6 forms of education in the Russian Federation. Forms of obtaining education in the Russian Federation

[Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" 273-FZ, New!] [Chapter 2] [Article 17]

1. In the Russian Federation, education can be obtained:

1) in organizations carrying out educational activities;

2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities (in the form of family education and self-education).

2. Training in organizations carrying out educational activities, taking into account the needs, capabilities of the individual and depending on the volume of compulsory classes of the teacher with the students, is carried out in full-time, part-time or part-time form.

3. Education in the form of family education and self-education is carried out with the right to further pass, in accordance with part 3 of Article 34 of this Federal Law, intermediate and state final certification in organizations carrying out educational activities.

4. A combination of various forms of education and training is allowed.

5. Forms of education and forms of training in the basic educational program for each level of education, profession, specialty and area of \u200b\u200btraining are determined by the relevant federal state educational standards, educational standards, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. Forms of training for additional educational programs and basic vocational training programs are determined by the organization carrying out educational activities independently, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

1 commentary on the entry “Article 17 Education Law. Forms of education and training "

Article 17. Forms of obtaining education and forms of training
The commented article names the forms of education and training. It should be said that in part the provisions of the commented article are not new, since Law N 3266-1 consolidated in its provisions an independent Art. 10, referred to as "Forms of education". Meanwhile, the previous legislation did not contain separate provisions on the forms of education.
The commented article introduces the forms of obtaining education and forms of training.
There are two forms of education:
1) in organizations carrying out educational activities;
2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities.
The forms of education are divided according to the forms of obtaining education:
in organizations carrying out educational activities - in full-time, part-time or part-time;
outside organizations carrying out educational activities - in the form of family education and self-education.
In a systematic analysis of the norms of the Law, however, home-based education can also be distinguished as a form of training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education (Article 66 of the Law).
Education outside organizations carrying out educational activities, possibly in scientific organizations, in other legal entities where a unit carrying out educational activities is created, in production, in organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, organizations providing treatment, health improvement and (or) rest, social service organizations (Articles 31, 73 of the Law). If we are talking about finding a child in organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, in organizations providing treatment, health improvement and (or) recreation, or organizations providing social services, then receiving an initial general, basic general, secondary general education in these organizations is provided in the event that education cannot be organized in general education organizations.
For additional professional programs, such a form of training as an internship is allowed, as well as at a time and continuously or in stages (discretely) (Article 76 of the Law).
In Law No. 3266-1, external studies were also a form of education. With the adoption of Law N 279-FZ, it no longer was a form of education and was transformed into an institute that provides state final certification in accredited educational institutions of students in the form of family education or self-education, or in non-accredited educational institutions.
Home-based education still exists - for students in need of long-term treatment, disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational organizations. In the Law, it was reflected, while earlier, before its adoption, it existed only at the level of bylaw regulation. The relevant bylaws and instructional letters have retained their significance today: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 18, 1996, N 861 (as amended on September 4, 2012) “On approval of the Procedure for the upbringing and education of disabled children at home and in non-state educational institutions", Letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 28.02.2003 N 27 / 2643-6, letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 30.03.2001 N 29 / 1470-6, letter of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR of 14.11.1988 N 17-253-6" About individual training sick children at home. "
These acts relate to the functioning of home-based schools.
Training in educational organizations is still carried out in full-time, part-time or part-time form. The choice of the form of education is provided for by the federal state educational standard for a specific specialty and direction of training and is conditioned by the possibility of obtaining education in such a specialty in part-time or part-time form.
Until the new ones are adopted, the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 22.04.1997 N 463 "On the approval of the List of specialties, the receipt of which in full-time (evening), correspondence form and in the form of external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed" and Government Resolution RF of 22.11.1997 N 1473 "On approval of the List of areas for training specialists and specialties in which obtaining higher professional education in correspondence or in the form of external studies is not allowed."
The educational organization implements the educational program in a permissible form, and the choice of the form of education is carried out by the student (his parents). The form of obtaining general education and the form of training for a specific basic general education program are determined by the parents (legal representatives) of the minor student. When the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student choose the form of obtaining general education and the form of education, the opinion of the child is taken into account.
Since local self-government bodies of municipal districts and urban districts keep records of children eligible for general education at each level and living in the territories of the respective municipalities, these bodies must also keep records of the forms of education determined by the parents (legal representatives) of children. When parents (legal representatives) of children choose the form of receiving general education in the form of family education, the parents (legal representatives) inform the local self-government body of the municipal district or urban district in whose territories they live about this choice.
