Average annual temperature map. Climate maps of the world. Subequatorial climate zone

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Climatic zones - these are climatically homogeneous areas of the Earth. They look like wide continuous or discontinuous stripes. They are located along the latitudes of the globe.

General characteristics of the climatic zones of the Earth.

Climatic zones differ from each other:

• the degree of heating by the sun;
• peculiarities of atmospheric circulation;
• seasonal change of air masses.

Climatic zones differ significantly from each other, gradually changing from the equator to the poles. However, the climate is influenced not only by the latitude of the Earth, but also by the terrain, proximity to the sea, and height above sea level.

In Russia and in most countries of the world, the classification of climatic zones is used, created by the famous Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov in 1956.

According to this classification on the globe there are four main climatic zones of the Earth and three transitional - with the prefix "sub" (Latin "under"):

• Equatorial (1 belt);
• Subequatorial (2 belts - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Tropical (2 zones - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Subtropical (2 zones - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Moderate (2 zones - in the northern and southern hemispheres);
• Subpolar (2 belts - subantarctic in the south, subarctic in the north);
• Polar (2 belts - in the southern Antarctic, in the northern Arctic);

Within these climatic zones, four types of Earth's climate are distinguished:

• Continental,
• Oceanic,
• The climate of the western shores,
• The climate of the eastern shores.

Let us consider in more detail the climatic zones of the Earth and the types of climates inherent in them.

Climatic zones and types of climates of the Earth:

1. Equatorial climate zone - the air temperature in this climatic zone is constant (+ 24-28 ° С). At sea, temperature fluctuations can generally be less than 1 °. The annual amount of precipitation is significant (up to 3000 mm), on the windward slopes of the mountains, precipitation can fall up to 6000 mm.

2. Subequatorial climate - is located between the equatorial and tropical main types of the Earth's climate. In summer, this belt is dominated by equatorial air massesand tropical in winter. The amount of precipitation in summer is 1000-3000 mm. The average summer temperature is + 30 ° С. In winter, little precipitation falls, the average temperature is + 14 ° С.

Subequatorial and equatorial belts. Left to right: savannah (Tanzania), rainforest (South America)

3. Tropical climatic zone. In this type of climate, a continental tropical climate and an oceanic tropical climate are distinguished.

• continental tropical climate - annual precipitation - 100-250 mm. Average summer temperature + 35-40 ° С, winter + 10-15 ° С. Daily temperature fluctuations can reach 40 ° C.
• oceanic tropical climate - annual precipitation - up to 50 mm. Average summer temperature + 20-27 ° С, winter + 10-15 ° С.

Tropical belts of the Earth. From left to right: deciduous forest (Costa Rica), veld ( South Africa), desert (Namibia).

4. Subtropical climate - is located between the tropical and temperate main types of the Earth's climate. In summer, tropical air masses dominate, and in winter air masses of temperate latitudes, carrying precipitation, invade here. The subtropical climate is characterized by hot, dry summers (from +30 to + 50 ° С) and relatively cold winter with precipitation, no stable snow cover is formed. Annual precipitation is about 500 mm.

• climate of dry subtropics - observed inside continents in subtropical latitudes. Summers are hot (up to + 50 ° С) and in winter frosts down to -20 ° С are possible. Annual precipitation is 120 mm or less.
• mediterranean climate - observed in the western parts of the continents. Summer is hot, no precipitation. Winters are cool and rainy. The annual precipitation is 450-600 mm.
• subtropical climate of the eastern shores continents is monsoon... Winter compared to other climates subtropical belt cold and dry, and summers are hot (+ 25 ° C) and humid (800 mm).

Subtropical belts of the Earth. From left to right: evergreen forest (Abkhazia), prairie (Nebraska), desert (Karakum).

5. Moderate climatic zone. It forms over the territories of temperate latitudes - from 40-45 ° north and south latitude to the polar circles. Annual precipitation ranges from 1000 mm to 3000 mm on the outskirts of the mainland and up to 100 mm in the interior. Summer temperature ranges from + 10 ° С to + 25-28 ° С. In winter - from + 4 ° С to -50 ° С. This type of climate distinguishes between the marine type of climate, continental and monsoon.

