Intestinal infection in children Symptoms Prevention. Acute intestinal infection. Complications of the infectious process

The acute intestinal disorder in the child is manifested by vomiting and a liquid chair, a sharp increase in temperature. Against a preliminary healthy state, such a phenomenon indicates that rotavirus activated. There are good ways of treating intestinal infection in children at home.

Important! Rotavirus pathogens multiply in the gastrointestinal bodies. Nausea begins, which is accompanied by vomiting. In infants the virus is manifested by fever. In this case, the stomach hurts, there is a general state of lethargy, severe weakness, no appetite.

What is important to know about rotavirus infection

It is especially dangerous to develop such infection in children who are still feeding in breast milk. The virus breeds in the walls of the small intestine, its cells help to digest carbohydrates. Villages, which are on these cells, due to the active development of the virus are damaged. As a result, the process of digestion of sugar contained in milk is disturbed. That is, with a rotavirus infection, the absorption of milk is reduced.

The consequences of the virus are the most difficult in treatment.

Symptoms of intestinal infection

Other clinical symptoms that accompany an intestinal infection (vomiting, a rich liquid chair, intoxication of the body), require immediate treatment.

Important! At the first symptoms of the intestinal infection, doctors urgently cause, but as long as the doctor on the way, parents must carry out the right treatment of intestinal infection in children at home.

Signs in children

During the disease, the body temperature can increase, nausea, vomiting, sluggish condition, pale color, the constant desire to sleep, diarrhea, disappears. If the child appeared such symptoms - immediately refer to the doctor to prevent the body's dehydration.

Home assistance in intestinal infections

Before answering a question than to treat an intestinal infection in children, the doctor will advise adhere to certain rules.

Food

First of all, it is necessary to start adherence to the diet for a child:

1. For the reasons described above, the dairy products are strictly prohibited.
2. From the diet you need to exclude products that cause fermentation processes in the stomach. These are fruits, juices, various fruit-based purees.
3. In the peak of the disease, there is more porridge cooked on the water, suitable for nutrition of liquid potato mashed potatoes, a small amount of boiled wipe meat.

What to do before the doctor's arrival

What to do if a strong intestinal infection has a child:

1. Drink a lot. With vomiting, as well as diarrhea from the body, electrolytes and mineral salts are washed out. This can lead to dehydration, so the child must drink a lot. In addition to water, you should give a drinking fastening tea with sugar.
2. Take a remedy. This is a powder that contains mineral salts, separate vitamins to maintain the forces of the children's body into critical moments. The bag is divorced (for infants one quarter) liter of water.
3. Damage activated carbon or other sorbent (at the rate of one tablet per 10 kg of weight). Sorbents are needed to absorb toxins.
4. Stop feeding the child. Break lasts from 6 to 12 hours. Solid food with intestinal infection will cause new vomit urge.

What to do is strictly prohibited

In the treatment of intestinal infection in children at home, it is strictly forbidden to give a child from diarrhea. With an unspecified diagnosis, they may worsen the patient's condition.

Do not recommend riding children with a solution of manganese. The effectiveness of the means for viral infection is small, but the large volume of fluid enhances vomiting and provokes dehydration. In addition, the concentrated solution of manganese leads to the burns of mucous membranes in kids.

In acute intestinal infection, children are not suitable for receiving such drugs such as Linex, Hilak Forte. While the chair is liquid and vomiting continues - these are symptoms of acute intestinal infection, all drugs based on bacteria are meaningless. You should not give anything, even crackers.

Important! If the body temperature is raised, and with intestinal infections in children it happens often, it is forbidden to rub the child with vodka or vinegar. For the body, which is sick, it will be a strong toxic blow (toxins are penetrated into the body through the skin).

How to treat intestinal infection in a child

Treatment of intestinal infections in children must be coordinated with a children's doctor.

In children under the year

If your child is on breastfeeding, you do not need to translate it to artificial nutrition. It is necessary to feed the same volume, only smaller doses and more often so that food is better digested and vomiting has not been provoked. Antibiotics for children with rotavirus infection are not recommended. You can use the smell.

Spaling

How is there a intestinal infection in children? It is necessary to give a lot of water, despite the fact that he does not want to drink. With the help of fluid from the body, it turns out to withdraw toxins, as well as fill the lost vitamins, trace elements. Drinking should be offered by small portions - tea or dessert spoons, so as not to strengthen vomiting.

Additionally, you need to take special medicines in the form of powders that will help support the forces of the body. The most popular facility is a regions. Powder is divorced in a liter of water, drink will reimburse the loss of water and salts, eliminate the sharp loss of fluid.

Quickly remove the symptoms of intestinal infection will help tour. The tool contains not only salts, but also a chamomile extract (additional anti-inflammatory action). Powder is divorced in a glass of water. If there are no necessary drugs at hand, you can simply disobey the salt and sugar solution. In 1 liter of water dissolve 1 tsp. Salts, having half of the dessert spoon of soda and eight small sugar spoons.

Diet

If the doctor has established that hospitalization is not required, then further home treatment falls on the shoulders of parents. For breasts, you need to abandon the valbamine (connect a few days after the symptoms stop). For older children, you can give porridge (not wheat only), cook vegetables, wipe boiled meat. The use of baked apples, fermented food and beverages is allowed.

I need to give food often and small portion pieces. Watch that after meals the state does not deteriorate. You should not force a child: if it is eating a couple of spoons after such a severe infection - it is already good. Optionally use crushing, drying or cookies. The first few days (with the exception of the baby) the child can rumm. It is recommended to give him rice or oat decoction of 2-3 days, and then begin to diversify the diet.

Antibiotic treatment

Some intestinal infections in kids are treated with antibiotics. Here are medicines from intestinal infection for children:

• Metronidazole;
• Ciprofloxacin;
• Norfloxacin.

