Climatic zones of Eurasia. Mainland Eurasia. Climatic zones of Eurasia - description, features and interesting facts Why the subtropical climatic zone of Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continent on the planet. The climate of the continent is very diverse. What is causing this? In what climatic zones is the continent of Eurasia located? Let's try to answer all these questions in our article.

Description of the mainland

Three quarters of the world's population live in Eurasia. This is not surprising, because the continent is the largest on Earth in size. It occupies 35% of the earth's land area, and its area is about 54 million square meters. km.

The main part of Eurasia belongs to the Northern Hemisphere, while some of the islands that belong to the mainland are located in the southern half of the planet. In ancient times, two parts of the continent - Europe and Asia - were perceived separately. They were even considered different continents. Now the division between the European and Asian parts of the continent is only conditional. The boundaries for this are the mountains (Ural mountain range), Kuma, Manych), seas (Caspian, Black, Mediterranean, Aegean), as well as straits (Gibraltar, Bosphorus, Dardanelles).

The continent is washed by the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic oceans. The extreme points of the mainland are Russian in the north, Malaysian in the south. The Portuguese Cape Roca is the extreme point in the west, and in the east - the Russian

Factors of the formation of the climate of Eurasia

The climatic zones in which Eurasia is located was primarily influenced by its significant length and geographical location. From north to south, the continent stretches for 8 thousand km, while covering a significant territory.

So, in what climatic zones is Eurasia located? Due to the location between the polar circle and the equator, all belts are present on the mainland. The elongation of the mainland from west to east is the main reason for the amazing variety of natural and climatic zones.

The relief is also important. The continent is home to some of the world's most extensive plains. In these areas, winters are cold and summers are dry and hot. Numerous mountain systems of the mainland create barriers to air masses, not allowing warm southerly winds to pass to the north, and cold and dry ones to the south.

Oceanic basins and rugged coastline play a significant role in the formation of the Eurasian climate. At the edges of the continent, the marine type of climate prevails, in the interior regions - continental. Warm and cold currents in the oceans affect annual changes in coastal temperatures as well as rainfall.

In what climatic zones is the territory of Eurasia located

We have found out the main reasons for the formation of the climate on the mainland. Now let's talk in more detail about the climatic zones of Eurasia.

Arctic belt. It is located in the far north of the mainland, including the islands that are located in the Arctic Ocean. Dry frosty air, piercing winds and high atmospheric pressure are typical features of the arctic climate zone. Air temperatures here throughout the year rarely rise above zero, precipitation is about 250 mm.

Subarctic belt.It differs in milder climatic conditions; it acts as a kind of buffer zone between the Arctic and temperate zones. It occupies a strip of the northern part of the continent, including Iceland and part of Scandinavia. In summer it is influenced by moderate winds and the temperature does not exceed +20. In winter, cold arctic winds blow here, the temperature can drop to -50 degrees.

Temperate zone. It runs along the entire continent below It occupies most of Europe and Central Asia... Within its limits, various types of climate have formed, which largely depend on the proximity to the World Ocean. Seasons clearly replace each other, temperature drops during the year are very significant.

Subtropical belt. Covers China and the Japanese islands, Iran, Armenia, Italy, Greece, etc. Winters are mild, cool and humid, while summers are hot and dry.

Tropical belt. Includes southwestern Asia and is absent in Europe. It is also characterized by very warm winters.

Subequatorial belt. Covers the Philippines and northern Sri Lanka. Wet air masses in summer are replaced by dry ones in winter.

Equatorial belt.Occupies the southern part of Sri Lanka, Malay Islands. Prevails here heat and heavy rainfall, and the winds bring humid sea air.

Conclusion

Most of the continent of Eurasia is located in the Northern Hemisphere. This had a significant impact on the climatic zones in which Eurasia is located. So, on the territory of the mainland there are arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical, tropical, subequatorial and equatorial belts.

General features of the climate of Eurasia

Definition 1

Eurasia is the largest in area and the highest continent of the planet, which is washed by all the oceans of the Earth, and most of it is located between the equator and the Arctic Circle.

The climate of this continent is very diverse - its northern part is cold, and the southern, on the contrary, is extremely hot, the central regions are quite arid, and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts are mostly humid.

The main reason for this heterogeneity is associated with the position of the continent in all geographic zones of the Northern Hemisphere, which in turn leads to an uneven supply of solar radiation to the surface.

The second reason is the different types of air circulation. Most of the mainland is under the influence of the western transfer. The tropical belt lies in the zone of the trade winds, and the extreme south and east under the influence of monsoons.

The western transport of air masses intensifies in winter, at this time Atlantic cyclones dominate over the entire territory of Europe. As a result, the air temperature in the northern and southern regions of the mainland differs little and the zonal temperature distribution is disturbed.

