Study of atmospheric pressure. Scientific research work "Atmospheric pressure and studying its influence on the human body." Meteo-dependent and healthy people

State budgetary educational institution of average

Professional Education of the Rostov Region

"Kamensky Institute of Construction and Car Service"

Search research

on this topic:

"Pressure is obvious and necessary"

Performed:

educational groups number 14

Bulgakov Alexander

Khomenko Alexander

Officers:

Teacher of physics Semikolenova

Natalya Anatolyevna

Master P / O Mykin Victor Mikhailovich

Kamensk-Shakhtinsky

2014

Content

Introduction .................................................................................... ..

1. Description and move holding work ... ........................... .. .......................

1.1. History of study "Pressure" ................................................. ....

1.2. Instruments for measuring pressure .......................................... ..

1.3 Types of pressure gauges .................................................................. ...

1.4 Factors affecting the reliability of tires ..........................................

…………………………………………………..

2.1 Experiments on the pressure demonstration ................................................

2.2 Experiments on the demonstration of practical pressure use .........

2.3 Tire pressure and temperature ......... .. ................................. ........

Conclusion ......................................................................................

Literature ............................................................................................

Applications ........................................................................................

Introduction

The pilots say that the air is what gives support to our wings. Without air, airplanes could not fly. Doctors argue that air is what we breathe. It is impossible to live without air! And the engineers say: "The air is a wonderful worker. True, he is free, the flying, he does not grab it. But if you collect it, locked up in a suitable dish and squeeze it well, he can do a lot. "

On the use of air, the action of various pneumatic devices is based, it opens and closes the doors in buses, in trolley buses and trains, it softens all the shocks and blows on the irregularities of the path. One of the most important problems facing road transport is to increase the operational reliability of cars. The solution to this problem, on the one hand, is provided by the automotive industry due to the release of more reliable cars, on the other - the improvement of the methods of technical operation of cars.

Pressure is one of the most important parameters of various processes. That is why our search and research project is called: "Pressure is obvious and necessary."

The problem of our study is the obvious manifestation of gas pressure and the feasibility of its use in various fields of human activity.

The contradictions of our research work are between the perception of pressure as a givenness and the lack of experience of explaining the phenomena around us; Between the need to use pressure and the lack of such experience.

The object of our study is pressure.

The subject of the study is a complex of experiments that promote demonstration atmospheric pressure and its practical use.

The purpose of our study is to demonstrate atmospheric pressure and its use, both on everyday life and professional level.

To implement a search and research work, we had to solve a number of tasks in several directions:

explore historical facts on the accumulation and systematization of knowledge of "pressure";

prepare the table of units of measurement of this physical quantity;

examine instruments for measuring pressure:

• • allocate from their number applicable to our profession;

    explore the device and principle of operationinstruments for pressure measurement;

identify factors affecting the change in pressure incar tires;

pick up a set of experiments clearly showing the existence of atmospheric pressure and its practical application in everyday life and profession190631. 01 "Auto mechanic";

form a material and technical base for conducting and demonstrating experiments;

build a pressure dependence schedule incar tires from air temperature;

When implementing the project, we used the following research methods:

experience, observation, analysis, generalization and systematization of information obtained as a result of working with various sources of information and conduct of experiments.

As a hypotheses of our search and research work, we defined: a demonstration of pressure manifestation and its practical and professional use and the assumption that systematic control of the pressure of the wheels will significantly increase the life of automotive tires.

In our work, we defined the following stages of the study:

Preparatory;

Main:

search and research;

estimated reflexive;

Final

Description and course of the study

In class on "physics", studying the section "Fundamentals of molecular-kinetic theory", we met with the manifestation of gas pressure. This topic seemed to us interesting for in-depth study. The topic of search and research work identified: « The pressure is obvious and necessary, "marked a number of tasks and started to solve them.

To begin with, we decided to explore the historical aspect of this issue. We wanted to know who the scientists accumulate and systematized knowledge of pressure.

1. History of study "Pressure"

The existence of air is known to a person from ancient times. Greek thinker Anaximen, who lived in the VI century BC, considered air the basis of all things. At the same time, the air is something impossible, as it were, like an innumerable - "spirit."

In the Epoch of the Early Middle Ages, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe atmosphere expressed Egyptian scientist Al Haysama (Algazena). He not only knew that the air had weight, but that the air density decreases with a height.

Until the middle of the XVII century, the approval of the ancient Greek scientist Aristotle was considered continued that the water rises behind the piston of the pump because "Nature is afraid of emptiness".

This statement in 1638 led to confusion, when the arrival of the Duke of Tuscan was faced to decorate the Gardens of Florence Fontans - the water did not rise above 10.3 m.

The perplexed builders turned for help to Galileo, who joked, which probably, nature really does not like emptiness, but to a certain limit. The great scientist could not explain this phenomenon.

His student-Torrichelli after long experiments, proved that the air is weight and the pressure of the atmosphere.

In 1648, the experience of Bleza Pascal on Mount Pew de House proved that a smaller post of air has a smaller pressure. Due to the attraction of the Earth and the insufficient velocity of the air molecule, the near-earth space cannot leave. However, they do not fall on the surface of the Earth, but so far over it, as they are in continuous thermal motion. In his honor, a unit of measurement is named Pressures (mechanical stress) in the international measurement system - Pascal (designation: PA). There are other units of measurement of this physical quantity (see Appendix 1).

Many and fruitfully studying atmospheric pressure, Otto von Gerica was engaged in Burgomaster of Magdeburg. In May 1654, he set the experience that was visual proof of the existence of atmospheric pressure.

For experience, two metal hemispheres prepared (one with a tube for pumping air). They were folded together, between them placed a leather ring impregnated with molten wax. Using the pump, air from the cavity formed between the hemispheres was abandoned. On each of the hemispheres there was a solid iron ring.
Two eight horses, pronounced in these rings, pulled out in different directions, trying to disconnect the hemispheres, but they did not succeed. When the air was invented inside the hemispheres, they broke off without external effort.

1.2 Pressure Measurement Devices

Much practical significance is the ability to measure atmospheric pressure. These knowledge is needed in weather forecasting, in medicine, in technological processes and vital activity of living organisms. For these purposes, a large number of different devices can be divided into:

a) pressure gauges - to measure absolute and overpressure;

b) vacuummers - to measure the discharge (vacuum);

c) Manovacummeters - to measure overpressure and vacuum;

d) pressure reserves - for measuring small overpressure (upper measurement limit of not more than 0.04 MPa);

e) cragomiers - for measuring small discharges (upper measurement limit up to 0.004 MPa);

e) TyagonorPhotres - to measure discharge and small overpressure;

g) differential pressure gauges - to measure the pressure difference;

h) barometers - to measure the barometric pressure of atmospheric air

The use of various types of measuring instruments allows me to measure pressure from 10 to 10 −11 mbar.

1.3 Types of Manometers

Compliance with the correct tire pressure is one of the main rules for the operation of the car. To solve this task, we have shifted the next item of our work.

Pressure gauges are applied in all cases when you need to know, control and adjust the pressure.

Pressure gauges are divided into accuracy classes: 0.15; 0.25; 0.4; 0.6; 1.0; 1.5; 2.5; 4.0 (the smaller the number, the more accurate the device).

For measuring air pressure in tires, there are pressure gauges of various types.The easiest option of the tire pressure monitoring sensor is the sensors in mechanical design.

They are can be shootingquite accurate, but "fear" drops and overloads with greater pressure, due to which the manometric spring is spinning inside the pressure gauge.

Mechanical pressure gauges in the form of "handles", with a cylindrical spring much more reliable, but, as a rule, have less measurement accuracy.

Pressure sensor in the form of a cap-dressed on nipple tires. His principle of operation consists in mechanical movement of the piston, depending on the pressure.

At nominal pressure of the sensor in 2 bars, the green color is visible on this instrument. If the pressure decreased to 1.7 bar, then a yellow indicator appears. When the level of pressure in the tire reaches 1.3 bar and less, the indicator becomes red.

Electrical sensors are more accurate and most complex in the installation. For the passenger car, the electric tire pressure sensor looks like a set of four devices that track the pressure, and sometimes the temperature, in the tires and have one receiving-information (main, main) unit.

Between themselves, these 4 sensors will communicate with the help of radio communications, that is, the signal is sent to the main unit, which displays information on the display in the car. In order for the service life of the electrical sensor of the machine too short, during the car parking signals enter the block every 15 minutes, and during the movement - after 5 minutes. But in case of pressure change (more than 0.2 kgf / cm 2 ) The sensor switches automatically into the intensive measurement and data transmission mode.

Electric sensor installed on auto discs. To install their installation, the sensor is sent directly to the rim of the disk near the nipple, then the bus is put in place and balance taking into account the weight of the sensor, because its mass is about 30 grams. Only the complexity of the installation can be attributed to the disadvantage of such a device, and the advantage is a high tightness of the system.

Electrical pressure sensors - microchips. Microchips are very complicated because the chip is installed inside the tire, where all information about the bus is laid, that is, its type, size, permissible load, maximum speed, recommended pressure and manufacturing date. All this is carried out at the factory manufacturer. Such a system is able to recognize any changes in the tires and immediately report them to the driver (with the ignition on).

As you can see, the range of tire pressure sensors is quite wide, it allows each driver to choose exactly the device that most complies with its needs (Appendix 2).

1. Factors affecting the reliability of tires

The tire is one of the main elements of the car and significantly affects its operational qualities. The tires depends on the tire and braking characteristics of the machine, its stability, traffic safety, smoothness, efficiency.

There are two main factors that significantly affect tire pressure. This is temperature ambient and load. In our work, we will pay attention to the first of them.

Some car tires indicate the recommended pressure in order for the driver to see, with what pressure they retain their performance, that is, they are not destroyed.

It is important that air pressure in certain limits can easily change from the operating conditions, resulting in a desirable way to influence the resistance of the pipeline with an increase in the vehicle.

Weather conditions have a significant impact on air pressure in the tire. Air pressure in tires changes with a sharp change of weather,from the temperature of the asphalt shot during the day, from increasing the temperature of the wheels due to the friction forces.

