Flooding on rivers. Which of the listed flood rivers most often occur in the summer? Cool floods

Tasks 4. Geoecological problems

Global changes Climate can lead to melting of coverst glaciers and an increase in the world's ocean. Which of the listed cities of Russia may suffer most in case of such developments?

1) Kemerovo

2) Kaliningrad

3) Novosibirsk

Such unfavorable climatic phenomena, as droughts, Sukhov and dust storms, significantly make it difficult to economic use of the territory. For which of the listed territories of Russia are they most characteristic?

1) Kirov region

2) Kamchatka Territory

3) Astrakhan region

4) Komi Republic

Perennial Merzlota has an impact on human economic activity: mining, construction of roads and buildings. In which of the listed regions of Russia, it is necessary to take into account the consequences of thawing many years of permissal?

1) Samara region

2) Krasnoyarsk Territory

3) Rostov region

4) Chuvash Republic

4. Global climate change can lead to the melting of cover glaciers and an increase in this level of the World Ocean. Which of the listed cities of Russia may suffer most in case of such developments?

1) Smolensk

2) Ekaterinburg

3) Arkhangelsk

4) Novosibirsk

With seismicity and underwater vulcanism, the danger of the occurrence of huge sea waves - tsunami, under the threat of which are the territories of coastal cities and settlements. Which of the listed territories of Russia requires the work of special services to prevent the population about the tsunami?

1) Chukotka Peninsula

2) Kola Peninsula

3) Kuril Islands

4) Archipelago New Earth

For the safety of people in seismic areas, special construction technology is applied. In which of the listed regions it is necessary to maintain seismic construction?

1) Tula region

2) Smolensk region

3) Leningrad region

4) Sakhalin region

Such unfavorable climatic phenomena, as droughts, Sukhov and dust storms, significantly make it difficult to economic use of the territory. For which of the listed territories are they most characteristic?

1) Republic of Kalmykia

2) Perm region

3) Khabarovsk region

4) Republic of Karelia

For many countries, observation of volcanic activity and the work of services for the alerting of the population on the upcoming eruptions of volcanoes is relevant. For which of the listed countries is relevant permanent monitoring of volcanic activity?

1) Finland

2) Iceland

4) Australia

Sale - mud or muddy flow, characterized by the devastating force, suddenness of occurrence. In which of the listed regions of Russia, the appearance of the villages is most likely?

1) Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

2) Smolensk region

3) Republic of Kalmykia

4) Kaliningrad region

Earthquakes - natural disasters from which people often suffer. Timely notification of the population by special services can prevent the disastrous consequences of earthquakes. Which of the listed countries are necessary special services?

1) Australia

2) Mexico

3) Ireland

4) Netherlands

With seismicity and underwater vulcanism, the danger of the occurrence of huge sea waves - tsunami, under the threat of which are the territories of coastal cities and settlements. In which of the listed regions of Russia is the work of special services to prevent the population about the tsunami approximation?

1) Transbaikal region

2) Yamalo-Nenets JSC

3) Primorsky Krai

4) Arkhangelsk region

With seismicity and underwater vulcanism, the risk of the occurrence of huge sea waves - tsunami is closely connected, under the threat of the territory of coastal cities and settlements. In which of the listed countries is the work of special services to prevent the population about the tsunami approximation?

2) Bulgaria

3) Turkmenistan

4) Philippines

13. Snow avalanches are one of the most terrible and dangerous. natural phenomena. In which of the listed regions of Russia, snow avalanches represent the greatest danger?

1) Chuvash Republic

2) Kaliningrad region

3) Arkhangelsk region

4) Republic of North Ossetia - Alanya

Floods are natural disasters, people who live on the banks of the rivers suffer from them. Which of the listed flood rivers most often occur in the summer?

Earthquakes - natural disasters from which people often suffer. Timely notification of the population by special services can prevent catastrophic consequences. Which of the listed countries requires such special services?

1) Finland

3) Netherlands

After the Great Flood flooded the entire surface of our planet, flooding in the world is considered one of the most dangerous natural disasters. Maybe they are not so great and impressively look like suddenly swept a tornado or typhoon, and often give people time to leave the dangerous territory, the consequences of flooding are no less deploy.