Such drugs should be used strictly by appointment of the doctor, with a confirmed bacterial infection. From other medicines, you can use:

• Recider;
• Enterosgel;
• Smacks or activated carbon.

To restore the microflora, apply: Linex, Canadian yogurt, acipol.

Treatment after intestinal infection

After the course of treatment, children need to pass re-analyzes to make sure that the lack of carriage infection. During the treatment of the child is on dietary nutrition, after recovery, you should not interrupt it immediately. Thus, it can be done only worse - the body is not ready to use different delicious foods, it may not have time to digest it. Also, the body of the child must be ensured by enzymes.

Prevention

The most efficient way of prevention is vaccination. It is also necessary to follow the rules of hygiene: wash your hands before meals, after the toilet, carefully flush food products, handle new acquired toys, follow the quality of drinking water. It is necessary to teach the child to sanitary and hygienic rules.

In order not to carry out the treatment of intestinal infection in children at home, you need to know how to avoid such a state. Ensure the child completely from sources of infection will be easy.

Alas, intestinal infections "involve" with children hardly, not as often as ARVI. How to behave like parents who suspected their kids with intestinal infection? And is there any ways to prevent dangerous infection?

Intestinal infections in children manifest themselves a number of diseases that are caused by the activity of pathogenic viruses or bacteria affecting the gastrointestinal system. It is not surprising that the basic and most obvious symptoms of almost all intestinal infections are vomiting and diarrhea.

Intestinal infections in children: situations when a child needs a doctor

Intestinal infections (like any others) in children can be both viral and bacterial - difference, as can be seen from the names, in the nature of the pathogen. Among.

In addition to rotavirus, intestinal infections that are most common in children include:

• Enterovirus
• Dysentery

According to WHO statistics, about 2 million children under 5 years old die every year around the world from intestinal infections.

However, you should not be afraid and despair! Pediatricians argue - more than 90% of all cases of intestinal infections in children disease can be defeated without the use of any special medicines, at home, only observing measures against dehydration of the children's body.

However, there are insidious and terrible 10% of intestinal infections in children - these are cases of the disease, when there can be no speech about any self-treatment. When the main task of parents and loved ones, it is as quickly as possible to deliver the child to the hospital to infectious professionists.

So, if you suspect the intestinal infection, the child immediately needs urgent medical care if:

1. It cannot be supplemented (the child either can not swallow water, or immediately shook her back);
2. In feces or in the vomit masses, blood clots are found;
3. Explicit signs of dehydration, which include:

• dry skin and mucous membranes;
• the so-called "dry" language;
• lack of tears and sweat;
• the absence of urination (never wrote over the last 5-6 hours).

1. In diarrhea or vomit there are the following accompanying symptoms:

• the child is strongly illuminated;
• his skin has a pale color;
• or ;
• there is a sharp and strong increase in body temperature;
• the baby complains about a strong headache.

Signs and symptoms of intestinal infection in children

The above-mentioned signs and symptoms describe situations where one or other intestinal infection acquires a heavy or even deadly shape. But, fortunately, such situations arise not often. In most cases, infection with intestinal infection is usually expressed by a number of universal symptoms:

• A slight increase in body temperature;
• Baked, pallor, drowsiness;
• Failure to eat;
• Diarrhea (diarrhea);
• Vomiting.

Alas, most parents instantly associate infection by one or another intestinal infection exclusively with diarrhea - they say, since my child is diarrhea, it certainly "picked up" at least dysentery. In fact, any intestinal infection always has several symptoms (and not the only one), among which diarrhea is far from the most important and not the very first.

How is intestinal infections

Infection occurs when the pathogenic virus or bacterium falls into the child's body, namely, in his gastrointestinal system. The infection of intestinal infections in children affect the three most important factor:

• Wearer people (that is, it is possible to get infected from a sick person, for example, through a kiss or by going with him one on two apple);
• Food (picked up the pathogenic virus or bacterium, by eating a low-quality or non-freight product);
• Water quality (This is the most common and ubiquitous path of spreading intestinal infections - through polluted water).

Features of the treatment of intestinal infections in children

Prevention of dehydration. Only a number of intestinal infections in children are treated with antibiotics. Most take place by themselves, under the onslaught of the child's immune system, which a few days later develops the necessary protection against the disease. The task of the children's body is to hold out these few days. And the most dangerous risk at this time for the child is not the activities of harmful microbes or bacteria, but banal dehydration.

If the parents know exactly how to protect the children's body from dehydration, their baby is not terributed by almost a single intestinal infection.

How and how to eat a child during an intestinal infection, let's tell me slightly lower and in the most detailed.

Fighting high temperature. We used to assume that the elevated body temperature in a child, for example, with ORVI, does not need to knock, if it has not crossed the framework of 38 ° C. However, in the case of intestinal infections in children. Basically, precisely because heat provokes significant fluid losses by the body, namely, dehydration is particularly dangerous with intestinal infections in children.

If a child has an intestinal infection is accompanied by an increase in body temperature - it needs to give an antipyretic means to avoid dehydration and intoxication of the body. But besides this, it is extremely important to constantly eat a child.

Remember: The higher the body temperature of the kid with an intestinal infection, the more intense it is necessary to poison!

Treatment of intestinal infections in children with antibiotics. We have already mentioned that only a small percentage of intestinal infections require the treatment of antimicrobial means. Moreover, the use of antibiotics in intestinal infections is strictly regulated by WHO.

So, the testimony for the use of antibiotics in intestinal infections in children approved by the World Health Organization:

Only in these three cases, the use of antibiotics with intestinal infection in the child is justified and efficiently. In all other cases, antimicrobial therapy is practically meaningless and unfounded.

