Eastern Prussia - Great Germany. Eastern Prussia

Prussia (Hohenzollern) 1701-1713 I1713-1740 Friedrich Friedrich Wilhelm Friedrich I1740-1786 II Velikiy1786-1797 II1797-1840 Friedrich Wilhelm Friedrich Wilhelm Friedrich Wilhelm III1840-1861 IV1861-1888 I1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Wilhelm III1888-1918

Prussia

13. The former administration of the county of Humbinen.

But just with the pore of the architecture here at least roll! And many small cities are well preserved:

14. Love in Chernyakhovsk (Instorburg)

15. Kurkhauz in Zelenogradsk (Cranc)

Neoetics appears in Kirchi, so familiar in Russia. And as far as non-neotic chickens of gross gothic ...

16. Catholic church of the Holy Family (1906-07), now Philharmonic, in Kaliningrad.

However, these young chicks are far from the brightest elements in the landscapes of Prussian cities. Grand barracks, heirs of Teutonic castles, as it were, hint that "Prussian militarism" is not empty cliché at all.

17. Barracks in Soviet.

Yes, and Königsberg is simplified simply unprecedented - I have not seen such a fortress of the fortress, unless Petersburg sea forts. And if the famous gates were a purely decorative element:

18. Rosgar'an Gate

Then the towers and bastions of the inner ring look Grozno:

19. Wrangel Tower

And the Grand Forts of the External Ring of their last fight took in the spring of 1945 ... and belonged to our military until recently:

20. Third fort.

It, however, is clear. Having finished the "gathering of land", Prussia found that in the west, nothing good in general, but in the east - black mill and empty land, so it is not difficult that Königsberg in the 19th century was rapidly armed. And here is the other point: the unarmed eye shows how much a hundred years ago Germany was a more developed country than Russia. She, of course, is now more - but this feeling that in a hundred years this abyss did not expand at least. Bruchastka Even in the villages, an incredulously more developed infrastructure, but for me the main evidence of the said school.

They are huge, very beautiful and extremely numerous. They are the same dominants like chicks. Here you can remember that in St. Petersburg, the best schools in the 18-19 centuries kept the Germans.

Gymnasium, of course, were very noticeable in Russia ... but still not so much. And which interiors there!

And Germany was very, very industrial. In principle, the Germans were the legislators of the industry and in the Middle Ages, then behind the English and Russians behind the English and Russians, but at the second Reich, they quickly convicted. The largest industrialists of Europe of the beginning of the twentieth century were the British Armstrong, for them are the Germans of Kruppers, and only for them are Russian Putilov. Rur, Silesia, Dresden and Hamburg ... Prussia, of course, was far from industrial giants, but something oldly industrial here can be seen almost in every city.

And the German plants can themselves were not larger and numerous Russian ... But they are distinguished by much more capital pipes. The Germans have already been a hundred years ago, it was not anyway than to breathe.

Although, in general, Prussia was an agricultural region, the All Germany and the Gate of the Russian Bread Import. Most of her "factories" - industrial mills:

And then it's time to go to the hardest impression of the Kaliningrad region - the German architecture itself, as it is. Now I understand that the German handwriting in the architecture does not confuse anything. Look at these pictures and try to understand why - and I will write about it just below.

taiohara. It formulates this as follows: in the architecture there are seems to be two starts - literary and musical. Literature is, let's say the plot and syllable. In Russia, Austria-Hungary, Poland really every old house as if tells the story. Well, the music of architecture is her rhythm. The German houses are amazingly rhythmic, they do not tell anything in general, but they are not listening to their look. The German city is a melody of crossings. And it's not by chance that of the Germans and the Austrians came out Bahh, Beethoven, Mozart ...

Another German "Fishka" I would call the relationship to detail. At first glance, the German architecture is very strict, such a richness of details, as in Austria-Hungary, here not to see. But a favorite German reception is some one very good part, inscribed in a rigorous house.

Perhaps it goes back to Hanseatic times, when there were no postal addresses, and each house had a name and sculpture symbol. In the melody house, this is neither her musician executing, nor the final chord, neither is the name of the song.

Integrated something like the Germans managed even in completely utilitarian buildings. But - Raisin:

The Germans have always lived in the extreme shortage of resources, and the only way to squeeze a maximum of a minimum is to structure the minimum. From here - both Ordnung, and music, and philosophy.
And the whole relevance has found all this in the "Weimar" Germany - a ruined war and planted in a debt. Yes, the homeland of modern architecture is considered to be Moscow of the 1920s ... but not the only birthplace. Back in 1907, Verkbunds appeared - the Union of Architects and Industrialists, designed to unite architecture and industrial progress, in fact the functionalism began with this. The next step was Bauhaus - the Higher School of Construction, which opened in 1919 in Weimara, and in 1925, was overpowering in Dessau. Its influence on the world of the twentieth century was grandiose, but its graduates were built in the 1920-30 and 30s. The name Bauhaus secured over all this architectural style - the German analogue of constructivism.