Thus, the greatest documented flood in the world occurred in China in the thirties of the last century, when the longest and largest river of the country, Yangtze, together with neighboring Juanhe after the shifted rains came out of the shores, destroying the dam and flooding more than 300 thousand hectares of fertile lands ( In some sections, water did not go about six months). When the river waters calmed down, the consequences of the floods were so catastrophic that the world shuddered: only according to official data the number of dead exceeded 3.7 million people.

Flooding is called flooding of extensive areas, which caused by raising the water level in lakes, rivers, seas after falling out of heavy rainfall, melting of snow, dance breakthrough, which led to water outlook far beyond the borders of the coastline.

Despite the fact that in most cases the population's disaster approaches the population is warned to warn, caution are often ignored due to the fact that the locals refuse to leave their homes in the hope that the element will cost them the party. And quite in vain: the upcoming water does not spare anyone and not only destroys the structure (especially buildings with a shallow foundation and designed from the tree), but often leads to human victims.

Speaking about the causes of flooding, hydrologists allocate the following factors:

• Long rain - flooding of this type occurs only in wet areas for which a large amount of precipitation is characterized. For example, numerous livnei, which often fall into the summer day on the Abyssinian Highlands, supplying the Nile with water, lead to the fact that the river comes over the entire valley of the mouth annually. Despite the fact that the ground here is ideal for the development of agriculture, hesitate to harvest harvest, otherwise it will be destroyed by the arriving waters.
• The melting of the snow - the cause of the flood is the intensive melting of the snow cover, when water entering the ground quickly goes to nearby rivers, sharply increasing the amount of water into them, as a result of which even a very small river increases many times in size.
• Tsunami - Fights who carry tsunami, most often acquire a catastrophic nature, often overpowing the entire coast and running deep into four kilometers. Forms tsunami in the ocean as a result of a shift lithospheric platesAlso, huge waves can be formed in lakes and bays after falling in them from the height of large landslides.
• Raising the bottom - any river with time in places of folds accumulates deposits, which are causes of flooding. The depth of the river in these places is reduced, but the flow is expanding, overpassing the coastal strip.
• The breakthrough of the reservoir - the elements are extremely devastating, since the stream of water breakthrough is extremely strong, and therefore it is not inferior to the tsunami: it demolings everything that is on its path, regardless of the weighing of the subject.

What are the fossils

Naturally, not all types of floods lead to disastrous consequences. Those that occur most often are not those destructive than those that occur every few dozen years, but the consequences of such floods are felt throughout the considerable period. Therefore, hydrologists, focusing on the consequences of flooding, classified element in four groups and gave them a description.

Small fossils created by flat rivers cover small coastal areas, occasionally every five to ten years and the population easily copes with the consequences of flooding of this type.

Where more serious floods belonging to the category "Dangerous". They are less likely, every 20-25 years. Encompassing quite large land plots located in river valleys cause significant material damage, overpowing from 10 to 20% of crops. In some cases, even a partial evacuation of the population is required.

Floods that hydrologists are referred to as "especially dangerous" are every fifty-hundred years. Coming out of the shores, the water of the river completely fill the river pools, destroying from 50 to 70% of crops, and in some cases settlements. As a result, all agricultural activities, the life of the region, dramatically violates the lifestyle of local residents, especially given the fact that during specially dangerous floods, a mass evacuation of the inhabitants of a dangerous area is required.

The most dangerous types of flooding in the world are classified as "catastrophic" (it is a flood that is typed China in the thirties of the last century). They finish the area of \u200b\u200bone or several water systems, destroying almost all agricultural land, settlements (including cities), cause mass death of people. With the effects of flooding of such a scale, the country usually copes well and needs international assistance, since disasters often cause a humanitarian catastrophe.

