Satellite of the USSR 1957. First artificial satellite of the Earth. New Space Era

In 1957, under the leadership of S.P. The Korolev was created the first intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, which in the same year was used to start the world's first artificial satellite.

Artificial satellite land (ISS) - This is a spacecraft rotating around the Earth in a geocentric orbit. - The trajectory of the movement of the celestial body along the elliptical trajectory around the Earth. One of the two focus of the ellipse, according to which the celestial body moves, coincides with the earth. In order to spaceship It turned out to be in this orbit, he needs to communicate the speed, which is less than the second cosmic speed, but not less than the first cosmic speed. Flights of the USS are performed at altitudes up to several hundred thousand kilometers. The lower limit of the height of the Flight of the ISS causes the need to avoid the process of quick braking in the atmosphere. The period of circuit in orbit, depending on the average height of the flight, can range from one and a half hours to several days.

Of particular importance are satellites on a geostationary orbit, the treatment period of which is strictly equal to the days and therefore, for the ground observer, they are motionlessly "hang" in the sky, which allows you to get rid of turning devices in the antennas. Geostationary orbit (GSO) - a circular orbit, located above the Earth's equator (0 ° latitude), while being an artificial satellite addresses around the planet with an angular velocity equal to the angular speed of rotation of the Earth around the axis. The movement of the artificial satellite of the earth in geostationary orbit.

Satellite-1. - The first artificial satellite of the Earth, the first spacecraft, launched into orbit in the USSR on October 4, 1957.

Satellite code designation - PS-1 (Simple satellite-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th Research and Research Polygon Ministry of Defense of the USSR "Tyura-there" (later this place was called the Baikonur cosmodrome) on the Satellite Rocket (P-7).

Over the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth, headed by the founder of practical cosmonautics S. P. Korolev worked scientists M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov, N. S. Ladenko, V. I. Lardko, B. S. Chekun, A. V. Buychuchi and many others.

The launch date of the first artificial satellite of the Earth is considered to be the beginning of the cosmic era of humanity, and in Russia it is celebrated as a memorable day of space troops.

The satellite housing consisted of two hemispheres with a diameter of 58 cm from an aluminum alloy with docking spangles connected by 36 bolts. The junction tightness provided a rubber gasket. In the upper half-grader, there were two antennas, each of the two pins 2.4 m and 2.9 m. Since the satellite was neoriented, the four-heed system gave uniform radiation in all directions.

Inside the hermetic case, an electrochemical source unit was placed; radio transmitting device; fan; thermorel and air duct system of thermal control; switching device onboard electroautomatics; temperature and pressure sensors; Side cable network. Mass of the first satellite: 83.6 kg.

The history of the first satellite

On May 13, 1946, Stalin signed a decree on the creation of a missile industry and industry in the USSR. In August S. P. Korolev He was assigned to the chief designer of ballistic missiles of long-range action.

But in 1931, a group of studying a reactive movement was created in the USSR, which was engaged in designing missiles. In this group worked Cander, Tikhonravov, Victorious, Korolev. In 1933, a jet institute was organized on the basis of this group, which continued to work on creating and improving missiles.

In 1947, the FAu-2 missile tests were collected in Germany, they laid the beginning of the Soviet work on the development of rocket technology. However, FAU-2 embodied in its design the idea of \u200b\u200bSingle Geniyev Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Hermann Obert, Robert Goddard.

In 1948, at the Kapustin Kapustin Polygon, the R-1 rocket was already conducted, which was a copy of the FA-2, manufactured in entirely in the USSR. Then appeared P-2 with flight range up to 600 km, these rockets were adopted from 1951. And the creation of the R-5 missile with a range of up to 1200 km became the first separation from the FAU-2 technique. These rockets have passed the tests in 1953, and immediately began research to use them as a carrier. nuclear weapons. On May 20, 1954, the Government issued a decree on the development of a two-stage intercontinental rocket R-7. And on May 27, Korolev sent the report on the Minister of Defense Industry D. F. Ustinov on the development of the USS and the possibility of its launch using the future R-7 missile.

Run!