Students "Bauhaus" studied music, painted under various rhythms, the cornerstone was the interaction of simple forms. Like from rectangles to blind snowflake. Bauhauz became an international phenomenon. Soviet avant-gardists with German quickly found a common language and these two schools interacted. Let's just say: from Moscow, the avant-garde side of modern architecture came out, from Bauhaus - functional.

37. Right

And not only Bauhauz. There, someone said to me that in Germany, many buildings are like Stalin's, as if hinting at the famous hypothetical sign of equality. No, this is not the case - just studied each other.

And we, and the Germans were looking for the formula of the "ideal city." The Germans built a "garden city", the samples of which are preserved in Konigsberg - Amalienau and Maraunienhof. We built the social town - according to the samples of this genre, I do not fit a separate tag. The Germans also participated in this - in, Magnitogorsk, Orsk (instead of the link - hello gabists of Kazakhstan!) And there are many where else. It seems to me that we have advanced further in the construction of the "Workers' District", Germans - in the construction of the "district for all". This is how the German Barchik looks like:

Another concept - "Color construction". Very recognizable architecture of residential areas in European cities:

But few know that the first sample of this style is on the outskirts of Chernyakhovski (Insterburg) - "Penters of the architect Hans Sharuna (1921-24):

So called the exhibition, held in 1923 in Mannheim art MuseumAlthough it originated before the First World War. Wikipedia is cited by Gustav Hartlaub, director of the museum and organizer of this exhibition: "He [This style] was associated with the cynicism and submission of the fate who embraced the Germans after they turned their rainbow hopes for the future in the dust (they found Himself outstand in expressionism). Cynicism and submission of fate constituted the negative side of the "new substance". The positive side was that direct reality were treated with increased interest, since artists had a strong desire to perceive real things as they were, without any idealizing or romantic filters. " Basically, this phenomenon embraced sculpture and painting, but also penetrated into the architecture ... in general, in Russia there is very little about this style, the explanatory selection of photos was found in English Wikipedia, and there you can appreciate that this style is very diverse. But those samples that met me in Prussia, it seems emotionally monstrously gloomy. It seems to be written on every stone - "Do what should, and be it will be." In my perception, this is such "black functionalism", the horror of the "infected logic of the world".

In a gloomy style, a lot was built. Station:

And then Hitler came and said: "The Germans! Stop!" I save you from a new reality! " (by itself, it is not about art, but about its premises). Bauhauz closed as a seedler of communism, "new reality" declared the art of degeneration. There are no large buildings of the Third Reich in the Kaliningrad region, but there are some idea, say, at home on Victory Square - from the variety of "Weimar" architecture, the fascists turned out to be the closer to something similar:

Hangars Base Luftwaffe "Reach" near Baltiysk. From here flew to bomb us. That's how the Germans remained without Prussia.

And although, contrary to the problem, Eastern Prussia was the least loyal to the NSDAP of the third Reich region, where in the 1932 elections, the Nazis scored only 34% of the votes (there is, however, I do not know what of them, I don't know), nevertheless Prussia has traditionally been a forge for the German army. From Prussia came out the color of officers and the second, and the third rees. Descendants of the Tutons could not all be valid, and it was not by chance that Prussia after the war was eliminated without a balance. Somewhere I heard that when 2 million refugees came to Germany, they were not happy about them: "You pulled us into this nightmare!". For half a month about the German past, the Kaliningrad region was afraid to remember, interest in German heritage was perceived almost by secret fascism. With all my love for Soviet architecture, I have a feeling that in Kaliningrad, at the councils, they specifically tried to build as soon as possible.

However, new buildings are no longer such as in the rest of Russia. Someone closer neoetics:

Someone - Bauhaus:

In the next part - about the German infrastructure. Iron and highways, airports, power lines.

Far
. Sketches, gratitude, disclaimer.
.
Eastern Prussia
. Forppost of the Crusaders.
Oda German architecture.
German infrastructure.
Overseas Russia. Modern flavor.
Kaliningrad / Konigsberg.
The city that is.
Ghosts Königsberg. Kneyprhof.
Ghosts Königsberg. Altstadt and Loebenicht.
Ghosts Königsberg. Rosgar'an and Tragheim.
Victory Square, or Just Square.
Konigsberg transport.
Museum of the World Ocean.
The inner ring of Königsberg. From the Friedland gate to the dams.
The inner ring of Königsberg. From the market to the amber museum.
The inner ring of Königsberg. From the amber museum to Prege.
Garden Garden Amalienau.
Rathof and Judtenten.
Ponart.
Sumbia..
Nathangia, Warmia, Batia.
Narovov, or Small Lithuania.

Western Prussia (it. WestPreußen.) It was the province of Prussia on both shores of the lower flow of the Vistula River with the capital in Danzig. It existed from 1773 to 1829 and from 1878 to 1919.