Treatment of intestinal infections in children with the help of sorbents. Some reson on the use of sorbents (special drugs capable of selectively absorbing inside the tract Most poisons, toxins and other harmful substances) are present in intestinal infections - they really, due to their absorbing ability, can save the body from the re-equipment of toxins, gases and other "harm" .

Alas, WHO has no instructions regarding the use of sorbents with intestinal infections in children (since there are no direct evidence of the expediency of using such drugs). However, many Pediatrician practitioners believe that the use of sorbents really helps to some extent to protect the children's organism from dehydration and intoxication in intestinal infections. There is no single opinion yet, but at least no one has yet been able to prove that the use of sorbents is clearly harmful to the body.

Famous Children's doctor, Dr. E. O. Komarovsky: "The moderate efficiency of using sorbents with intestinal infections in children is uniquely present."

How and how to disappear a child during vomiting and diarrhea with intestinal infections

The best preparations for the speedy replenishment of the physiological norms of the body fluid are tools for oral rehydration. These include such drugs as: regiders, humana electrolyte, orasan, tour, moratonik and others.

These drugs are effective against any dehydration and useful for any infections, not only with intestinal. But there is a nuance!

If, for example, when ORVI, the child loses fluid from fever and at the same time flatly refuses to drink salty (it's truth to say frankly tasteless) solution, you can easily offer it a substitute for much more delicious tea, compote or morse.

However, with intestinal infections, such a "focus" will pass: to restore the vital water-salt balance of the body of the child, it will have to fill the loss of fluid with the help of saline solutions. Because it is the loss of salts in intestinal infections that are especially great and most dangerous.

If you may not buy pharmacy for oral rehydration for any reason, then in extreme cases, a similar solution can be prepared independently (the recipe is recommended by WHO). This will require:

• 1 liter of water
• 2 tbsp. Spoons of sugar
• 1 h. Spoonful salt
• 1 h. Spoon of food soda

All ingredients must be mixed thoroughly - and now the solution is ready for use. But before you give it to the child, it is necessary to heat the solution to the body temperature of the child (i.e., if the kid's body temperature is 36.6 ° C - the solution should also be heated to 36.6 ° C, and if a child is 38 ° C - then The solution should be heated to 38 ° C). What is it for? All simple - the absorption rate of fluid into the blood becomes the maximum only when the fluid temperature is compared with the body temperature.

Dr. Komarovsky: "If you manage to effectively and timely fill the loss of fluid in a child with an intestinal infection, then with a probability of 90% it will pass by itself for 4-5 days, without any medicinal therapy"

How and how to feed the child with intestinal infection

It is obvious that almost any food against the background of any intestinal infection (and especially meat products, dairy products, etc.) significantly worsens the course of the disease. This is due to the fact that during the occurrence of intestinal infection (and some time after recovery), enzymatic activity in the system of the Children's system is sharply reduced.

Therefore, theoretically, an ideal, a child with an intestinal infection, in the name of a speedy recovery, should be "planted" for 1-2-day starvation, or at least - on a strict diet with a mass of restrictions.

Meanwhile, not all children and the more worship are not all parents are ready (not only morally, but also physically!) To withstand such "medical starvation". In this regard, the WHO recommendations insist that the child during the intestinal infection can be fed almost exactly the same way as before infection. And especially this concerns children with a low body weight - they are hungry or "fast" during the flow of intestinal infection is generally catastrophically dangerous.

However, if your child has a normal body weight, then during the disease, it is very useful to translate it to a liquid vegetarian diet (that is, the diet should consist mainly of liquid dishes based on cereals and vegetables).

How to feed the child immediately after the intestinal infection

Recall: during the majority of intestinal infections, the child arises temporary enzymatic failure - that is, the activity of enzymes for a while is significantly reduced. But moreover, this insufficiency remains some time after the disease. It is extremely important to consider when making a menu for a recovering child.

The situation often consists like this: the baby recovers after the intestinal infection, its condition is improving and wakes up appetite. And here are the parents (and especially grandmothers) on joys to put on the table, as in that famous film - "Emergency Yes,". But the physiologically, the child's body to such females is still not ready - he simply has no enzymes in order to digest such a lunch. And then the under-digestible food enters the intestine, where he begins to wander and rot, becoming a new reason for what.

Sharp intestinal infections (OKI) is a group of infectious diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral way. Usually accompanied by disorders of digestion (vomiting, diarrhea) and a deterioration of the general condition (increase, weakness, etc.). The most common and most unpleasant intestinal infections are dysenecia, salmonellosis, escherihosis (intestinal wand) and rotavirus infection. Therefore, the conversation will come about them separately in the relevant chapters. Here we will analyze only general questions, what unites all intestinal infections.

Fecal-oral transmission mechanism. The causative agent of the infection is released into the external environment with the feces of the patient and can get into the water with a bad sewage system, in writing, to the surrounding items, and through them in the mouth of a person. Most often wine - dirty hands. So that the infection fell into your hands is enough to hold for the door handle, which sick sick, after visiting the toilet.

Easy to get infected, revealing the unwashed vegetables, using a common with sick dishes, using infected non-filled water or having listed in the dining room, where sanitary standards have not been observed when cooking. In the transfer of infection, flies play a certain role.

There are both in the form of individual cases and in the form of epidemic flashes. The development of epidemics contributes to violations of sanitary and hygienic standards (for example, poor-quality disinfection of wastewater and entering them into drinking water or in bathing). Oki are common everywhere, and they are very easy to get infected. Among the patients with intestinal infections, 70% are children. By virtue of insufficient harvesting and relative immaturity of the digestive system, children are improved to them. In addition, immunity to intestinal infection is usually not resistant, and it can be easily overcome again. Especially suffer from intestinal infections breast kids: The disease usually occurs heavily and sometimes ends in deplorable.