On Friday, October 4, at 22 hours 28 minutes 34 seconds Moscow time was committed successful launch. After 295 seconds after the start of the PS-1 and the central rocket block weighing 7.5 tons were removed on an elliptical orbit in the approach of 947 km, in Periguee 288 km. At 314.5 seconds after the start, a satellite was separated and he filed his voice. "BIP! BIP! " - So they sounded his call sign. At the landfill they were caught 2 minutes, then the satellite went beyond the horizon. People on the cosmodrome ran out on the street, shouted "Hurray!", Swung constructors and military. And on the first twist, the message TASS sounded: "... As a result of a large intensive work of research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth was created ..."

Only after the reception of the first signals of the satellite received the results of the processing of telemetry data and it turned out that only the fractions of the second were separated from failure. One of the engines "delayed", and the mode of access to the mode is hardly controlled and when it is exceeding the start automatically canceled. The unit came out to the mode less than a second before the control time. On the 16th second, the flight refused the fuel management system, and due to the increased flow of kerosene, the central engine turned off for 1 second earlier than the estimated time. But the winners do not judge!The satellite flew 92 days, until January 4, 1958, performing 1440 revolutions around the Earth (about 60 million km), and its radio transmitters worked within two weeks after the start. Due to friction on the upper layers of the atmosphere, the satellite lost the speed, entered into the dense layers of the atmosphere and burned down due to the friction of the air.

Officially "satellite-1" and "satellite-2", the Soviet Union launched in accordance with the obligations accepted under the international geophysical year. The satellite radiated radio waves in two frequencies of 20.005 and 40.002 MHz in the form of telegraph parcels with a duration of 0.3 s, it made it possible to study the upper layers of the ionosphere - until the first satellite starts, it was possible to observe only the reflection of radio waves from the regions of the ionosphere under the zone of the maximum ionization of ionospheric layers.

Launch targets

• checking calculations and basic technical solutions adopted for launch;
• ionospheric studies of radio waves emitted by satellite transmitters;
• experimental determination of the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere on the braking of the satellite;
• study of the working conditions of equipment.

Despite the fact that any scientific instrument was completely absent on the satellite, the study of the nature of the radio signal and the optical observations of the orbit allowed us to obtain important scientific data.

Other satellites

The second country that launched the Uzes, steel USA: On February 1, 1958, an artificial satellite of the Earth was launched Explorer-1.. He was in orbit until March 1970, but stopped radio broadcasts by February 28, 1958. The first American artificial satellite of the Earth was launched by the Brown team.

Werner Magnus Maximilian von Brown - German, and from the late 1940s, the American constructor of rocket and space technology, one of the founders of modern rocket lighting, the creator of the first ballistic missiles. In the US, he is considered the "father" of the American Space Program. Von Brown for political reasons for a long time did not give permission to launch the first American satellite (the US leadership wants the satellite to be launched by the military), so the preparation for the launch of Explorer began seriously after the accident "Avangard". For the launch, a forced version of the ballistic missile Redstone, named Jupiter-s. The mass of the satellite was exactly 10 times less than the mass of the first Soviet isz - 8.3 kg. It was installed by the gamer counter and the meteoric particle sensor. The orbit of Explorer was noticeably above the orbit of the first.

The following countries that run satellites - United Kingdom, Canada, Italy - launched their first PRES in 1962, 1962, 1964 . On American rocket carriers. And the third country, which gave the first draw on his rocket carrier, became France November 26, 1965

Now IS is launched more than 40. Countries (as well as individual companies) with the help of both their own carrier missiles (PH) and provided as launchers by other countries and interstate and private organizations.

The first artificial satellite of the Earth created and launched into space in the USSR. It happened on October 4, 1957. On this day of the radio station of the whole world, their programs interrupted to report main news. Russian word "Satellite" entered all languages \u200b\u200bof the world.
It was a fantastic breakthrough of humanity in the development of outer space, and he marked the beginning of the great cosmic era of all mankind. And the palm of championship rightly belongs to the USSR.

Here is a picture made in the hall of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In the foreground - the first satellite, the highest technological achievement of his time.
On the second - ICI employees are outstanding scientists, the creators of the first satellite, atomic weapons, Space Science and Technology.

If not read on the snapshot, here are their names:

• Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich - the physicist theorist, repeatedly honored the Stalinist premium 1st degree for special work related to atomic bomb. Three times the hero of the Soc .Truda.