In addition to the consequences of floods, the following types of floods exist, already based on the description of this phenomenon:

1. Flood. This type of fleets on the plackers floods low sections and occurs in the spring during melting of snow or after rain. Usually refers to small floods, but in some cases, if the soil in the fall was strongly oversaturated with moisture, and in the winter heavily blocked, the consequences of the floods can be catastrophic.
2. Flood. The leash is called fast, but short-term rise in the water level in rivers. Flooding of this type can occur several times a year, since its appearance primarily affects abundant rain sediments, and in some cases, the rapid melting of snow during thaws.
3. Congestion. The stamp is formed in early spring due to the blockage of the rivers by a fixed ice block or several ice floes, which brake the river stream and cause water rise to ice. For the floods of this species is characterized by high, but the short rise of the water level in the river.
4. Burrow The burial flood appears due to an ice cork, which is a concentration of loose ice in the appropriate places of the river. During this flood, the water rises not as much as at the editors, at the same time this flood is longer.
5. Wind harbor. This flood is characterized by a large water lifting and causes its wind. Because for this, air flows need to be dispersed by the wave, the wind navigation is usually fixed on the sea coast, at the mouth of the river, on large lakes, reservoirs. It is not easy to predict this flood, since it is characterized by the absence of periodicity and short-term.
6. Breakthrough in the reservoir. Flooding of this type is formed due to the breakthrough of the reservoir, dams, dams. Despite its short-term, these fosters are dangerous with their suddenness and unpredictability, as a result of which there are considerable space under water, and many objects that ended with water are destroyed.

What to do when flooding

To reduce the risk of occurrence and minimize flooding consequences, in reservoirs create protection against floods - poured shames, deepen the rivers, and for regulating the river runoff on the seashore, fencing dams are built, on rivers - reservoirs, aligning river flows, increasing it in summer, and reducing In the spring.

Unlike other natural disasters, scientists probability of the Flood predict quite accurately (unless, of course, they are not the consequences of phenomena, the appearance of which is not easy to predict, for example, tsunami or dance breakthrough). Having received a warning about the approaching distress, people have time to create the necessary flood protection.

If there is a catastrophe of huge scales, special services begin to evacuate the population (however, these actions are not always successful, because many of them refuse their homes).

People living in areas subject to floods must necessarily know the rules of behavior when flooding, in order to correctly calculate their actions in emergency situations. To do this, it is necessary to study the boundaries of possible flooding in advance, as well as take into account all the hills and places that the least will suffer from the elements, and where it is possible to wait for the flood. It is also worth a predeterposition of where boats, rafts or building materials are located so that in the event of a disaster, a floating agent could be made.

The danger zone should be left at once as soon as the flood information appears. It is also worth capturing with you a pre-prepared backpack with documents, medicines, valuable things, warm clothes and a two-day stock of products. Before leaving the house, you need to turn off the electricity, block the gas, extinguish the fire in the furnaces, light objects outdoors so that they do not fall, it is advisable to fix. Window and doorways need to be locked, and if there is an opportunity, score outside boards or shields.

If you leave the house failed, you need to get to the roof and attach the cloth so that the rescuers know where to search for you. If in the yard night, about your location you need to signal a torch or flashlight. When the rescuers approach, you need to go well, without sharp movements, go to the rescue boat, and then listen to their instructions.

If there is no help, and water is and threatens to flood the refuge, you need to take a raft or an object that can be used instead of a swimming agent and sail in the desired side, without forgetting to feed the disaster signals. If people in the water will be found in the water, you need to do everything to save them. For this sinking person you need to calm down, after which throw him a rope. If a person is in panic state and does not think anything, you need to swim to him from behind and towed the hair so that he could not drown a rescuer.

Returning after the flood, before you go home, you need to make sure that the construction is hard and will not collapse, after which it is to ventilate the room. Before turning on the electrical appliances, or even light the match, be sure to check the gas pipeline, electrical wiring, as well as water supply and sewage (make these actions preferably with specialists). Making sure that everything is in order, you need to pump out water from the basements, dry the rooms, clean the wells from dirt.

Each of us at least something is known about flooding, because this natural cataclysm is characteristic of any continent of the planet. Many watched the flood of victim. But do we know the causes of floods?

The main causes of floods

Flood is called large-scale flooding of the territory caused by raising the water level in the lakes, seas and rivers.

The sea, the lake or the river can get out of the shores due to:

• wind heat water ashore
• melting glaciers
• active melting of snow,
• abundant precipitation.

For Japan, floods caused by the formed tidal wave of tsunami are characterized. The scale of flooding depends on the terrain and the power of the wave. More often than other floods are subject to territories located in the gorges, on the mountain slopes, in coastal zones.

What are flooding

Depending on the causes of the occurrence, it is customary to divide the floods on:

• dam
• honeycomb
• burnt
• spread.
• Based on scale:
• catastrophic,
• outstanding
• high and low.