Based on the instructions (Appendix 3) the tire of the air pressure contributes to the uniform distribution of the load in the contact spot, which ensures the stability of the tire structure. It is known that this affects the character of its wear, resistance to rolling and durability.

In case the tire pressure is too high, the carit becomes more rigid, the load on the suspension aggregates increases. At the same time, the braking path increases - all this is due to a decrease in the contact area of \u200b\u200bthe tire with an expensive.

In a not enough pumped tire, the shoulder zone flashes faster than the middle of the tread (Fig. 1).

The reduced pressure makes the wheel softer, the ride is more pleasant, because at the same time all the irregularities of the road are absorbed. At the same time, the elasticity of the tire is reduced, its wear is accelerated, the fuel consumption increases. The tire creates an uneven distribution of pressure on the surface of the road, it is more heated, its frame is destroyed. In addition, the aquaplaning and grip with wet road deteriorate.

Fig.1 Tire wear at various pressure

In connection with the foregoing, it can be concluded that various forces in the rolling process act on the rolling process, in turn, in many ways depend on the external load and ambient temperature.

2. Experiments, clearly showing the existence of atmospheric pressure and its practical application.

2.1 Pressure demonstration experiments

To implement this item of work, we picked up a complex of experiments, a material and technical base for their implementation and demonstration of the existence of atmospheric pressure and its practical application in various fields of human activity.

Experience number 1.

Equipment: Glass with water, tight paper sheet.

Holding: Filled to the edges of a glass with water and covered with a sheet of paper. Supporting a sheet with hand, turned the glass upside down. Take a hand from the paper - the water from the glass is not poured. The paper remained as if gluked to the edge of the glass.

Explanation: Atmospheric pressure is more water produced by water, so water is held in a glass.

Experience number 2.

Equipment: Two funnels, two identical clean dry plastic bottles Capacity 1 liter, plasticine.

Holding: They took a bottle without plasticine. Poured a little water into it through the funnel. A little water flowed into a bottle with a fixed plasticine, and then she stopped flowing at all.

Explanation: In the first bottle, water flows freely. Since she replaces the air in it, which goes through the gap between the neck and the funnel. In the sealed plasticine, the bottle also has air that has its pressure. Water in the funnel also has pressure, which occurs due to the strength of gravity pulling down water down. However, the power of air pressure in the bottle exceeds the force of gravity acting on the water. Therefore, water can not get into the bottle.

Experience number 3.

Equipment: Line 50 cm long, newspaper.

Holding: they put a ruler on the table so that a quarter of her length was swallowed from the edge of the table. Put the newspaper to a part of the lineup, which is on the table, leaving a hanging part open. Made one karate karate for the ruler, the line cannot raise the newspaper or breaks.

Explanation:Top on the newspaper puts pressure atmospheric air. Air pressure on the newspaper from above turns out to be greater than below, and the ruler breaks .

Experience number 4.

Equipment:baking shape, water, ruler, gas or electric stove (used only adult), empty tin can, nippers.

Holding:Poured into the form of water by about 2.5 cm. Put it next to the stove. Pour some water into an empty jar from carbonated water so that the water only covered the bottom. After that, the assistant heated the jar on the stove. They gave the water strongly boil, approximately for a minute, so that steam went out of the bank. They took the jar with forceps and quickly turned her into a shape with water. The tin is flattened as soon as it touched water .

Explanation:The bank is crushed due to changes in air pressure. Inside it is created low pressure, and then with a higher pressure of it fmines. In the non-heated bank contains water and air. When water boils, it evaporates - turns from a liquid into hot water vapor. Hot steam replaces air in the jar. When the assistant lowers the overtaken jar, the air cannot return to it again. Cold water in the form cools the steam remaining in the bank. It condenses-turns from gas back into the water. Couple, which occupied the entire volume of banks, turns just a few drops of water, which occupies significantly less space than steam. A large empty space remains in the bank, almost not filled with air, so the pressure is much lower there than atmospheric pressure from the outside. Air presses on the can outside, and she is crushed.

These and many other experiments are indeed proof that atmospheric pressure exists and has an impact on us and the objects around us.

2.2 Experiments on the demonstration of practical use of pressure

Many natural processes and actions for us are based on the existence of atmospheric pressure, we give examples of some of them.

Experience number 5.

Equipment:solominka, glass with drinking water.

Holding:drive a glass with water to mouth and "pull" liquid

Explanation:When drinking, we expand the chest and thereby cutting the air in the mouth; Under the pressure of outdoor air, it rushes into the space where the pressure is less, and thus penetrates into our mouth.

Experience number 6.

Equipment: Bank filled with water, brown.

Holding:fill the bank with water. In the inverted form, we set in the brother so that the neck is slightly lower than the water level in it. Received automatic pots for birds.

Explanation: When the water level decreases into part of the water from the bottle will turn out.

Experience number 7.

Equipment:the device is depicted Liver, which serves for taking samples of various liquids, pipette, capillary, columus.

Holding: Liver is lowered into the liquid, then closed with a finger to the top hole and removed from the liquid. When the top hole is opened, liquid begins to flow from the line

Explanation: When the upper hole is closed The atmosphere has pressure only below, otherwise it squeezes the liquid from the lever.

Experience number 8.

Equipment:1-polyethylene bag, 2-glass tube, 3 - rubber ball, 4- Two rings of thick wire, 5 - threads.

Explanation:Breath model. When deforming a polyethylene bag, a change in the volume of the rubber ball is observed. Such processes occur when breathing

We led some examples of using atmospheric pressure in everyday life (see Appendix 4), the manifestation of this in our professional activity will be reviewed in the next paragraph of our work.

2.3 Tire pressure and temperature

We conducted a series of experiments establishing relationships between pressure and temperature. The results of the experiments are presented in tabular and graphic form.

1 day

Temperature, 0 C

Pressure bar.

2,15

2,25

2,30

2 day

Temperature, 0 C

Pressure bar.

2,16

2,26

2,31

3 day

Temperature, 0 C

Pressure bar.

2,25

2,32

Properly exhibited tire pressure increases tire life, and also provides a safe movement. The driver who takes care of its safety and the safety of his car must establish tire pressure sensors. These electronic monitoring systems allow you to constantly monitor the pressure and temperature inside the tires, so that you can track any wheel malfunction

Conclusion

In the course of our research, we found out how important knowledge about the existence of atmospheric pressure is that nothing but atmospheric pressure cannot be explained by many physical phenomena. We were surprised that it was atmospheric pressure that determines many processes in human life and activities. In addition, the factors affecting the efficiency of operation of automotive tires were revealed. It was determined that the tire pressure affects the traction, braking, machine characteristics, its stability, traffic safety, smoothness, efficiency, the duration of the operation of the tires themselves.

He studied the principle of operation, the advantages and disadvantages of each type of pressure sensor in automotive tires.

According to the results of the search and research work, in order to improve the safety of the movement and operational qualities of the vehicle, ready to formulate recommendations for the implementation of its potential properties:

clearly follow the instructions for the operation of automotive tires recommended by the manufacturer;

systematically diagnose tire pressure, while take into account weather conditions;

conduct an additional inspection of the car before long-distance travel.

In connection with the foregoing, it can be concluded that the pressure helps to carry out many physiological processes, it is necessary to specialists from various professions, requires systematic control and correction.

This work deepened our knowledge of "pressure," expanded our usage on the areas of its manifestation and application. In addition, we consider it expedient to continue the study of the effect of pressure on other components of the vehicle.

Literature

Bilimovich B.F. "Physical Quiz in High School" Publisher "Education", Moscow 1968

Kalissky V.S. Car. Textbook driver of the third class. M. Transport, 1973

Fireplace A.L. Physics. Educational training. Book for teachers. - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2003.

Name g. Games and scientific entertainment. - M.: Enlightenment, 1958.

Perelman Ya. And .. Entertaining physics: Book 1. - M.: LLC "AST Publishing House", 2001.

Fundamental research // Scientific Journal №8, 2011

Electronic Remote Access Resources

znaj .net

Attachment 1

Units of pressure measurement

Pascal
(PA, PA)

Bar
(Bar, bar)

Technical atmosphere
(at, at)

Physical atmosphere
(ATM, atm)

Millimeter mercury pillar
(mmHg.,

mMHG, TORR, Torr)

Pound-power
on square. inch
(PSI)

1 pa

1 n / m 2

10 −5

10,197 · 10. −6

9,8692 · 10. −6

7,5006 · 10. −3

145.04 · 10. −6

1 bar.

10 5

1 · 10. 6 DIN / SM. 2

1,0197

0,98692

750,06

14,504

1 At.

98066,5

0,980665

1 kgf / cm 2

0,96784

735,56

14,223

1 atm

101325

1,01325

1,033

1 atm

760

14,696

1 mm Hg

133,322

1,3332 · 10. −3

1,3595 · 10. −3

1,3158 · 10. −3

1 mm Hg

19,337 · 10. −3

1 psi.

6894,76

68,948 · 10. −3

70,307 · 10. −3

68,046 · 10. −3

51,715

1 pound / inch 2

Appendix 2.

Tire pressure monitoring sensors

Spring Type Pressure Gauge

(pressure gauge)

Mechanical Pressure Gauge (Cylindrical Spring)

Mechanical pressure gauge in the form of caps,

who dress on nipple tires

Electric sensors I.

receiving and information block

Electric sensor,

installed on the disks of the car

Electric Pressure Sensors - Microchips

1 - valve; 2 - rim wheels; 3 - chip; 4 - tire

Appendix 3.

Specifications Some cars

Brand car

kgf

pressure, kgf / cm 2

kgf

pressure, kgf / cm 2

ZIL 130.

3000

3000

MAZ-543.

5000

5000

Ural-375d

2500

3,2

2500

0,5

Brand car

Tire size

Pressure in the tire kg / cm 2

Front wheels

Rear wheels

ZIL-130.

9,00-20

3,50

5,30

260-20

3,50

5,00

260-508R

4,5

5,5

GAZ-21 "Volga"

6,70-15

1,70

1,70

185-15p

1,90

1,90

Appendix 4.

Use of atmospheric pressure

Medicine

pipettes, Banks, Syringes, Liver

In human life

children's toys on suckers, soaps on suckers, vanatuz, canning, fountains, fluid fence with hose, bones of hip joints.