It was formed 1772/1793 from the territories that Prussia won in the sections of Poland. Friedrich II ordered the new province to get the name "Western Prussia" and that the Duchy of Prussia, united with Hermland (Warmia), was called Eastern Prussia.

The name "Western Prussia" means the West of the historic Baltic region Prussia, and did not arise in 1701 of the Kingdom of the same name with the capital in Berlin (the lands of the former Kurfdenburg Kurfenburg, which became the center of the Prussian Prussian Prussian Prussian, are located west of Western Prussia). Throughout the XIX century, with the progress of the territorial expansion of the Kingdom of the Kingdom, Prussia to the West, such a name has become even more conditional. The same meaning (regarding the Baltic territory) has the name Eastern Prussia (former duchy).

In 1939, after the inclusion of the free city of Danzig, ReichSigau Danzig-Western Prussia was formed to the third Reich.

After 1945, the state of Prussia was liquidated (formally in February 1947), Western Prussia and two thirds of Eastern Prussia became part of Poland (see Pomeranian Voivodeship), and one third of Eastern Prussia went to the USSR.

Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badadnaya_Pruscia

Prussia western(WestPreussen) - Prussian province, borders in the West with Brandenburg and Pomeranburg, in the north with the Baltic Sea, in the south with Poznan and Russia (Privilyanskaya Province) and in the East - from East P., with which she until 1878 was one province Prussia. Space 25521 square. km. Western P. occupies part of the north-worker lowland, through which the hilly North-German ridge passes here. The Vistula River cuts over this ridge with a wide fertile valley. The main heights of the plateau: Kartgauz with the Mountain Turmberg (331 m.) And the Ellbinge Mountains (198 m.).

River: Vistula, divided by Mount Montaurspice on the Vistula and Hatt, and Danziga is on the sleeves Danzig and Ellbing; On the right of Vistula, it takes an antifreeze and OSS here, and on the left: Schwarzvasser, Montau, Ferze and Motlau. Other rivers: Libe, Ellbing, Red, Leba, Step and Cude. Lake: Draussen, Gezherich, Zorgen, Tsarroomsitsky, Radaown, Gros-Citen, Muskenddorf, Faitskoye and Gros Bettinskoe. Channels: Ellbing Oberland.

Climate: Average annual temperature of 7.6 °, Konsiz 6.6 °, Shenberg (on Cortgauz plateau) 5.6 °. Precipitation annually 50 cubic meters. m.

Population. In 1895, 14,94,360 people were considered; Lutheran 702030, Catholics 758168 and Jews 20238. According to nationalities (1890): Poles 439577, Kashubov 53616, the rest are Germans. From 1886-1894. The German element has acquired 21890 hectares to enhance the German element here. Earth. Arable land and gardens 55.1%, meadows 6.4%, pastures 7.0%, scaffolding 21.3%, the rest is uncomfortable land. In 18 9 5, the wheat was removed 111.5 thousand tons, rye 311.8 thousand, barley 93 thousand, oats 170.8 thousand, potatoes of 1706 thousand, beets of 672 thousand, hay 367 thousand tons and tobacco 1685 thousand kg. Cattle of large 554 thousand heads, minor 1300 thousand, pigs of 425 thousand, horses 221 thousand significant poultry and fisheries. Mining amber and peat. Industry focuses mainly in the cities: Danzig, Ellbing, Diershau and Thorn. Shipbuilding, sawmill, glass, distillery and brewing factories. Trade is significant in Danzig and Elbing harbors. In 1896, the merchant fleet consisted of 69 vessels. Railways 1457 km. 13 gymnasiums, 4 real gymnasiums, two real schools, 19 definitions, Commercial Academy, Agricultural School, 6 Teachers Seminaries, 3 Institutes for Deaf, Institute for Blind and others. The main city is Danzig. History - see Prussia (Duchy) and Teutonic Order. Literature - see Prussia (Kingdom).

Article about the word " Prussia western" in Encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efon was read 750 times

I think, many residents of the Kaliningrad region, however, as many Poles, more than once asked themselves the question - why the border between Poland and the Kaliningrad region runs exactly the case, and not otherwise? In this note, we will try to figure out how the border was formed between Poland and the Soviet Union on the territory of the former East Prussia.

Those who at least know a little in history, knows and remembers that the Russian and Russian and German Empire They had, and partially passed it approximately the same as the current border of the Russian Federation with the Republic of Lithuania.

Then, as a result of events related to the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in 1917 and the separation world with Germany in 1918, the Russian empire broke up, its boundaries have changed significantly, and individual territories, which came into its composition, received their statehood. This is how it happened, in particular, with Poland, who has once again gained independence in 1918. In the same 1918, they founded their state and Lithuanians.

Fragment of administrative division card Russian Empire. 1914.

