communism is insoluble. The US challenge is to fight communism all over the world, "containing communism", "throwing communism into the borders of the USSR." Proclaimed american responsibility for events around the worlde, which were viewed through the prism opposing capitalism to communism, USA and USSR.

The Soviet Union began to be surrounded a network of American military bases. In 1948, the first bombers with atomic weapons aimed at the USSR were deployed in Great Britain and West Germany. The capitalist countries are starting to create military-political blocs directed against the USSR.

In Western Europe in 1949 NATO created the North Atlantic bloc... It includes: USA, England, France, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Holland, Greece and Turkey. In Southeast Asia in 1954 created the SEATO bloc, in 1955 - the Baghdad Pact... The military potential of Germany is being restored. IN 1949, in violation of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements, from the three zones of occupation - English, American and French - was the Federal Republic of Germany was created, which in the same year entered NATO.

Soviet Union also conducts confrontation politics... In 1945, Stalin demanded the creation of a system of joint defense of the Black Sea straits of the USSR and Turkey, the establishment of joint trusteeship by the allies of the colonial possessions of Italy in Africa (while the USSR planned to provide a naval base in Libya).

The confrontation between the capitalist and socialist camps is escalating and Asian continent. Since 1946 began civil war in china... The troops of the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek tried to occupy the territories controlled by the communists. The capitalist countries supported Chiang Kai-shek, and the Soviet Union - the communists, transferring them a significant amount of captured Japanese weapons.

The final disintegration of the "world"Into two warring socio-economic systems is associated with the promotion of 1947 by the United States of the Marshall Plan"(Named after the US Secretary of State) and the sharply negative attitude of the USSR towards him.

European countries were invited aid to rebuild a shattered economy... Loans were given to buy American goods. The Marshall Plan was adopted by 16 states of Western Europe. The political condition for aid was removal of communists from governments... In 1947, the communists were withdrawn from the governments of Western European countries. Help was offered and Eastern European countries. Poland and Czechoslovakia began negotiations, but, under the influence of the USSR, they refused to help.

In opposition to the bloc of capitalist countries an economic and military-political union of socialist countries began to form... IN 1949 the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was established - the organ of economic cooperation of the socialist states; in May 1955 - Warsaw military-political bloc.

After the adoption of the Marshall Plan in Western Europe and the formation of CMEA in Eastern Europe there are two parallel world markets.

A country's economy

The Soviet Union ended the war with huge losses. At the front, in the occupied territory, in captivity over 27 million Soviet citizens were killed. 1710 cities, over 70 thousand villages and villages, 32 thousand industrial enterprises were destroyed. Straight damageinflicted by the war exceeded 30% of the national wealth.

In March 1946 g. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted fourth five year plan economic development. It was planned not only to restore the national economy, but also to exceed the pre-war level of industrial production by 48%. The national economy was planned to invest 250 billion. Rub. (as much as in the three pre-war five-year plans).

During the war, the entire economy was rebuilt on a war footing, the production of consumer goods was actually stopped. The population has accumulated a huge amount of money, not provided with goods. To relieve the pressure of this mass on the market, in 1947, monetary reform was carried out... The money in the hands of the population was exchanged at a ratio of 10: 1.

The reform allowed abolish the card system, introduced during the war. As in the 30s, government loans among the population. These were tough measures, but they allowed improve the financial situation country.

The restoration of the destroyed industry proceeded at a rapid pace.

In 1946, there was a certain decline associated with conversion, and with 1947 a steady rise begins.

IN 1948 pre-war level of industrial production surpassed, and by the end of the five-year plan it exceeded the 1940 level. The growth was 70%, instead of the planned 48%.

This was achieved by resuming production in the territories liberated from Nazi occupation. The restored factories were equipped with equipment produced in German factories and supplied as reparations. In total, 3,200 enterprises were restored and re-launched in the western regions. They produced peaceful products, while defense enterprises remained where they were evacuated - in the Urals and Siberia.

After the war, the USSR government continued course, begun in the years of the first five-year plans to increase the industrial power of the country, which is the main factor in the existence of the state in conditions of tough confrontation between socialism and capitalism.

Under construction industrial giants: Kaluga Turbine, Minsk Tractor, Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead-Zinc Combine, etc. State reserves at the beginning of 1953 increased in comparison with the pre-war level: non-ferrous metals - 10 times; petroleum products - 3.3 times; coal - 5.1 times.

Republics of the Baltic States, Moldova, western regions of Ukraine and Belarusthat became part of the USSR on the eve of the war, are turning from agrarian to industrial.

Created quickly atomic industry... IN 1948 g. in the Urals entered service combine "Mayak" (Chelyabinsk-40), on it were built the first domestic nuclear reactors - converters for plutonium production. Combine "Mayak" became the first nuclear center country. It was here that the first kilograms of plutonium -239 were obtained, from which the charges of the first atomic bombs were made. In parallel with the development of the production of atomic weapons, rocket industry.

Unfolded arms race, the tough confrontation between capitalism and socialism, the restoration of the destroyed national economy of the USSR demanded, above all, colossal funds for the development of the industry, from here in the post-war years much less funds were directed to the development of light and food industries - consumer goods production grew slowly, there was a lack of basic necessities.

Difficult the situation was in agriculture... Of the total volume of appropriations in the fourth five-year plan, only 7% was allocated for its development. As in the years of the first five-year plans, the brunt of the country's recovery and further industrialization fell on the countryside. The state was forced to develop the industry to withdraw in the form of taxes and compulsory deliveries over 50% of the products of collective and state farms... Purchase prices for agricultural products have not changed since 1928, while prices for industrial products have increased 20 times during this time. In terms of workdays, the collective farmer earned less per year than the worker earned per month.

At the end of the 40s. They were heavily taxed home gardens. The peasants began to get rid of their livestock, cut down fruit trees, as they could not afford to pay taxes. The peasants could not leave the village, since they did not have passports. Nevertheless, the rural population under the conditions of the accelerated development of the industry was shrinking - peasants were recruited for construction sites, factories, and logging. In 1950, the rural population decreased by half in comparison with 1940.

By the end of the fourth five-year plan in the cities there has been a rise in living standards. Reduced prices were carried out annually. By 1950, real wages had reached the 1940 level.

The restored industry made it possible to obtain funds for the development of agriculture. IN 1953 tax reform was carried out and halve the tax on household plots. The tax is levied only from the ground, and not with animals and trees. In September 1953 the Central Committee plenum dedicated to the development of agriculture was held, after which there were significantly (3-6 times) increased purchase prices for agricultural products and 2.5 times reduced tax on collective farmers... The state reserves of grain have increased fourfold in comparison with the pre-war level.