Taking into account the pace of flood development, there are developing gradually or sharply.

The coordinating flood arises for the most part at the beginning of spring or at the end of winter, when the ice accumulated in the narrowings in the narrowings is formed into the congestion, which contributes to the spill of water. Flooding burnt nature occurs during the ice station in the initial period of winter. The causes of the flooding of a dam nature are emergency discharges of water from reservoirs or breakthroughs of their dam. Low floods are inherent in flat rivers with a slight height drop.

Especially dangerous floods

High floods are fixed with the flooding of extensive areas, when human activity is significantly complicated. Such floods cause significant moral and material damage. In most cases, the population is evacuated, although many at their own risk prefer to stay in place. Covering whole settlements and river basins Outstanding floods can cause enormous material damage. Depending on the characteristics of the region, large cities suffer, the vital activity of flooded territories is significantly violated.

Catastrophic floods are the cause of many troubles. The population suffers huge moral and material damage. The percentage of survival with such a natural disaster is directly dependent on the operational of evacuation. Despite all the measures taken, the death of people is usually inevitable. There is a complete demoralization subjected to flood areas become unsuitable for life. Transport connection is interrupted, buildings, power lines, industrial facilities are destroyed.

People have long built cities near rivers, seas and other large water bodies. They served by transport, source of fish, natural protection. Modern settlements have been preserved in place of old. But at the same time, some of them turned into the flood areas occurring on a regular basis. Why is it going on and what it threatens?

Essence

The majority, probably, knows the biblical plot about the Great Flood, in which almost all of humanity died. Perhaps this is in itself an indicator that flood is an extremely dangerous phenomenon that brings the destruction, chaos and the death of everything alive. Probably, they look not as impressive as an earthquake or typhoon, but should not underestimate their power.

Flood is, in fact, the flooding of extensive territories due to various reasons. They can be as sufficiently rapidly, and it is gradually happening. In other words, huge volumes of water are where they should not be, on land. There are several flood classifications both by the criterion of danger or scale and in consequences.

Quite often, the floods accompany other natural disasters. So, the earthquake may accompany the tsunami and the subsequent flooding of coastal areas. After a hurricane "Katrina" in New Orleans, a flood was also observed, who left hundreds of thousands of people without bed.

Causes of floods

They can occur as a result of different events, and this affects their character. If we talk about more or less common causes of flooding, they may be as follows:

• Long sediments. Abundant and long rains in low-rise areas create a situation when moisture simply has nowhere to go. If she does not have time to leave, the flooding is obtained.
• Fast melting of snow. Sometimes in the spring temperature rises very quickly and sharply. At this time, the whole snow starts to melt, falling over the winter. If its volume is large, the danger of both local and sufficiently extensive floods appears.
• Raising the bottom of the reservoirs. In any river or lake, some deposits appear in the form of remnants of dead organisms and plants, IL, sometimes even garbage. This may cause the bottom raising and, accordingly, the change in the coastline, sometimes with the flooding of areas that were previously except outside the danger.
• Breakthrough reservoirs. Any engineering facilities built by a person have their own margin of safety. Sometimes the dams due to any events do not stand, and then you can expect a devastating, but sufficiently short-term flood.
• Tsunami. A wave formed in the ocean after severe underground jokes, quite regularly devastates coastal areas, such as countries of Southeast Asia.

An additional factor contributing to the flooding can be blown up the effluent in the city sewer system, as a result of which the consequences can be much more destructive than they could be in the absence of malfunctions. And what can they be at all?

Effects

Flooding is, as it has already become clear, no joke. It possesses some affecting factors. As is known, water is a universal solvent. With prolonged exposure to some materials, it is able to completely destroy them. Cracks appear in the walls of houses, agricultural landings are dying. Another serious danger represents the wave itself, if the flood is rapid enough. It literally blows the walls of buildings, leaving the ruins under which people remain. There is a special classification, indicating the scale and danger of each specific flood:

• Small or low. Observed at break large rivers in lowland plated area. They differ relatively small scales, practically do not affect the rhythm of the life of the population.
• Dangerous. Covers up to 20% of agricultural land and largely large areas. Often lead to partial evacuation.
• Particularly dangerous. Violate the usual way of life, paralyzing agriculturecovering up to 70% of crops. Lead to mass evacuation.
• Catastrophic. They cause huge moral and material damage, one or several settlements are imposed, there are victims. There is a evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people, there is a humanitarian and ecological catastrophe.