Factors contributing to the occurrence of Oka:

• Poor water supply.
• Bad sewage system.
• Bad sanitary and hygienic conditions.
• Failure to comply with elementary hygienic rules (wash hands before eating, drinking boiled water and other).
• Disruption of food storage.
• Early cessation in infants. Breast milk is not only sterile and cannot be spoiled, but also contains various immune protection factors from infections that are not in any artificial mixture.
• Contribute to the adoption of intestinal infections attenuation and depletion of the child, poor immunity, chronic diseases are all that helps to reduce the protective forces of the body. Intestinal infections are:
• Bacterial (pathogens - bacteria).

Of course pathogenic (necessarily cause Oci):

• dieseneria or Shigellosis (pathogen - Shigella);
• salmonellosis (pathogen - Salmonella);
• escherichiosis (pathogen - intestinal wand);
• cholera (causative agent - cholera vibrion);
• typhoid fever.

Conditional pathogenic (cause or do not cause OKI, depending on the concomitant conditions):

• campylobacteriosis (causative agent - Campylobacter);
• staphylococcal infection (causative agent - staphylococcus);
• protectory infection (pathogen - protein);
• klebseyellez (causative agent - Kleb-Siella) and others.

Giardiasis (pathogen - Giardia), etc.

The growth of bacterial intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonellosis, echerykhiosis) is usually observed in summer, and viral (rotavirus infection) - in winter.
In some cases (and even very often it happens) the intestinal infection causative is not possible. Then the patient is diagnosed with: "acute intestinal infection of unclear etiology."

Symptoms of intestinal infection in children

The incubation period of the eye is from several hours to several days. The clinic prevays the defeats of the digestive and central nervous system, as well as signs of dehydration.

Vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. All intestinal infections affect digestion organs. The symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders depend more on which specifically the organ is the inflammatory process, rather than what the causative agent is caused by OCI. Therefore, with Oka, there will be one of the following manifestations:

Gastritis is a pathological process at the stomach level. The main symptom of gastritis vomiting. Usually vomiting is frequent, multiple, accompanied by nausea. Characteristic for the Oka caused by staphylococcus.

Enteritis. The delicate intestine is affected. The main symptom is a frequent, abundant, watery chair, accompanied by pain in the stomach, flatulence. It may be a frothy (characteristic of a rotavirus infection), with an admixture of greenery (characteristic of salmonellase, etc.) and transparent mucus.

Colitis. Defeat of the large intestine. Symptoms: meager, liquid stool with blood and muddy mucus, grabs-like abdominal pain, frequent defecation pains, may be painful false urges - tenesmas (the patient wants to go, but he does not work). Colitis is a typical sign of dysentery.

Gastroenteritis. Combines signs of gastritis and enteritis: multiple vomiting and a frequent liquid abundant chair.

Enterocolit. Combines signs of enteritis and colitis: a frequent liquid flicker chair with impurities of greenery, blood and mucus, endless bey for defecation.

Gastroenterocolite. In a child and vomiting, diarrhea, and mucus with blood in a chair.
Disorders of the central nervous system. Bacteria distinguish toxins, poisoningly acting on the nervous system. Depending on the severity of the flow, the following signs may be found in various combinations:

• High temperatures up to 39 ° C and higher.
• Weakness, lethargy, headache, deterioration of well-being.
• Motor and mental anxiety, replacing oppressing up to the loss of consciousness and coma. Possible confusion of consciousness, nonsense, hallucinations, sleep disorder, convulsions.
• Changing the color of the skin. May be:

Pallor;
- Gray skin shade with the formation of fingertips, lip and nasolabial triangle;
- marble skin (skin view resembles a marble pattern).

• Pens and legs on the touch cold.
• The indomitable vomiting of central origin associated with the irritation of the vomit of the cerebral center.
• Reduced or enhance arterial pressure, pulse increase.
• Dyspnea.

Dehydration. The child loses a lot of liquid with a liquid chair and vomiting. In addition to the water with diarrhea and vomiting, the body leaves potassium and sodium salts necessary for the work of the heart, muscles, nervous system and other organs. The more the child has lost fluids, the worse its condition. This is especially true of young children: they have dehydration of the body occurs very quickly and sometimes ends with emergency measures in the resuscitation department of the hospital.

The first signs of dehydration:
- thirst;
- dry skin and mucous membranes, reduced skin elasticity;
- weakness, lethargy, drowsiness, rejection of food;
- urine rare, small portions, watering concentrated, dark;

If the loss of fluid continues:
- the surface of the eyeballs;
- Blasting large springs in babies;
- pointing the devil of the face;
- falling body weight;
- reduction of pressure, cooling limbs, reducing body temperature;
- Further loss of fluid leads to the development of shock.

Of course, suffering intestinal infection of the child There are not all the above signs. The severity of clinical manifestations depends on the severity of the disease. It can be lightweight, medium and heavy form of Oka.

The severity of the course of the disease affects:

• The amount of pathogen who has fallen into the body (the more, the hardest OKI flows).
• The type of pathogen and its aggressiveness (dysentery, salmonellosis, cholera, estchihiosis) differ in particularly severe flow.
• The age of the child (the younger, the hardest oots flow).
• The initial state of the child's health (relaxed or with good immunity).
• Adequacy of the treatment.

Attention! When the child appears vomiting, diarrhea, increasing body temperature and deterioration of the general condition, it is necessary to immediately consult a doctor, and not engage in self-treatment. Remember that OKIs not only cause a significant damage to the health of the child, but also pose a serious threat to others.

Diagnosis of intestinal infection in children

1. Bacteriological sowing feces and, in some cases, the vomit. This is a leading diagnostic method. Determines which microbe is caused by intestinal infection.