February-March In 1954, a program for the development of virgin and fallow lands was adopted. More than 500 thousand volunteers (mainly young people) went to Siberia and Kazakhstan to introduce additional land into circulation. In the eastern regions there were over 400 new state farms created... The share of grain harvest on newly developed lands was 27% of the all-Union harvest.

Political system

The Second World War ended with the victory of the United States, Britain, France, alliance with the USSR against the fascist governments of Germany, Italy and Japan. The defeat of fascism created preconditions for a sustainable world order... These ideas were laid down in UN Charter adopted on June 26, 1946 years at a conference in San Francisco.

However, these ideas were not fully realized. The reasons are in the "cold war", the split of the world into two opposing socio-political camps.

In countries capitalist bloc the company unfolded anti-Sovietism, held under the flag of the fight against the "Soviet military threat", with the desire of the USSR to "export the revolution" to other countries of the world... Under the pretext of combating "subversive communist activities" campaign against communist parties, who were portrayed as "agents of Moscow", "an alien body in the system of Western democracy." IN 1947 communists were removed from governments France, Italy and several other countries. In England and the United States, a ban was imposed on communists from holding positions in the army of the state apparatus, and mass layoffs were carried out. In the FRG, the Communist Party was banned.

The "witch hunt" became especially widespread in the USA in the first half
50sthat went down in the history of this country as mcCarthy period, named after Republican Senator D. McCarthy from Wisconsin. He moved back in the presidency of Democrat Truman. Mr. Truman himself pursued a fairly anti-democratic policy, but the McCarthyists took it to ugly extremes. G. Truman launched a "loyalty test" of civil servants, and the McCarthyists passed the Homeland Security Act, which created a special subversive activity control department to identify and register “communist action” organizations with the aim of depriving them of their civil rights. G. Truman gave order to try the leaders of the Communist Party as foreign agentsand the McCarthyists passed the Immigration Restriction Act in 1952, which barred entry into the country for people who collaborated with leftist organizations. After the Republican victory in the elections in 1952 saw the heyday of McCarthyism. At Congress, commissions were established to investigate anti-American activities, to which any citizen could be summoned. On the recommendation of the commission, any worker or employee immediately lost his job.

The apogee of McCarthyism was the 1954 Law on Control of the Communists. The Communist Party was deprived of all rights and guarantees, membership in it was declared a crime and punished with a fine of up to 10 thousand dollars and imprisonment up to 5 years. A number of provisions of the law had an anti-union orientation, ranked the trade unions as subversive organizations "into which the communists penetrated."

The post-war world has not become more durable. In a short time, relations between the USSR and its allies in the anti-Hitler coalition deteriorated significantly. The metaphor is increasingly used to characterize them. "coldnaya war ", which appeared for the first time on the pages of the English magazine "Tribune" in the fall of 1945 in the international commentary of the famous writer J. Orwell. Later this term was used in the spring of 1946 in one of his public speeches by the prominent American banker and politician B. Baruch. At the end of 1946, the influential American publicist W. Lippmann published a book with the title of these two words.

However, the "declaration" or proclamation of the Cold War is traditionally considered two historical facts: speech by W. Churchill (March 1946) in Fulton (Missouri) in the presence of US President H. Truman on the "Iron Curtain" and the Soviet threat, as well as the promulgation of the "Truman Doctrine" (March 1947) - an American foreign policy concept , proclaiming the main task facing the United States, opposition to communism and its "containment". The post-war world split into two antagonistic blocs, and the Cold War entered its active phase in the summer of 1947, ultimately leading to the formation of opposing military-political blocs.

Each side made its own specific contribution to the post-war confrontation. The West was frightened by the increased military power of the Soviet Union, the unpredictability of Stalin's actions, and the increasingly insistent advance of communist influence in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. Throughout 1945-1948. a number of Eastern European countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the eastern part of dismembered Germany) were drawn into the orbit of Soviet influence, in which, under pressure from the USSR, coalition parties were formed, with the decisive influence of communist parties, and then purely communist in composition of the government.

At the end of September 1947, under pressure from the Stalinist leadership of representatives of the six Communist Parties of Eastern Europe and the two largest Western European Communist Parties (France and Italy), the Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominformburo) was created with headquarters in Belgrade. This body contributed to the increased pressure of the USSR on the countries of the so-called "people's democracy" along with the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of some of these countries and the agreements of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance concluded with them. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), created in 1949, with its headquarters in Moscow, tied the countries of "people's democracies" even more economically to the USSR, since the latter were forced, according to the Soviet scenario, to carry out all the necessary transformations in culture, agriculture and industry, relying solely on the Soviet experience, which was not entirely positive.

In Asia, North Vietnam, North Korea and China were drawn into the USSR's orbit of influence during the period under review, after the peoples of these countries were able to win victory in the national liberation wars led by the communists.

The influence of the USSR on the domestic and foreign policy of the Eastern European countries, despite all the efforts made by Stalin, was not unconditional. Not all of the leaders of the communist parties here have become obedient puppets. The independence and certain ambitiousness of the leader of the Yugoslav communists I. Tito, his desire to create a Balkan federation with the dominant role of Yugoslavia aroused dissatisfaction and suspicion of J. V. Stalin. In 1948, the Soviet-Yugoslav crisis arose and soon sharply escalated, leading to condemnation of the actions of the Yugoslav leaders by the Cominformburo. Despite this, the Yugoslav communists retained the unity of their ranks and followed I. Tito. Economic relations with the USSR and Eastern European countries were severed. Yugoslavia found itself in an economic blockade and was forced to turn to the capitalist countries for help. The pinnacle of the Soviet-Yugoslav confrontation was the rupture of diplomatic relations between the two countries on October 25, 1949. The consequence of this rupture and the desire to achieve unity in the communist movement was the two waves of purges of the communists, who were accused of "Titoism". In the period 1948-1949. were repressed in Poland - V. Gomulka, M. Spykhalsky, 3. Klish-ko; in Hungary L. Raik and J. Kadar (the first was executed, the second was sentenced to life imprisonment), in Bulgaria T. Kostov was executed, in Albania - K. Dzodze and many others. In 1950-1951. practically in all Eastern European countries there have been trials against "Yugoslav spies". One of the most recent was the trial in Prague in November 1952 against the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia R. Slansky and thirteen prominent Czechoslovak communists, the vast majority of them executed after the end of the trial. Demonstrative political processes, as at one time the same kind of "events" that took place in the late 1930s. in the USSR, should have scared all those dissatisfied with the policy pursued by the Soviet Union towards the countries of "people's democracy" and consolidated the only path already paved by the USSR to the so-called. "Socialism".