Yes, the flood is not a sudden earthquake that occurred, often from it can be defended. But it is difficult to argue with the fact that it is still an extremely dangerous phenomenon.

Increased risk areas

The first to blow the lowraight areas, near which there are large reservoirs. For example, Venice is regularly adopted, despite any countermeasures. The same can be said about the Netherlands. The capital of this country, Amsterdam, for a long time fighting with the elements, struggling with the sea for each meter of sushi. In Egypt, there are also areas in which the Nile is poured particularly abundantly, but this happens regularly and naturally.

There are cities located in the mouths of large rivers or simply along their channel. Their residents also do not always feel safe.

Measures counteraction

Fortunately, in most cases, scientists more or less just can predict a flood. The victims and victims in this case are significantly reduced among them, since it is usually possible to start evacuation on time. If the flooding is regular and not too large, it makes sense in special buildings: dams and gateways that can protect the city from raising water levels. When the flooding has already happened, it remains only to disassemble the ruins and save people waiting for the decline in moisture.

People who know about the increased risk of flooding in their area should be familiar with the algorithm of actions in case of disaster. First of all, it is necessary to explore the location of the elevations and the safest places nearby. If information on the distress appeared, it is necessary to fulfill everything that local authorities recommend. If they call on to stay at home, it is necessary to do. If evacuation is organized, you must follow the instructions. Before leaving the house, you need to turn off all the communications as much as possible and secure light things.

Floods in Russia

Areas in the Russian Federation, where heights occur most often, it is St. Petersburg and the Krasnodar Territory. In the last district, this natural disaster occurs almost every year. The last major happened in 2012, when the city of Krymsk suffered the most severely from the catastrophe, which was almost completely destroyed.

In 2013, a large-scale natural disaster was observed in the Far East. It was due to the fact that for about a month over the territory there fell more than the annual rate of precipitation, as a result of which the river came out of the shores. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the previous winter was very snowy, and the spring came late, so that the hydraulic systems were already saturated. Despite the huge amount of flooding, Russia did not communicate in Russia, in China, the number of victims and missing amounted to almost 200 people.

In St. Petersburg for many years, the hydrologists have been closely observed for the behavior of rivers and canals, tracking the slightest rise in water levels. Fortunately, in last years Serious problems were not observed.

Flood

Flood in Ashville (Asheville), North Carolina in July 1916

Flood - flooding of terrain as a result of the rise of the water level in rivers, lakes, seas due to rain, stormy melting of snow, wind nourium water on the coast and other reasons that causes damage to the health of people and even leads to their death, and also causes material damage.

Flooding is often caused by an increase in the water level in the river due to climbing the ice bed during ice-frequency (congestion) or due to clogging of the bed under the fixed ice cover of the intro-ice and the formation of an ice cork (burrow). Often, the floods arise under the action of winds that catch the water from the sea and causing a rise in the level due to the delay in the mouth of the river-brought water. Flooding of this type was observed in Leningrad (1824, 1924), the Netherlands ( 1953 ). On the sea coasts and islands, floods may occur as a result of the flooding of the coastal strip of wave formed during earthquakes or eruptions of volcanoes in the ocean (see tsunami). Such floods are often on the shores of Japan and on other islands of the Pacific Ocean. Floods can be caused by dams of dams, fender dam.

Floods occur on many rivers of Western Europe - Danube, Seine, Ron, and others, as well as on the Yangtze and Juanhe rivers in China, Mississippi and Ohio in the United States. In the USSR, large floods were observed on the Dnieper rivers () and the Volga (s).

Beating, burial floods (congestion, burgers)

Large resistance to water flow in separate areas of the river bed, occurring with the accumulation of ice material in narrowings or rauches of the river during the ice station ( per j.ore.) or ice driving ( per t.ore.). Per t.ore flooding Food at the end of winter or early spring. They are characterized by a high and relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river. Per j.ore flooding They are formed at the beginning of winter and are characterized by significant (but less than at the jam) rise in water level and a more significant flood duration ..

Nagonaya floods (arrivals)

Windbreaks of water in the sea mouths of rivers and on windy sections of the coast of the seas, large lakes, reservoirs. Possible at any time of the year. Characterized by the absence of frequency and significant water level rise.

