What climatic belt is most of Africa. Equatorial forests of Africa. What we learned

In the very center of Africa in the Basin of the Great African River Congo to the north and south of the equator line and on the shores of the Gulf of Guinean are wet equatorial forests Africa. The forest area is located in the equatorial climate belt. It is hot and wet all year round. Usually in the morning the weather is hot, clear. The sun rises all the above and the bake is stronger. With an increase in temperature, evaporation is enhanced. It becomes damp and stuffy as in the greenhouse. Afternoon, in the sky appear cumulus clouds And merge into heavy lead clouds. The first drops fell, and the strongest thunder shower broke out. Rain pours an hour or two, sometimes more. In the forest rushing rainwater streams. Countless streams merge into wide multi-water rivers. By the evening, the weather again clarifies. And so almost every day from year to year.

Everywhere there is an excess water here. Moisture is saturated with air, impregnated with water and soil water. Extensive wetlands or flooded spaces. The abundance of heat and moisture favors the lush development of thick evergreen wood vegetation. The life of the plant in Equatorial forests never freezes. Trees bloom, fruit, dump the old foliage and dress up in a new one throughout the year.

Under the multi-storey green forest arch reigns eternal twilight. Only in some way through the foliage breaks the ray of the sun. In the clarified places grows oil palm. Her fruits love to enjoy palm vulture. 100 and more trees can be counted on 1 hectare of equatorial forest. Among them are a lot of valuable breeds: Ebenova (ebony), red, rosewood. Their wood is used to make expensive furniture and exported in large quantities.

Africa forests - the birthplace of the coffee tree. Bananas are also indigenous Africans. And the cocoa tree is brought here from America. Large areas are busy under cocoa plantations, coffee, bananas, pineapples.

Most animals have adapted to life on trees. Mammals are characterized by a variety of monkeys. The Lord of the African Equatorial Forest, the world's largest man-like monkey - Gorilla. Loving food gorillas - core of banana stems. Gorillas left very little and the hunt for them is categorically prohibited. Lesnaya Antilope Bongo, African boar, can be found in the depths of the forest, a very rare coat animal Akapi. Leopard is found from predators, perfectly climbing in trees.

The world is very rich in the world: Kalao - Rhino Bird, Parrot, Congolese peacock, tiny neckers feed on floral nectar. Many snakes, incl. Poisonous, chameleons that feed in the insects.

Residents of equatorial forest zone are beautiful hunters. The value of hunt is all the greatest, that the development of cattle breeding prevents the spread of Fly Tsetz. Bite This flies are detrimental for livestock and cause severe illness in humans. Multiple rivers are replete with fish. And fisheries is greater than the hunt. But bother dangerous. There are many crocodiles.

We all since childhood we know such a big and beautiful mainland as Africa. We know that the first life originated there. I was always interested in the question of why Africa became the center of the birth of civilization? Studying geography at school, we learn that this continent is the second on the square after Eurasia and lies In several climatic belts. African mainland extends from the North subtropical belt To the southern subtropical.

Climatic belts of Africa

I will start from the equator. He is practical divides Africa in half Because of this belt south and northern parts duplicate. Highlighted climatic belts:

• 2 subtropical belts.
• 2 tropical belts.
• 2 subequatorial belts.
• 1 Equatorial belt.

Equatorial belt

Equatorial belt - passes by central Mainland. They prevail here mainly wet and warm air flows, so there is only one type of climate - equatorial.

Subscance belt

Subscance belts - Are there on the same side of the equator. The temperature in these belts is the same as in the equatorial belt is quite high (+ 25 ... 28 ° C). However, the change of the wet and dry cycle is noticeable here. A feature of the subequatorial belts is availabilitytwo rain periods. The people are called " long rains"And" short rains. " Alternate periods of rains with arid winter.

Tropical belt

Tropical belts- occupy the huge area of \u200b\u200bthe continent. Continental tropical air flows form in Sahara and South Africa "Deserted" climate.In Sahara, for several years they can absent any precipitation, And in the sky he does the smallest dust, which is why it is almost impossible to see him. Suffocating heat Happy I. cruel cold At night, strong aridness and incessant winds kill all living in the district.

So why did life originate in Africa? I think it's all about her natural conditions Equatorial zone. According to one of the hypotheses in the East African Rift Rift area, active volcanism existed. He gave rise to many hot springs warming up primitive people and their offspring in cold nights.

In which climatic belts is the mainland of Africa?