In nature

snowflakes of different form

In the life of animals

sprut, leeches, flies - suckers, complex hooves of pigs, ruminants, trunk at an elephant

Agriculture

barometric rocker, milking devices, Liver, piston liquid pump.

Meteorology

weather prediction folk signs, Natural "barometers"

Torricelli experience.
Calculate the atmospheric pressure according to the formula for calculating the pressure of the fluid column (§ 39) is impossible. For such a calculation, you need to know the height of the atmosphere and air density. But the atmosphere has no definite boundary, and the air density at different height is different. However, the atmospheric pressure can be measured using the experience proposed in the XVII century. Italian scientist Evangelist Torricelli, Galilean's student.

Torricelli's experience consists of the following: a glass tube with a length of about 1 m, soldered from one end, filled with mercury. Then, tightly closing the other end of the tube, it is turned over, it is lowered into a cup with mercury and the end of the tube opens up (Fig. 130). Part of the mercury is poured into a cup, and part of it remains in the tube. The height of the mercury pillar remaining in the tube is approximately 760 mm. There is no mercury in the air tube, there is an airless space.

Torricelli, who proposed the experience described above, gave and his explanation. The atmosphere presses on the surface of mercury in a cup. Mercury is in equilibrium. So, the pressure in the tube at the level of AA 1 (see Fig. 130) is equal to atmospheric pressure. If it were more atmospheric, then mercury would be pulled out of the tube into a cup, and if less, then it would rise in the tube up.

The pressure in the tube at the level of AA X is created by the weight of the mercury post in the tube, since there is no air at the top of the tube over mercury. It follows that the atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of the mercury post in the tube, i.e.

p atm \u003d p mercury

Measuring the height of the mercury pillar, you can calculate the pressure that produces mercury. It will be equal to atmospheric pressure. If the atmospheric pressure decreases, the mercury post in Torricelli tube decreases.

The greater the atmospheric pressure, the higher the Mercury post in Torricelli's experience. Therefore, in practice, atmospheric pressure can be measured by the height of the mercury pillar (in millimeters or centimeters). If, for example, atmospheric pressure is 780 mm Hg. Art., That means that the air produces the same pressure that it produces a vertical post of mercury height of 780 mm.

Therefore, in this case, 1 millimeter of the mercury pillar (1 mm Hg) takes 1 millimeter of the atmospheric pressure. Find the ratio between this unit and the pressure known to us - Pascal (PA).

Pressure pilling of mercury p. mercury height 1 mm equals

p \u003d gρh,

p \u003d 9.8 N / kg ∙ 13 600 kg / m 3 ∙ 0.001 m ≈ 133.3 Pa.

So, 1 mm RT. Art. \u003d 133.3 PA.

Currently, atmospheric pressure is made to measure in hectopascals. For example, in weather reports may be announced that the pressure is 1013 GPa, it is the same as 760 mm Hg. Art.

Watching daily for the height of the mercury pillar in the tube, Torricelli found that this height changes, i.e., atmospheric pressure is impermanent, it can increase and decrease. Torricelli also noticed that changes in atmospheric pressure are associated with a change in weather.

If a tube with mercury used in Torricelli's experience, attach a vertical scale, then the simplest device is a mercury barometer (from Greek. Baro - gravity, metroo - measure). It serves to measure atmospheric pressure.

Such an experience was held, he showed that the air pressure on the top of the mountain where the experiments were carried out was almost 100 mm Hg. Art. Less than the foot of the mountain. But Pascal was not limited to this experience. To once again prove that a mercury pillar in Torricelli's experience is held by atmospheric pressure, Pascal has put another experience, which it figuratively called the proof of "emptiness in emptiness."

The experience of Pascal can be carried out using the device depicted in Figure 134, and, where a is a durable hollow glass vessel in which two tubes are passed: one - from the barometer B, the other (tube with open ends) - from the barometer V.

The device is installed on the plane of the air pump. At the beginning of the experience, the pressure in the vessel A is equal to the atmospheric, it is measured by the difference in the heights of H poles in the barometer B. in the barometer, it is worth one level in mercury. Then from the vessel and the air is repulsed by the pump. As the air is removed, the level of mercury in the left knee of the barometer b decreases, and in the left knee of the barometer in rises. When the air is completely removed from the vessel A, the level of mercury in the narrow tube of the barometer B will fall and comes with the level of mercury in its widespread knees. In the narrow tube of the barometer in mercury under the action of atmospheric pressure rises to the height H (Fig. 134, b). With this experience, Pascal once again proved the existence of atmospheric pressure.

Pascal's experiments finally denied the theory of Aristotle about the "fear of emptiness" and confirmed the existence of atmospheric pressure.

Barometer - aneroid

In practice, a metal barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure, called aneroid (translated from Greek - "naughty". So the barometer is called because it does not contain mercury). The view of the aneroid is shown in Figure 135. The main part of it is a metal box 1 with Wavy (corrugated) surface (Fig. 136). From this box, air is soldered, and so that the atmospheric pressure does not crush the box, its spring cover is delayed up. With an increase in atmospheric pressure, the lid begged down and pulls the spring. With a decrease in pressure, the spring straightens the cover. To the spring with the help of the transfer mechanism 3 attached an arrow-pointer 4, which moves to the right or left when the pressure changes. Under the arrow, the scale was strengthened, the division of which is applied according to the testimony of a mercury barometer. Thus, the number 750, against which the aneroid arrow stands (see Fig. 135), shows that at the moment in the mercury barometer, the height of the mercury pillar is 750 mm.

Consequently, the atmospheric pressure is 750 mm Hg. Art., or ~ 1000 GPa.

The knowledge of atmospheric pressure is very important to predict the weather for the coming days, since the change in the atmospheric pressure is associated with the change in weather. Barometer is a necessary device for meteorological observations.

Atmospheric pressure at various heights.

In the fluid, the pressure, as we know (§ 38) depends on the density of the liquid and the height of its column. Due to low compressibility, the density of the liquid at various depths is almost the same. Therefore, by calculating fluid pressure, we consider its density constant and take into account only a change in height.

It is more difficult to deal with gases. Gas are well compressible. And the stronger the gas is compressed, the more its density and the greater pressure it produces to the surrounding bodies. After all, gas pressure is created by blowing his molecules about the body surface.

The air layers at the surface of the Earth are compressed by all layers of air that are above them. But the higher the surface of the air layer, the weaker it is compressed, the less its density. Consequently, the less pressure it produces. If, for example, a balloon rises above the ground surface, the air pressure on the ball becomes less. This happens not only because the height of the air column above it decreases, but also because the air density decreases. At the top it is less than below. Therefore, the dependence of pressure from the height for air is more complicated than a similar dependence for fluid.

Observations show that atmospheric pressure in areas lying at sea level, an average of 760 mm Hg. Art.

Atmospheric pressure equal to the pressure of the mercury pole 760 mm high at 0 ° C is called normal atmospheric pressure.

Normal atmospheric pressure is 101 300 Pa \u003d 1013 GPa.

The greater the height above the sea level, the amount of air in the atmosphere less.

With small lifts, an average of every 12 m, the pressure is reduced by 1 mm Hg. Art. (or by 1.33 GPa).

Knowing the dependence of pressure from the height, it is possible to determine the height above the sea levels by changing the renovation of the barometer. Anoreoids having a scale on which the height can be directly referred to as altimeters (Fig. 137). They are used in aviation and during the lifting on the mountains.

Homework:
I. Teach §§ 44 - 46.
II. Answer the questions:
1. Why can not count the air pressure just as the pressure of the fluid on the bottom or the vessel wall?
2. Explain how using Torricelli tube you can measure atmospheric pressure.
3. What does record mean: "Atmospheric pressure is 780 mm Hg. Art. "?
4. How many hectopascals are equal to the pressure of a mercury pillar with a height of 1 mm?

5. How is the barometer aneroid?
6. How grads a barometer-aneroid scale?
7. For which it is necessary to systematically and in different places globe Measure atmospheric pressure? What value does it have in meteorology?

8. How to explain that atmospheric pressure decreases as the height of the rise above the ground level increases?
9. What is the atmospheric pressure called normal?
10. What is the device for measuring the height of atmospheric pressure? What does he represent? Is its device differ from the barometer device?
III. Solve exercise 21:
1. Figure 131 shows a water barometer created by Pascal in 1646. Which height was a water column in this barometer at atmospheric pressure equal to 760 mm Hg. Art.?
2. In 1654, Otto Gerica in Magdeburg to prove the existence of atmospheric pressure, there was such an experience. He glanced air from the cavity between two metal hemispheres, folded together. The atmosphere pressure so strongly pressed the hemisphere to each other, which they could not break eight pairs of horses (Fig. 132). Calculate the force compressing the hemisphere, if we assume that it acts on the area of \u200b\u200b2800 cm 2, and the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art.
3. From the tube with a length of 1 m, soldered from one end and with a crane on the other end, the air was dumped. Placing an end with a crane in mercury, opened the crane. Will the whole tube fill? If instead of mercury take water, will it fill with the whole tube?
4. Express pressure in hectopascals equal to: 740 mm Hg. st.; 780 mm Hg. Art.
5. Consider Figure 130. Answer questions.
a) Why for balancing the pressure of the atmosphere, the height of which reaches tens of thousands of kilometers, sufficiently post mercury with a height of about 760 mm?
b) Atmospheric pressure is valid for mercury, located in a cup, top down. Why does the atmospheric pressure hold the mercury post in the tube?
c) How would the presence of air in the tube over mercury on the testimony of a mercury barometer?
d) whether the testing of the barometer will change if the tube is tilt; Lower deeper into a cup with mercury?
IV. Solve exercise 22:
Consider Figure 135 and answer questions.
a) what is the device depicted in the figure?
b) In which units are its external and internal scales marked?
c) Calculate the division of each scale.
d) Write down the instrument readings for each scale.
V. Perform task on page 131 (if possible):
1. Immerse the glass into the water, turn it over water upside down and then slowly pull out of the water. Why, while the edges of the glass are under water, water remains in the glass (not poured)?
2. Pour into a glass of water, close up of a sheet of paper and, supporting a sheet with hand, turn the glass upside down. If you now take a hand from paper (Fig. 133), then the water from the glass will not turn out. Paper remains like gluable glass. Why? Justify the answer.
3. Put a long wooden line on the table so that its end goes over the edge of the table. From above Shipping the table with a newspaper, arrange the newspaper with hands so that it lies tightly on the table and ruler. Sharply hit the free end of the line - the newspaper will not rise, but will break through. Explain the observed phenomena.
Vi. Read text on page 132: "It's curious ..."
The history of the opening of atmospheric pressure
The study of atmospheric pressure has a greater and instructive history. Like many others scientific discoveriesIt is closely related to the practical needs of people.