For the analysis of the feces, a smear is taken from anal hole (he is also called "smear at VD" or "smear on an intestinal group"). The resulting material is seeded on special nutrient media. After a few days (usually 5-7 days), the colonies of bacteria grow, which can be viewed under the microscope and test various methods. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to detect the pathogen.

2. Blood tests on the growth of the antibody titer to any pathogen. Determine the reaction of the immune system to the presumptive ingress of infection. If an antibody growth is noted to some particular pathogen, it means that it is safe to say that a person is sick (or sick). This method is rare in practice.

3. Express diagnostics: Immuno enzyme analysis (ELISA) and other laboratory tests. Used, mainly in hospitals, and not all.

4. Koprological analysis of feces. It can see the degree of digestion of food, blood, mucus and protozoa (Ameb and Giardia).

Principles of treatment of acute intestinal infection

First of all, you need to consult a doctor.
Hospitalized to the hospital:

• Children with a severe course of Oka. Small children and with moderate.
• Chest children.
• Weakened children with any accompanying acute or chronic diseases.
• Children with typhoid and cholera.
• Children of food industry workers.
• Children from closed children's institutions (boarding schools, sanatoriums), from hostels and communal apartments.

Diet. Feed a child with intestinal infection Needless. Food should be as gentle as possible. Babies on artificial feeding are prescribed strainctase, low-shaft or soy mixes.

Adult children in the sharp period are allowed to eat:

• Potato or other vegetable (pumpkin, zucchini, carrot) puree on water (can be added vegetable oil).
• White bread crackers, dry intubuous cookies.
• Vegetable soup (potato, onions, carrots, zucchini, pumpkin) with rice.
• : Rice and buckwheat on water. Oatmeal-carrot decoction.
• Boiled rubber meat.
• Equal milk products (yogurt, kefir, prokobvash, cottage cheese) non-fat.
• Fruits and berries: Apples (better baked or rubbed on a grater), pears, bananas, watermelon, blueberries, lemon.
• Fruit and fruit and vegetable juices, better fresh without sugar, diluted with water.

Liquid. In vomiting and diarrhea, especially frequent and abundant, the child must need to drink so that no dehydration of the body does not occur. The replenishment of fluid in the body through the mouth is called oral regulated.

Liquid drink slowly, and in no case is not a volley. A large amount of liquid can lead to vomit. The child is "falling" with small sips: 1-2 sings with interruptions of 5-15 minutes. After each vomit, the infant child needs to drink about 50 ml of fluid, and the older child is 100-200 ml. If the child refuses to drink, he dripped liquid into his mouth from the pipette (you can during sleep). With a significant loss of fluid, the drinking mode is assigned to a doctor individually.

For fluid replenishment, special saline solutions (recider) are used, as well as mineral water without gases (Borjomi). In addition to salt solutions, a child can drink tea or water with lemon, chamomile decoction, cranberry juice, strongly diluted fruit juice. It is desirable not to add sugar to drinks or use it in minimal quantities.

If the diarrhea and vomiting does not stop, the symptoms of dehydration increase, and the lost fluid is not possible through the mouth, the child is introduced intravenously (this is already in the hospital).

Intestinal medication

Antibacterial drugs (prescribes a doctor).
KIR (complex immune drug). Contains antibodies (immunoglobulins) to various causative agents of intestinal infections. Its action is based on the increase in local immunity in the intestine.

Sorbents (or enterosorbents): enterosgel, activated carbon, polyphones, Entignin, filter, etc.

Biopreparations: Bakukusubyl, Linex, Enterol, Bificol, etc.

Enzymes: Festal, Mezim-Forte, Creon, Panzinorm, etc., according to the testimony.

Other treatment, depending on which symptoms in the child still have (antipyretic, anticonvulsant, etc.).

Attention! Dyason medicines, type of immodium, children with oki is not recommended, and during dysentery - it is prohibited.

Prevention of intestinal infection

• Patient isolate.
• In the focus of infection (the place where the sick Oka is located) be disinfection. Children distinguish separate dishes and personal items. Fold with chlorine toilet and baby pot. During cleaning, do not forget to wipe the door handles and switches.
• Persons who were in contact with patients check for the presence of intestinal microbes of the intestinal group (smear at VD).
• After recovery, the child must conduct a repeated bacteriological examination of the feces in order to make sure that the pathogen is no longer there, since after a transferred infection, the carrier remains (asymptomatic selection of causative agents with the feces).
• Children entering medical institutions (hospitals, sanatoriums), as well as employees of the food industry and children's institutions, are obliged to undergo a survey for the existence of an intestinal group (smear at VD).
• And, of course, do not forget about the observance of personal hygiene rules.

Among all the infections with which children are sick, in second place in the frequency of the disease are just intestinal - after ARVI. In general, intestinal infections are sufficient among the entire population, but such "popularity" in children has its own logical explanations.

Infection with intestinal infection occurs with a fecal-oral way, that is, through the mouth. And intermediaries can be dirty hands, unwashed fruits, non-compliance with hygienic standards. Here you will not keep track of your child. In general, children under seven years old are most susceptible to intestinal infections. After all, children's immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses are very weak compared to adults. This is especially true of newborns.

Intestinal infection in children up to year

Intestinal infection - This disease caused by pathogenic viruses or bacteria (dysenteric chopstick, salmonella, staphylococcus, abdominal lady, cholera vibrion), which affects the gastrointestinal mucosa. Penetrating into the human body, the pathogens of intestinal infections begin to reproduce actively. As a result, the process of digestion is broken, and the intestinal mucosa is inflamed - the black case is done.

Depending on the "culprit" of the disease, the source of infection and the affected area distinguish many intestinal infections: gastritis, duodenites, pancreatitis, colitis and others.