The procedure for formalizing relations between the state or municipal educational organization with students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) in terms of organizing training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by a regulatory legal act of the authorized body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation.
The result of training in the form of self-education or family education is the final certification as an external student in an accredited organization that carries out educational activities.
The law establishes that such attestation for school curricula is free of charge, since the state, in accordance with Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees free and generally available basic general education. In the form of self-education, vocational training is possible. It is possible for a child to receive preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary general education in a family.
In addition to the right to final certification in an organization carrying out educational activities, students in the form of self-education and family education have the right to undergo intermediate certification.
However, in accordance with Art. 58 of the Law, passing intermediate certification is mandatory for students in the form of family education. If the intermediate control is not passed, the student acquires academic debt, which must be eliminated. In turn, educational organizations, parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, who ensure that students receive a general education, are obliged to create conditions for him to eliminate academic debt and control the timeliness of its elimination.
Students in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education in the form of family education, who have not liquidated their academic debt in due time, continue to receive education in an educational organization.
The procedure for passing certification by these students is established by the organization itself carrying out educational activities. On the issue of final certification, until the adoption of a new act, the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 06/23/2000 N 1884 (as amended on 04/17/2001) "On approval of the Regulation on obtaining general education in the form of external studies" is in force, which determines that the state ( final) certification of external students is carried out in accordance with the regulations on state (final) certification of graduates of the IX and XI (XII) classes of educational institutions of the Russian Federation. On this moment instead of the above, the Regulation on the forms and procedure for the state (final) certification of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of secondary (complete) general education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of November 28, 2008 N 362, is already in force.
External students enjoy the same rights as persons undergoing final certification as a result of training in an organization carrying out educational activities. This means, inter alia, the provision of conditions for training, taking into account the characteristics of psychophysical development and health status, including the receipt of social, pedagogical and psychological assistance, free psychological, medical and pedagogical correction; use in the manner prescribed by local regulations, medical and recreational infrastructure, cultural objects and sports facilities of an educational organization.
If the student receives preschool education in the form of family education, then the parents (legal representatives) of such students have the right to receive methodological, psychological, pedagogical, diagnostic and consulting assistance without charging a fee, including in preschool educational organizations and general educational organizations, if they have established appropriate consulting centers ... The provision of such types of assistance is ensured by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 23.06.2000 N 1884 (as amended on 17.04.2001) "On the approval of the Regulation on obtaining general education in the form of external studies", an external student has the right to:
receive the necessary consultations (within 2 academic hours before each exam);
take educational literature from the library fund of a general education institution;
attend laboratory and practical classes;
take part in various olympiads and competitions, centralized testing.
The law provides for the possibility of combining various forms of education and training. The combination may be due to the educational program, according to which the person is studying, or the transition from one form of education or training to another, for example, if the student fails to pass the certification and, thus, academic debt appears.
The forms of obtaining education and forms of training for some levels of education are determined by the Law. Thus, the Law on Education provides that general education can be obtained in organizations carrying out educational activities, as well as outside organizations carrying out educational activities, in the form of family education. And secondary general education can be obtained in the form of self-education. This allocation of secondary education is explained by the age of students, which already allows them to study independently, without parental "interference." Up to this point, training outside the educational organization is carried out with parental "participation" (family education). Getting school education is also possible at home (see the commentary to clause 1 of this article), in an organization for orphans and children left without parental care, in an organization that provides treatment, health improvement and (or) rest, an organization that provides social services ...
In addition, the forms of education and training are determined for each level of education, profession, specialty and direction of training by the federal state educational standard, educational standard. At the same time, the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 22.04.1997 N 463 "On the approval of the List of specialties, the receipt of which in part-time (evening), part-time and in the form of external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed" and the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 22.11.1997 N 1473 "On approval of the List of areas for training specialists and specialties in which obtaining higher professional education in correspondence or in the form of external studies is not allowed."
The forms of training for additional educational programs and basic vocational training programs are determined by the organization carrying out educational activities independently. Clause 6 of Art. 73 of Law N 273-FZ specifies this provision, indicating that vocational training is carried out in organizations carrying out educational activities, including in vocational training centers and in production, as well as in the form of self-education. For additional professional programs, such a form of training as an internship is allowed, as well as at a time and continuously or in stages (discretely).