The pump device was known even in ancient times. However, and the ancient Greek scientist Aristotle, and his followers explained the movement of water for the piston in the pump pipe the fact that "nature is afraid of emptiness." The very reason for this phenomenon is the pressure of the atmosphere - they were unknown.

At the end of the first half of the XVII century. In Florence, the so-called suction pumps were built rich in Italy. It consists of a vertically located pipe, inside which has a piston. When the piston is lifted up, water rises (see Fig. 124). With these pumps, they wanted to raise water on large heightBut the pumps "refused" to do it.

Apply for advice to Galileo. Galiley explored pumps and found that they are working. Walking on this issue, he indicated that the pumps could not raise the water higher than 18 Italian elbows (~ 10 m). But he did not have time to resolve the issue. After the death of Galilee these scientific research He continued his student - Torricelli. Torricelli took up and studying the phenomenon of raising water behind the piston in the pump tube. For experience, he suggested using a long glass tube, and instead of the water take mercury. For the first time, such an experience (§ 44) was done by his student of Viviani in 1643

Having informing over this experience, Torricelli came to the conclusion that the true cause of raising in the mercury tube is air pressure, and not "fear of emptiness". This pressure produces air by its weight. (And that the air has weight - it has already been proven to Galileem.)

On the experiments of Torricelli recognized the French scientist Pascal. He repeated Torricelli's experience with mercury and water. However, Pascal believed that for the final proof of the fact of the existence of atmospheric pressure, it was necessary to do the experience of Torricelli once at the foot of some mountain, and another time on the top of it and measure it in both cases the height of the mercury pillar in the tube. If at the top of the mountain, mercury post was lower than at the foot of it, then it should be concluded that mercury in the tube is really supported by atmospheric pressure.

"Easy to understand," Pascal said, - that the foot of the mountain air has a greater pressure than at the top of it, including no reason to assume that nature experienced a big fear of emptiness downstairs than at the top. "

Atmospheric pressure is considered normal within the indicators of 750-760 mm Hg. (millimeters of mercury pillar). During the year, it varies within 30 mm Hg. Art., and during the day - within 1-3 mm Hg. Art. A sharp change in atmospheric pressure often causes degradation of well-being in meteo-dependent, and sometimes healthy people.

If the weather is changing, patients with hypertension feel bad. Consider how the atmospheric pressure on hypertensive and meteo-dependent people affects.

Meteo-dependent and healthy people

Healthy people do not feel any weather changes. Weather-dependent symptoms appear:

• Dizziness;
• Drowsiness;
• Apathy, lethargy;
• Articular pain;
• Anxiety, fear;
• Disorders of the GTS function;
• Vibrations of blood pressure.

Often, well-being is worsening in the fall, when the exacerbation of colds, chronic diseases is observed. In the absence of any pathologies, meteo-sensitivity is manifested by ailment.

Unlike healthy, meteo-dependent people react not only to atmospheric pressure fluctuations, but also to increase humidity, sudden cooling or warming. The reason for this is often:

• Low physical activity;
• The presence of diseases;
• Fall of immunity;
• Deterioration of the CNS state;
• Weak blood vessels;
• Age;
• Ecological situation;
• Climate.

As a result, the body's ability deteriorates to quickly adapt to changes in weather conditions.

If the atmospheric pressure is elevated (above 760 mm Hg. Art.), The wind and the precipitate are absent, they say the occurrence of anticyclone. During this period there are no sharp drops of temperature. The amount of harmful impurities increases in the air.

Anticyclone negatively acts on hypertensive. An increase in atmospheric pressure leads to an increase in blood pressure. The performance is reduced, pulsation and pain in the head, heart pain appear. Other symptoms of the negative effect of anticyclone:

• Heartbearance;
• Weakness;
• Noise in ears;
• Facial redness;
• Flashing "Flies" before your eyes.

Elderly are especially exposed to anticyclone with chronic cardiovascular diseases. With an increase in atmospheric pressure, the probability of complication of hypertension - a crisis is increasing, especially if the blood pressure increases to the indicators of 220/120 mm RT. Art. Other hazardous complications are possible (embolism, thrombosis, coma).

Poorly affects patients with hypertension and reduced atmospheric pressure - cyclone. It is characterized by cloudy weather, precipitation, high humidity. Air pressure drops below 750 mm Hg. Art. The cyclone has the following effect on the body: breathing is more frequent, pulse is studied, however, the power of cardiac beats is reduced. Some people appear shortness of breath.

At low air pressure drops and hell. Taking into account the fact that hypertensive is taking drugs to reduce pressure, cyclone poorly affects well-being. Symptoms appear:

• Dizziness;
• Drowsiness;
• Headache;
• Prostration.

With an increase in atmospheric pressure with hypertension and meteo-dependent people, active physical exertion should be avoided. We must rest more. A low-calorie diet containing an increased amount of fruit is recommended.

If the anticyclone is accompanied by heat, it is also necessary to exclude physical exertion. If it is possible, it is necessary to be indoors with air conditioning. There will be a relevant low-calorie diet. Increase in the diet the number of products rich in potassium.

To put blood pressure in the norm with a reduced atmospheric, doctors recommend to increase the volume of the fluid consumed. Drink water, infusions of medicinal herbs. It is necessary to reduce physical exertion, more rest.

Well helps strong sleep. In the morning you can allow a cup of beverage containing caffeine. During the day, it is necessary to measure pressure several times.

The effect of pressure and temperature changes

A lot of health problems can deliver hypertensive and change air temperature. During the anticyclone, combined with heat, significantly increases the risk of hemorrhages in the brain, heart lesions.

because of high temperatures and high humidity decreases the oxygen content in the air. Especially poorly, such weather affects the elderly.

However, in some cases, such weather conditions are the cause of blood thickening. This strengthens the risk of blood clots and the development of heart attacks, strokes.

The well-being of hypertensive will deteriorate if the atmospheric pressure is increased simultaneously with a sharp decrease in ambient temperature. With high humidity, hypothermia is developing strong wind (supercooling). The excitation of the sympathetic unit of the nervous system causes a decrease in heat transfer and the gain of heat-product.

The reduction in heat transfer is caused by a decrease in body temperature due to vessel spasms. The process helps to increase the thermal resistance of the body. To protect against the supercooling of the limbs, the skin of the face is narrowed by the vessels that are in these parts of the body.

If the cooling of the body is very sharp, a resistant vascular spasm is developing. This may cause an increase in blood pressure. In addition, the sharp cooling changes the composition of the blood, in particular, the number of protective proteins is reduced.

Above sea level

As is well known, the higher the sea level, the less air density and lower atmospheric pressure. At an altitude of 5 km, it decreases in about 2 p. The influence of air pressure on a human adherence is high above sea level (for example, in the mountains), manifests itself with such signs:

• Breathing;
• Acceleration of heart rate;
• Headache;
• Charging attack;
• Nose bleeding.

The negative impact of reduced air pressure is oxygen fasting, when the organism gets less oxygen. In the future, adaptation takes place, and well-being becomes normal.

A person who constantly lives in such a locality does not feel the impact of low atmospheric pressure. It should be known that hypertensive when approaching the height (for example, when flights) can change the blood pressure dramatically, which threatens the loss of consciousness.

Underground

Under the ground and water, air pressure is increased. Its effect on blood pressure is directly proportional to the distance to which it is necessary to go down.

The following symptoms appear: breathing is made deep and rare, the heart rate decreases, but negligible. Slightly slightly skin, mucous becomes dry.

Much more severe symptoms are developing due to a sharp drop: increasing (compression) and reduction (decompression). In the conditions of increased pressure of the atmosphere, mines, divers work.

They descend and rise under the ground (under water) through gateways, where pressure rises / decreases gradually. With an increased atmospheric pressure in the blood, the gases contained in the air dissolve. This process is called "Saturation". When decompression, they come out of the blood (desaturation).

If a person falls into a greater depth of earth or under water in violation of the selence mode, the body is abolished by nitrogen. A caisson disease will be developed, in which gas bubbles penetrate the vessels, causing multiple embolism.

The first symptoms of disease pathology are muscular, articular pains. In severe cases, drumpipes are shoved, the head is spinning, the labyrinth nastagm develops. Caisson disease sometimes ends with a fatal outcome.

Meteopathy

Meteopathy is a negative reaction of the body to weather changes. Symptoms vary from easy malaise to heavy violations of myocardial work, which can cause irreversible lesions of tissues.

The intensity and duration of manifestations of meteopathy depends on age, complex, the presence of chronic diseases. Some malaise continues to 7 days. According to medical statistics, meteopathy has 70% of people with chronic ailments and in 20% healthy.

The second degree is called meteo-dependence, it is accompanied by changes in hell and heart rate. Weatheropathy is the most severe third degree.

With hypertension, combined with meteo-dependence, the cause of the deterioration of well-being can be not only fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, but also other changes in the environment. Such patients should be paid attention to weather conditions and forecasts of weather forecasters. This will allow you to take measures recommended by the doctor.

The most effective folk methods in the treatment of angina, characteristics of the disease

Every year more and more cases of angina are recorded. This disease used to affect only the elderly, but now even young people are not protected from severe state. How does the disease manifest? Is it possible to treat angina at home? What extra help to have a patient?

General information about the disease

If it seems that heart diseases made a conspiracy against you, it is necessary to begin to be treated urgently. Stenzardia without adequate therapy will gradually lead to myocardial infarction.