Despite the rather serious influence of the Communists in a number of Western European countries (in the early postwar years, their representatives were part of the governments of France, Italy, etc.), the authority of the Western European Communist Parties declined in Europe after the adoption of the Marshall Plan, named after the US Secretary of State J. Marshall - one of the "fathers" of the idea of \u200b\u200bAmerican economic assistance to the post-war reconstruction of Europe. The Soviet government not only itself refused to participate in this plan, but also influenced the corresponding decisions of the Eastern European countries, including Czechoslovakia and Poland, which initially managed to express their readiness to participate in it.

After that, 16 Western European countries became participants in the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe into two hostile camps completed the creation in April 1949 of the North Atlantic Pact (NATO), which by 1953 united 14 European states under the auspices of the United States. The creation of this military-political bloc was largely facilitated by the events associated with the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in the summer of 1948. OPTA was forced to organize an "air bridge" that supplied the city for about a year. Only in May 1949 was the Soviet blockade lifted. However, the actions of the West and the intransigence of the USSR ultimately led to the creation in 1949 of two countries on German soil: on May 23 the Federal Republic of Germany and on October 7 the German Democratic Republic.

Late 1940s - early 1950s were the culmination of the Cold War. In September 1949, the USSR tested the first Soviet atomic bomb, the creation of which is associated with the name of the outstanding Soviet scientist IV Kurchatov. The war of North Korea against the pro-American regime of South Korea (1950-1953) unleashed with the direct consent of Stalin became the most serious international problem for the USSR. It has cost the lives of several million Koreans, Chinese and other peoples in this largest conflict since World War II. The issue of the FRG's integration into the Western political system and its cooperation with NATO was of great difficulty.

The death of JV Stalin, which occurred at the height of the Cold War, helped to reduce tension in international relations, although it did not remove the question of the further continuation of the struggle between the United States and its allies, on the one hand, and the USSR, the vanguard of the so-called commonwealth. the "socialist" states of Europe and Asia — on the other hand, for world domination.

Check yourself

The division of Germany into two states took place: 1) in 1945; 2) in 1948; 3) in 1949; 4) in 1953?

Which of the named writers was particularly harshly criticized by the authorities in 1946-1953: 1) A. Akhmatova; 2) M. Sholokhov; 3) M. Zoshchenko; 4) K. Simonov?

Which of the named events, phenomena belong to the concept of "cold war": 1) the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact; 2) political confrontation between the USSR and the USA; 3) the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict of 1948-1953; 4) the Korean War 1950-1953?

Name the main political repressive campaigns of the post-war period: 1) "the case of the Industrial Party"; 2) the "Leningrad affair"; 3) "the Tukhachevsky process"; 4) "doctors' case".

COMMITTEE OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE KURSK REGION

regional budgetary professional educational institution

"Kursk State Polytechnic College"

(OBPOU "KGPK")

Methodicallesson development

« The beginning of the cold war»

Subject "History"

mid-level specialist training program

by specialty 08.02.01

Construction and operation of buildings and structures

OBPOU "KGPK"

Kursk

2016 year.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Methodical developmentlesson stories« Post-war world structure.The beginning of the cold war» by specialty08.02.01 Construction and operation of buildings and structures (basic training)involves the continuation of work on building a learning model that is distinguished by the combination of pedagogical management with student initiative and activity. This model provides all the necessary conditions for further social adaptation of students, plays an important role in the formation of general and personal competencies of specialists and meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of the SVE.

Students get the skills to participate in discussions, dialogue with others, which leads to mutual understanding, interaction, to the joint solution of common, but significant for each participant, tasks . Team work promotes the development of critical thinking, the ability to speak out, defend one's opinion,solve complex problems based on an analysis of the circumstances and relevant information, weigh alternative opinions, make well-considered decisions. Interactive technology contributes not only to improving the quality of knowledge, but also to increasing efficiency, the student feels his success, his intellectual independence, which makes the learning process itself productive.

Methodical goal:the introduction of interactive technologies as a way of intellectual development of the individual and the formation of critical thinking.

Occupation type:learning new material.

Activity type: dialogue lesson .

Learning technologies:interactive technologies, business game.

Form of organization of educational activities: work in small groups, brainstorming, independent work.

Training methods and techniques:

- work with historical sources;

- conversation with discussion elements.

Lesson objectives.

Educational:

assimilation by students of the essence of the concept of "cold war",the causes of the Cold War, its impact on international relations and

consequences for the development of world politics;

Developing:

Development of students' thinking skills;

Development of skills to work with historical sources;

Development of skills to formulate and reasonably express your point of view;

Educational:

education of rejection of intolerance, hostility, mistrust, ideological confrontation, aggressiveness.

Formed competencies and value orientations

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and be responsible for them

OK 4: Search for and use the information necessary for the effective performance of professional tasks, professional and personal development

OK 6. Work in a team and as a team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, consumers

OK 7: Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates), for the result of completing tasks

1. Personally significant and communicative:

- positive attitude, orientation towards success;

- the ability to take responsibility for the decision.

2. Educational and cognitive competencies:

- abilities and skills of solving situational problems;

- skills and abilities to highlight key points, express reasoned judgments and conclusions;

- the ability to analyze the results obtained; formulate conclusions.

3. Communicative speech competencies:

- skills and abilities to prepare oral messages based on the studied sources of information;

- skills and abilities of monologue idiologic speech;

- skills and abilities of using historical terms in speech.

Providing classes:

Wall map "States of the World",

Multimedia projector; PC,

Multimedia presentation« Post-war world structure.The beginning of the cold war»;

Handout.

Main literature:

Artemov V. V., Lubchenkov Yu. H ... History for the professions and specialties of technical, natural science, socio-economic profiles: 2 hours: textbook for students. institutions of environments. prof. education. - M., 2015.

DURING THE CLASSES.

1. Thematic mapping. Goal setting. (5 minutes.)

Creation of motivation: students based on materials from periodicals (newspapers Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Argumenty i Fakty, Kurskaya Pravda) present contemporary international relations and ask questions: Why are there so many questions today on which Russia and the United States cannot come to a common opinion ? Who is to blame for the confrontation between the great powers? Where, what will the confrontation between Russia and the United States lead to?