On October 4, 1957, forever entered the history of mankind as the beginning of the new era - cosmic. It was on this day that the first artificial satellite was sent from the Baikonur cosmodrome, the first artificial satellite (satellite-1 ". It weighed it relatively a bit - 83.6 kilograms, but at that time the delivery in orbit even such "crumbs" was a very serious task.

I think that in Russia there is no man who would not know about who was the first person in space.

With the first satellite, the situation is more complicated. Many do not even know which country he belonged.

So the new era began in science and the legendary space race between the USSR and the United States.

The era of rocket art begins at the beginning of the last century, with theory. It was then that the outstanding scientist Tsiolkovsky in his article about the jet engine actually predicted the appearance of satellites. Despite the fact that Professor had many students who continued to popularize his ideas, many considered him just a dreamer.

Then the new times came, the country had many cases and problems, except for rocket education. But after two dozen years, Friedrich Zander and the famous Aviator Korolenko, a group of studying of reactive movement, was founded by an engineer. After that, there were several events that led to the fact that after 30 years, the first satellite was launched in space, and after some time and a person:

• 1933 - launch of the first rocket with a reactive engine;
• 1943 - invention of the German missiles of FAu-2;
• 1947-1954 - launches P1-P7 missiles.

The apparatus itself was ready in mid-May at 7 o'clock in the evening. Its device was quite simple, there were 2 lighthouse on it, which allowed to measure the trajectories of his flight. Interestingly, after sending the notice that the satellite is ready for flight, Korolev did not receive any answer from Moscow and independently decided to formulate the satellite on the starting position.

The preparation and launch of the satellite was led by S.P. Korolev. 1440 Full speed satellite made for 92 days, after which he burned down by entering the tight layers of the atmosphere. Radio transmitters after the start worked for two weeks.

The first satellite was given the name "PS-1". When the project of the cosmic firstborn was born, disputes came among engineers and development designers: what should it be in shape? After listening to the arguments of all sides, Sergey Pavlovich categorically stated: "Ball and only ball!" - And, without waiting for questions, explained his idea: "The ball, its form, its living conditions in terms of aerodynamics are thoroughly studied.

His pros and cons are known. And it has an important meaning.

Understand - first! When mankind sees an artificial satellite, he must call him good feelings. What could be expressive than a ball? He is close to the form of the natural celestial bodies of our Solar system. People will perceive the satellite as a kind of image like a symbol of the cosmic era!

On board it, I consider it necessary to install such transmitters so that their callsigns can take radio amateurs on all continents. The orbital flight of the satellite is so calculated so that using the simplest optical devices, each from the ground could see the flight of the Soviet satellite. "

In the morning of October 3, 1957, scientists, designers, members of the State Commission - all who were associated with the start were gathered at the Mounting and Testing Corps. Waited to the export of the two-stage rocket-space system "Satellite" on the starting pad.

Opened metal gates. Motomnosis, as it were, pushed the rocket placed on a special platform. Sergey Pavlovich, setting a new tradition, took off his hat. Its example of high respect for the work that created this miracle of technology, and others followed.

Korolev took a few steps behind the rocket, stopped and for the old Russian custom said: "Well, with God!".

Before the start of the cosmic era, a read hours remained. What did the queen and his associates expected? Will it be October 4, the victorious day, which he dreamed of many years? The sky, that night heated with the stars, it seemed to be closer to the ground. And everyone who was present on the launch site was involuntarily looked at Korolev. What did he think, looking into the dark sky, shimmering the myriads of close and distant stars? Maybe he was remembered by the words of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky: "The first great step of mankind is to fly over the atmosphere and become a satellite of the earth"?

The latter before the start meeting of the State Commission. Before the start of the experiment, it remained an hour with a little. The word was provided by S.P. Korolev, everyone was waiting for a detailed report, but the chief designer was brief: "Rocket carrier and satellite passed starting tests. I propose to launch a rocket-space complex at the appointed time, today at 22 28 minutes. "

And now the long-awaited launch!

"The first artificial satellite of the Earth, the Soviet spacecraft, launched into orbit."

The launch was carried out from the 5th Research and Research Polygon Ministry of Defense of the USSR "Tyura-there" on the "Satellite" rocket, created on the basis of the intercontinental ballistic missile "P7".

On Friday, October 4, at 22:28:34 Moscow time (19:28:34 Greenwich) was a successful launch.