Stenokard attack is associated with ischemic heart disease, while the coronary blood circulation deteriorates. When atherosclerotic changes are minor, angina attacks rarely or do not occur at all. As Izchemia progressing, angina and angina are read. The attacks last longer and appear brighter.

Stenzardia is able to cause physical overwork, and emotional shock. With pronounced ischemia, the symptoms of the disease can disturb the person and at rest.

Important! Treatment of angina people by folk remedies is possible only at the initial stages of the disease. With severe forms of the course of illness, folk treatments are performed only a supporting role.

What provokes the attack

The sharp symptoms of angina occur during certain situations:

• jogging;
• sharp change of temperature or atmospheric pressure;
• stress;
• weight lift;
• overeating;
• walking on the stairs.

Some attacks of angina are manifested after the transferred operation. Breast toad is another name of the angina. Depending on the circumstances and condition of the patient, the attacks can develop rarely, up to once a week and less often. When the disease is launched, the symptoms of the chest toad are manifested up to several times a day, even at night, at the time of sleep.

The manifestation of acute symptoms in the form of pain informs a person about the insufficient supply of oxygen muscles of myocardium. So, you need to break this conspiracy and support your heart.

Symptoms of status

Before treating the state of the angina, it is important to be able to determine it. Most often to remove sharp symptoms in traditional ways.

Important! Stenokard attack begins with a strong compressing pain, focused in the chest or behind it. Pain presses, creates a sense of lack of air and fear. Feelings can spread to the left hand, clavicle, neck and stomach.

The duration of the attack of angina can be different. It all depends on how the first aid is provided, and at what stage of the disease is a person. Some noted that pain during angina persecuted over a few minutes. In other cases, the symptoms continued until half an hour and more.

In addition to pain, such symptoms of angina peep appear:

• stands up abundant sweat;
• skin cover on the face pale;
• a feeling of burning and squeezing for the sternum appears.

Painted sensations with a angina attack are given in different zones. An unpleasant feeling appear in the teeth, jaws and in hand. But first of all, pathology affects the heart muscle.

Types of angina

Doctors are divided into several types of angina. Allocate:

• stable;
• unstable;
• variant angina.

With a stable angina, the intensity of symptoms increases depending on the severity of ischemic heart disease. The attacks occur with certain frequency.

With an unstable angina, there is a sudden burden of state, akin to preinfarctic state. In such cases, emergency medical care and treatment in stationary conditions are always required.

Optional angina is the most difficult to treat and often have an unfavorable forecast. The attacks last longer, there are sharply and no apparent reason. In this regard, the risk of myocardial infarction increases.

First aid for angina

Folk remedies are effective in angina, but not at the moment of acute attack. It is important here to quickly have a good help, because it can cost him life.

First of all, it is necessary to put a patient in bed and help him take the position of half-sidew. Any physical exertion should immediately stop. Put the nitroglycerin and validol tablet under the tongue. After five minutes, the reception of nitroglycerin should be repeated.

The patient should be in a cool and ventilated room. If there is clothes, tightening neck or chest, it should be loosen or removed.

If a simple ways Do not stop pain, hospitalization is needed. All cases of angina must be controlled by doctors.

It is undesirable to treat angina at home, because you can not respond on time to deterioration. The risk of heart attack is very large, and this can not be allowed. Stenzardia and traditional medicine are compatible only in the absence of sharp states. Combining treatment methods, you can break the conspiracy of the disease and keep health!

Treatment by folk methods

Folk remedies for effective treatment Stencardia apply only at the initial stages of the disease. If the disease is launched, it is necessary to apply the methods of both traditional and traditional medicine.

To treat chest toad people's methods It was successful, it is necessary to take into account some rules:

• before applying a new tool, it is better to advise with the attending physician;
• it is important to make sure that the popular recipe does not contain anything that can cause an allergic reaction;
• always strictly observe the dosage, otherwise the disease does not cure, and problems will be added;
• it is worth carefully examining the tool that is planned to be applied, because many of them increase blood pressure.

Whatever enthusiastic reviews of healed, it is worth preserving prudence and adequately assess the ability of the body. It is not necessary to agree on the use of dubious drugs for heart health, if there is no logical explanation for the principle of their work.

It is not necessary to hope that the treatment of angina peoples, even the most effective, will bring a lightning effect. It is important to configure that a lot of time will pass while the conspiracy of heart disease will go to the past.

Classification of folk remedies

In order not to harm your body, it is important to clearly understand when and what medicinal formulations apply. All of them are conventionally divided into several categories.

One of the groups of plant components affects the production of cholesterol in the liver. These include such funds:

• chamomile;
• garlic;
• burdock;
• raspberries;
• alder;
• aralia;
• sea \u200b\u200bbuckthorn;
• dandelion.

Other plants, hitting the body, prevent the penetration of harmful cholesterol into the bloodstream and increasing on the walls of the vessels. Herbs are used:

• lemongrass;
• plantain;
• lingonberry;
• damnie;
• ginseng;
• eleutherococcus;
• hawthorn;
• repel.

It is noteworthy that among herbs there are those that have a diluting effect on blood. Natural anticoagulants are indispensable in many diseases of the cardiovascular system. Among them you can select the following:

• calendula;
• raspberries;
• formon;
• meadow clover;
• strawberry;
• horse chestnut;
• hawthorn;
• sick.

• melissa;
• hop;
• field Horsetail;
• licorice;
• motherwort.

Phytotherapy under the angina gently removes the symptoms, helps to slow down the progression of the disease, improves the body as a whole. It is important to strictly observe the dosage and use drugs regularly.

Using folk recipes

There are many medicinal plants from chest toad. The benefits of properly prepared and regularly taken are undeniable high.

This composition can be taken at angina:

• 3.5 tbsp. l. hawthorn;
• 3.5 tbsp. l. Rosehip;
• 2 liters of boiling water.

The composition is insisted during the day. Then berries are removed, and infusion drinks on a glass several times a day instead of black tea.

Most people know the effect of a dying tincture on a heart muscle. Without a smaller effect, you can get, squeezing juice from fresh grass. About 40 drops of funds worth breeding in a spoon clean water And take to meals.

Some people are combined pharmacyBy preparing your effective drug. A mixture of such tinctures acts perfectly on angina:

• hawthorn;
• mistletoes;
• valerians.

Preparations are mixed in equal in volume and accepted 15-30 drops depending on the stage of the disease three times a day.

Some use a means capable of replacing nitroglycerin tablet in an emergency situation. They recommend swallowing the whole cleaned clove of garlic. This method shows how to treat angina and in a critical situation without the use of chemical medicines.

The next tool will help not only withdraw the attack of the angina, but also break the conspiracy of the ischemic heart disease. For the preparation of the drug, 200 ml of olive oil and wheat vodka will be required. Components are mixed. The drug make up 50 ml three times a day. To achieve maximum effect, a long course is required. It usually is 1.5 months.

With pain in the heart area effectively apply fir oil. It can be added to the aroma, rub into the sternum area several times a day.

Nuances of treatment for nonsense

If the test confirmed the angina, it is important to do treatment. Therapy for nonsense implies the use of soda and hydrogen peroxide. This technique contributes to the discharge of blood, reduces the risk of thrombus development and protects against infarction.

Soda and peroxide can only drink strictly in accordance with the scheme, on an empty stomach. If you exceed dosages, you can seriously harm the human body! The soda is dissolved in very warm water, but not in hot, so as not to get the burns of the esophagus. The peroxide initially takes up, then the dosage is gradually increased.

The duration of the treatment on bodies and the imperious person determines the person itself, based on his own well-being. Before starting such treatment, consult with the attending physician.

More information about this disease can be found by looking at the video:

As atmospheric pressure affects blood pressure

The gas shell surrounding the Earth presses on its surface and everything that is located on it with a certain force called atmospheric pressure. The optimal value in which a person feels most comfortable is 760 mm Hg. pillar. Deviations by 10 mm in one direction or the other can affect well-being. And if healthy people do not react to changes in atmospheric pressure, then people with diseases are distinguished by increased meteorological sensitivity. Especially negatively, weather drops affect the vessels and blood circulation system.

How the air pressure changes

Atmospheric pressure varies quite in wide ranges. It depends on the height of the area above sea level, so for each territory there will be its average value. The higher, the air is more damaged, and therefore the pressure is lower. With an increase of 10 m, it decreases by 1 mm RT. pillar.

Air pressure depends on temperatures. This means that it is zone. As you know, the surface of the earth is heated unevenly. On the planet, there is a belt with a predominance of high and low pressure. Where the surface is strongly heated, for example, by the equator, the air rises and the area of \u200b\u200blow pressure is formed, called cyclone. In cold latitudes, the air is heavier and lowered down. Here are formulated areas of high pressure, or anticyclones.

It is not the same at different times of the day. In the morning and in the evening it rises, in the afternoon and after midnight decreases.

In the summer, when the air is the warmest, it reaches minimal values. In the cold season, when the air is cold and heavy, it reaches a maximum.

The human body is designed so that he gets used to different conditions. If stable weather has been established, whatever it is, he, as a rule, feels fine. Problems arise when cyclone and anticyclone replace each other, and especially if this happens often. At this time, the body needs to be adjusted under the new conditions.

The effect of cyclone

Usually, with low pressure, cloudy, high humidity, precipitation, elevated temperature is observed. The oxygen content in the air decreases, carbon dioxide rises. Such weather has a negative impact mainly on people with low arterial pressure. Due to oxygen starvation in hypotonists, the following signs of malaise are observed:

• the rate of blood flow slows down;
• the blood flow to organs and tissues deteriorates;
• blood pressure decreases;
• pulse weakens;
• it becomes difficult to breathe;
• dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, decay of forces appear;
• because of the increase in intracranial pressure, spasmodic headaches arise;
• increases the frequency of heart cuts, breathing is expensive.

When atmospheric pressure decreases, hypotonic crisis and coma.

What to do hypotonized at low atmospheric pressure

• get enough sleep;
• take a contrast shower;
• drink more liquid;
• harden
• in the morning drinking a cup of coffee or strong tea;
• take a tincture of ginseng.