Teacher:

Thank you, sit down. Indeed, the current international situation forces us to think about what is happening, why relations between states are developing this way, and what will happen next. The study of this topic is especially important. Today we will also talk about international relations, about relations between the two powers. We need to start from the beginning, so let's go back to the mid 40s of the 20th century. The topic of our lesson: “The post-war world structure. The beginning of the cold war. Open your notebooks, write down the topic of the lesson.

How many questions have been asked now, and we will try to find answers to these questions in the lesson. Define the objectives of our lesson.

Estimated answers:

Objectives of our lesson:

Consider the post-war world order; find out what the "cold war" is, what are its causes, who is to blame for unleashing the "cold war" and what are its consequences.

Teacher:

I want to remind you of the ancient wisdom: Find the beginning of everything, and you will understand a lot, so we will definitely talk about the lessons of the Cold War.

Pay attention to the list of statements famous people the world (Appendix # 1). I suggest you read them carefully and choose an epigraph for our lesson in accordance with the purpose, justifying your choice.

Students offer options for the epigraph, arguing for their choice. Words are chosen as an epigraph E. Yevtushenko “Our honeymoon with our allies quickly ended. The war united us, and the victory divided us ”, because they characterize the post-war state of the world.

2. Learning new material (30 min.)

Teacher:

So, we have chosen the epigraph, determined the goals of our lesson and we begin to work according to the following plan

1. Cold War: concept, reasons, signs.

2. "Bipolar World".

3. The consequences of the cold war. Local conflicts.

Look at the photo (Appendix # 2). Who is pictured here?

Estimated answers:

The heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - I. Stalin, G. Truman, W. Churchill.

What lesson has humanity learned from World War II?

Estimated answers:

The main lesson learned as a result of the war is that any war requires the mobilization of human and material resources and brings suffering to people. Therefore, it is necessary to refrain by all means from solving problems with the help of military force.

Teacher:

On September 2, 1945, the second world war, the most difficult and bloody one, ended. After her, the very thought of a new war seemed blasphemous. More than ever, much has been done to ensure that it does not happen again: states that have taken the path of gross violation of norms have been defeated international law and outright aggression. This meant the defeat of the policy of brute force, attempts to build a "new order" on the principles of militant nationalism and racism.

The main lesson that mankind has learned - to keep the peace - was reflected in the creation of the UN, an international organization to maintain peace and security on the planet.
The objective development of the situation led to the Cold War.

The Cold War is not just a term, not just a metaphor, it is a whole era in the life of mankind, filled with facts, events, and persons. Today I propose to find out how the image of this era was created, to supplement its portrait with those strokes, without which it would not be expressive enough. To do this, you will need to study historical sources.

Today we have representatives of the United States, the USSR and outside observers who have to find out what the Cold War is, what are its causes, who is to blame for unleashing the Cold War and what are its consequences.

At the desk, everyone has a task with which you will work in a microgroup. Working time - 5 minutes.

The teacher asks the representatives of the USA and the USSR to stand up, asks them questions on the documents, the students answer the questions.

Document "From of W. Churchill's speech on March 5, 1946 in the city of Fulton (USA) " (Appendix 3)

Why is Churchill's speech, according to historians, considered a harbinger of the Cold War?

Estimated answers:

W. Churchill accused the USSR of expansion, of creating an "iron curtain" that separated the West from the countries of Soviet influence. W. Churchill spoke about the need to create a "ring of power" around the countries under the control of the USSR in order to force him to abandon the building of socialism and the spread of socialist ideas.

- Document " Reaction of the USSR leadership to Churchill's speech " (Appendix 4, on 2 sheets)

What was the reaction of the Soviet leadership to W. Churchill's speech? Determine the attitude of IV Stalin to the speech of W. Churchill.

Estimated answers:

J.V. Stalin declared that « mr. Churchill is now in the position of a warmonger, "put him on a par with Hitler and assessed the speech as a call from the West to war with the USSR.

Historical facts (Appendix 5)

What goals did the USSR pursue in the international arena after the end of World War II? Give examples proving the strengthening of the position of the USSR in the post-war world.

Estimated answers:

JV Stalin strove to strengthen the influence of the USSR in all regions of the world. In 1946-1948. in the states of Eastern Europe and Asia, liberated soviet army or with her participation, the communist governments came to power, embarking on a course of building socialism on the Soviet model. A number of socialist countries arose, allied with the USSR.

Documents (Appendix 6, on 2 sheets)

Estimated answers:

The United States did not want to put up with the changes that had taken place in the international arena. Therefore, they began to pursue a policy of force in relation to the USSR. One of the means of deterring the USSR was considered atomic weapons, the monopoly of which was used by the United States. The goals of the US plans in relation to the USSR were aggressive in nature.

Document " Truman Doctrine. Marshall Plan " (Appendix 7)

What is the main message of Truman's speech? What role did it play in the development of the Cold War? What is the essence of the Marshall Plan?

Estimated answers:

In doctrine Truman spoke about "containing" the USSR, exerting continuous pressure on it, about the possibility of US interference in the internal affairs of other countries. The doctrine laid the foundation for the creation of a network of US military bases in foreign territories. At the same time, the American Secretary of State Marshall put forward a program of economic assistance to post-war Europe. In fact, it became a continuation of the Truman doctrine.

- The Marshall Plan document.(Appendix 8, on 2 sheets)

How did the Soviet leadership react to the Marshall Plan? Why? Try to explain why I.V. Stalin did not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall Why did Stalin demanded that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in the American project?

Estimated answers:

I.V. Stalin and his entourage took« Marshall Plan ”as an attempt to bring the economic and political life of the countries that accepted it under US control. Fearing undermining the influence of the USSR in the states of Eastern Europe, the leadership of the Soviet Union demanded that they refuse to participate in the American project.

Teacher:

I want to ask the representatives of the USSR and the USA, facing each other, what were your feelings? What have you experienced? How do outside observers assess what was happening?

Estimated answers:

A feeling of struggle, confrontation, conflict, on the other hand, a desire to get closer, to meet each other halfway.

Teacher:

Now let's draw conclusions on the issues discussed.

What is the Cold War? What were the causes of the Cold War? Who, in your opinion, was the culprit? Was it possible to avoidCold War?

Estimated answers:

Cold War - the state of military-political confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States, as well as between their allies after the Second World War.

Causes of the Cold War: with the advent of nuclear weapons in the United States, military power began to play an increasing role in international relations. Politicians in both the Soviet Union and the United States became interested in creating an image of the enemy. In conditions when the fate of the countries liberated from fascism remained uncertain, between The USSR and the United States developed a confrontation for the right to determine the path of their further development.

The main reason for the Cold War was the global, geopolitical, irreconcilable contradictions between the world socio-political systems - capitalism and socialism, burdened by the ideology and subjective qualities of the leaders of the great powers.