For a modern person, getting an education is one of the most important stages in life. It is easier for a smart person to live both literally and figuratively. But, in order to get a diploma, it is important to know what forms of education exist now, and to understand which of them is most suitable for the current situation.

Learning stages

There are two main stages of human education, which are subdivided into several more stages. Each stage plays a very important role in the formation and formation of the personality. The task of the educational process is to develop a person's mental and physical abilities, instill good habits, discover the hidden potential for a particular occupation, and help him develop his skills.

General education

There are the following stages of the educational process:

• Preschool education. It is very important for the little man, because it is in childhood that the foundation of the future personality is laid, skills are best developed, interest in various activities is instilled, and hidden talents are discovered.
• Primary school education (grades 1-4). This stage reinforces the skills acquired in kindergarten, and also develops new ones. It is no less important for a growing person than preschool education. In addition, it is in primary school the child is socialized (if he did not go to kindergarten) and the rules of life in a team are instilled.
• Secondary general education (grades 5-9). At this time, there is a systematization and consolidation of all the knowledge gained in kindergarten and primary school, as well as the assimilation of new ones. There is a gradual preparation for adulthood, children are becoming more and more independent and no longer need their parents as they used to.
• Secondary complete education (grades 5-11). In the 10th and 11th grades, the material learned in the secondary school is repeated, preparation for studying at the university is carried out. The character of a person is already practically formed, and before graduation from school, one can observe a full-fledged personality with his own unique habits and beliefs.

Professional education

We already know the forms of obtaining general education, now it is the turn of a professional one. Young people receive it after graduation from school. Such education is available to receive throughout a person's life. Its purpose is to give a person a profession, to instill in him the necessary qualities, skills and abilities for work, as well as additional knowledge. Therefore, the forms of obtaining vocational education are numerous and varied. This is necessary so that the student is guaranteed to be able to acquire the appropriate skills.

The learning process includes the following stages:

• Secondary vocational education. It can be obtained from specialized schools, colleges and technical schools.
• Higher professional education. It provides much more opportunities than the average, in addition, a person with a university diploma can go into science and get an academic degree. People with higher education are more willingly hired than with secondary special education, plus, during the time of study at the university, such character traits as responsibility, discipline and punctuality develop in a person.
• Refresher courses. This type of training takes less time than all of its cousins. It is already received by real specialists to deepen their skills and knowledge, in order to become a real professional in their field.

Now you need to find out what forms of education and training exist in the Russian Federation.

Consider what the school offers in this regard?

How the child will receive a certificate is determined by the parents or legal representatives. If a citizen is an adult, then he has the right to choose the type of education for himself. This could be:

• full-time;
• self-education (self-study at home);
• external studies.

Full-time

Teaching on it is standard, as most schoolchildren in Russia study. Full-time education involves attending school on a schedule set by the administration of the institution, listening to lessons, completing assignments and communicating with classmates. This type is the most favorable for the student, as it develops the child's communication skills, teaches him to live in a team and communicate with a variety of people.