The influence of anticyclone

With the domination of the anticyclone, dry and windless weather is installed, in the air, especially in large cities, harmful impurities accumulate, the gas gas supply increases. At this time, the well-being of hypertensive worsen. With the increase in air pressure, the following symptoms are observed with elevated blood pressure:

• blood pressure rises;
• heartbeat is readier;
• the patient complains of general weakness;
• blushing face;
• headaches appear and noise in the ears;
• there are flies in front of the eyes;
• the head felt the ripple.

High risk of hypertensive crisis, especially if hell reaches 220/120 mm Hg. pillar. In addition, other disorders in the work of the heart and vessels (coma, thrombosis, embolism) are possible.

With anticyclone and hot weather, the risk of heart attacks and strokes is high. At this time, you need to avoid large physical exertion, more rest, take a contrasting souls, go to a low-calorie diet with predominant use of fruits, drink more water, to be in cool premises.

It is important to remember that a person with hypertension when lifting the height (flights, rises in the mountains) hell can change dramatically, and he will lose consciousness.

Conclusion

Meteorological dependence is characteristic of people with pathologies of the heart and blood vessels, as well as for the elderly, which are just suffering from many chronic diseases, including hypertension. They are very sensitive to weather changes, they are especially negatively affected by racing atmospheric pressure. It is believed that these changes of hypertensive and hypotoniki feel the first.

What will happen if you enter the air

• reply

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Introduction

Main part

Theoretical part

Practical part

Investigation of the problem of the dependence of blood pressure from the atmospheric method of a special survey (Internet survey)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction:

Atmospheric pressure and atmospheric phenomena (Thunderstorm, hot and dry winds, fogs, snowfall, etc.), according to various scientists, affect the well-being of about 75% of people. According to various sources, this figure varies slightly, but with the very fact of the influence of atmospheric phenomena, all the authors agree on the well-being of a person. This confirms the life experience of any of us. The concept of "meteolessness" includes the effect of several factors on human health as a whole. The very meaning of atmospheric pressure (or changes) is only one of the factors affecting well-being in general. And we want to focus on the concrete influence of atmospheric pressure (its changes) on the value of blood pressure. At the same time, we tried to concretize the problem and to focus on the effects of changes in atmospheric pressure on the value of the arterial pressure of adolescents.

In adolescence, health problems are often arising, which is temporary, that is, passing with age. This is due to the fact that during the rapid growth and development of the body, many organs and human functions are developing at different pace. Among all other things, the influence also has the fact that it is in adolescence in the body a serious hormonal perestroika occurs.

In most cases, it is impossible to avoid damages of blood pressure in such a situation. But it seems to us that if adolescents will know what these differences can be related to, then it is easier for them to perceive it and survive. Many of our friends and classmates often turn to a doctor with complaints about elevated or reduced pressure. But they do not have any associated chronic diseases.

Based on the foregoing, we believe that the study of this problem is important, necessary and interesting.

Purpose of the study

Research tasks:

rate the opinion of respondents on this issue

find out the opinion of medical professionals who are directly related to working with adolescents on this issue.

experimentally identify the dependence of blood pressure from atmospheric in adolescents

Hypothesis Research:

Research methods:

study literary sources and Internet resources on research

direct measurement method of atmospheric and blood pressure

Within 10 days in a row, we measured blood pressure from a group of subjects 13 and 14 years (used the help of classmates). In parallel, we measured the atmospheric pressure by the barometer.

method of analysis and comparison of the obtained measurement results

Based on the results of direct measurements, we built a series of graphic dependencies, clearly demonstrating the presence or absence of interconnection between pressures

social survey method (Internet survey)

Taking advantage of the Internet features We offered absolutely unfamiliar to us adolescents to answer a few questions on our research. We believe that it is the Internet that takes a large number of people in a short time and thereby make statistical data most accurate.

interviewing method

The topic of our study directly concerns human health, because the opinion of medical workers on the topic of our study seems to us the most authoritative.

Separately, I would like to note that the relevance of this problem, we ourselves began to understand more and more in the process of working on the study. Here are the main points of the relevance of the problem of the dependence of the arterial pressure of adolescents (and its changes) from the atmospheric pressure value:

it affects human health

the term "meteo-sensitivity" implies dependence on a number of atmospheric changes, not highlighting specifically atmospheric pressure

we ourselves are people of adolescence and this problem concerns us and our friends.

we wondered to study this problem, we learned a lot of new and interesting for themselves.

II. Main part

II.I Theoretical Part

Pressure: Basic Concepts

The pressure (P) is a physical value characterizing the state of a continuous medium and numerically equal to force acting per unit area of \u200b\u200bthe surface perpendicular to this surface.

The pressure in the SI system is measured in Pascal: [p] \u003d Pa

In medicine, meteorology and many other areas of human activity, pressure is measured in millimeters of a mercury pillar (mm. RT. Art.)

The following pressure units are also used:

Bar , T.exchange atmosphere, physical atmosphere , meter of water column , inch mercury pillar , pound power per square inch .

Measuring the pressure of gases and liquids is performed using pressure gauges, dipminomometers, vacuum meters, atmospheric pressure - barometers, blood pressure - tonometers.

Atmosphere pressure:

The atmosphere is an air envelope. Air is a mixture of gases, the main of which are nitrogen and oxygen. The earthly atmosphere extends several thousand kilometers and its density decreases with the removal from the surface of the Earth.

The mass of the modern atmosphere is approximately one millionth of the mass of the Earth. The density and pressure of the atmosphere sharply decrease with height, and the temperature changes unevenly and difficult, including due to the effect on the atmosphere of solar activity andmagnetic storms. The change in temperature within the boundaries of the atmosphere at different heights is illustrated by the unequal absorption of solar energy with gases. The most intense thermal processes occur in the troposphere, and the atmosphere is heated from below, from the surface of the ocean and sushi.

It should be noted that the atmosphere has a very large environmental significance. It protects all the living organisms of the Earth from the degrading effect of cosmic radiation and blows of meteorites, regulates seasonal temperature fluctuations, balances and aligns the daily. If the atmosphere did not exist, then the oscillation of the daily temperature on Earth would have achieved ± 200 ° C.

We used to perceive the presence of the atmosphere as a fact, but the atmospheric air only seems to us by weightless. In fact, it has a weight that can be shown by easy settlements:

We calculate the weight of the air in the volume of 1 m3 near the surface of the Earth:

P \u003d M.G - formula for calculating the body weight of the known mass

m \u003d ρ.v, where ρ \u003d 1.29 kg / m3 is the density of the air near the surface of the Earth

Weight 1 m3 air:

P \u003d 1.29 kg / m3.1m3.9.98 / kg ≈ 13

So, the weight of one cubic meter of air is about 13 N. Air with its weight, presses on the ground, therefore, puts pressure. This pressure is called atmospheric.

Atmospheric pressure - the pressure of the atmosphere on all objects in it and the earth's surface. Atmospheric pressure is created by the gravitational attraction of air to the ground.

Normal atmospheric pressure is called the pressure of 760 mm Hg. The sea level at a temperature of 15 0 s (or 101 325 pa.) It is accepted with surface calculations with normal atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa.

By informing the weather on the weather, the speakers at the end usually report: the atmospheric pressure of 760 mm mercury pillar (or 749, or 754 ...). But many do many understand what it means, and where are weather forecasters take this data?

The atmospheric pressure is measured in order to predict a possible change in weather with greater probability. There is a direct connection between pressure changes and weather changes. Growth or decrease in atmospheric pressure with some probability can be a sign of changing weather. Through the pressure drops, cloudy, rainy weather, increases dry weather, with a strong cooling winter.

Arterial pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure that blood has on the walls of blood vessels, or, in a different way, the excess of the pressure of the fluid in the blood system over the atmospheric. The most often measured by blood pressure; In addition to it, the following blood pressure types are distinguished: intracardiac, capillary, venous.

Arterial pressure is one of the most important parameters characterizing the operation of the circulatory system. The blood pressure is determined by the blood volume pumped per unit of time with the heart and resistance of the vascular bed.

The upper digit is systolic blood pressure, shows the pressure in the arteries at the moment when the heart is compressed and pushes the blood in the artery. The lower digit is diastolic pressure, shows the pressure in the arteries at the time of relaxation of the heart muscle. The diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure in the arteries. As the blood progresses along the vascular bed, the amplitude of the blood pressure fluctuations will fall, venous and capillary pressure are little dependent on the phase of the cardiac cycle.

The typical value of the blood pressure of a healthy person (systolic / diastolic) \u003d 120/80 mm Hg. Art., Pressure in large veins for several mm. RT. Art. below zero (below atmospheric). The difference between systolic arterial pressure and diastolic (pulse pressure) is normal of 30-60 mm Hg. Art.

Most easily in measuring blood pressure. It can be measured with the device of a sphygmomanometer (tonometer). It is precisely it is usually under blood pressure.

Modern digital semi-automatic tonometers allow you to limit ourselves to only a pressure set (to sound signal), further reset of pressure, registration of systolic and diastolic pressure, the device conducts itself.

The influence of various factors on blood pressure indicators

Arterial pressure depends on many factors:

time of day

the psychological state of a person (under stress pressure rises),

reception of various stimulating substances (coffee, tea, amphetamines) or medicines that increase pressure.

from the frequency of heart cuts, which drives blood according to vessels,

from the quality of the walls of the vessels (their elasticity), which are blood resistance,

from the volume of circulating blood and its viscosity,

age of man

The effect of the value of atmospheric pressure on the value of blood pressure of a person:

The actions of atmospheric pressure and atmospheric phenomena (thunderstorm, hot and dry winds, fogs, snowfall, etc.), according to various scientists, affect the well-being of about 75% of the population. But the very value of atmospheric pressure (or changes) is only one of the factors affecting well-being in general. The concept of "meteolessness" includes the effect of several factors on human health as a whole. And we want to focus on the concrete influence of atmospheric pressure (its changes) on the value of blood pressure.

Weetchosensitivity

Weetorality is the reaction of the body to the impact of meteorological (weather) factors. Meteorality is quite widespread and occurs at any, but more often unusual for of this person climatic conditions. The weather "feels" about a third of the inhabitants of moderate latitudes. The peculiarity of these reactions is that they arise from a significant number of people synchronously with a change in meteorological conditions or a slightly ahead of them.