The results of the First World War, including the territorial losses of Germany, were enshrined by the Versaili peace treaty in 1919. In particular, significant territorial changes occurred in Pomerania and Western Prussia (the formation of the so-called "Polish corridor" and receiving Danzig with the surroundings of the status of the "Volnoye City") and East Prussia (the transfer of Memel Territory (Memelerland) under the control of the League of Nations).

Territorial losses of Germany after the end of the First World War. Source: Wikipedia.

The following (very minor) changes in the borders in the southern part of Eastern Prussia were associated with the results spent on Warmia and Mazurai in July 1921. At its end, the population of most of the territories that Poland, counting on the fact that a significant number of ethnic Poles live on them, would not mind to join themselves into the young Polish Republic. In 1923, the borders in the East-Prussian region changed again: in the Memelsk region, the Union of Lithuanian shooters was raised armed uprising, the result of the occasion of Memelland to Lithuania on the rights of autonomy and renaming the memel to Klaipeda. After 15 years, at the end of 1938, elections in the city council took place in Klaipeda, according to the results of which the victory with an overwhelming advantage (spoken by a single list), Peresetskaya parties. After March 22, 1939, Lithuania was forced to adopt Germany's ultimatum on the return of Memelland to the third Reich, on March 23, Hitler arrived in Klaipeda-Memel to Klaipeda Memel, who then spoke to residents from the balcony of the local theater and adopted parade of the vermhtack parts. Thus, the last peaceful territorial acquisition of Germany before the beginning of World War II was issued.

The joining of the Memel Territory to Germany redoned the boundaries in 1939. On September 1, the Polish campaign of the Wehrmacht began (the same date by many historians is considered the date of the beginning of World War II), and after two and a half weeks, on September 17, part of the Red Army entered the territory of Poland. By the end of September 1939, the Polish government was formed in exile, and Poland, as an independent territorial education, again ceased to exist.

Fragment of the administrative division of the Soviet Union. 1933.

Borders in Eastern Prussia have again undergone significant changes. Germany, represented by the Third Reich, occupying a large part of the second speech of the compulculation, again received the overall border with the heir of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union.

The following, but not the last, changing the borders in the region under consideration, occurred after the end of World War II. The basis for it was the decisions taken by the leaders of the Allies in 1943 in Tehran, and then at the Yalta Conference of 1945. In accordance with these decisions, the future borders of Poland in the East, common from the USSR, were identified, first of all. Later, the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 was finally determined that defeated Germany deprives all the territory of Eastern Prussia, part of which (about a third) will become Soviet, and most of Enter Poland.

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 7, 1946 on the territory of the Königsberg Special Military District, established after the victory over Germany, was formed by Konigsberg region, which became part of the RSFSR. After three months, the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 4, 1946, Konigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad, and Königsberg region to Kaliningrad.

Below, we offer the reader to transfer the article (with small abbreviations) Vella Kalisuk (Wieslaw Kaliszuk), the author and the owner of the site "History of Elblag Hills" (Historija WYSOCZYZNY ELBLąSKIEJ), how was the process of forming boundariesbetween Poland and the USSRin the territory former Eastern Prussia.

____________________________

The current Polish-Russian border begins not far from the town of Vienna ( Wiżajny) In Suwalchina, the joint of three borders (Poland, Lithuania and Russia) and ends in the West, at the town of New Carchm (NOWA KARCZMA) on the Village (Baltic) spit. The border was formed by the Polish-Soviet agreement signed in Moscow on August 16, 1945 by the Chairman of the Provisional Government of the National Unity of the Polish Republic by Edward Osc.-Moravian and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR Vyacheslav Molotov. The length of this section of the boundary is 210 km, which is approximately 5.8% of the total length of Poland boundaries.

The decision on the post-war border of Poland was adopted by allies already in 1943 at the Conference in Tehran (11/28/1943 - 12/01/1943). It was confirmed in 1945 by Potsdam Agreement (07/17/1945 - 02.08.1945). In accordance with them, Eastern Prussia was supposed to be divided by the Southern Polish part (Warmia and Mazury), and the Northern Soviet part (about a third of the former territory of Eastern Prussia), who received the name "Königsberg Special Military District" from June 10, 1945 (Coo). From 09/09/1945 to 04.02.1946, the leadership of Coo was assigned to Colonel-General K.N. Galitsky. Before that the guidance of the captured soviet troops This part of Eastern Prussia carried out the Military Council of the 3rd Belarusian Front. Military Commander of this territory General Major MA Pronin, appointed to this position, June 13, 1945, already 09.07.1945 transferred all the administrative, economic and military powers to General Galitsky. Commissioner from the NKVD-NKGB of the USSR in Eastern Prussia in the period from 11/03/1945 to 04.01.1946, Major General B.P. was appointed Trofimov, who from 24.05.1946 to July 5, 1947, held the post of head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Königsberg / Kaliningrad region. Prior to this, the Commissioner of the NKVD on the 3rd Belorussian front was Colonel General V.S. Abakumov.