• maritime temperate climate - annual precipitation - from 500 mm to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm. Summer is cool + 15-20 ° С, winters are warm from + 5 ° С.
• continental temperate climate - the annual amount of precipitation is about 400 mm. Summers are warm (+ 17-26 ° С), and winters are cold (-10-24 ° С) with a stable snow cover for many months.
• monsoon temperate climate - annual rainfall - about 560 mm. Winters are clear and cold (-20-27 ° С), summers are humid and rainy (-20-23 ° С).

Natural zones of the temperate zones of the Earth. From left to right: taiga (Sayan Mountains), broad-leaved forest (Krasnoyarsk Territory), steppe (Stavropol Territory), desert (Gobi).

6. Subpolar climate - consists of subarctic and subantarctic climatic zones. In summer, humid air masses come here from temperate latitudes, so the summer is cool (from +5 to + 10 ° С) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the north-east of Yakutia 100 mm). In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by the Arctic and Antarctic air masses, so there are long, cold winters, temperatures can reach -50 ° C.
7. Polar type of climate - Arctic and Antarctic climatic zones. Formed above 70 ° north and below 65 ° south latitude. The air is very cold, the snow cover does not melt all year round. There is very little precipitation, the air is saturated with small ice needles. When they settle, they add up to only 100 mm of precipitation per year. The average summer temperature is not higher than 0 ° С, winter temperatures are -20-40 ° С.

Subpolar climatic zones of the Earth. From left to right: Arctic desert (Greenland), tundra (Yakutia), forest-tundra (Khibiny).

More clearly the characteristics of the Earth's climates are presented in the table.

Characteristics of the climatic zones of the Earth. Table.

Note: Dear visitors, hyphens in long words in the table are for the convenience of mobile users - otherwise the words will not wrap and the table will not fit on the screen. Thank you for understanding!

Types of climates (climatic zones) in Russia:

• Arctic: t January -24 ... -30, t summer + 2 ... + 5. Precipitation - 200-300 mm.
• Subarctic: (up to 60 degrees N). summer t + 4 ... + 12. Precipitation is 200-400 mm.
• Moderately continental: t January −4 ... -20, t July + 12 ... + 24. Precipitation is 500-800 mm.
• Continental climate: t January -15 ... -25, t July + 15 ... + 26. Precipitation is 200-600 mm.

Climate zones are continuous or discontinuous regions that run parallel to the planet's latitudes. They differ among themselves in terms of air circulation and the amount of solar energy. Topography, proximity to or are also important climate-forming factors.

According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov, there are seven main types of the Earth's climate: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate, and two polar (one in each hemisphere). In addition, Alisov identified six intermediate belts, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subantarctic.

Arctic and Antarctic climate zone

Arctic and Antarctic climate zone on the world map

The polar region adjacent to the North Pole is called the Arctic. It includes the territory of the Arctic Ocean, the outskirts and Eurasia. The belt is represented by ice and, which are characterized by long, severe winters. The maximum summer temperature is + 5 ° C. Arctic ice affect the Earth's climate as a whole, preventing it from overheating.

The Antarctic belt is located in the very south of the planet. The surrounding islands are also under his influence. There is a pole of cold on the mainland, so winter temperatures average -60 ° C. Summer readings do not rise above -20 ° C. The territory is located in the arctic desert zone. The mainland is almost completely covered with ice. Land areas are found only in the coastal zone.

Subarctic and Subantarctic climatic zone

Subarctic and Subantarctic climatic zone on the world map

The subarctic zone includes Northern Canada, southern Greenland, Alaska, northern Scandinavia, northern regions of Siberia and the Far East. The average winter temperature is -30 ° C. With the arrival of a short summer, the mark rises to + 20 ° C. In the north of this climatic zone dominates, which is characterized by high air humidity, boggy and frequent winds. The south is located in the forest-tundra zone. The soil has time to warm up over the summer, so shrubs and woodlands grow here.

Within the subantarctic belt are the islands of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The zone is subject to seasonal influence of air masses. In winter, the arctic air dominates here, and in summer masses come from the temperate zone. The average winter temperature is -15 ° C. The islands often experience storms, fogs and snowfalls. In the cold season, the entire water area is occupied by ice, but with the onset of summer they melt. Warm months average -2 ° C. The climate can hardly be called favorable. Vegetable world represented by algae, lichens, mosses and herbs.