But the full-time form of education also has its drawbacks, which include a difficult regime for the child. Not every child is able to force himself to go to bed at 9 pm in order to get to school at 6 in the morning. Most often, the regime is controlled by mom. It's also hard for teenagers to keep to the schedule. In addition, the disadvantages of the full-time form include relationships with peers in the team. After all, they do not always develop the way the child or his parents would like. For a student, a change of environment is also a great stress, and it is this factor that sometimes outweighs all the others in favor of home schooling or an external study, which will be discussed in the next paragraph.

Externship

There are various forms of education, but it is this method that has the greatest legal regulation. A person who learns in this way is an external student. This is a person mastering general education programs on their own. The student has the right to intermediate and final certification in educational institutions. In other words, to study on an external program means to master all disciplines on your own, according to a compiled schedule, and come to an educational institution only to pass the exams, which is necessary to confirm the successful mastering of the school curriculum.

To learn in this way or not is a personal choice of everyone. Parents and children will find a lot of pros and cons in this option. One way or another, this method is simply necessary in various situations, for example, children with difficult life situations, when it becomes impossible to visit an educational institution. In any case, external study as a form of education is very good and is simply necessary for many students.

Self-education (a form of family education)

This form of education is no different from the external study, except that the student is not enrolled in any educational institution. Consequently, he cannot pass the necessary exams to confirm the development of all programs, because, saying in simple words, does not officially study anywhere. His status as a student is not registered anywhere, which means that in the future he will not be able to enter any university. Various forms of education differ from this in their reliability and security. Studying in other forms, the future student receives a guarantee of the opportunity to enter an institute or university.

Methods of obtaining a diploma of graduation from the university and their description

The forms of education in the Russian Federation are varied and numerous. Below we will look at each of them.

Full-time education

Full-time education at a university is almost the same as in a school. Already an adult, not a child, attends lectures at an institute or university, performs assignments, participates in seminars and periodically undergoes intermediate certification. At the same time, the student is officially registered as a student and can receive a state diploma upon graduation from the university (provided that the institution has the right to issue such documents).

Part-time (evening) training

Forms of receipt higher education include such activities. Unlike the previous type of training, where about 70% of the study time is allocated to classes with a teacher, much less hours are allocated for lectures. There can be no more than 10 hours of listening to the material per week, and the rest of the time is intended for self-preparation. This form of study is called evening because classes for students begin after 18:00. Therefore, studying in this way is ideal for those who have already found a job. Classes for evening students are the same as for full-time students - lectures, seminars, open events, etc.

Distance learning, or external studies

Here 70% of the time is devoted to self-study, and only 30% is allotted to attending lectures. Students, unlike their counterparts who visit the university every day, have an orientation session, which they take in the first months after entering the university. This is usually October-November. Part-time education is ideal for those who work or sit with a child, as well as those who, due to some circumstances, could not enroll in the daytime department.

Distance learning

The distance learning system appeared not so long ago, but has already managed to firmly take root in many universities. Its essence is that the student and the teacher interact remotely with each other, exchanging tasks and completed work. Such communication is carried out mainly via the Internet. With the help of distance learning, it is much more convenient to receive education by correspondence. After all, LMS allows the student to receive assignments in a timely manner, and provides the teacher with the convenience and speed of their checking. All the components of standard learning are saved here - lectures, colloquia, grades, etc.

Now you can see how rich and diverse the forms of education are. One has only to choose the most suitable one and start preparing for the entrance exams.

1. In the Russian Federation, education can be obtained:

2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities (in the form of family education and self-education).

2. Training in organizations carrying out educational activities, taking into account the needs, capabilities of the individual and depending on the volume of compulsory classes of the teacher with the students, is carried out in full-time, part-time or part-time form.

3. Education in the form of family education and self-education is carried out with the right of subsequent passage in accordance with the intermediate and state final certification in organizations carrying out educational activities.