After 295 seconds after the start of PS-1 and the central block (II stage), the rocket weighing 7.5 tons were displayed on

elliptical orbit height in suitoe is 947 km, in Periguee 288 km. At the same time, the apoge was in the southern hemisphere, and Peria - in the northern hemisphere. After 314.5 seconds after the start, a protective cone was reset and a satellite separation from the II layout stage II, and he filed his voice. "BIP! BIP! " - So they sounded his call sign.

At the landfill they were caught 2 minutes, then the satellite went beyond the horizon. People on the cosmodrome ran out on the street, shouted "Hurray!", Swung constructors and military.

And on the first twist, TASS message sounded:

"As a result of a large intensive work of research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth has been created."

Only after the reception of the first signals of the satellite received the results of the processing of telemetry data and it turned out that only the fractions of the second were separated from failure. Before starting the engine in the block G "delayed", and the mode of exit to the mode is hardly controlled, and when it is exceeded, the start is automatically canceled.

The unit came out to the mode less than a second before the control time. On the 16th second, the flight refused the emptying system (soba), and due to the increased flow of kerosene, the central engine turned off for 1 second earlier than the estimated time. According to memories B. E. Dashtok: "A little more - and the first cosmic speed could not be achieved.

But the winners do not judge! The Great happened! ".

The ignition of the orbit "satellite-1" was about 65 degrees, this meant that Satellite-1 flew approximately between the northern polar circle and the southern polar circle, due to the rotation of the Earth during each turn, shifted by 24 degrees in longitude 37.

The period of appeal "satellite-1" initially was 96.2 minutes, then it gradually decreased due to the decline in orbit, for example, after 22 days it became less than 53 seconds.

History of creation

The flight of the first satellite was preceded by a long work of scientists and designers, a significant role in which scientists played.

Here are their names:

1. Valentin Semenovich Etkin - Sounding the surface of the Earth's surface from space by remote radiophysical methods.
2. Pavel Efimovich El Sea - at the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, led the work on the definition of orbits and forecasting the movement of the satellite according to the measurement results.
3. Jan Lvovich Ziman - PhD dissertation, protected in Miigaik, was devoted to the selection of orbits for satellites.
4. Georgy Ivanovich Petrov - along with S.P. Korolev and M.V. Celdesh, standing at the origins of cosmonautics.
5. Joseph Samuilovich Shklovsky is the founder of the school of modern astrophysics.
6. Georgy Stepanovich Narimanov - Programs and methods of navigation and ballistic support when controlling flights of artificial satellites of the Earth.
7. Konstantin Iosifovich Gringauz - the first artificial satellite of the Earth, launched in 1957, carried on board a radio transmitter created by the scientific and technical group under the leadership of K. I. Gringaus.
8. Yuri Ilyich Halperin - magnetospheric studies.
9. Semyon Samoilovich Moses - plasma and hydrodynamics.
10. Vasily Ivanovich Moroz - Physics Planets and Small Blues of the Solar System.

Satellite device

The satellite body consisted of two power hemispherical shells with a diameter of 58.0 cm from an aluminum-magnesium AMG-6 alloy with a thickness of 2 mm with a docking splint, connected by 36 studs of M8 × 2.5. Before starting, the satellite was filled with dry gas nitrogen under the pressure of 1.3 atmosphere. The junction tightness was provided with a laying of vacuum rubber. The upper half-grader had a smaller radius and covered with a hemispherical external screen with a thickness of 1 mm to provide heat insulation.

The surfaces of the shells were polished and processed to give them special optical properties. On the upper half-hearth, the cross will include two corner vibratory antennas facing back; Each consisted of two shoulders of 2.4 m long (VHF antenna) and 2.9 m (sq-antenna), angle between the shoulders in a pair - 70 °; The shoulders were divorced to the desired corner of spring
The mechanism after separation from the carrier rocket.

Such an antenna provided close to uniform radiation in all directions, which was required for a steady radio acquisition due to the fact that the satellite was ne-oriented. The design of the antenna was proposed by G. T. Markov (MEI). On the front half-heal, there were four nests for fastening antennas with the fittings of the Hermovators and the flange of the refueling valve. On the rear half-grader was located blocking heel contact, which included autonomous onboard power supply after separating the satellite from the carrier rocket, as well as the flange of the test system connector.