The leaders of both the Soviet Union and the United States were unconstructive, unwilling to compromise and take into account each other's interests.

Teacher:

Not only the superpowers were involved in the Cold War; a bipolar world is being formed. Your microgroups needed to determine the consequencesCold War. (Appendix 9, on 3 sheets,)

What is a "bipolar world"? How did it develop and what are the results of the emergence of the two military bloc systems? Using the map, reveal the meaning of the change in the geopolitical situation in Europe by the end of 1949. What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin crisis?

Estimated answers:

The bipolar world is a world divided into two opposing parts: East and West. RivalryThe USSR and the USA led to an arms race, a struggle for control over key regions of the world, an increase in the number of local conflicts and the creation of a system of military alliances.

To regulate economic relations in Eastern Europe in January 1949. the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was created (work with the map). CMEA became the first international organization of the socialist countries. For their part, the countries of the West on April 4, 1949. formed the military-political organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) (work with the map). The response to the entry of Germany into NATO in 1955. was the creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization, a military-political alliance of the USSR with friendly countries of Eastern Europe (work with a map). The formation of a system of alliances in Europe was accelerated by the conflict between the USSR and the USA, which put these countries on the brink of a military clash. The conflict was associated with the unresolved German issue (work with the map).

The Western powers did not want to put up with the Soviet influence established in the east of Germany. The Berlin crisis made the division of Germany inevitable.

The creation of two military bloc systems led to a significant aggravation of the international situation and affected the political development of many countries.

Teacher:

The countries of Asia were also involved in the confrontation.

Document "Korean War" (Appendix 10, on 3 sheets)

Estimated answers:

The Korean civil war turned into an international one. Soviet and American pilots had to fight each other. The military clash in Korea between the two military bloc systems put the countries on the brink of war.

Teacher:

Let's sum up our dialogue. (5 min.)

Let's turn to the questions formulated at the beginning of the lesson. Have we received answers to them?

What lessons can be learned from the military confrontation between the USSR and the West in 1945 - 1953? g.

Which of these lessons are relevant in today's world?

Why is the cold war dangerous?

Estimated answers:

Both countries claimed a leading role in the world. They used such means as economic blockade, political propaganda, arms race, local conflicts to weaken each other. Local conflicts have become an invariable sign post-war years... In many regions of the world, the Cold War served as a detonator for bloody “hot conflicts”.

Teacher:

Imagine that you are attending a meeting of heads of state, with what words, wishes, questions you would address the leaders of Russia and the United States.

Students express their wishes.

Estimated answers:

Give up confrontation.

Give up sanctions.

Protect the world.

Let's shake hands and direct our efforts towards peaceful uses of the atom.

Teacher:

Yes, indeed, only cooperation, interaction, and the desire to make compromises will bring states closer together and help solve existing problems. All must unite in order to prevent the "cold war" and its escalation into a "hot" one.

The future is a consequence of the past and the present, but the present is the present moment, the only time in which something can be done that will add something to any past that will bring to life the desired future. If we do nothing in the present, then we run the risk of finding ourselves in that future, which is approaching "by itself" - automatically or in fulfillment of someone else's will alien to us.

3. Conclusion. (5 min.)

Teacher:

Our lesson comes to an end, I invite you to continue the phrase: "After our lesson I can ... ..."

Estimated answers:

Search for the necessary information in historical sources;

Formulate concepts, highlight essential features;

Analyze historical events;

Express judgments about the causal relationships of historical facts;

Define your attitude and explain the assessment of the most significant personalities and events in history;

- explain the meaning and significance of the studied historical events and phenomena;

Work in a group;

Treat your opponent with respect.

Homework: Write an essay, the theme of which will be the statement of T. Carlyle "Any war is a misunderstanding."

Setting and commenting on marks.

Thank you, the lesson is over en

Appendix No. 1.

nOur honeymoon with the allies was quickly over. The war united us, and the victory divided us.

E. Evtushenko.

nThe results of our labor do not leave humanity

other choice than to create a united world, a world based on rule of law and humanism.

R. Oppenheimer

nWhat type of weapon will be fought III World War? I don't know, but the only weapon IV there will be a stone ax.

A. Einstein

nThe past must be known not because it has passed, but because, when leaving, it was not able to "remove its consequences."
IN. Klyuchevsky

nWe go to the future looking back at the past.

P. Valeria

Appendix No. 3

Question to the document: Why is Churchill's speech, in the opinion of historians, considered a harbinger of the Cold War?

From the speech of W. Churchill on March 5, 1946 in the city of Fulton (USA)
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain descended on the continent. All treasures of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe are kept behind this line. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia - all these famous cities and the population in their areas are in the Soviet sphere and all are subordinate in one form or another not only to Soviet influence, but also largely taken away - the constant control of Moscow ... Only Athens, with its immortal glory, is free to decide its future in elections under the supervision of the British, Americans and French. The Polish government, under Russian control, was encouraged to make huge and unjust attacks on Germany ...

The communist parties, which were very insignificant in all the eastern states of Europe, have achieved exceptional strength, far exceeding their numbers, and are striving to establish totalitarian control everywhere. Police governments are almost universally prevalent, and to this day ... there is no genuine democracy in them.

Turkey and Persia are deeply alarmed and worried about the demands made by the Moscow government. The Russians made an attempt in Berlin to create a communist party in their zone of German occupation (...) If the Soviet government now tries to separately create a pro-communist Germany in its zone, it will cause new serious difficulties in the British and American zones and divide the defeated Germans between the Soviets and Western democracies.

With the exception of the British Commonwealth of Nations and the United States, where communism is in its infancy, the communist parties, or fifth columns, represent an increasing threat and danger to Christian civilization ... Russians most admire strength, and there is nothing to which they would have less respect than military weakness. For this reason, our old doctrine of the balance of power is untenable. We cannot afford to rely on a slight superiority in strength, thereby creating a temptation for a test of strength ...
If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealth of Nations were added to the United States and taken into account what such cooperation at sea, in the air, in science and industry would mean, then there would be no shaky and dangerous balance of power. I drive away from myself the thought that a new war is inevitable or, moreover, that a new war is impending ... I do not believe that Soviet Russia wants war. She wants the fruits of war and the unlimited spread of her power and her doctrines. But what we must consider here today is a system for preventing the threat of war, providing conditions for the development of freedom and democracy as quickly as possible, in all countries ... ".

Appendix No. 4.

Inquiries to document: What was the reaction of the Soviet leadership to W. Churchill's speech? Define the attitude of J. V. Stalin to the speech of W. Churchill?