Moderate climatic zone

Temperate climate zone on the world map

In the temperate zone lies a quarter of the entire surface of the planet: North America, and. Its main feature is the clear expression of the seasons of the year. The prevailing air masses give high humidity and low pressure. Average winter temperatures are 0 ° C. In the summer, the mark rises above fifteen degrees. Cyclones prevailing in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rain. Most of precipitation falls in the form of summer rain.

Territories inland are prone to droughts. represented by alternating forests and arid regions. In the north, it grows, the flora of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. Gradually it is replaced by a zone of mixed broadleaf forests... A strip of steppes in the south encircles all continents. The semi-desert and desert zone covers western North America and Asia.

The temperate climate is subdivided into the following subtypes:

• nautical;
• moderate continental;
• sharply continental;
• monsoon.

Subtropical climate zone

Subtropical climate zone on the world map

In the subtropical zone there is a part of the Black Sea coast, southwest and, south of the North and. In winter, the territories are influenced by the air moving from the temperate zone. The mark on the thermometer rarely drops below zero. In summer, the climatic zone is influenced by subtropical cyclones, which warm the earth well. In the eastern part of the continents dominates wet air... There are long summers and mild winters without frost. The western coasts are characterized by dry summers and warm winters.

In the interior regions of the climatic zone, temperatures are much higher. The weather is almost always clear. Most precipitation occurs during the cold season, when air masses are shifted to the side. Stiff-leaved forests with evergreen undergrowth grow on the coasts. In the northern hemisphere, they are replaced by a zone of subtropical steppes, smoothly flowing into the desert. In the southern hemisphere, the steppes become deciduous and deciduous forests. Mountainous areas are represented by forest-meadow zones.

In the subtropical climatic zone, the following climate subtypes are distinguished:

• subtropical oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate;
• subtropical inland climate;
• subtropical monsoon climate;
• the climate of high subtropical highlands.

Tropical climate zone

Tropical climate zone on the world map

The tropical climatic zone covers separate territories in all but Antarctica. An area of \u200b\u200bincreased pressure dominates the oceans all year round. Because of this, there is little rainfall in the climatic zone. Summer temperatures in both hemispheres exceed + 35 ° C. Average winter temperatures are + 10 ° C. The average daily temperature fluctuation is felt in the interior of the continents.

Most of the time there is clear dry weather here. The bulk of precipitation falls on winter months... Significant temperature changes provoke dust storms. On the coasts, the climate is much milder: winters are warm, and summers are mild and humid. There are practically no strong winds, precipitation falls in the calendar summer. Dominant natural areas are rainforests, deserts and semi-deserts.

The tropical climate zone includes the following climate subtypes:

• trade wind climate;
• tropical dry climate;
• tropical monsoon climate;
• monsoon climate on tropical plateaus.

Subequatorial climate zone

Subequatorial climate zone on the world map

The subequatorial climate zone affects both hemispheres of the Earth. IN summer time the zone is influenced by equatorial wet winds. In winter, the trade winds dominate. The average annual temperature is + 28 ° C. Daily temperature drops are insignificant. Most of the precipitation occurs during the warm season under the influence of the summer monsoons. The closer to the equator, the more abundant it rains. In summer, most rivers overflow their banks, and in the winter they dry up completely.

The flora is represented by monsoon mixed forests and woodlands. The foliage on the trees turns yellow and falls off during dry periods. With the arrival of rains, it is restored. Cereals and herbs grow in the open spaces of savannahs. The flora has adapted to the periods of rains and droughts. Some remote woodlands have not yet been studied by humans.

Equatorial climate zone

Equatorial climate zone on the world map

The belt is located on both sides of the equator. A constant stream of solar radiation creates a hot climate. Weather conditions are affected by air masses coming from the equator. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3 ° C. Unlike other climatic zones, the equatorial climate remains virtually unchanged throughout the year. Temperature readings do not drop below + 27 ° C. Due to heavy rainfall, high humidity, fog and cloudiness are formed. Strong winds are practically absent, which has a beneficial effect on the flora.