At the end of 1945, soviet part East Prussia was divided into 15 administrative districts. Formally, Königsberg region was formed on April 7, 1946 as part of the RSFSR, and on July 4, 1946, with the renouncing Königsberg to Kaliningrad, the region was also renamed Kaliningrad. On September 7, 1946, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the administrative and territorial device of the Kaliningrad region was published.

"Line of Kerzon" and the borders of Poland after the end of the Second World War. Source: Wikipedia.

The decision to transfer the eastern border to the West (about the "line of Kerzon") and "territorial compensation" (Poland lost 175,67,67 square kilometers of its territory as of September 1, 1939) was taken without the participation of Poles by the leaders of the "Big Troika" - Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin during the conference in Tehran, held from November 28 to December 1, 1943. Churchill had to convey to the Polish government in exile all the "advantages" of this decision. During the Potsdam Conference (July 17 - August 2, 1945), Joseph Stalin made a proposal to establish the Western Border of Poland along the Oder - Neisse. "Friend" of Poland Winston Churchill refused to recognize the new Western borders of Poland, believing that "under the rule of the Soviets" it will increase too much at the expense of the weakening of Germany, while not objection against the loss of Poland eastern territories.

Border options between Poland and the Kaliningrad region.

Even before the conquest of Eastern Prussia, the Moscow authorities (read "Stalin") identified political borders in this region. Already on July 27, 1944, the future Polish border was discussed at a secret meeting with the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PCN). The first draft of borders on the territory of East Prussia was presented before PCN State Committee. Defense of the USSR (GKO USSR) February 20, 1945. In Tehran, Stalin drew out the contours of future borders in Eastern Prussia. The border with Poland was supposed to go from the West to the east directly to the south of Königsberg along the Rivers Pregel and Pissis (about 30 km north of the current border of Poland). The project was much more profitable for Poland. It would take the whole territory of the Village (Baltic) Spit and the city of Heiligenbeil (HeiligenBeil, now Mamonovo), Ludwigsor (Ludwigsort, now Ladushkin), Promissis-Eilau (Preußisch Eylau, now Bagrationovsk), Friedland (Friedland, Now Pravdinsk), Darkemen (Darkehmen, after 1938 - Angerapp, now Ozersk), Gerdauen (Gerdauen, now railway), Nordenburg (Nordenburg, now walleovo). Nevertheless, all cities, regardless of which from the banks of the Pregel or Pissy, they are, will then be included in the USSR. Despite the fact that Königsberg was supposed to move to the USSR, his location near the future border would not hurt to use Poland to use the Freshhes Haf Bay (now Volinsky / Kaliningrad Bay) to the Baltic Sea together with the USSR. Stalin wrote Churchill in a letter dated February 4, 1944, that the Soviet Union plans to attach to himself northeast East Prussia, including Königsberg, because the USSR would like to receive an unimportant port on the Baltic Sea. Stalin, in the same year, mentioned more than once about this in communicating both Churchill and British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, as well as during the Moscow Meeting (12.10.1944) with the Polish Government Prime Minister in Exile by Stanislav Mikolachik. The same question was raised during the meetings (from September 28 to October 3, 1944) with the delegation of Crajowa Rada Narodowa, Krajowa Rada Narodowa - a political organization created during World War II from various Polish parties and was planned to be converted to Parliament. - admin.) And PCN, organizations standing in opposition to the Polish government in London. The Polish government in exile to Stalin's claims was negative, pointing to possible negative consequences of the inclusion of Konigsberg in the USSR. On November 22, 1944, in London at the meeting of the Coordination Committee, consisting of representatives of the four parties, members of the Government in exile, it was decided to fail the allies dictate, including the recognition of the boundaries on the "Line of Kerzon".

Map with options for Kerzon Line, compiled for the Tehran Conference of the Allies of 1943.

The draft borders proposed in February 1945 was known only to the USSR GKO and the temporary government of the Polish Republic (HDPR), which was transformed from the ceasing of its activities on December 31, 1944 PCN. The Potsdam conference was decided that Eastern Prussia would be divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, but the final demarcation of the border was postponed until the next conference, already in peaceful time. It was only in general terms the future border was stipulated, which was supposed to begin at the junction of Poland, the Lithuanian SSR and Eastern Prussia, and go 4 km north of Goldap (Goldap), 7 km north of Brownsberg (Brausberg, now Branievo / Braniewo) and To end in the Vistula (Baltic) Spit about 3 km north of the current village Nova Karchm. The position of the future border on the same conditions was also discussed at a meeting in Moscow on August 16, 1945. No other agreements on the passage of the future boundary in such a way as it is laid now, there was no.

By the way, Poland has a historical right to the entire territory of the former East Prussia. Royal Prussia and Warmia moved to Prussia as a result of the first section of Poland (1772), the Polish Corona Prussian, Bydgoski 5-6 November. In accordance with them, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm I (1620 - 1688) and all its descendants from the male line were obtained by sovereignty from Poland. In the event that the men's line of Brandenburg Gogenzollers will interrupt, the duchy again had to move to the Polish crown.