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A similar phenomenon led to the formation of a high pressure area called the Asian High.

Continental moderate air masses from here spread in all directions. At this time, over the Indian and Pacific Oceans, areas of low atmospheric pressure, therefore, it is here that especially powerful air flows move. This is the principle of dry and cold winter monsoons.

With the onset of summer, the western transport of air masses weakens, and the zonal temperature distribution becomes more noticeable, which is manifested in the latitudinal strike of the July isotherms.

Figure 1. Climatic conditions of Eurasia. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

The Indo-Gangetic lowland, isolated by mountain barriers on all sides, becomes the place where the highest temperature on the mainland is established, an area of \u200b\u200bvery low atmospheric pressure is formed here, which is called the South Asian minimum.

The water surface of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, unlike most of Asia, is still cooled in summer, therefore high pressure areas arise above them, and air masses from the oceans move to land. This forms a powerful warm and humid summer monsoon.

The annual amount of precipitation on the mainland from its outskirts to the central regions naturally decreases and reaches its minimum. The reason is that the activity of cyclones of the western transport and monsoons is weakening, and the influence of dry continental air masses from the interior of Eurasia is increasing.

Climatic regionalization of Eurasia

The belts and areas that stand out in the climatic zoning of Eurasia have the following types of climates: on the northern coast of the mainland in the polar belt, a harsh arctic climate has formed. The temperatures of this belt vary from 0 degrees in summer to -40 degrees in winter, precipitation here falls from 100-200 mm, and sometimes less.

A narrow strip in front of the Arctic Circle is occupied by a transitional subarctic climate. Iceland is located within it, and part of the islands to the west of Scandinavia is a subarctic maritime region. Precipitation falls up to 700 mm. Winter temperature is -5 ... -10 degrees, and summer is cold +10 degrees.

Approaching the Bering Strait, the belt expands. The July temperature here is no higher than +12 degrees, and the winters are harsh and long. There is also little precipitation - in the west, under the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, about 300 mm falls, and in the north-east of Siberia - less than 100 mm.

The temperate belt covers a large area. Its border runs from the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay in the west and reaches the northern part of the Korea Peninsula and the middle of the island of Honshu. Throughout the year, temperate winds prevail here.

Within Russia, the belt is divided into three areas:

• moderate continental,
• continental,
• monsoon.

The continentality of the climate increases from west to east of the mainland.

Within Europe, there are two subregions temperate zone - north and south. In the northern subregion, summers are cool and short with abundant precipitation, frequent fogs and almost constant cloud cover.

In the southern subregion on the Atlantic coast, winters are mild without negative temperatures, summers are moderately warm.

In the interior of the continent, summer is hot and humid, with a temperature of + 22 ... + 24 degrees.

A subtropical climatic zone passes through the entire continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. It captures the southern part of Europe, the highlands of Western Asia, the northern part of Arabia, Tibet and the Yangtze basin. The peculiarity of this belt is dry and hot air in summer time both humid and warm in winter.

It must be said that the climatic zones of the mainland are subdivided into smaller areas, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich depends on the proximity of water bodies and the nature of the relief. In the subtropics, zones are also distinguished:

maritime Mediterranean - Apennine, Balkan peninsula with sultry summers and mild winters;

continental Mediterranean - the southern countries of this sub-belt, the western and southern coast of the Asia Minor peninsula. Both subbelts are similar, the winter temperature here is + 2 ... + 12 degrees, precipitation is 500-600 mm, and in the mountains up to 3000 m;

continental covers the highlands of Western Asia and northern Arabia. Annual temperature fluctuations reach 90 degrees here.

Tibet is an alpine subregion with dry and cold summers and little snow in winters. Precipitation falls in the east of the mountains, brought by the monsoons from the Pacific Ocean.

High humidity is characterized by eastern Yangtze Basin. Summer rains bring monsoons from the Pacific Ocean, the amount of which varies from 700 to 2000 mm throughout the year depending on the relief.

The tropical belt also has its own differences: the tropical trade wind belt is the Thar (Tar) desert, located in the southeast of Pakistan, the south of Arabia, and the south of the Iranian highlands. During the year, tropical air masses dominate here, so summers are sultry and winters warm. Daily temperature drops are high and there is an acute lack of precipitation, not exceeding 100 mm.

The Yemeni mountains are an exception - the slopes fall from 400 to 1000 mm.

Transition subequatorial belt occupies the island of Sri Lanka, two peninsulas - Hindustan, Indochina, southern China and other islands. In winter, dry air prevails here, coming from the continent, and in summer wet air from the Indian Ocean. The hottest time of the year is spring. The time of precipitation is summer and autumn, i.e. dry and wet seasons alternate.

In the south of the mainland, on most of the islands and peninsulas, an equatorial belt has formed, where precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year. Their total number is 1500-4000 mm. Average annual temperatures here are very high.