Reaction of the USSR leadership to Churchill's speech:

"Yesterday in America, Comrade Churchill made a provocative speech. You will read about it in more detail in Pravda. This gentleman calls on the imperialist brothers not to stand on ceremony with us. Comrade Churchill is irritated by the victory of communist ideology in Eastern Europe. He would like to return the pre-war peace. We thank Comrade Churchill, a longtime warmonger. It is reported that the leaders of the United States and Britain, Truman and Attlee, have disowned Churchill's calls. Too late, gentlemen. We, too, could pretend that nothing happened, but this is not in our interests. We will to interpret Comrade Churchill's speech as a direct call for a war with the USSR and the camp of socialism. A very good and timely speech for us ... Between us, after the war, wrong moods appeared in our society. Some representatives of the intelligentsia allow themselves to openly admire the Western way of life, criminally forgetting that there is a class struggle going on in the world. Thank you, Comrade Churchill, for bringing us back to reality. reminded of our main task. Now about our lag, which this bastard mentioned ... This is not so, and it is so! We all remember how Churchill and the imperialists did not open a second front for a long time, wanting to bleed us out as much as possible. But the opposite happened. Bleeding out, losing hundreds of thousands in battles, we have created the most powerful army in the world ... The imperialists now have only one advantage left - the atomic bomb. This is a very serious advantage. Our task is to liquidate it in the shortest possible time. And two: with today we resume our struggle. We must suppress the mood of complacency and ideological weakness. "

I.V. Stalin, on the other hand, in an interview with the Pravda newspaper correspondent commented on the Fulton speech of W. Churchill:

“... As a matter of fact, Mr. Churchill is now in the position of a warmonger. And Mr. Churchill is not alone here - he has friends not only in England, but also in the United States of America ... Hitler began the work of unleashing the war by proclaiming the racial theory, announcing that only people who spoke German represent a complete nation. Mr. Churchill also begins the cause of the outbreak of war with racial theory, arguing that only nations speaking english language, are full-fledged nations, called upon to decide the fate of the whole world ... In fact, Mr. Churchill and his friends in England and the United States are presenting to nations that do not speak English, something like an ultimatum: recognize our domination voluntarily, and then everything will be order — otherwise war is inevitable ... Undoubtedly, Mr. Churchill's attitude is an attitude towards war, a call for war with the USSR. I don't know if Mr. Churchill and his friends will manage to organize a new campaign against "Eastern Europe" after the Second World War. But if they succeed - which is unlikely, for millions of "ordinary people" are on guard for the cause of peace - then we can confidently say that they will be beaten. "

Appendix No. 5.

Questions to the document: What goals did the USSR pursue in the international arena after the end of World War II? Give examples proving the strengthening of the position of the USSR in the post-war world.

Facts.

An acute conflict arose over the timing of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Northern Iran, where they entered back in 1941. by agreement with England. In December 1945. in Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan (Northern Iran), local authorities were formed. They proclaimed autonomy. Western countries considered this a violation of the obligations assumed by the allies in Tehran in 1943. respecting the country's territorial integrity, demanded that the USSR immediately withdraw its troops from Iran. The United States issued the first threat in the history of Soviet-American relations to use nuclear weapons in the event of a military solution to the conflict. Such a painful reaction was due to fears that the USSR would control Iran's oil wealth. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the Iranian government, on the advice of the British, not only abolished the autonomies, but also terminated the lease agreement with the Soviet Union for a number of oil fields for a period of 50 years.

1945-1946 in most Eastern European countries, coalition governments were in power. Other political forces were represented along with the communists.

In 1945, the communist regime was established in Yugoslavia and North Vietnam.

In 1946. - in Albania, Bulgaria.

1947 - the communists won the elections in Poland and Hungary.

December 1947 - The Romanian king Mihai, under pressure from the Soviet military command, abdicated the throne and handed over power to the communists.

1948 - the communist regime was established in Czechoslovakia, the pro-Soviet regime was established in North Korea.

1949 - the communists came to power in China.

There was a complete submission of the leaders of the communist regimes to Stalin.

Appendix No. 6.

Questions to the documents: Briefly formulate the main goal of the United States in relation to the USSR after World War II? Can the US fight against the hated, unjust Soviet regime be regarded as fair actions reflecting the interests of the world community? What are the nature of the goals of the US plans in relation to the USSR? Does the United States carry out similar actions with respect to other states at present?

Excerpts from the directive of the US National Security Council: 20/1 of 18.08.1948, "Our goals in relation to Russia" and SNB-68 of 30.09.1950

“Our main goals in relation to Russia, in essence, boil down to just two:

a) Reduce the power and influence of Moscow to the limits in which it will not pose a threat to the peace and stability of international relations;

b) Carry out fundamental changes in the theory and practice of foreign policy, which the government in power in Russia adheres to.

... It is primarily about making and keeping the Soviet Union politically, militarily and psychologically weak in comparison with external forces outside its control.

... In other words, we must create automatic guarantees to ensure that even a non-communist and nominally friendly regime:

a) did not have great military power;

b) economically highly dependent on the outside world;

c) did not have serious power over the main national minorities;

d) did not install anything like an iron curtain.

In the event that such a regime expresses hostility towards the Communists and friendship towards us, we must take care that these conditions are not imposed in an offensive or degrading manner. But we are obliged not to wash, but to impose them by rolling to protect our interests. "

From the Directive SNB-68 dated 09/30/1950

“… Sow the seeds of destruction within the Soviet system in order to force the Kremlin to at least change its policy… But without superior cash and easily mobilized military power, the policy of“ containment ”, which is essentially a policy of calculated and gradual coercion, is no more than a bluff ...

... We need to wage an open psychological war in order to cause massive betrayal against the Soviets and destroy other plans of the Kremlin ...

... In addition to affirming our values, our policies and actions must be such as to cause fundamental changes in the nature of the Soviet system, frustrating the Kremlin's plans is the first and important step towards these changes. "

On September 4, 1945, a document was drawn up in the United States (memorandum of the Joint Intelligence Committee No. 329), which stated: "Select approximately 20 of the most important targets suitable for strategic atomic bombing in the USSR and on the territory controlled by it."