The Soviet Union, supporting the interests of Poland in the West (east of the Oder - Neutise line), created a new Polish Satellite State. It should be noted that Stalin acted, first of all, in his own interests. The desire to push the borders of Poland under control of him as much as possible, was the result of a simple calculation: the western border of Poland will be simultaneously the border of the sphere of influence of the USSR, at least until the fate of Germany is clear. Nevertheless, violation of agreements on the future border between Poland and the USSR were the investigation of the subordinate position of the Polish People's Republic.

The agreement on the Polish-Soviet state border was signed in Moscow on August 16, 1945. The change in the preliminary arrangements on the border on the territory of the former Eastern Prussia in favor of the USSR and the consent of Great Britain and the United States for these actions undoubtedly indicate their unwillingness of the territorial strengthening of Poland, doomed to metication.

After adjusting the border between Poland and the USSR was supposed to be held on the northern borders of the former administrative districts of East Prussia (Crays. - admin.) Highiegenbille, Possissi-Eilau, Bartenstein (Bartenstein, is now Bartoshitz), Gerdaen, Darkemen and Goldap, about 20 km north of the current border. But in September-October 1945, the situation has changed dramatically. In some sections, the border itself was moved by the solution of commanders of individual parts Soviet army. Allegedly, Stalin himself controlled the passage of the border in this region. For the Polish side, the eviction of the local Polish administration and the population from the cities already populated and taken under the Polish city and villages was a complete surprise. Since many settlements were already populated by Polish immigrants, reached the fact that the Pole, going to work in the morning, could learn that his house was already on the territory of the USSR.

Vladislav Gomulka, while the Polish Minister for Returned Land Affairs (Returned Lands (Ziemie Odzyskane) - common name For territories, until 1939 belonging to the Third Refaire, and transferred after the end of the Second World War Poland on the decisions of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, as well as the results of bilateral agreements between Poland and the USSR. - admin.), noted:

"In the first days of September (1945), the facts of unauthorized violation of the northern border of the Mazury district of the Soviet Army authorities in the territories of Gerdaen, Bartenstein and Darkemen were recorded. The line of the border, defined at that time, was moved into the depths of Polish territory at a distance of 12-14 km. "

A striking example of one-sided and unauthorized changes in the border (12-14 km of the south of the agreed line) by the Soviet Army authorities serves the Gerdaensky district, where the border was changed after an act of distinction signed by two part on July 15, 1945. Commissioner in the Mazur district (Colonel Yakub Gorner - Jakub Prawin, 1901-1957 - Member of the Communist Party of Poland, Brigadier General of the Polish Troops, State Affairs; was the authorized representative of the Polish government at the headquarters of the 3rd Belorussian Front, then a government representative in the Warmia-Mazur district, Head of the administration of this district, and from May 23 to November 1945, the first governor of Olsztynsky Voivodeship. - admin.) He was informed in writing on September 4, that the Soviet authorities were given the order to Gerdaunensky Starright Jan Kashinsky to immediately leave the local administration and select the Polish civilian population. The next day (September 5), representatives of Ya. Right (Zygmunt Valvich, Tadeusch Smolik and Tadeuschev, Levandowski) expressed an oral protest against such orders to representatives of the Soviet military administration in Gerdauene by Lieutenant Colonel Schadrin and Captain Screw. In response, they were stated that the Polish side would notify any changes in the border in advance. In this area, the Soviet military leadership began to evict the German civilian population, while prohibiting access to these territories by Polish migrants. In this regard, September 11 from Nordenburg to the district prosecutor's office in Olsztyn (Allenstein) protested was sent. This indicates that in September 1945 this territory was Polish.

A similar situation was both in the Bartenstein (Bartoshitz) district, whose older received all the receiving documents on July 7, 1945, and already on September 14, the Soviet military authorities have gave an order to release the territory of the Schönbruch village from the Polish population and Klingenberg (Schönbruch) Klingenberg). Despite the protests of the Polish side (09/16/1945), both territories moved to the USSR.

In the area of \u200b\u200bProssisch-Eilau, Military commandant Major Malakhov passed all the powers of Steel Peter Gagatko, but already on October 16, the head of the Soviet Border Guard in this area, Colonel Golovkin informed the Strende on transferring the border to a kilometer south of Prossisch Eilau. Despite the protests of Poles (10/17/1945) the border was moved away. On December 12, 1945, on behalf of the Deputy, Jerzya Burgomistra Prossisch-Eilau liberated the city administration and transferred it to the Soviet authorities.

In connection with the unauthorized actions of the Soviet side on the transfer of the border, Yakub is correctly repeatedly (September 13, 7, 17, October 30, November 6, 1945) turned to the central authorities in Warsaw to influence the leadership of the Northern Group of Troops of the Soviet Army. The protest was headed by a representative of the server group of troops in the Mazur District Majora Elakin. But all the appeals were correct did not have any effect.