Africa is a big continent (the second in the world after Eurasia), strongly elongated from the north to south on both sides of the equator. There are four climatic belts. In the very north and south of the mainland - Subtropical (South South Africa and North Sahara). Next goes Tropical belt (Almost all sugar, north South Africa, Namibia, Angola, South Madagascar). A small space from the Equator takes Equatorial belt. And around him almost all over Central Africa largest in area - Subscance belt.




Such continent as Africa is located in the following climatic belts:

first climatic belt: subtropical,

second climatic belt: tropical,

third climatic belt: subequatorial,

fourth climatic belt: Equatorial,

fifth climatic belt: subequatorial,

sixth climatic belt: tropical,

seventh climatic belt: subtropical.

The belt is listed in order from north to south.

Africa is not in vain wears the name of the roast continent of the Earth, this is true. The central part of this continent lies in the equatorial belt characterized by high temperatures and humidity. Here are growing famous equatorial forests, impassable jungle. Its south, east and north is a subequator climatic belt featuring a mixed climate - here they can enter both wet equatorial air masses and tropical dry. Even further from the equator there are tropics - the most dry places on the planet with high temperatures. Sugar, Kalahari and Namib lie here. The most extreme points of the continent belong to the subtropical climate and in winter air masses from moderate latitudes can come here even snow.

Africa almost in half shares the line of equator. In which climatic belts are Africa:

• equatorial;
• tropical;
• subequatorial and subtropical.

The features of the climate of Africa are due to its location on climatic map World. Because of this position, there is the largest desert - sugar.




Africa is in the following climatic belts. Table

The climate of Africa's belts is very similar, but there are differences. There are zones in which the precipitate occurs seasonally, there are zones where the climate is softer. African animals move caravas in search of water bodies. During the drought period, crocodiles and giraffes drink from one stream, establishing a truce at this time.

The climate of Africa is hot enough since it is located in the following climatic belts, namely this: Equatorial, 2 subtropical, tropical and subequatorial. Through this mainland passes the equator, and it is washed by the two oceans Indian and Atlantic. Also in Africa is one of the largest deserts of the world, it is sugar.

The African continent is the only mainland in the world located on both sides of the equator. There is already in Africa seven Climatic belts, and each of them has its own characteristics.

For example, equatorial The climatic belt is maintained by winds that constantly bring moisture and warm. The rains are evenly walking here evenly and there are no divisions for the seasons.

North and south occupies subexvatorial The belt, where the wind from the equator brings heat and moisture in the summer. For winter time, the wind is tropical, hot and arid.

The largest part of Africa is subordinate tropical Climate, where tropical winds are hosted all year. Which forms a climate with savannahs and deserts.

Subtropical The belt is represented by two regions in the northern and southern territories. Available in Africa and subtropic Mediterranean Climate belt in the northern and southwestern part of the continent.




The whole territory of Africa is one way or another enters various zones of hot climate. It intersects the equator line in about the middle.

But specific manifestations of hot climate in Africa are heterogeneous. In the north and south of the continent, dry deserts prevail (such as sugar and Kalahari). In the central part, tropical forests are dominated, separated from the desert belt by the steppes-savanses, in which the alternation of the wet and dry seasons is characteristic.

Accordingly, the African Center is an equatorial climate zone, then a subequatorial, tropical, and on the southern and northern tip, they allocate the zone of the subtropical climate.

Africa, largest, is the second mainland after Eurasia and washed by two oceans:

• Atlantic
• Indian.

The climatic belts of Africa begin with an equatorial, followed by a subequatorial, further tropical climatic belt, subtropical belt.

Africa is located in seven climatic belts, namely:

1. in Equatorial
2. in two subequatorial
3. in two tropical
4. in two subtropicals

The largest square occupies a subequatorial belt.

It should be noted that at least Africa is considered a very hot continent, but at the same time it is conditionally divided into several climatic zones, the conditions for the existence on which they differ. Therefore, when choosing a place of residence, you must definitely coordinate climatic preferences.

So, belts 7 (seven). We look more.

In which climatic belts are Africa, its climate, precipitation

The AfricanContinent is the only mainland in the world, spreading around the parties to the equator. By the way, he has seven climatic belts, since the same zone depending on which hemisphere is located, has its own climatic features.

So, Equatorial climatic belt forms winds carrying heat and moisture all year. Temperature here + 25 ° -28 ° С, all year rains fall uniformly and no separation for seasons.