Climatic anomalies of Eurasia

There are places on this vast continent, the climatic conditions of which are very surprising.

For example, the third part of the Arabian Peninsula is the largest sandy desert in the world, located in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen.

The temperature in this hot desert reaches + 56 degrees. The climate is very dry with less than 3 cm of rainfall per year.

Iran has the hottest place on the planet - the Dashti-Lut desert. In 2005, a thermometer recorded an air temperature of +70.7 degrees here. The desert attracts with the beauty of its dunes reaching a height of 500 m.

There are also the coldest places in Eurasia - this is the village of Oymyakon, located on the territory of Russia. It is a real pole of cold in the Northern Hemisphere. The village is located in a hollow where cold air flows in winter. The weather is calm, but this stagnant cold penetrates through and through. According to measurements, the temperature minimum is from -77.8 to -82 degrees. The difference between summer and winter temperatures reaches 104 degrees.

The highest temperature was recorded here in the summer of 2010 and amounted to +34.6 degrees. Snow in Oymyakon lasts from 213 to 229 days. There are streams that do not freeze at -70 degrees and there is ice that does not melt at a temperature of +30 degrees.

Remark 1

The wettest place on the planet is also located in Eurasia - a small town in India named Cherrapunji. The average annual air temperature in it is +17.3 degrees. This town receives 12 thousand mm of precipitation per year. More wet place on Earth, no.

Sections: Geography

The course of the lesson is fully consistent and built in accordance with the requirements of an innovative form of student-centered learning. The student is recognized as the main subject of the learning process. During the lesson, the creation of the necessary conditions for the recognition of the student's individuality, his experience, the possibility of self-education, self-development and self-expression in the course of mastering knowledge is constantly traced. Conditions have been created for dialogue and polylogue, as well as situations for choosing educational tasks and forms of their implementation

Lesson form - combined, using research materials.

Lesson objectives:

• Coordinate the independent work of students, taking into account their personal characteristics, in order to create the most favorable conditions for their manifestation.
• Think over the main types of communication, forms of cooperation between students, students and the teacher, taking into account personal interaction, equal partnership in the lesson.
• In the conditions of student-centered learning, to provide each student, based on his abilities, inclinations, interests, subject experience, the opportunity to realize himself in the knowledge of the peculiarities of the climatic regions of Eurasia and the climate of our territory.

Tasks:

1. Using the subjective experience of each student about the climate, the ability to independently obtain information using maps, to form knowledge about the peculiarities of the climatic regions of the temperate zone of Eurasia.
2. Encourage students to make their own choice and use the most meaningful ways of in-depth study of the material about the marine, continental and monsoon types of climate in Eurasia
3. Stimulate the student to self-development and self-expression when choosing, performing practical tasks, solving problematic issues.
4. To assist the creative group in studying the climate of our area, its impact on the economic activity of the population, taking into account the problems of pollution and protection of the atmosphere.
5. Conduct reflection, assessment of the acquired knowledge.

Equipment:

Map "Climatic zones and regions of the world"
- geographic atlases,
- textbook "Geography of the Belgorod region" I part, M .: Education, 1980.,
- "Reader on Physical Geography", compiled by N.А. Maximov.

During the classes

I. Frontal conversation:

What is the main reason for the change in climatic zones?
- What is the largest climatic zone of Eurasia?
- What are the climatic regions of the temperate zone?

List the reasons influencing climate change from west to east: (the influence of constant winds, ocean currents, relief, massiveness of the material, remoteness of the territory from the oceans - the growth of continentality).

II. Group work.

Teacher:using the climate characterization plan, characterize the climatic regions of the temperate zone:

1. Nautical
2. Monsoon
3. Continental

The creative group, using maps of the Belgorod region, characterizes the climate of our area.

Characteristics plan.

1. Belt, area.
2. Position.
3. Temperatures are average in January and July.
4. The prevailing winds.
5. Annual precipitation and their regime.

Students characterize the climatic regions of the temperate zone of Eurasia.

Teacher: We learned that the formation of climatic regions big influence the massiveness of the material and its length from west to east, therefore, four climatic regions have formed in the temperate zone.

Constant winds, terrain relief, ocean currents and remoteness of the territory from the oceans play a significant role.

Teacher: We will deepen our understanding of each climatic region of the temperate zone with the help of advance assignments that our students prepared from additional literature.

I want to dwell in more detail on the maritime climate of temperate latitudes. Now we will all visit "cheerful green England", as the English poets have sung their country from time immemorial. And in fact, nowhere can you find such uninhabited, eye-caressing greenery. And all the reason is the sea climate. Moisture-saturated winds from the ocean hit the British Isles with heavy rains - they do not allow the rivers to become shallow. In London, half the days a year are rainy, in the west and north of the country it rains even more.