CHEMA orbit of the first satellite of the Earth. / From the newspaper "Soviet aviation" /. 1957

Inside the hermetic case were posted:

• block of electrochemical sources (silver-zinc batteries);
• radio transmitting device;
• the fan, which is included on the thermostat at temperatures above + 30 ° C and turning off when the temperature is reduced to + 20 ... 23 ° C;
• thermorel and air duct system of thermal control;
• switching device onboard electroautomatics; temperature and pressure sensors;
• side cable network. Mass - 83.6 kg.

Parameters flight

• Start of flight - October 4, 1957 at 19:28:34 in Greenwich.
• End of flight - January 4, 1958.
• The mass of the device is 83.6 kg.
• Maximum diameter - 0.58 m.
• Obligation of the orbit - 65.1 °.
• The circulation period is 96.2 minutes.
• Peria - 228 km.
• Apogee - 947 km.
• Turns - 1440.

Memory

In honor of the beginning of the space era of mankind in 1964, a 99-meter obelisk "Cosmos's conquers" was opened in Moscow on the prospectus of the world.

In honor of the 50th anniversary of the launch of the "satellite-1" on October 4, 2007 in the city of Korolev on the avenue of cosmonauts, a monument to the "First Artificial Earth satellite" was opened.

In honor of the "satellite-1" in 2017, an ice plateau was named on Pluto.

By gaining speed, the rocket confidently went up. On the starting area, everyone who was involved in the launch of the satellite gathered. Nervous excitement did not weaken. Everyone was waiting for the satellite to fly away the ground and appear above the cosmodrome. "There is a signal," the operator's voice rang out on the speakerphone.

At the same second, the dynamics was thrown over the steppe, the confident voice of the satellite. Everyone was smoothed together. Someone shouted "Hurray!", Victory Klich picked the rest. Strong handshakes, hugs. The atmosphere of happiness reigned ... Korolev looked around: Ryabinin, Keldysh, Glushko, Kuznetsov, Nesterenko, Bushyev, Pilyugin, Ryazan, Tikhonravov. Everything here, everything is near - "mighty hand in science and technology", adherents of the ideas of Tsiolkovsky.

It seemed that the universal recovery of the gathered at these moments was impossible to learn. But the Korolev rose to the improvised tribune. Silence reigned. He did not hide his joy: his eyes glistened, the face, usually strictly, glowed.

"Today, the best sons of humanity dreamed about what the best sons of humanity and among them are our famous scientist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He brilliantly predicted that humanity would not remain forever on earth. Satellite is the first confirmation of his prophecy. Space assault began. We can be proud that our homeland began. All - Many Russian! "

We will give reviews from a foreign press.

The Italian scientist Beniamino Segre, having learned about the satellite, said: "As a person and as a scientist, I am proud of a triumph of the human mind, emphasizing the high level of socialist science."

Review "New York Times": "The success of the USSR primarily shows that this is the greatest feat of Soviet science and technology. Such a feat could be performed only by a country with first-class conditions in a very wide area of \u200b\u200bscience and technology. "

Curious statement by the German Racketbook German Obert: "Solve successfully such complex taskAs the launch of the first satellite of the Earth, there could only be a country with a huge scientific and technical potential. It was also necessary to have a considerable number of specialists. And their Soviet Union has. I admire the talent of Soviet scientists. "

The deepest assessment was made by a scientist-physicist, the Nobel Prize winner Frederick Jolio-Curie: "This is a great victory A person who is a turning point in the history of civilization. The person is no longer chained to his planet. "

In all languages \u200b\u200bof the world, on this day sounded: "Cosmos", "satellite", "USSR", "Russian scientists".

In 1958, S.P. Korolev performs a report on "On the Luna Study Program", manages the launch of a geophysical missile with research equipment and two dogs in the triggered apparatus, participates in the organization of the flight of the third artificial satellite of the Earth - the first scientific station. And there is still a lot more scientific work It was done under his leadership.

Finally, the triumph of science - April 12, 1961. Sergey Pavlovich Korolev - Head of Historical Flight of a Man in Cosmos. This day became an event in the history of mankind: a person first defeated the earthly burden and rushed into outer space ... Then the real courage and courage was required to sit in the "Space Ball", as the ship "East", and, without thinking about his own destiny, Walk to an infinite star space.