Subexvatorial the belt takes the north and south sushi. Depending on the dry or rainy season of the year, the types are clearly formed. air mass. In the summer season, equatorial winds carry warm and moisture, and in the winter - tropical winds are more dry, hot.

The temperature holds the whole year within + 24-28 ° C, the rains fall a little, they fall on the summer season. By the way, regardless of which climatic belts are Africa, everywhere there is a lack of moisture on this continent.

African tropics

Tropics cover the largest part of the country. Tropical winds dominate the entire year and form climate with deserts and savannahs. Temperature in July 32 ° C, in January + 18 ° C. The precipitate falls rarely, not more than 100 mm per year. It is the, in which climatic belts there is Africa, led to the absence of strong cold on the continent and even more so frost.

Subtropical the belt consists of two regions: the extreme northern and southern territories of the African continent. Temperature here + 24 ° C in summer, in winter + 10 ° C. In the northern and south-western region of Africa, subtropical Mediterranean type of climate.

From the above, we can conclude, in which climatic belts is Africa. The card also demonstrates that it can safely be considered the hottest continent on our planet.

Farming Australia

Australia is the smallest and arid mainland on Earth. It has three climatic belts: subequatorial, tropical and subtropical.

The subequatorial occupies the northern part of the mainland. In the summer there is an equatorial wind, in winter - tropical. Air temperature + 25 ° from all year. Uneven loss of precipitation affects a clear separation of seasons. Summer is warm, with frequent thunderstorms and shoes up to 2000 mm per year, and winter is hot and arid.

Tropical the belt has two types of climate. Depending on the location of the territory and the amount of precipitation falling on it, the continental (deserted) and tropical climate differ.

The area with a particularly dry climate is far from the ocean. There are desert areas. The air temperature in the summer season is +30 ° C, in winter + 16 ° C. The west of the tropical zone is formed under the influence of the West-Australian flow. Deserts stretch to the shores of the Indian Ocean.

The eastern part receives a sufficient amount of moisture in the form of rains. Warm airWith the Pacific Ocean, has formed a favorable climate here, which grows a rainforest.

Subtropical belt covers southern territory Australia and divided into three zones. Southwest is characterized by dry and hot summer, as well as warm and rainy winter. The air temperature in January rises to + 23 ° C, in June - to + 12 ° C.

The central part is a completely desert. Here, the continental climate with its characteristic temperature differences in the whole year is a hot summer and not very warm winter, with small rains.

Southeast is a wet climate, rains here fall equally for the entire year, in summer the air is heated to + 24 ° C, in winter - to + 9 ° C.

If you compare what climatic belts are Africa and Australia, you can see a great similarity in weather conditions both continents.

Country of ice and snow

Antarctica is the mainland of cold and ice. It is located in two climatic belts: Antarctic and subnutrctic.

Antarctic the belt is almost the entire mainland territory, which covers the layer of ice, having a thickness of up to 4.5 km. And it is of great importance in the formation of the Antarctic climate, as the ice reflects up to 90% of sunlight, which makes it difficult to warm the surface of the mainland.

Africa is an amazing continent where a large number of geographic zones are combined. More in any place are so noticeable by these distinctions.

Natural areas of Africa are very clearly visible on the map. They are distributed symmetrically relative to the equator and depend on uneven precipitation.

Characteristics of natural areas of Africa

Africa refers to the second area of \u200b\u200bthe continent on Earth. It is surrounded by two seas and two oceans. But the most main feature - This is his symmetry in a position in relation to the equator, which by the horizon divides Africa into two parts.

In the north and south, the mainland is located toll-housing evergreens wet forests and shrubs. Next are the deserts and semi-deserts, then savanna.

In the very center of the continent there are zones of variable-wet and constant wet forests. Each zone is characterized by its climate, flora and fauna.

The zone of variable-wet and wet evergreen Equatorial forests of Africa

The region of evergreen forests is located in the Congo's hood and go along the Gulf of Guinea. Here you can find more than 1000 plants. In these zones, predominantly red-yellow soils. Many species of palm trees are growing here, including oilseeds, fern tree, bananas, lianas.

Animals are placed on tiers. In these places animal world Very varied. In the soil, a huge number of earthkers, lizards and snakes live.

In the zone of wet forests lives a huge number of monkeys. In addition to monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees, you can meet more than 10 species of individuals.

Many concern to local residents are delivering to the dogs of the Pavian. They ruin plantations. This species is distinguished by the reality. They can be frightened only with a weapon, they are not afraid of a man with a stick.