“Russians,” wrote US President H. Truman to Secretary of State J. Byrnes on January 5, 1946, need to show an iron fist and speak with a strong tongue. I think we shouldn't make any compromises with them now. "

Chairman of the Senate Commission on atomic energy McMagon openly declared: “War with the Russians is inevitable. We must sweep them off the face of the earth and faster. "

"An assessment of the plans for a strategic air offensive against the USSR, prepared by the Commander-in-Chief of the American Air Force and presented to the Joint Chiefs of Staff", December 21, 1948

“The war will begin before April 1, 1949. Atomic bombs will be deployed to the extent that is possible and desirable ... it is very important to map out the areas where the most significant Soviet industrial centers are located ... Maps with designated targets and flight routes for operations, affecting the first 70 cities will be ready by February 1, 1949 "

From an article by the West German historian B. Greiner
There was a group in Washington that was completely indifferent to what the USSR or Stalin thought and did. These are the developers of military plans. Since the summer of 1945 at the latest, they knew their enemy firmly and mass-produced military plans. In 1948-1949, for example, it was considered possible to put an end to the Soviet Union by destroying 70 cities and industrial centers with atomic bombs. All the details were painted with maniacal precision: 1,947 objects would be attacked, within 30 days it was planned to kill 2.7 million people and injure 4 million. In March 1954, the Strategic Air Force command saw itself at the height of its power. If necessary, it undertook to bombard the USSR from all directions with 750 bombs and, within two (!) Hours, turn it into "smoking radioactive ruins." Note that in this scenario, the United States would not have suffered in any way

Appendix No. 7.

Questions to the documents: What is the main message of Truman's speech? What role did it play in the development of the Cold War? What is the essence of the Marshall Plan?

Truman Doctrine.

Western leaders feared that the USSR would continueexpand your "sphere of interests", including all newcountries where the positions of the communists will be strengthened. INmarch1947the US Congress, at the request of H. Truman, approved the allocationmoney of Greece and Turkey and sending military personnel there forprotectionthese countries from the "communist aggression". The message of the President of the United States to Congress was namedthe Truman doctrine.The task was to "contain" the USSR and its allies from "seizing" new territories.Subsequently, the doctrine of rejection was proclaimed, i.e. liberation from the influence of the USSR of the countries that fell under its control.This policy contactedensuring the safety and vital interests of the United States.

Marshall Plan.

An integral part of the new US foreign policy was a program for the economic revival of war-torn Europe. It was developed by the new US Secretary of State Marshall. The plan named after him was approved at international conference in Paris (12.7-22.9.1947). The USSR did not participate in the conference, as it regarded this plan as aimed at the economic enslavement of Europe by America and put pressure on the Eastern European countries so that they refused to participate in the implementation of the Marshall Plan. In total, the Marshall Plan was signed by 16 western countries.

Marshall said in a speech at Harvard University: "Our policy is not directed against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, despair and chaos." He said that European states wishing to use his plan should themselves take the initiative and work out the details of this plan, calculating the necessary funds, provide data on the state of their economy, needs, plans for the use of incoming funds.

The Marshall Plan began to be implemented in April 1948, when the US Congress passed the "Law on Economic Cooperation", which provided for a 4-year program of economic assistance to Europe. The total amount of appropriations under the Marshall plan (from April 1948 to December 1951) amounted to about $ 12.4 billion, with the main share falling on England (2.8 billion), France (2.5 billion), Spain (1.3 billion), West Germany (1.3 billion), Holland (1 billion). At the same time, the Americans, as a preliminary condition for the provision of assistance, demanded the withdrawal of the Communists from the governments of the countries that signed the treaty. By 1948, there were no communists in any Western European government.

Appendix No. 8.

Questions to the document: How did the Soviet leadership react to the "Marshall Plan"? Why? Try to explain why I.V. Stalin did not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall Why did Stalin demanded that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in the American project?

Marshall Plan.

The Marshall Plan in Moscow was initially met with interest. Hopes for American loans to rebuild the country have not yet disappeared. Therefore, the Soviet leadership hesitated. According to the memoirs of one of the leaders of the MGB, P. Sudoplatov, initially the Soviet leadership seriously considered the participation of the USSR in the Marshall plan. V. Molotov's assistant Vetrov told P. Sudoplatov before leaving for Paris to participate in negotiations on the future of Europe that “our policy is based on cooperation with the Western allies in the implementation of the“ Marshall Plan ”, meaning, first of all, the revival of the industry destroyed by the war in Ukraine, in Belarus and Leningrad ".

The Soviet Union was invited to a meeting of the Foreign Ministers in Paris on the problems of American aid, to which the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on June 21, 1947, gave a positive answer. This is how the Minister of Foreign Affairs VM Molotov recalls this time: “At first I agreed, by the way, I made a proposal to the Central Committee: we must participate. And then he came to his senses and sent a second note on the same day: let's refuse. ... But there (in Paris) such a gang had gathered that one could not count on a conscientious attitude ... There was a lot of vague things. But if they believe that it was our mistake, to abandon the Marshall Plan, then we did the right thing ... And at the beginning we at the Foreign Ministry wanted to invite all socialist countries to participate, but quickly realized that it was wrong. They pulled us into their company, but a subordinate company. We would have depended on them, but nothing would have worked out really well, but would have depended, of course. "

An even more negative assessment sounds in the memorandum of Academician E. Varga, written on the instructions of V. Molotov. The academician believed that the economic interests of the US leadership lay at the heart of the Marshall Plan: “The economic position of the United States was decisive for the advancement of the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was to be, first of all, a weapon to mitigate the next economic crisis, the approach of which no one in the United States denies. The American financial oligarchy and American politics are looking for ways to mitigate the coming economic crisis. This means is the sale of surplus (under capitalism) goods abroad. " Based on the assessment of the economic situation in the United States, E. Varga concludes: “The meaning of the Marshall plan against this background is the following. If it is in the interests of the United States itself that it is necessary to give overseas American goods worth many billions of dollars on credit to unreliable debtors, then it is necessary to try to extract the maximum political benefits from this. Such benefits, according to Academician E. Varga, are "demonstration of US superiority", "the role of" saviors "of all Europe.

JV Stalin and his entourage perceived the Marshall Plan as an attempt to bring the economic and political life of the countries that had accepted it under US control. JV Stalin ordered the countries of the "people's democracies" in Eastern Europe to abandon the "Marshall plan." VM Molotov announced that US assistance "will inevitably lead to interference of some states in the affairs of others", "will split Europe into two groups of countries." V. Stalin forbade the countries of "international democracy" to join the International Monetary Fund.

In 1947, the communists of the Eastern European countries, at the direction of the Information Bureau of the Communist Parties, sharply condemned the "Marshall Plan" and put forward the idea of \u200b\u200baccelerated development of their countries relying on their own forces with the support of the USSR.

Appendix No. 9.