4. A combination of various forms of education and training is allowed.

5. Forms of education and forms of training in the basic educational program for each level of education, profession, specialty and area of \u200b\u200btraining are determined by the relevant federal state educational standards, educational standards, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. Forms of training for additional educational programs and basic vocational training programs are determined by the organization carrying out educational activities independently, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Commentary on Art. 17 of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

The commented article names the forms of education and training. It should be said that in part the provisions of the commented article 17 of the Law on Education of Russia are not new, since Law N 3266-1 consolidated in its provisions an independent Art. 10, referred to as "Forms of education". Meanwhile, the previous legislation did not contain separate provisions on the forms of education.

The commented article introduces the forms of obtaining education and forms of training.

There are two forms of education:

1) in organizations carrying out educational activities;

2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities.

The forms of education are divided according to the forms of obtaining education:

in organizations carrying out educational activities - in full-time, part-time or part-time;

outside organizations carrying out educational activities - in the form of family education and self-education.

In a systematic analysis of the norms of the Law, however, home-based education can also be distinguished as a form of training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education ().

Education outside organizations carrying out educational activities, possibly in scientific organizations, in other legal entities where a unit carrying out educational activities is created, in production, in organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, organizations providing treatment, health improvement and (or) recreation, social service organizations (,). If we are talking about finding a child in organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, in organizations providing treatment, health improvement and (or) recreation, or organizations providing social services, then receiving an initial general, basic general, secondary general education in these organizations is provided in the event that education cannot be organized in general education organizations.

For additional professional programs, such a form of training as an internship is allowed, as well as at a time and continuously or in stages (discretely) ().

In Law No. 3266-1, external studies were also a form of education. With the adoption of Law N 279-FZ, it no longer became a form of education and was transformed into an institution that provides state final certification in accredited educational institutions of students in the form of family education or self-education, or in non-accredited educational institutions.

Home-based education still exists - for students in need of long-term treatment, disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational organizations. In the Law, it was reflected, while earlier, before its adoption, it existed only at the level of bylaw regulation. The relevant bylaws and instructional letters have retained their significance today: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 18, 1996 N 861 (as amended on September 4, 2012) "On approval of the Procedure for the upbringing and education of disabled children at home and in non-state educational institutions ", letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 28.02.2003, N 27 / 2643-6, letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 30.03.2001, N 29 / 1470-6, letter of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR of 14.11.1988 N 17-253-6" On individual home education for sick children. "

These acts relate to the functioning of home-based schools.

Training in organizations that carry out educational activities is still carried out in full-time, part-time or part-time form. The choice of the form of education is provided for by the federal state educational standard for a specific specialty and direction of training and is conditioned by the possibility of obtaining an education in such a specialty in full-time or part-time form.

Until the new ones are adopted, the RF Government decree of 22.04.1997 N 463 "On approval of the list of specialties, the receipt of which in full-time (evening), correspondence and external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed" and the Government decree RF of 22.11.1997 N 1473 "On approval of the List of areas for training specialists and specialties in which obtaining higher professional education in correspondence or in the form of external studies is not allowed."

The educational organization implements the educational program in a permissible form, and the choice of the form of education is carried out by the student (his parents). The form of obtaining general education and the form of education for a specific basic general education program are determined by the parents (legal representatives) of the minor student. When the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student choose the form of obtaining general education and the form of education, the opinion of the child is taken into account.

Since local self-government bodies of municipal districts and urban districts keep records of children eligible for general education at each level and living in the territories of the respective municipalities, these bodies must also keep records of the forms of education determined by the parents (legal representatives) of children. When parents (legal representatives) of children choose the form of receiving general education in the form of family education, the parents (legal representatives) inform the local self-government body of the municipal district or urban district in whose territories they live about this choice.

The procedure for formalizing relations between a state or municipal educational organization with students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) in terms of organizing training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by a regulatory legal act of the authorized government body subject of the Russian Federation.

The result of training in the form of self-education or family education is the final certification as an external student in an accredited organization that carries out educational activities.