In everyday life, we contact with billions of different bacteria. But nature provides for a whole system of protecting the human body from a foreign invasion: possessing bactericidal saliva properties, poisonous gastric juice, favorable microflora in the intestine. But under certain conditions (for example, in the summer, when a large amount of fluid consumed dilutes our gastric juice) natural protection weakens, making us vulnerable to various pathogenic organisms. Infection occurs also provided when the forces of the enemy prevail our own protective functions, that is, when the attackers of our pathogens and microbes are too much.

Sources of infection around the child Unreal set:
poor-quality food and drinking water;
Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules: dirty hands, dirty toys, contact with feces (especially during walks);
violations of storage and cooking conditions;
Insect carriers;
Contact with infected land or sand;
Contact with a sick person.

Symptoms of intestinal infection

Each of them can be a source of a particular intestinal disease. Diagnosis can only be delivered by a doctor and only after microbiological analyzes. Despite the fact that the classification of intestinal infections is very extensive, almost all of them have common symptoms of manifestation:
diarrhea;
vomiting;
nausea;
increased gas formation;
stomach ache;
increasing body temperature;
lack of appetite;
Total weakness and malaise.

Diarrhea- The most faithful sign of intestinal infection in contrast to all others. If a child has a temperature or abdominal pain - this does not mean that he has an intestinal infection. And the presence of diarrhea always speaks of this disease. For the treatment of diarrhea in children, it is necessary to approach responsibly, in spite of the visible non-seriousness of the disease. Because a real exhausting diarrhea can be very dangerous to the health and life of a child.

Treatment of intestinal infection in children

If the child begins to disappear and (or) to tear, it is absolutely sick, and the parent should immediately begin to take action. The biggest mistake of parents - the desire to stop, it would seem unwanted manifestations of the disease. But in the first hours of this, it is absolutely impossible to do this, because vomiting and diarrhea is a protective reaction of the body, which is trying to self-realized from toxins. Cleaning stop will lead to even greater intoxication. Moreover, if you know exactly that the child has not eaten something and the increase in temperature and abdominal pain is caused by this, it is necessary to provoke saving vomiting or defecation (for example, a cleansing enema).
It is important to constantly fill the loss of fluid and mineral salts (potassium, sodium, calcium). Dehydration and demineralization are very dangerous not only for health, but also for the child's life. Moreover, in children these processes occur very rapidly, since the reserves of water and salts in the children's body are very small, and often in such situations the bill goes to hours. You must take care that the child drank a lot of fluid. It is necessary to drink with special solutions, powders for the preparation of which are sold in each pharmacy (for example, recider). But if it is temporarily impossible (there was no such thing at hand), let's drink a child anything: water, green tea, compote from dried fruits, decoction of raisin or rosehip - only unsweetened. No juices and dairy!

Tools from intestinal infection in children

With acute intestinal infections, a saline solution is used: 1 teaspoon of cook salt, 4 teaspoons of sugar and 1.5 teaspoons of drinking soda on a liter of water. You need to eat a child for 2-3 teaspoons every 3-5 minutes.

If the child is breaking, then drinking small portions so as not to provoke repeated seizures, - literally on the throat, but very, very often. The replenishment of the fluid is the main thing now the task, otherwise (if you do not work out, the abundant vomiting continues) it is necessary to put droppers, and immediately.

To make sure that the flow of fluid into the body is sufficiently sufficient, follow the urine of the child: if it is light (ideally transparent) - there is no liquid deficiency.

It is best to give a child a warm drink (body temperature): in this case, the absorption of the fluid from the intestinal walls in the blood will occur as much as possible in a short time, which is now extremely important.

Menu with intestinal infection
Feed the child, sick with intestinal infection, is extremely undesirable and can even be said that it is impossible. Hunger is the second medicine in such a situation. The gastrointestinal tract is now amazed, it is not completely digesting food. He is ill. When the child becomes easier, and he will need to eat (only in this case!), Stick to diet: rice lightweight soup, oat or rice porch, low-fat cottage cheese or kefir, potato mashed potatoes. You can also cook puree from baked apples, boiled for a couple of carrots, pumpkins, zucchini, grated apples and bananas. It is forbidden to give the child products causing gas formation or including coarse tissue. And no sweets, greasy, sharp, salted, smoked. The portions at the same time should be small: it is better to feed the child often, but fractionally.

If the baby is on breastfeeding - continue to feed, but reduce the dose. Do not force, feed only on demand and small portions: to 10-20 g

Do not give the child any medicines, because the body can react to treatment very unpredictably. You can even preferably apply sorbents - activated carbon or enterosgel. But the smects are better to refuse.

Boil all the dishes and generally carefully disinfect everything that is possible. Make sure to follow the observance of the child of hygiene. Especially Ryano Check the hand washing after the toilet and before meals.

Despite the fact that the manifestations of various intestinal infections are often very similar to each other, in each case we are talking about a separate specific disease. And with some complications or in the absence of facilitation, you need to call a doctor or ambulance. All further treatment can conduct only a medical officer. Do not treat the child yourself with the help of drugs. Different pathogens of intestinal infections require different approaches in the choice of medication. The best solution will cause an intersection.

The doctor must be called in the following cases:
The child's ill-meal infection is not yet a year;
The most exciting symptom of intestinal infection is abdominal pain;
Because of the stubborn vomit, you can not drink a child, which means it needs a dropper;
For more than 6 hours there is no urine, which indicates dehydration;
Dry language, spawned eyes, skin acquired a grayish tint;
There is a blood admixture;
The diarrhea ceased, but vomiting strengthened, and (or) the temperature of the body was sharply rising, and (or) abdominal pain appeared or headaches.