The result of arbitrary adjustments of the boundary is not in favor of the Polish side in the northern part of the Mazury district, it became that the boundaries of almost all northern obeans (Powiat - district. - admin.) were changed.

Bronislav Salyuda, researcher of this problem from Olsztyn, noted:

"... The subsequent adjustments of the line of the border could lead to the fact that part of the village already occupied by the population could be in the Soviet territory and the work of migrants for its arrangement disappeared in vain. In addition, it happened that the border separated a residential building from the economic buildings or land attributed to it. In Schurkov, it happened so that the border went through a barn for livestock. The Soviet military administration on complaints of the population answered that the loss of land here will be compensated for lands on the Polish-German border. "

The exit to the Baltic Sea from the Vistula Bay was blocked by the Soviet Union, and the final demarcation of the border on the Vistula (Baltic) spit was carried out only in 1958.

According to some historians, in exchange for the consent of the leaders of the Allies (Roosevelt and Churchill) on the inclusion of the Soviet Union of the Northern part of Eastern Prussia with Königsberg, Stalin offered to transfer to Poland to the Bialystok, Podlace, Helm and Mix.

In April 1946, the official demarcation of the Polish-Soviet border was held on the territory of the former East Prussia. But she did not put a point in changing the border in this region. Until February 15, 1956, another 16 border adjustments have occurred in favor of the Kaliningrad region. From the initial project of passing the border presented in Moscow of the USSR GKO for consideration by PCN, in the reality of the border were moved 30 km to the south. Even in 1956, when the influence of Stalinism on Poland weakened, the Soviet Strone "threatened" to the Poles "adjustment" of borders.

On April 29, 1956, the USSR offered the Polish People's Republic (Poland) to resolve the issue with the temporary limits of the border within the Kaliningrad region, which remained since 1945. The border agreement was concluded in Moscow on March 5, 1957. Poland ratified this agreement on April 18, 1957, and on May 4 of the same year, the exchange of ratified documents took place. After a few more small adjustments, in 1958 the border was determined on the ground and with the installation of border pillars.

Vollensky (Kaliningrad) Bay (838 square meters) was divided between Poland (328 square meters) and the Soviet Union. Poland, contrary to the initial plans, turned out to be cut from the exit from the bay to the Baltic Sea, which led to a violation of the emerging approaching routes, the Polish part of the Vistula Bay became the "Dead Sea". The "maritime blockade" of Elblag, Tolkmitsko, Frombork and Branievo affected the development of these cities. While the Additional Protocol was made to the agreement of July 27, 1944, which said that it would be a free exit through the Pilau shed to the Baltic Sea.

The final border was held through iron and highways, channels, settlements and even utility farms. For centuries, the folding unified geographical, political and economic territory was arbitrarily disseminated. The border was held in the territory of six former Crays.

Polish-Soviet border in Eastern Prussia. Yellow marked version of the border for February 1945;, blue - on August 1945, Red is the real border between Poland and the Kaliningrad region.

It is believed that as a result of numerous border adjustments, Poland lasted in this region relative to the initial border project of about 1125 square meters. km of territory. The border conducted by "on the line" led to numerous negative consequences. For example, between Brranvo and Goldap from once existed 13 roads 10 turned out to be cut off the border, 30 out of 32 roads were broken between the sampling and Kaliningrad. There was practically in half a dismembered and unfinished Mazury Channel. Numerous power lines and telephone communications were cut. All this could not help but lead to the deterioration of the economic situation in the settlements adjacent to the border: who wants to live in the settlement, whose belonging is not defined? There was a fear that the Soviet side can once again shifted the border to the south. Some more or less serious settlement of these places by migrants began only in the summer of 1947, during a violent resettlement in these edges of thousands of Ukrainians during the operation "Vistula".

The border practically spent from the West to the East along the latitude, led to the fact that the economic situation from Goldup to Elblag did not recolate the economic situation, although once Ellbing, who went to Poland, was the largest and most economically developed city (after Konigsberg ) in Eastern Prussia. Olsztyn became a new capital of the region, although by the end of the 1960s he was less inhabited and weakerly developed economically than Elblag. The negative role of the final section of Eastern Prussia affected the indigenous population of this region - Mazurai. All this significantly delayed the economic development of the whole region.

Fragment of administrative division of Poland. 1945 year. Source: Elbląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa.

Legend to the above-mentioned map. Dotted line - the border between Poland and the Kaliningrad region under the contract of August 16, 1945; solid line - borders of the voivodes; Point-dotted line - borders of the obesis.

The option of the border using the line (rare case for Europe) was later used to be used for the independence of African countries.

The current length of the border between Poland and the Kaliningrad region (since 1991, the border with Russian Federation) It is 232.4 km. This, including 9.5 km of the water border and 835 meters of the land border on the Baltic Spit.