The law establishes that such attestation in school curricula is free of charge, since the state, in accordance with Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, guarantees free and generally accessible basic general education. In the form of self-education, vocational training is possible. It is possible for a child to receive preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary general education in a family.

In addition to the right to final certification in an organization carrying out educational activities, students in the form of self-education and family education have the right to undergo intermediate certification.

However, in accordance with the passage of intermediate certification is mandatory for students in the form of family education. If the intermediate control is not passed, the student acquires academic debt, which must be eliminated. In turn, educational organizations, parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, who ensure that students receive a general education, are obliged to create conditions for him to eliminate academic debt and control the timeliness of its elimination.

Students in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education in the form of family education, who have not liquidated their academic debt in due time, continue to receive education in an educational organization.

The procedure for passing certification by these students is established by the organization itself carrying out educational activities. On the issue of final certification, until the adoption of a new act, the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 06/23/2000 N 1884 (as amended on 04/17/2001) "On approval of the Regulation on obtaining general education in the form of external studies" is in force, which determines that the state ( final) certification of external students is carried out in accordance with the regulations on the state (final) certification of graduates of IX and XI (XII) classes of general educational institutions of the Russian Federation. At the moment, instead of the above, the Regulation on the forms and procedure for the state (final) certification of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of secondary (complete) general education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of November 28, 2008 N 362, is already in force.

External students enjoy the same rights as persons who undergo final certification as a result of training in an organization carrying out educational activities. This means, inter alia, the provision of conditions for training, taking into account the characteristics of psychophysical development and health status, including the receipt of social, pedagogical and psychological assistance, free psychological, medical and pedagogical correction; use in the manner prescribed by local regulations, medical and recreational infrastructure, cultural facilities and sports facilities of an educational organization.

If a student receives preschool education in the form of family education, then the parents (legal representatives) of such students have the right to receive methodological, psychological, pedagogical, diagnostic and advisory assistance without charging a fee, including in preschool educational organizations and general educational organizations, if corresponding consulting centers have been created for them. The provision of such types of assistance is ensured by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of 23.06.2000 N 1884 (as amended on 17.04.2001) "On the approval of the Regulation on obtaining general education in the form of external studies", the external student has the right to:

receive the necessary consultations (within 2 academic hours before each exam);

take educational literature from the library fund of a general education institution;

attend laboratory and practical classes;

take part in various olympiads and competitions, centralized testing.

The law provides for the possibility of combining various forms of education and training. The combination may be due to the educational program, according to which the person is studying, or the transition from one form of education or training to another, for example, if the student fails to pass the certification and, thus, academic debt appears.

Forms of obtaining education and forms of training for some levels of education are determined by the Law. Thus, the Law on Education provides that general education can be obtained in organizations carrying out educational activities, as well as outside organizations carrying out educational activities, in the form of family education. And secondary general education can be obtained in the form of self-education. This allocation of secondary education is explained by the age of the students, which already allows them to study independently, without parental "interference." Up to this point, education outside the educational organization is carried out with parental "participation" (family education). Getting school education is also possible at home (see the commentary to clause 1 of this article), in an organization for orphans and children left without parental care, in an organization that provides treatment, health improvement and (or) rest, an organization that provides social services ...

In addition, the forms of education and training are determined for each level of education, profession, specialty and direction of training by the federal state educational standard, educational standard. At the same time, the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 22.04.1997 N 463 "On the approval of the List of specialties, the receipt of which in part-time (evening), correspondence form and in the form of external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed" and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 22.11.1997 N 1473 "On approval of the List of areas for training specialists and specialties in which obtaining higher professional education in correspondence or in the form of external studies is not allowed."

The forms of training for additional educational programs and basic vocational training programs are determined by the organization carrying out educational activities independently. specifies this provision, indicating that vocational training is carried out in organizations that carry out educational activities, including in vocational training centers and in production, as well as in the form of self-education. For additional professional programs, such a form of training as an internship is allowed, as well as at a time and continuously or in stages (discretely).