Floods (floodings) formed during damage dams

Spilled water from a reservoir or a reservoir formed during the breakthrough of the head of the pressure of the pressure front (dam, dams, etc.) or with an emergency reset of water from the reservoir, as well as during the breakthrough of the natural dam, created by nature during earthquakes, landslides, collaps, movement of glaciers. Characterized by the formation of a breakthrough wave, leading to the flooding of large areas and destruction or damage to objects of objects (buildings, structures, etc.)

Flood classification depending on the scale of distribution and repeatability

Low (small)

They are observed on plain rivers. Encompasses small coastal areas. Less than 10% of agricultural land is flooded. Almost does not violate the rhythm of the life of the population. Repeatability of 5-10 years. Ie apply minor damage.

High

Tangible material and moral damage causes comparatively large land plots of river valleys, approximately 10-20% of agricultural land. Economic and household population is significantly violated. Lead to partial evacuation of people. Repeatability of 20-25 years.

Outstanding

Calculate large material damage, covering whole river basins. Approximately 50-70% of agricultural land are flooded, some settlements. Paralyzed economic activities and dramatically violate household lines. Lead to the need for mass evacuation of the population and material values From the flooding zone and the protection of the most important business objects. Repeatability of 50-100 years.

Catastrophic

They lead to the death of people, irreparable environmental harm, cause material damage, covering huge territories within one or more water systems. More than 70% of agricultural land are flooded, many settlements, industrial enterprises and engineering communications. Economic and production activities are fully paralyzed, the lifestyle of the population temporarily changes. Evacuation of hundreds of thousands of population, the inevitable humanitarian catastrophe requires the participation of the entire world community, the problem of one country becomes the problem of all over the world.

Types

• The flood is a periodically repeating rather long rise in the water level in rivers, usually caused by the spring melting on the plains or rainfall. Sets low areas of terrain.

The flood can take a catastrophic character if the infiltration properties of the soil decreased significantly due to the suspension of its moisture in the fall and deep freezing in the harsh winter. Spring rains can also lead to an increase in flooding when his peak coincides with the flood peak.

• Flood - an intense relatively short-term rise of the water level in the river caused by abundant rains, shoes, sometimes rapid snow melting during thaws. Unlike seating, floods can be repeated several times a year. A special threat is the so-called sudden floods associated with short-term, but very intense rains, which happen in winter due to thaws.
• The jam is the absorption of the ice during the spring ice drill in the narrowings and on the ray of the river bed, the constraint of the course and causing the rise of the water level at the place of cluster of ice and above it.

The plot arises due to the unlimited opening of the large rivers flowing from the south to the north. The southern sections of the river in their flow are sprinkled by the accumulation of ice in the northern regions, which often causes a significant increase in water levels.

• Zage is a cluster of loose ice during the decorative (at the beginning of winter) in the narrowings and on the rays of the river bed, causing water lift in some areas above it.
• Wind navigation is the rise of the water level caused by the impact of wind on a water surface, which is happening in the marine mouths of large rivers, as well as on the covered coast of large lakes, reservoirs and seas.
• Flooding in the breakthrough of hydraulic structures (hydrodynamic accident) is an incident associated with the failure of the structure (destruction) of the hydrotechnical structure or its parts, followed by uncontrollable movement of large mass of water.

The reasons

Long rains

Flood in Biysk caused by abnormally long rains (more than 72 hours), 2006

Summer rains falling out on the Abyssinian Highlands lead to the fact that the Nile spread annually by flooding in the lower course of the entire valley.

Melting snow

Intensive melting of snow, especially when the ground, leads to the flooding of roads.

Wave Tsunami

On sea coasts and floods, floods may occur as a result of the flooding of the coastal strip of the wave formed during earthquakes or eruptions of volcanoes in the ocean. Such floods are often on the shores of Japan and on other islands of the Pacific Ocean.

DNA profile

One of the causes of flood is to increase the bottom. Each river gradually accumulates deposits, in focate, in the mouths and delta.

Ways to prevent floods

The most effective way to combat floods on rivers is to regulate the river flow by creating reservoirs. For the fight against floods on the seashore is used for fedlement dams.