Two Voivodeships have a common border with the Kaliningrad region: Pomorskoye and Warmign-Mazurskoye, and six obstacles: Novodvorsky (on the Visenic Spit), Branievsky, Bartoshitsky, Kenshinsky, Hungho'evsky and Goldepsky.

On the border there are border crossings: 6 terrestrial (automobile gronovo - Mamonovo, Ghehechotka - Mamonoi II, Freesia - Bagrationovsk, Goldap - Gusev; Railway Branvevo - Mamonovo, Skandava - Rail) and 2 sea.

On July 17, 1985, an agreement was signed between Poland and the Soviet Union on the delimitation of territorial waters, economic zones, marine fishing zones and the continentalchelph of the Baltic Sea.

The Western Border of Poland was recognized by the German Democratic Republic of the Treaty of July 6, 1950, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Border of Poland was recognized as a contract of December 7, 1970 (paragraph 3 of Article I of this Agreement states that the parties do not have any territorial claims, and refuse No complaints in the future. Nevertheless, before the union of Germany and the signing of the Polish-German Border Treaty on November 14, 1990, it was officially announced that the German lands who went to Poland after World War II are in the "temporary ownership of the Polish Administration "

The Russian enclave on the territory of the former Eastern Prussia is the Kaliningrad region - still has no international legal status. After the Second World War, the winner of the winner agreed to transfer Konigsberg to the jurisdiction of the Soviet Union, but only before signing the agreement in accordance with international law, which, ultimately, will be determined by the status of this territory. An international treaty with Germany was signed only in 1990. Sign it before prevented cold War And divided into two states Germany. And although Germany officially refused complaints about the Kaliningrad region, but the formal sovereignty over this territory Russia is not issued.

Already in November 1939, the Polish government in exile considered the issue of inclusion after the end of the war of all Eastern Prussia to Poland. Also in November 1943, the Polish Ambassador Edward Rachinsky in the Memorandum transmitted to the British authorities, among other things, mentioned the desire to include all Eastern Prussia in Poland.

Schönbruch (Schönbruch, now Szczurkowo / Shchurkovo) - Polish settlement, lying near the border itself with the Kaliningrad region. During the formation of the border, part of Schönbruha was in Soviet territory, part of Polish. The settlement on Soviet maps was marked as wide (now does not exist). Was it widely settled to figure out failed.

Klingenberg (Klingenberg, now Ostre Bardo / Barddo is the Polish settlement a few kilometers in East Schurkovo. Located at the border itself with the Kaliningrad region. ( admin.)

_______________________

As it seems to us, it will be appropriate to bring the texts of some official documentswho have the basis of the process under the division of Eastern Prussia and the distinction of the territories departed Soviet Union and Poland, and which were mentioned in the above article V. Kalikhuk.

Exposures from the materials of the Crimean (Yalta) conference of the leaders of the three Allied powers - USSR, USA and the UK

We gathered at the Crimean Conference to allow our disagreements to the Polish issue. We completely discussed all aspects of the Polish issue. We reaffirmed our overall desire to see the established strong, free, independent and democratic Poland, and as a result of our negotiations, we agreed on the conditions on which the new temporary Polish government of national unity will be formed in such a way as to obtain recognition from the three main powers.

The following agreement has been achieved:

"The new situation was created in Poland as a result of the complete liberation of its Red Army. This requires the creation of a temporary Polish government that would have a wider base than it was possible before, until the recent liberation of the Western Poland. The temporary government currently operating in Poland should therefore be reorganized on a broader democratic database with the inclusion of democratic figures from Poland itself and Poles from abroad. This new government should then be called the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity.

V.M. Molotov, Mr. U.A. Rharian and Sir Archibald Kerr Kerr empows consult in Moscow as a commission primarily with members of the present temporary government and with other Polish democratic leaders from both Poland itself and because of borders, having in mind the reorganization of the present government on the above basics. This Polish Provisional Government of National Unity must take a commitment to carry out free and uncompressed elections as soon as possible on the basis of universal election law during a secret ballot. In these elections, all anti-drug and democratic parties should have the right to take part and exhibit candidates.

When the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity is applied properly in accordance with (270) with the above, the USSR government, which currently supports diplomatic relations with the current temporary government of Poland, the Government of the United Kingdom and the US government will establish diplomatic relations with the new Polish Provisional Government of National Unity And they will exchange ambassadors, according to the reports of which the relevant governments will be aware of the situation in Poland.

The chapters of three governments believe that the eastern border of Poland should go along the Kerzon line with retreats from it in some areas from five to eight kilometers in favor of Poland. The chapters of three governments recognize that Poland should get significant increments of the territory in the north and in the West. They believe that on the issue of the amount of these increments, the opinion of the new Polish government of national unity will be requested and that, after the final definition of the Western Border of Poland, will be postponed to a peace conference. "

Winston S. Churchill

Franklin D. Roosevelt