On the eve, Korolev spoke to the members of the State Commission: "Dear comrades! There were no four years since the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, and we are ready for the first flight of a person in space. Here there is a group of cosmonauts, each of them is ready to fly. It was decided that the first will fly Yuri Gagarin. Others flew in the near future for him. In turn, we have new flights that will be interesting for science and for the benefit of humanity. "

It remained unfinished Martian project of the Korolev. New, those who will continue this project will come and will behave their ships on the Milky Way to Far Fallen Planets, to the Far Mira.

From you, you can add that the glory of the Fatherland is brought and will bring the heroes of science, their lives imprinuable knowledge.

Over we are those g, like arms, heaven,
And also pour us the benefits of their streams,
And in our days, wonders work,
And nowadays are the prophets ...

(V.G. Benedictov)

Parameters flight

• Start of flight - October 4, 1957 at 19:28:34 Greenwich
• End of flight - 4 January
• Mass of the apparatus - 83.6 kg;
• Maximum diameter - 0.58 m.
• Calculation of the orbit - 65.1 °.
• Treatment period - 96.7 min.
• Perigee - 228 km.
• Apogee - 947 km.
• Vitkov - 1440

Device

The satellite housing consisted of two hemorals with docking splits connected by 36 bolts. The junction tightness provided a rubber gasket. Two antennas were located in the upper half-column, each of the two pins 2.4 m and 2.9 m. Inside the sealed housing were placed: a block of electrochemical sources; radio transmitting device; fan; thermorel and air duct system of thermal control; switching device onboard electroautomatics; temperature and pressure sensors; Side cable network.

Study story

Satellite signal

The flight of the first satellite was preceded by the titanic work of Soviet rocket designers led by Sergey Korolev.

The history of the creation of the first satellite is the story of the rocket. Rocket machinery Soviet Union And the United States had a German beginning.

The developed draft missile of the new layout on November 20, 1954 was approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR. It was necessary to solve many new tasks in the shortest possible time, in addition to the development and construction of the rocket itself, the choice of space for the starting landfill, building starting structures, commissioning all the necessary services and equipment with observation points of the entire 7000-kilometer flight route. The first complex of the R-7 rocket was built and tested during the 1955-1956 at the Leningrad Metal Plant, at the same time, in accordance with the Government Decree of February 12, 1955, the construction of NIP-5 in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Tyura station began. When the first rocket in the factory workshop was already assembled, the plant visited the delegation of the main members of the Politburo led by N. S. Khrushchev. The rocket had a stunning impression not only on the Soviet leadership, but also on leading scientists.

We [nuclear keys] believed that we had big scales, but they saw something, much more. I struck the huge, visible to the naked eye, technical culture, the agreed work of hundreds of people of high qualifications and their almost everyday, but very business attitude to the fantastic things with which they dealt ...

- (Sat. "First Space", p. 18)

On January 30, 1956, the Government signed a decree on the creation and conclusion in orbit in 1957-1958. "Object" D "- a satellite weighing 1000-1400 kg of carrier 200-300 kg of scientific instrument. The development of equipment was instructed by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the construction of the satellite - OKB-1, the implementation of the start - the Ministry of Defense. By the end of 1956 it became clear that reliable equipment for the satellite could not be created during the desired timeline.

Multimedia

• Sound of the signal from the first artificial satellite (info)

Literature

• The first cosmic (collection of articles dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the cosmic era) / Compiler O. V. Socking. - M.: 2007. - ISBN 978-5-902533-03-0

Links

• "Satellite as a warning", "Los Angeles Times", September 30, 2007 - "Moscow is the first to go out into space, so that in the face of provocation from the United States to show military power. Fifty years passed - and again the same thing begins. "- Matthew Brzezinsky.
• "In France, the anniversary of the launch of the first Soviet satellite is noted," Izvestia. Ru ", 04.10.07 -" The brand has been released, dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the launch of the first satellite and the development of humanity of space "
• Satellite instead of a bomb. Roskosmos TV Study Documentary

Notes

Series ka "satellite"
Previous flight: -	Satellite-1.	Next flight:

On October 4, 1957, the cosmic era of humanity began. From the 5th Scientific Research Polygon of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, which was subsequently the name of the Baikonur cosmodrome, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched by the R-7 carrier rocket.