Weetto-sensitivity has long aroused surprise and even fear of a person before the incomprehensible phenomenon of nature. People who felt the weather were called "live barometers", "petrels", "Weather Prophets". Already in ancient times, doctors guess the influence of weather on the body. For a healthy person, meteorological oscillations are usually not dangerous. Nevertheless, people who do not feel the weather, the reactions to it are still manifested, although sometimes they are not realized. They must be taken into account, for example, from drivers of transport. With a sharp change of meteo conditions, it becomes harder to concentrate attention. From here, the number of accidents may increase. As a result of diseases (flu, angina, inflammation of lungs, diseases of the joints, etc.) or overwork, the resistance and reserves of the body are reduced. That is why meteorality is observed in 35-70% of patients with different diseases. So, the weather feels every second patient with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Significant atmospheric changes may cause overvoltage and disruption of adaptation mechanisms. Then the oscillatory processes in the body - biological rhythms are distorted, becoming chaotic. The physiological (asymptomatic) weather reaction can be compared with a calm lake, which waves come from a light breeze. Pathological (painful) Weather reaction represents a kind of vegetative "storm" in the body. Contribute to its development of a violation of the regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Number of vegetative disorders in lately It increases, which is associated with the action of adverse factors of modern civilization: stress, hurry, hypodynamines, overeating and malnutrition, and others. In addition, different people The functional state of the nervous system is far from the same. This determines the fact that often with the same diseases are noted diametrically opposite weather reactions: favorable and unfavorable. More often, weather sensitivity is observed in persons with weak (melancholic) and strong unbalanced (choleric) type of nervous system. In humans of a strong balanced type (Sanguini), meteorality is manifested only with weakening the body. The body affects both the weather as a whole and its individual components.

The oscillations of barometric (atmospheric) pressure act in two ways:

reduce blood saturation with oxygen (the effect of barometric "pits")

the nerve endings (receptors) of the pleura (mucous membrane, lining the pleural cavity), peritoneum (lining abdominal cavity), the synovial shell of joints, as well as vessel receptors are mechanically irritated.

Under normal conditions on the surface of the Earth, the annual oscillations of atmospheric air are not exceeded 20-30 mm, and the daily daily is 4-5 mm. Healthy people endure them easily and imperceptibly. Some patients are very sensitive even to such insignificant pressure changes. So, with a decrease in pressure in persons suffering from rheumatism, pain in the affected joints appear, in patients with hypertensive disease deteriorates well-being, angina attacks are observed. In people with an increased nervous excitability, sharp pressure changes cause the appearance of a feeling of fear, worsening mood and sleep. Atmospheric pressure drops, especially jump-shaking, negatively affect the circulatory system, vascular tone, arterial pressure.

On the well-being of a person, long enough for a certain locality, usual, i.e. The characteristic pressure should not cause a special deterioration of well-being.

Staying in conditions of increased atmospheric pressure is almost no different from ordinary conditions. Only with very high pressure there is a slight reduction in the pulse frequency and a reduction in the minimum blood pressure. More rare, but deeply becoming breathing. Hearing slightly decreases, the voice becomes muffled, a feeling of a slightly numb skin cover appears, dry mucous membranes, etc. However, all these phenomena are relatively easily transferred.

More unfavorable phenomena are observed during the period of changes in atmospheric pressure - increase (compression) and especially its decline (decompression) to normal. The slower the pressure change occurs, the better and without adverse effects adapts to him the human body.

Upon low atmospheric pressure, the increase in the breath is noted, the increase in heart rate (the strength is weaker), some drop in blood pressure, there are also changes in blood in the form of an increase in the number of red blood tauros. The adverse effect of reduced atmospheric pressure on the body is oxygen starvation. It is due to the fact that with a decrease in atmospheric pressure, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases.

The mechanism of the relationship of atmospheric and blood pressure:

The atmospheric air is a mixture of gases, the pressure of each of which contributes to the value of the total atmospheric pressure. This contribution of individual oxygen is the partial pressure of this gas. Therefore, with a decrease in atmospheric pressure, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases, which leads to oxygen starvation and with the normal functioning of the respiratory and blood circulation organs in the body there are fewer oxygen.

According to medical statistics, a healthy person is most comfortable feeling at a value of atmospheric pressure of 760 mm. RT. Art.

II.II Practical part

II.II.I.Study of the problem of the dependence of blood pressure from the atmospheric method social survey (Internet survey)

The method of social survey (Internet survey) to find out the opinion of the target audience on the possibility of the dependence of the blood (arterial) pressure of a person from atmospheric pressure.

Target audience of the social survey: Respondents from 10 to 20 years.

Assigned questions:

		Options for answers
	Your age?		From 10 to 15 years	From 15 to 20 years		Over 20 years old

Methods for analyzing results:

Questionnaire of respondents who have chosen the following options for answers to questions were excluded and the analysis was not subject to:

		Options for answers
	Are you ready to help us in our study?
	Your age?					Over 20 years old
	Have you had cases of lowering or improving blood pressure?
	Are you interested in the value of the atmospheric pressure specified in the meteorological forecast? (or measured themselves)
	What do you think are related to changes in your arterial pressure with a change in atmospheric pressure?

As a result, the processing of respondents were accepted to help us who are people of adolescence (we have slightly expanded the age range), with arterial pressure problems and having an idea of \u200b\u200batmospheric pressure. To simplify the data processing process, we stopped the Internet survey at a hundredth questionnaire that meets the above requirements.

Yes - 65% No - 15% I do not know - 20%

Conclusion: Most of the people of adolescence, having problems with arterial pressure, tend to bind it with changes in atmospheric pressure.

Comments: Teens do not have special medical education, do not measure pressure every day, in addition, may have other health problems affecting the value of blood pressure. Therefore, the results of the social survey express only the audience's opinion on this issue, and not the direct relationship of the phenomena under consideration.

Study of the problem of the dependence of blood pressure from the atmospheric method of interviewing

The task of this stage of the study: Find out the opinion of medical workers who are directly related to working with adolescents on this issue.

Interview with school paradise Kostostova Svetlana Valeryova:

Question: Tell me, please, how often do teenagers turn to you with a problem of elevated or reduced blood pressure?

Answer: Very often in the medical professional process, we reveal a number of problems directly related to deviations from the norm of blood pressure values.

Question: What do you think it may be connected with?

Answer: It seems to me that there are several main reasons. This, firstly, our change northern weather. The fasterful adolescent body simply does not have time to respond mobile and correctly and quickly adapt to such changes. According to statistics of adolescents in regions having a more stable climate, much less suffer from similar deviations

And secondly, this is a strong load of children: school, circles, sections, tutors in big cities This problem is still sharper ..

Question: Do you believe that many healthy people are meteo-dependent?

Answer: You know, now some St. Petersburg medical centers specialize in meteo-dependence correction. Whole techniques have been developed, including phytotherapy, medical gymnastics, respiratory gymnastics and much more. But these clinics mainly specialize in the treatment of middle and elderly people, or people with chronic pathologies in this area. And adolescents, meteo-dependence may be a problem of temporary, age. But if the teenager is confident that the change of weather affects his condition, no one bothers him to be interested in the weather forecast and on the basis of this, to build its plans for the coming days. Nature has many more secrets and questions that there are no specific answers yet.

Investigation of the problem of the dependence of blood pressure from the atmospheric experimental method.

The task of this stage of research: Experimentally, by direct measurements, to identify the dependence of blood pressure from atmospheric in adolescents.

Structure of experiment: Within 10 days, blood pressure was measured in eight test 13 and 14 years. In parallel, we measured the atmospheric pressure by the barometer, which replacing the testimony with the data of the meteorological forecast for these days. The difference between the experimental values \u200b\u200bof atmospheric pressure and the data of the meteorological forecast was insignificant. Therefore, for comparison and analysis, we used the data obtained by yourself during the experiment.

Data Processing Methods: We entered the direct measurement data to the table (see below). During the comparative analysis, we concluded that there is a need to make additional calculations based on the results of direct measurements. The data also listed in the table (see below). The following graphics were more visual, which allowed us to conclude that practically confirming our hypothesis.

Table number 1, data of direct pressure measurements (mm. RT. ST)

	Atmospheric pressure value	The meaning of blood pressure
		Tanina Alina	Maleeva Tatiana	Agafonov Igor	Grebekheva Irina	Sazonov Kirill.	Yarulin Maxim	Rooster Alena	Guckina Nadezhda

Chart number 1: Atmospheric pressure value

Chart number 2: Value for blood pressure of two subjects

The experimental data did not reveal the direct relationship between the pressure values.

Based on the fact that when comparing these direct measurements, the output is not entirely obvious, we suggested that the relationship may exist not so much between the absolute pressure values \u200b\u200bas between changesthese values.

Table number 2.

The difference module between the current pressure value and the following

in mm.rt.st. (Δ p)

	atmospheric

Chart number 3: Changing atmospheric pressure

Chart number 4.

Comparison of changes in atmospheric and blood pressure

Diagram number 1: Comparison of changes in atmospheric and blood pressure

Conclusions from this part of the study:

based on the analysis of experimental data, we can argue that changes in atmospheric pressure (in one direction or another) lead to changes in blood pressure, which clearly demonstrates Chart No. 2. That is, we can argue that blood pressure depends from atmospheric, more preciselychange atmospheric pressure lead tochange Pressure of arterial in adolescents.

Conclusion

Studying the connection between human health and atmospheric phenomena has a long history in which the facts are mixed with legends. Already the father of medicine Hippocrates in his famous treatise "On air, waters and localities" outlined the essence of the influence of weather per person. Now studying this problem is mainly engaged in medical centers specializing in the treatment of hypotension and hypertension. For our research, we chose one of the aspects of meteo-sensitivity - the effect of atmospheric pressure on the well-being of people of adolescence.

The purpose of our study was: To investigate the dependence of changes in the blood pressure of blood in people of adolescence from changes in atmospheric pressure.

We assumed that such a dependence exists, because they put forward a hypothesis, about the presence of this dependence.

Hypothesis Research:based on the information obtained by us from the literature and Internet sources, we assume that the blood pressure in adolescents depends on atmospheric pressure.