One way to combat floods is the deepening of the focus and other chalks.

Flood history in Russia

Floods in the Krasnodar Territory

Almost an annual disaster whose scale depend on weather conditions. But the reasons are in the social sphere, including in: the buildings of the floodplains, water protection zones and the vestivation of the river bed that strongly overgrown in certain sections. Catastrophic flooding in the Krasnodar Territory in 2012.

Floods in Moscow

From the history of Moscow, it is known that the floods on the Moscow River were often (in the spring, they also happened in the summer) and brought great disasters in the city. So, in the chronicles, it is stated on the lutty frosty winter, big snow and a great flood. In July and August, the floods occurred as a result of long continuous rains. In the XVII century Three spring floods are marked: B, (the southern wall of the Kremlin was damaged, a lot of houses were destroyed) and in (4 floodplain bridges were demolished). In the XVIII century Mention of six floods :,,, In 1783, the supports of the Big Stone Bridge were injured. When flooding in 1788, marks on the Tower of the Novodevichy Monastery and the walls of some buildings. One of the greatest floods on the Moscow River was in, during which the maximum water consumption was 2860 m³ / s. The water in the river rose 8.9 m above the permanent summer horizon, on the embankments from the Kremlin layer it reached 2.3 m. The river and drainage channel merged into one channel 1.5 km width. 16 km² of territory of the city was flooded. During flooding, the maximum consumption was 2140 m³ / s, raising water over the interactions - 7.3 m. The following and last flood was in (water lifting 6.8 m). Now in the upper part of the Moscow River basin, Istrinsky, Mozhaisk, Ruz and Ozerno reservoirs, which regulate stock are constructed. In addition, the riverbed of the river within the city of the city is expanded, sharp bends are hidden, the coast is strengthened with granite walls of embankments. After that, the flooding in the city feature was almost unnoticed.

Often, the floods occurred on the r. Jauze during spring floods and greater summer rains. Especially often and strongly suffered by modern electric facilities, large Semenovskaya, Bakuninskaya streets, Preobrazhenskaya, Rusakovskaya, Rubtsovskaya, Semenovskaya embankments. Additional cause of flooding on r. Jauze served the presence of bridges in the form of brick vaulted pipes of insufficient cross section. Large spring floods were observed in (water in the Glebovsky bridge rose by 3.28 m), in (by 2.74 m), in (2.04 m), in (by 2.25 m). Instead of old bridges, high reinforced concrete bridges were built, the coasts are reinforced concrete walls (with a reserve of 0.5 m above the maximum flood horizon).

Most often, Moscow suffered from flooding on r. Neglinnaya after conclusing it to the brick tube (in the first half of the XIX century. On the site from the mouth to the self-searched area, in - above the artistic area). The pipes were calculated for skipping only 13.7 m³ / from the water, and almost annually at large rains, it broke out from under the ground and slept the self-reading and tubular area and an unborn street. In the water on a non-cold street rose to 1.2 m. In after a strong shower, the unintelligible street turned into a raging stream. After the shower on June 25 at the crossroads of the Neglinnaya Street and Rakhmanovsky, the lake was formed; The flooding area was 25 hectares. In the unintelligo street, the pipe and the self-reading area flooded somewhat less, twice - 8 and 22 June, in - 7 and 9 August; It happened in. Now the new pipe calculated for the passage of water is 66.5 m³ / s. However, the increase in the intensity of the showers in Moscow again leads to strong floods: June 26, 2005 in the Neglinny street and June 9, 2006 on the Enthusiast Highway, when the first floors of buildings were filled with water.

The floodings were held at the rivers of Hapilovka, Rybelka, Presnya and others, which also occurred because of the large showers and insufficient pipe cross sections (now the pipes of a large cross section).

Flood in St. Petersburg

Main article: Flood in St. Petersburg

Floods in St. Petersburg are caused by a number of factors: cyclones arising in the Baltic with the predominance of Western winds cause a hill wave and movement of it in the direction of the mouth of the Neva, where the water lifting is enhanced due to the shallow water and the narrowing of the Nevsk Lip. Also, the contribution to floods make sewers, winds and other factors.

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Links

	Flood in Vikislovar
	Flood on wikisklad
	Flood in wiking

• Database on the largest floods (in English)
• General information and chronology of floods in St. Petersburg on the River Neva