The creation of the first spacecraft began in OKB-1 In November 1956, the satellite was developed as a very simple apparatus, therefore, it was called - the Spacecraft PS-1 (the simplest satellite). It was a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters and weighing 83.6 kilograms. PS-1 was equipped with four pin antennas for transmitting signals running from transmitter batteries.

A whole group of scientists, designers led by the founder of practical cosmonautics by Sergei Korolev, worked on the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth.

Exponate of the Museum of History of the Baikonur cosmodrome

On October 4, 1957 at 22:28:34 Moscow time, a successful launch of the satellite launch vehicle was committed (P-7). After 295 seconds after the start, the first satellite was brought to an elliptical orbit height in approaching 947 km, in Periguee 288 km. As of 315 seconds, after the start, a satellite was separated, and he filed his voice. "BIP! BIP! " - That is how his call signs sounded. PS-1 became the first artificial object, the satellite flew 92 days, made 1440 revolutions around the Earth (flew about 60 million km), and its radio transmitters on batteries worked within two weeks after the start.

The newspaper "True" from the 5th and 6th of October 1957

In September 1967, the International Federation of Astronautics proclaimed on October 4, the beginning of the Space Era of mankind. Also, the date of the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth is considered the day of the Space Forces. It is parts of the start-up and control of spacecraft that the flight of the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched. In the future, the first flight of a person in space and many domestic and international space programs were carried out with direct participation. military units Run and control of spacecraft. In connection with the increase in the role of space in matters of national security by the Decree of the President of Russia in 2001, an independent genus of troops was created - Space troops. Today, space troops are part of the WFC of Russia.

The day of the beginning of the space era of mankind (October 4, 1957); Proclaimed International Federation Astronautics in September 1967 (on this day in the USSR, a successful launch of the world's first artificial satellite) was carried out)

On October 4, 1957, the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth, who opened the cosmic era in the history of mankind was introduced to the near-Earth orbit. The satellite, which became the first artificial celestial body, was brought to the orbit of the R-7 launch vehicle from the 5th Research and Research Polygon of the USSR Ministry of Defense, which later received the open name of the Baikonur cosmodrome. The PS-1 spacecraft (the simplest satellite-1) was a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters, weighed 83.6 kilograms, was equipped with a four-pin antennas with a length of 2.4 and 2.9 meters for transmitting signals from transmitter batteries. After 295 seconds after the start of the PS-1 and the central rocket block weighing 7.5 tons were removed on an elliptical orbit in the approach of 947 km, in Periguee 288 km. As of 315 seconds, after the start, the ISS separated from the second stage of the carrier rocket, and immediately his call sign heard the whole world. PS-1 satellite flew 92 days, until January 4, 1958, performing 1440 revolutions around the Earth (about 60 million km), and its radio transmitters worked within two weeks after the start. The United States was able to repeat the success of the USSR only on February 1, 1958, having launched from the second attempt, the exploitor-1 satellite, weighing 10 times less than the first PRES. Above the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth, headed by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korolyev, scientists worked M.V. Keldysh, M.K.Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidenhenko, V.I. Lappko, B.S. Shakunov and many others.

The formation of rocket and space industry and technology in our country practically began with the spring of 1946. It was then that research institutes were formed, design bureaus, test centers and plants for the development and production of ballistic missiles of long-range action. Then the NII-88 appeared (later OKB-1, CCBM, NGO Energia, RSC Energia) - the chief institution in the reactive weapons of the country, which was headed by S.P. Korolev. Together with the main designers - over rocket engines, management systems, command devices, radio systems, starting complexes, etc., S.P. Korolev led the creation of rocket and space complexes, providing the first and subsequent flights of automatic and manned apparatuses. In the country in a short historical term, a powerful industry was created for the production of the most diverse rocket and space technology. It was constructed, built and sent to space of thousands of devices for various purposes, a huge work was made to study outer space. Zenit, Proton carrier missiles, "Space", "Zipper", "Cyclone" on space orbit, research, applied, meteorological, navigation, military satellites "Electron", "Horizon", "Start" were brought , "Cosmos", "Resource", "Gals", "Forecast", Communication Satellites "Screen", "Lightning" and others. Unique work done automatic spacecraft When flying to the moon, Mars, Venus, to the Gallea comet.