The appropriateness of the appointment of antibiotics and other drugs can be judged exclusively by the doctor. "Advanced" pediatricians can prescribe a child Eubiotics and bacteriophages - useful bacteria and viruses designed to expel infection from the body and contribute to recovery. But the effectiveness of such funds is absolutely not proved (that is why in most countries of the world they are not practiced at all). And recovery does not pass faster than without them. Nevertheless, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the treatment may well do with rich drink and a diet, if only do everything on time and right.

- A group of infectious diseases of various etiologies occurring with a preferably damage to the digestive tract, toxic reaction and dehydration of the body. In children, intestinal infection is manifested in an increase in body temperature, lethargy, lack of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. The diagnosis of intestinal infection in children is based on clinical and laboratory data (history, symptoms, selection of the pathogen in feces, detecting specific antibodies in the blood). In case of intestinal infection in children, antimicrobial preparations are prescribed, bacteriophages, enterosorbents; During the period of treatment, the diet and rehydration is important.

General

Intestinal infection in children - acute bacterial and viral infectious diseases accompanied by intestinal syndrome, intoxication and dehydration. In the structure of infectious morbidity in pediatrics, intestinal infections in children occupy second place after ARVI. The susceptibility to intestinal infection in children is 2.5-3 times higher than in adults. About half of the cases of intestinal infection in children fall into early age (up to 3 years). Interesting infection in an early age child proceeds harder, can be accompanied by hypotrophy, the development of dysbacteriosis and enzymatic failure, decrease in immunity. Frequent repetition of infection episodes causes a violation of the physical and neuropsychic development of children.

Causes of intestinal infection in children

The spectrum of intestinal infections in children is extremely wide. Most often, pathogens are gram-negative enterobacteria (Schigella, Salmonella, Campylobacters, Escherichia, Iracinia) and a conditional pathogenic flora (Klebsiella, Klostridia, protea, staphylococci, etc.). In addition, there are intestinal infections caused by viral pathogens (rotavirus, enteroviruses, adenoviruses), simplest (giardia, amoebami, cocidias), mushrooms. The common properties of all pathogens that determine the development of clinical manifestations are enteropathogenicity, the ability to synthesize endo- and exotoxins.

Infection of children in intestinal infections occurs through the fecal-oral mechanism by alimentary (through food), water, contact-domestic paths (through dishes, dirty hands, toys, binding items, etc.). In weakened children with low immunological reactivity, endogenous infection of conditionally pathogenic bacteria is possible. The source of the eye can perform a carrier, patient with an erased or manifest form of the disease, pets. In the development of intestinal infection in children, violation of the rules of cooking and storage of food, admission to children's cuisines for infection carrier, patients with tonsillitis, furunculosis, streptodermia, etc.

Sporadic cases of intestinal infection in children are most often recorded, although group and even epidemic flashes are possible in the food or water path of infection. The rise in the incidence of some intestinal infections in children has a seasonal dependence: so, the dysentery occurs in summer and autumn, rotavirus infection - in winter.

The prevalence of intestinal infections among children is due to epidemiological features (high prevalence and contagiousness of pathogens, their high resistance to the external environmental factors), the anatomy-physiological features of the child's digestive system (low acidity of the gastric juice), imperfection of protective mechanisms (low IGA concentration). The incidence of children by acute intestinal infection contributes to the violation of the normal intestinal microbiota, non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, bad sanitary and hygienic living conditions.

Classification

According to the clinical and etiological principle, among the intestinal infections, the most frequently registered in the children's population is isolated (dysentery), salmonellosis, cell infection (escherichiosis), yersiniosis, campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiasis, rotavirus infection, staphylococcal intestinal infection, etc.

In terms of gravity and characteristics of symptoms, the forces of intestinal infection in children can be typical (light, moderate, heavy) and atypical (erased, hypecoxic). The severity of the clinic is estimated to damage the gastrointestinal tract, dehydration and intoxication.

The nature of local manifestations in the intestinal infection in children depends on the defeat of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore gastritis, enteritis, colitis, gastroenteritis, gastroenterocolites, enterocolites are distinguished. In addition to localized forms, in-bed and weakened children may develop generalized forms of infection with the spread of the pathogen beyond the digestive tract.

During the intestinal infection, children allocate sharp (up to 1.5 months), protracted (over 1.5 months) and chronic (over 5-6 months) phase.

Symptoms in children

Dieseneria in children

After a short incubation period (1-7 days), the temperature (up to 39-40 ° C) is sharply rising, weakness and driers increase, the appetite is reduced, vomiting is possible. Against the background of fever, there is a headache, oznobod, sometimes nonsense, convulsions, loss of consciousness. Intestinal infection in children is accompanied by grapple-shaped pains in stomach with localization in the left iliac region, dystal colitis phenomena (sigmoid pain and spasm, tensions with a direct intestine), Sphincteritis symptoms. Frequency of defecation can vary from 4-6 to 15-20 times per day. With dysentery, a liquid stool containing muddy mucus and blood impurities. With severe forms of dysentery, hemorrhagic syndrome is possible, up to intestinal bleeding.

In early age children, with intestinal infection, general intoxication prevails over the number of hemodynamics, electrolyte and protein metabolism. The most easily in children is an intestinal infection caused by Schigella zone; Heavier - Shigellas of Flexner and Grigorya-Shiga.

Salmonelleis in children

Most often (in 90% of cases) the gastrointestinal form of salmonellosis, which flows along the type of gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastroenterocolitis is developed. Characterized by a subacute start, a febrile temperature rise, adamine, vomiting, hepatosplegalygaly. Chair at salinellosis liquid, abundant, fell, colors of "swamp tina", with impurities of mucus and blood. Typically, this form of intestinal infection ends with recovery, but infectants have a fatal outcome due to severe intestinal toxicosis.