African gorillas in these places grow up to two meters and have weight up to 250 kilograms. Elephants, leopards, small hoofs, forest pigs dwell in the forests.

Good to know: In the eucalyptus areas of Africa, Fly Tsetse dwells. It is very dangerous for a person. Her bite infects a deadly sleepy disease. A person begins to bother with strong pain and fever.

Zone savannah

About 40% of the entire territory of Africa is occupied by savanna. Vegetation is represented by high herbs and towering over the umbrella trees. The main of them is Baobab.

This is a tree of life having greater importance for residents of Africa. , leaves, seeds - everything is used in food. The ash of burnt fruit is used for the production of soap.

In dry savannas, aloe with fleshy and spiny leaves are growing. In the rain period in the savannah, very abundant vegetation, but in a dry period it becomes yellow, fires often arise.

Red soil savanna is much more fertile than in the zone of wet forests. This is due to the active accumulation of humus in a dry period.

Large herbivores live on the territory of African savanna. Here live giraffes, elephants, rhinos, buffaloes. Savannah Square is the place of residence of predators, hepdobes, lions, leopards.

Tropical deserts and semi-desert

Savannes are replaced by the zones of tropical deserts and semi-deserts. The precipitation in these places is very irregular. In certain areas of rain may not be several years.

The climatic features of the zone are characterized by excessive dryness. Sand storms often occur, during the day there are strong temperatures.

The relief of the desert is rocks of stones and salt marsh in those places where the seas were once. There are practically no plants here. There are rare spines. There are types of vegetation with a short time. They grow only after the rains.

Zones of evergreens of severe forests and shrubs

The most extreme area of \u200b\u200bthe continent is the territory of evergreens of severe leaves and shrubs. For these places is characterized by wet winter and hot dry summer.

Such climate has favorably affect the state of the soil. In these places it is very fertile. Here is growing Lebanese cedar, beech, oak.

In this zone there are the highest items of the mainland. At the tops of Kenya and Kilimanjaro, even in the hottest period constantly lies snow.

African Natural Zone Table

The presentation and description of all natural areas of Africa can be visually submitted in the table.

The position of the climatic zones of the mainland is deleted very clearly. This applies not only to the territory itself, but also determining fauna, flora and climate types.

Equatorial forests occupy the territory of the River Basin of the Congo and the Guinean Bay. Their part is approximately 8% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe continent. This natural zone is unique. It does not feel a special difference between the seasons. average temperature It keeps approximately 24 degrees Celsius. The annual rate of precipitation is 2000 millimeters, and the rain goes almost every day. Main weather indicators are heightened heat and humidity.

Equatorial forests of Africa are wet raindrops and are called the term "hyilets". If you look at the forest from a bird's eye view (from a helicopter or aircraft), then it resembles a green violent sea. In addition, several rivers flow here, and they are all full. In the period of floods, they bloom, and come out of the shores, pouring the large area of \u200b\u200bland. Gileses lie on Red-Yellow Ferrallite Soils. Since they contain iron, it gives the soil a red shade. Nutrients in them are not particularly much, they are washed out with waters. Also affects the soil of the sun.

Flora Gilaia

In the Equatorial Forest, Africa lives more than 25 thousand species of flora, of which one thousand are only trees. They are wrapped by Liana. Trees form thick thickets in the upper tiers. Just below the level grow shrubs, and even lower - herbs, mosses, creeping plants. In total, 8 tiers are represented in these forests.

Gilea is an evergreen forest. The leaves on the trees hold about two, and sometimes three years. They do not fall out at the same time, but replace themselves alternately. The most common types are as follows:

• bananas;
• sandalwood;
• ferns;
• nutmess;
• ficuses;
• palm trees;
• the Red tree;
• liana;
• orchids;
• breadfruit;
• epiphyts;
• oil palm;
• nutmess;
• rubberos;
• a coffee tree.

Fauna Gileu

Animals and birds are found in all forest tiers. Here is a huge number of monkeys. It is gorillas and monkeys, chimpanzees and baboons. Birds are found in the crowns of trees - bananoeds, woodwoods, fruit pigeons, as well as a huge variety of parrots. Lizards, pythons, earthroops and various rodents are crawling on Earth. A lot inhabits insects in the Equatorian forest: Tsetz fly, bees, butterflies, mosquitoes, dragonflies, termites and others.