We approached the study of this problem from several points of view. We were interested in the question of whether this problem concerns our peers. To solve this issue, we conducted an Internet survey among a large group of adolescents, the result turned out to be very illustrative - 65% of respondents tend to consider the hypothesis faithfully correct. Then they were interested in the question of what medical work is thinking directly related to work with adolescents about the effect of atmospheric pressure on schoolchildren's health. From an interview with a teenage doctor and school hospital, we received a lot of useful and indicative information, which also practically confirms our hypothesis. Next, it seems to us to be relevant to quoting the famous philosopher, the inventor and painter Leonardo da Vinci. He argued that:

"The interpreter of the tricks of nature is an experience, he never deceives.

Those who studying science are not drawn to nature, and to the authors cannot be considered the sons of nature; I would say that they are only her grandchildren. "

Paraphrasing the Great Genius, we want to say that only experimental data can directly confirm or refute the hypothesis extended. Therefore, the practical part of our work is an experiment comparing the values \u200b\u200bof arterial and atmospheric pressure of adolescents within 10 days and further analysis of the data obtained.

We believe that the tasks set and we present and present to your attention the private conclusions for each of the tasks set, as well as a general conclusion that appropriate to the goal of the work:

General conclusion:

the dependence between the value of atmospheric pressure and the value of blood pressure in adolescents exists. The essence of this dependence is that atmospheric pressure changes in most cases lead to a change in arterial (systolic) pressure in adolescents.

We reviewed only a small aspect. common problem The effects of atmospheric phenomena on human health. In the process of research work we got a lot useful information, and understood, the problem itself is much wider than the specific theme of our study. If we have such an opportunity, we will definitely continue to study this issue and later consider other aspects of the influence of atmospheric phenomena on human health in general and adolescents in particular.

List of literature and Internet resources:

Kuznetsov B.G. Paths of physical thought. - M.: Science, 1968, 350 pp.

Pyryshkin A.V. Physics 7. - M.: Drop, 2008, 193 pp.

Pryrickin A. B., Physics 7. - M: Drof, 2014, 224 pp.

Ryzhkov A. P. Physics, man, environment. - M.: Enlightenment, 2001, 35 pp.

Simanov Yu. G.Live barometers. - M.: Banner, 1986, 128 pp.

Schoolchild Encyclopedia: 4000 fascinating fact. - M.: Mahar, 2003, 350 pp.

http // ru.wikipedia.org.

http / www.d-med.org.

Municipal State Educational Institution

Zalevskaya Oosh

Design work

in physics

"The study of atmospheric pressure."

Performed: Angelina Solomatova,

Leader:

Zalevovo

1. Introduction 3-4

2. Chapter 1. Manifestation of atmospheric pressure 5-6

3. Chapter 2. Measurement of atmospheric pressure. 7-8

4. Chapter 3. Detection of atmospheric dependence 9

pressure from height

6. Conclusion. 12

7. References. 13

I. Introduction.

atmosphere.

As a result, the earth's surface and body, which are on it, test the pressure of the entire thickness of the air, or, as they usually say, test atmosphere pressure.

There is a lot of amazing around us. Once, sitting in the kitchen, drew attention to the cotton at the window. These are closed plastic bottles with drinking water, which are near the windowsill and make cotton after some time after opening and closing the window. I began to watch bottles. It turned out that with an open window the bottle is compressed, you close the window - it is spreads. I am interested in why it happens?




I decided to explore this phenomenon.

· Clarification of the parameters on which the atmospheric pressure depends;

· Study of the effect of atmospheric pressure on the processes occurring in wildlife.

To find out:

· The dependence of atmospheric pressure from height above sea level;

· The dependence of atmospheric pressure from the body surface area;

· The role of atmospheric pressure in wildlife.

Pronethe manifestation of atmospheric pressure.

We live at the bottom of the air ocean. Above us is a huge thickness of the air. The air shell surrounding the land is called atmosphere(from Greek. atmune- pairs, air and sphere- Ball).

The atmosphere, as showed observations of the flight of artificial satellites of the Earth, stretches to a height of several thousand kilometers. And the air, as it is not lung, still has weight.

Due to the gravity of gravity, the upper layers of air, like the ocean water, compress the lower layers. The air layer adjacent directly to the ground is compressed most and, according to the law of Pascal, the pressure produced on it in all directions.

As a result, the earth's surface and body, which are on it, test the pressure of the entire thickness of the air, or, as they usually say, are experiencing atmospheric pressure.

How can living organisms have such huge loads?

How can I measure the atmospheric pressure and from which it depends?

Chapter 1. Manifestations of atmospheric pressure.

The existence of atmospheric pressure can explain the many phenomena with which we meet in everyday life. Especially interested in entertaining experiences. I conducted experiments that can be explained by the existence of atmospheric pressure.

Experience1.

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He took two test tubes entering each other. In "Water poured a big test tube and inserted smaller. The device turned over. The water flowed dropwise, and the inner tube will rise up.

Explanation: When the water follows, the pressure between the walls of the tubes becomes less atmospheric and atmospheric air, acting from the inside to the small tube, raises it up ..

Experience 3.

Put a coin on a flat plate and poured a little water. The coin was found in water. Now it is necessary to take a coin with a naked hand, not seeing the fingers and without pouring water from the plate. To do this, it is necessary to suck water. I took a thin glass, rinsed it with boiling water and overturned on a plate next to the coin. Water gathered under a glass.

Explanation:air in the glass will start cooling. Cold air takes less space than hot. A glass, like a medical blood jelly bank, will start sucking water, and soon it will be brought down under it. Now you can wait until the coin is driving, and take it, without fearing to soak your fingers.

Chapter 2. Measurement of atmospheric pressure and atmospheric pressure.




Using a barometer anoreride measured atmospheric pressure. Then I measured the necessary sizes of the phone: the cover of the table, tutorial, penalties and calculated the area of \u200b\u200btheir surfaces. Using the formula, F \u003d P s calculated the strength of the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the table, tutorial and foam.

Observe number	Atmosphere pressure	Body Square	Atmospheric power pressure
mm. RT. Art.
Table surface
Surface textbook
The surface of Penal

Output:Atmospheric pressure varies daily, which means that atmospheric pressure is also changed.

The force of atmospheric pressure at one and the same atmospheric pressure is different and depends on the body surface area. The greater the body surface, the greater the impact on it is atmosphere.

On the human body, the surface of which, with a mass of 60kg and height, 160 cm, is approximately equal to 1.6 m2, the force in 160000 H, due to atmospheric pressure.

Living organisms withstand such huge loads due to the fact that the pressure of the liquids that fill the body vessels, balancing the external atmospheric pressure.

Chapter 3. Detection of atmospheric pressure dependence on height

In order to identify the dependence of atmospheric pressure from the height, I measured the atmospheric pressure on various floors of the three-story house. The height determined approximately at the height of the floor.

Observe number	Atmosphere pressure	Height, M.
mm. RT. Art.

Output: The amount of atmospheric pressure decreases with height growth above sea level.

Chapter 4.. Manufacture of barometer

1.To the barometer can make anyone having the following devices at hand :

Glass Bank with a wide throat

Balloon

Toothpick

Tube

Cardboard sheet

Scissors

Color pencils or workpieces of the "sun" and "cloud" images.

2. Production of membrane

Using scissors, the neck of the balloon is cut off. When performing work, you need sharp ends of the scissors to keep "from ourselves." Unnecessary tools at the moment, the tools must be placed in removal from the working space.

3. Mount membrane

The membrane is fastened on top of the open surface of the bank. The choice of banks is due to the rigidity of the material from which it is made. When performing the operation, it is desirable to hold the bank to the assistant.

The membrane is attached to the neck of the jar with an insulating tape or scotch. When attaching it is necessary to ensure the tightness of the bank.

3.Production of a barrel arrow

A tube for the manufacture of the arrow is cut down this length so that its length from the center of the neck to the edge of the can was equal to its length outside the can.

For the manufacture of the arrow uses toothpick and tube. The toothpick and the tube are attached to each other with scotch.

The arrow is fastened to the surface of the membrane using a tape. When attaching, the end of the arrow is needed to place in the area of \u200b\u200bthe membrane center in such a way that it can "swing" on the edge of the jar. When working it is important to consolidate the arrow from the first time to prevent the disruption of the membrane integrity.

4. Gathering the barometer scale

For the manufacture of the scale, a sheet of cardboard is used, the lower edge of which is bent. The boomometer arrow must be located in the center of the vertical plane.

5. Gathering the baroque scaletra

For the manufacture of the barometer scale, either the blanks of the image "Sun" and "clouds" are used, or their drawing images that are applied to the vertical part of the scale. The sun is in the upper part, cloud - in the bottom.

6. Rangered scale

The manufactured scale is attached to the barometer using a tape. Fastening should ensure the rigidity of the design

Exterior of barometer

7.Cipping

Pressure inside the barometer constantly. With an increase in atmospheric pressure, the air presses on the membrane, forcing it to be fed. As a result of the deflection, the arrow moves towards the "Sun", which indicates the upcoming solar cloudless weather.

Pressure inside the barometer constantly. With a decrease in the atmospheric pressure of the membrane, the arrow moves towards the "clouds", which indicates the upcoming attack of rainarian weather.

6. Conclusion.

Output.

As a result of work:

I learned to determine the atmospheric pressure using a barrel;

Conducted experiments proving the existence of atmospheric pressure;

Measurement of atmospheric pressure and atmospheric pressure .

Detection of the dependence of atmospheric pressure from height .

Made a barometer.

I understand that when performing an abstract, the world of knowledge is not fully studied by me. I liked learning pressure, make experiences. But in the world there is a lot of interesting things that you can still know, so in the future:

i will continue to study this interesting science.

I hope my classmates will be interested in this problem, and I will try to help them.

In the future, I will continue to study the composition of the air.

Conduct new experiments

Bibliography:

1., Elective course "" elements of biophysics "- M.," Vako ", 2007.

2. I., entertaining materials for lessons - M., "Publishing house NC ENAS", 2006.

3. A, Pounding Developments in Physics, 7kl. - M. "Wako", 2005.

4. How to organize project activities of students, M., "Arct", 2006.