The flu-like (respiratory) form of intestinal infection occurs in 4-5% of children. With this form, salmonella is found in the crop material from the point. Its flow is characterized by febrile temperature, headache, arthralgia and Malgia, phenomena of rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis. From the cardiovascular system, tachycardia and arterial hypotension are observed.

On the typhoid form of salmonellosis in children accounts for 2% of clinical cases. It flows with a long period of fever (up to 3-4 weeks), pronounced intoxication, violation of the function of the cardiovascular system (tachycardia, bradycardia).

The septic form of intestinal infection is usually developing in children of the first months of life having an adverse premorbid background. It accounts for about 2-3% of cases of salmonellosis in children. The disease occurs extremely difficult, accompanied by septicemia or septicopemia, violation of all types of exchange, the development of severe complications (pneumonia, parenchymal hepatitis, otoagatitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis).

Eschhericia in children

This group of intestinal infections in children is extremely extensive and includes defects caused by enteropathogenic, enterotoxygenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorgic escherh.

Intestinal infection in children caused by escherhi leaks with subfebrile or febrile temperature, weakness, lethargy, decreased appetite, stubborn vomiting or jerking, flatulence. Characterized by water diarrhea (abundant, a grinding chair of yellow color with an admixture of mucus), quickly leading to dehydration and the development of the excocose. In case of escherichiosis caused by enterohemorgic earsechia, diarrhea is bloody.

As a result of dehydration, the child arises dry skin and mucous membranes, the turgor and elasticity of tissues decreases, placing large spring and eyeballs, the diuresis is reduced by the type of Oliguria or Anururia.

Rotavirus infection in children

Usually proceeds by type of acute gastroenteritis or enteritis. The incubation period on average lasts 1-3 days. All the symptoms of intestinal infection in children are unfolded for one day, while the lesion of the gastrointestinal tract is combined with catarrhal.

Respiratory syndrome is characterized by hyperemia of the oz, rhinitis, rhinestone, shaking. Simultaneously with the lesion of the nasopharynx, signs of gastroenteritis are developing: a liquid (watery, foamy) chair with a frequency of defecation from 4-5 to 15 times a day, a vomiting, a temperature reaction, and general intoxication. The duration of the course of intestinal infection in children - 4-7 days.

Staphylococcal intestinal infection in children

There is a primary staphylococcal intestinal infection in children associated with the use of food seamable in staphylococcus, and secondary, due to the spread of the pathogen from other foci.

The course of intestinal infection in children is characterized by heavy excicosis and toxicosis, vomiting, stool up to 10-15 times a day. The chair is liquid, watery, greenish color, with a small admixture of mucus. With a secondary staphylococcal infection in children, intestinal symptoms are developing against the background of the leading disease: purulent otitis, pneumonia, stafilodermia, angina, etc. In this case, the disease can take a long wave-like flow.

Diagnostics

Based on the inspection, epidemiological and clinical data, a pediatrician (children's infectious person) can only assume the likelihood of intestinal infection in children, but the etiological decoding is possible only on the basis of laboratory data.

The main role in confirming the diagnosis of intestinal infection in children is played by a bacteriological study of feces, which should be carried out as early as possible before the start of etiotropic therapy. With a generalized form of intestinal infection in children, blood sowing is carried out for sterility, bacteriological examination of urine, liquor.

A certain diagnostic value is serological methods (RPGA, IFA, RSK), allowing to detect the presence of AT to the causative agent in the patient's blood from the 5th day from the beginning of the disease. The study of the coprogram allows you to clarify the localization of the process in the gastrointestinal tract.

In case of intestinal infection, children need to eliminate acute appendicitis, pancreatitis, lactase insufficiency, dyskinesia of biliary tract, and other pathology. For this purpose, consultations of the children's surgeon and children's gastroenterologist are held.

Treatment of intestinal infection in children

Complex treatment of intestinal infections in children involves the organization of therapeutic nutrition; Conducting oral rehydration, etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy.

The diet of children with intestinal infection requires a reduction in nutrition, increasing the multiplicity of feedings, the use of mixtures enriched with protective factors, consuming the rubbing of easily disabled food. An important component of intestinal infection therapy in children is an oral rehydration of glucose-salt solutions, abundant drinking. It is carried out until the loss of fluid cessation. If it is impossible to oral nutrition and the use of liquid, infusion therapy is assigned: glucose, ringer, albumin, and others are administered intravenously.

Ethiotropic therapy of intestinal infections in children is carried out by antibiotics and intestinal antiseptics (kanamycin, gentamicin, polymixin, furazolidone, nodium acid), enterosorbents. The reception of specific bacteriophages and lactoglobulins (salinellase, dysenteric, quiprotane, klebseyellee, etc.), as well as immunoglobulins (antitropolius, etc.) is shown. Pathogenetic therapy implies the appointment of enzymes, antihistamine drugs; Symptomatic treatment includes the reception of antipyretic, spasmolitics. During the reconvaluation period, the dysbiosis correction is necessary, the reception of vitamins and adaptogen.

Prediction and prevention

Early detection and adequate therapy ensure complete recovery of children after intestinal infection. Immunity after Okey is unstable. With severe forms of intestinal infection in children it is possible to develop hypovolemic shock, internal combustion syndrome, edema of light, acute renal failure, acute heart failure, infectious-toxic shock.

At the heart of the prevention of intestinal infections in children - observance of sanitary and hygienic standards: proper storage and thermal processing of products, protection of water from pollution, insulation of patients, carrying out the disinfection of toys and dishes in children's institutions, whining personal hygiene skills. When careing the infant child, mom should not neglect the treatment of the mammary glands before feeding, processing the nipple and bottle, wash the hands after swaddling and the child.

Children in contact with patients with intestinal infection are subject to bacteriological surveys and observation within 7 days.