Questions to the documents: What is the "bipolar world"? How did it develop and what are the results of the emergence of the two military bloc systems? Using the map, reveal the meaning of the change in the geopolitical situation in Europe by the end of 1949. What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin crisis?

On the establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

In January of this year, an economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia was held in Moscow ...

For the implementation of broader economic cooperation between the countries of people's democracy and the USSR, the meeting recognized it necessary to create a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance from representatives of the countries participating in the meeting on the basis of equal representation with the task of exchanging economic experience, providing each other with technical assistance, providing mutual assistance with raw materials, food, machinery, equipment. etc.

The meeting recognized that the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance is an open organization, which can be joined by other European countries that share the principles of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and wish to participate in broad economic cooperation with the above countries.<...>

Appendix No. 10.

Questions to the documents:What is local conflicts? Why were they dangerous to international security? Why did the Korean War start and what were the results of the Korean War? What conclusions were the parties to the conflict to draw from the results of the Korean War?

Korean war

Local conflicts - military clashes in a limited area with the direct or indirect participation of the Soviet Union and the United States. During the Cold War, they became the main threat to international security.

The largest conflict on the Asian continent occurredwent to Korea. Afterthe wars of the USSR and the USA divided the Japanese colony of Korea.In the southern part of this country this country occupied during the war from Japan by US troops, parliamentary elections were held in May 1948cop. The creation of the Republic of Korea was proclaimed with the capital in Seoul.

In the northern part of Korea, liberated by Soviet troops, in August 1948 there wasDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)with the capital in Pyongyang. Both the North Korean government and the South Korean government believed that they were the sole legal representative of the entire Korean people.

The DPRK received significant assistance from the USSR and China for strengthening their defenses. In particular, in the North More than 4 thousand foreign military specialists worked in Korea. Leader of the DPRKKim Il Sung (1912-1994)was convinced that the government of the South, with the help of the United States, was preparing to capture the entire Korea.

N.S. Khrushchev recalled:"Kim Il Sung, in a conversationwithStalin,putquestion what I wantedwouldprobeSouthernKorea with a bayonetandhe said that there is at the firstpush from North Korea will cause internal explosionthe people's power will be established, the same as in the NorthernKorea. Stalin did not oppose this. After all, thisimpressedthe Stalinist point of view, his conviction, themesmoreover, an intra-Korean question was raised here:NorthKorea wants to lend a friendly hand to theirbrotherswho are in South Korea under the thumbLeeA sonMana ...Stalin expressed some doubts,his concernsilly, will the US get involved orwill pass byears?Bothinclined to believe that if everything is donequickly,andKim Il Sung was confident that everything would happen quickly, and US intervention would be ruled out.Stalin all the samedecided to requeststill Mao Zedong's opinion on Kim's proposal IR C ena.... Mao responded with approval. Must clearly state that this promotion was not offeredStalin,and Kim Il Sung. That one wasinitiator, but Stalin did not restrain him. Yes, I believe that no communist becamewould itkeep in such a fit the liberation of the SouthKorea fromLee Seung Man andamericanreactions. This contradictedwouldcommunist worldview. I'm heredo not blameStalin. On the contrary, I am completely on his side. Iand myselfwould,perhaps, too, took a similar decisionif only I had to decide. "

June 25, 1950 Koreanthe People's Army (KPA) launched an offensive in the south of the country.

Border clashes initiated by both the Northand in the South, it happened before. However, large-scalewar,althoughit has long been denied the Soviet historical science, North Korea began. The United States took advantage of the fact that the representative of the USSR temporarily did not participate in the work of the UN Security Council, and achieved the adoption of a resolution proclaiming North Korea an aggressor.

The Korean civil war turned into an international one. H. Truman stated4 october1952 r.: “We are fighting in Korea so that we do not have to fightin Wichita, Chicago, New Orleans, or San Francisco Bay. " The events in Korea have become for the West confirmation of the existence of the "communist threat".
September 1950 r. the armed forces of the United States and its allied countries underflag of the UN troops landed in the rear of North Korean troops and occupied almost the entire territory of Korea, advanced to the Chinese border. On October 25, 1950, the PRC government made a decision send volunteers to Korea. In November, the Soviet Unionperthrew an air corps (26 thousand aircraft) into China and North Korea. people, 321 aircraft) to cover the Allied troops from the air. For the first time in air battles a test of the forces of the Soviet and American aviation took place. On the US side, up to 2,400 aircraft participated in the hostilities. The US command was considering the use of nuclear weapons. At a press conference on November 30, 1950. the American president called for a worldwide mobilization against communism.

By February 1951, the front line cut across Korea along the 38th parallel. Fighting before the conclusion of the armistice in 1953, they acquired a positional character.

In general, during the war, the DPRK lost 2.5 million people,China - about 1 million people, South Korea - 1.5 million people, the United States - 140 thousand (34 thousand killed and 103 thousand wounded). The USSR lost 335 aircraft in air battles, the PRC - about600 aircraft, US - 1182 aircraft.

War in korea revealed the clear superiority of the new Soviet jet aircraft MIG-17 over the American ones.INthensame timebehindduring the war years, the United States re-equipped its aircraft fleet, after which the ratio of their and soviet losses changed aboutfrom8: 1 to 2: 1.

The military clash in Korea between the two military bloc systems put the countries on the brink of war. The deployment of troops began in Chukotka, which, in the event of hostilities between the USSR and the United States, were to land in Alaska. The Soviet Union adopted a program for the construction of a powerful submarine fleet, designed to deprive the United States of dominance in the seas.

As seen from published in last years documents, the Soviet leadership sought to limit the scope of the USSR's involvement in the conflict in Korea and prevent it from escalating into a war between the two systems of alliances. Similar sentiments existed in the United States, where there was a widespread conviction in the ruling circles that the war in Korea was going “in the wrong place and at the wrong time”, so that it could spark a global clash of the two blocs.

From the memoirs of a participant in the Korean War, pilot B.S.Abakumov:

At one of the airfields near Moscow, after the November air parade over Red Square, by order of the government in 1950, a group of fighter pilots was selected to help the Korean People's Democratic Republic during the Korean War. The group was headed by three times Hero of the Soviet Union I. N. Kozhedub. The pilots were given the task of covering the skies of North Korea from American air raids and thereby protecting the borders of the Soviet Union on the distant approaches ... The theory of attacks by jet fighters has been nurtured by our theorists for a long time. Now it allegedly found confirmation precisely on the Korean front, when the Americans did not have to conduct massive battles for air superiority ... Not only captured British and Australian pilots, but also the American press and the US high command spoke about the skill of our pilots ...