In the African Equatorial Forest, special climatic conditions. Here is a rich world of flora and fauna. The effect of man here is minimal, and the ecosystem is almost untouched.

Africa is the hottest mainland of the planet Earth. The equator line passing through the center of the Black Continent, symmetrically divides its area to different natural zones. The characteristic of natural areas of Africa allows you to form a general idea of geographical position Africa, the characteristics of climate, soil, vegetable and animal world of each of the zones.

In which natural zones is Africa

Africa is the second largest mainland of our planet. This continent is washed with two oceans and two seas. But his main feature is a symmetrical location to the equator. In other words, the equator line horizontally divides the continent into two equal parts. Northern half is much wider than southern Africa. As a result, all natural areas of Africa are located on the map from north to south in the following order:

• savannah;
• variable-wet forests;
• wet evergreen equatorial forests;
• variable wet forests;
• savannah;
• tropical deserts and semi-deserts;
• subtropical evergreens of severe forests and shrubs.

Fig.1 Natural Areas of Africa

Wet equatorial forests

On both sides of the equator, the zone of wet evergodine equatorial forests is located. It occupies a fairly narrow strip and is characterized by numerous precipitation. In addition, it is rich in water resources: on its territory the deepest River Congo flows, and the shore is washes the Guinea Bay.

Permanent heat, numerous precipitation and increased humidity led to the formation of brown vegetation on red-yellow ferallotic soils. Evergreen equatorial forests are surprised by their dense, impermeability and a variety of plant organisms. Their feature is a multi-tier. It became possible due to the endless struggle for sunlight, in which not only trees, but also epiphytes, and curly lianas take part.

In the Equatorial and sub-screen zones of Africa, as well as in the wooded part of the savanna, the Tsetz fly lives. Her bite is deadly dangerous for a person, as it is a carrier of a "sleepy" disease, which is accompanied by terrible pain in the body and fever.

Fig. 2 Wet evergreen equatorial forests

Savannai

The amount of precipitation is directly related to wealth vegetable world. The gradual reduction in the rainy season leads to the appearance of arid, and wet equatorial forests are gradually replaced by variable wet, and then go to the savanna. The last natural zone occupies the largest area of \u200b\u200bthe black continent, and is about 40% of the mainland.

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Here there are all the same ferrallic soils of red-brown color, which grow predominantly various herbs, cereals, baobabs. Low trees and shrubs are much less common.

A distinctive feature of the savanna is the cardinal changes in appearance - The juicy tone of the green during the rainy season is sharply flexible under the scorching sun in arid periods and become brown-yellow color.

Savannah is unique and the wealth of the animal world. A large number of birds live here: flamingos, ostrises, marabou, pelicans and others. It strikes the abundance of herbivores: buffaloes, antelopes, elephants, zebras, giraffes, hoppins, rhinos and many others. They are food for the following predators: Lviv, Leopards, Chepadov, Shakalov, Gien, Crocodiles.

Fig. 3 African savanna

Tropical deserts and semi-deserts

The desert Namib dominates in the southern part of the mainland. But neither she and no other desert in the world can be compared with the magnitude of the Sahara, which consists of rocky, clay and sandy desert. The amount of precipitation for the year in the Sahara does not exceed 50 mm. But this does not mean that these ladies are lifeless. The vegetable and animal world is sufficiently zadu, but it is.

From plants, such representatives as sclerofid, succulents, acacia should be noted. Palm palm trees grow in oases. Animals were able to adapt to the arid climate. Lizards, snakes, turtles, beetles, scorpions can do for a long time without water.

In the Libyan part of the Sahara is one of the most beautiful oasis in the world, in the center of which is located a large lake, the name of which is literally translated as "mother of water".

Fig. 4 desert sugar

Subtropical evergreen brightest forests and shrubs

The most extreme natural zones of the African continent are subtropical evergreen tone forests and shrubs. They are located in the north and southwest of the mainland. They are typical of dry, hot summer and wet, warm winter. Such climate favored the formation of fertile brown soils, on which the Lebanese cedar, wild olives, strawberry tree, beech and oak grow.

African Natural Zone Table

This table for grade 7 in geography will help compare the natural zones of the mainland and understand Africa, which natural zone prevails.

What did we know?

Today it was about the natural zones of the roast continent of the Earth - Africa. So, once again let's call them:

• subtropical evergreens of severe forests and shrubs;
• tropical deserts and semi-deserts;
• savannah;
• variable-wet forests;
• wet evergodal equatorial forests.

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