The weather in England is very unstable, often deceiving all expectations and becomes the most persistent violator of traditions. A white winter with snow-covered cottages can only be seen on Christmas cards; it often turns into a string of endless rains.

Sometimes in November, when, according to the laws of nature, you are waiting for wetness or dense fog, suddenly golden, warm summer days will fall out. The humid climate is usually explained by the gentle emerald color of the English landscape - meadows and trees, bushes and lawns. Fogs and smogs are frequent in England, which last for several days, negatively affect people's health, traffic. But, of course, after fogs and smog, the sea air attracts most of all. The sea is felt everywhere in England.

Why does England have a lot of rainfall all year round? (the influence of a warm current and constant westerly winds).
- What is the reason for the formation of strong fogs? (wet clash warm air from the sea with colder on land).
- What is smog? (a mixture of fog and particulate matter).

Together with me you will go to the east coast of Eurasia. There, the climate is influenced by other climate-forming factors and, naturally, the climate will be completely different, gentle in the west. The main factor influencing the climate in the east of Eurasia is monsoon winds, which, as you know, change their direction 2 times a year. I want to dwell on the summer monsoons in more detail.

When the monsoon rains come, one is full of joy. And not only man experiences these feelings and animals, and birds, plants.

With the arrival of the monsoon, monsoon showers come from the Pacific Ocean. They bring coolness to the earth, restore its beauty, fill ponds, streams, rivers with water. On another day, everything is covered with a green carpet, bushes and trees begin to sparkle with emerald foliage. Animals and birds have waited for food, and, in a short time, from the skinny emaciated they become strong and well-fed. Rainfall doji do not come for a day or even for a week, for the whole summer from May to September. Heavy rains not only bring nature to life, but are also a moment of disaster and alarm for coastal residents and those living in river basins. The water level rises strongly, filling the surrounding territories, floods come with rains, which often take both the lives of people and animals, even at this time fishing stops, since work at sea is not possible, hurricanes and storms are planned, the wind blows from the sea to dry land.

What are the rivers that are influenced by monsoon rains? (Cupid, Sungari, Yellow River, Yangtze, Indus, Ganges).
- What do you think, what pressure is being formed over the territory? (low).

Creative group: characteristics of the climate of the Belgorod region (map page 19).

1. Moderate continental climate with all seasons.
2. Southern part of the Central Russian Upland.
3. The temperature in summer is from +18.5 0 in the west to +19.5 0 C in the southeast.
4. An area of \u200b\u200bincreased pressure - the Voykov Axis - runs through the territory of the Belgorod region. In the northern part, westerly winds prevail, bringing moisture, softening the climate, and south of the axis, eastern steppe dry winds, acting drying.
5. The amount of precipitation ranges from 600 mm in the west to 400 mm in the southeast.
6. In winter and spring, the influence of arctic air masses is possible, which bring low temperatures in winter and possible frost in spring even in May, which can negatively and even destructively affect crops.

The climate has a great influence on the employment of the population in agriculture... The territory of the Belgorod region is divided into 3 agroclimatic regions (map page 23)

I district. These are the western and northern regions, the most moisture-rich. The conditions are favorable for the cultivation of spring, winter, grain crops, perennial grasses, sugar and fodder beets, potatoes and sunflowers, fruit and berry crops, dairy and meat cattle breeding.

District II. These are the southwestern regions with a lower level of humidification but high heat supply. Corn, silage, sugar and fodder beets are cultivated here.

III district. These are southeastern regions, more arid, steppe. Spring crops, corn for grain, essential oil crops prevail here. (anise, coriander, hops), meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding.

In what agroclimatic area is our village located? (2nd district)
- What crops are grown in the fields of the Pushkarnoye agricultural firm? (wheat, barley, beets, corn for feed, sunflower, dairy and meat cattle breeding).

Report of the research work of the environmental team.

The environmental unit of our school, and its members are students of our class, conducted local monitoring around the school about air pollution.

Impact on air pollution from cars. More than 100 cars pass along the school every day, if we take this into account, 1 car per day emits 1 kg of exhaust gases, including carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, lead, sulfur compounds, which affect health.

Qualitative assessment of air dust content.

1. A qualitative assessment of the dustiness of the air was carried out. The studies were carried out using adhesive tape. For a week, the tape was covered with dust, but in different places the dust layer was different. The most dusty part is in front of the school entrance, least of all in the school garden. After all, trees have the ability to purify the air.
2. Our detachment is fighting the spontaneous fires that the villagers make in the fall after the harvest, and in the spring, cultivating their gardens.

Teacher: You and I have traced on local material about the influence of different climate-forming factors on climate change, about how the climate affects human economic activity, and also from the work of the ecological detachment we see: human activity is detrimental to the atmosphere, and at the same time affects health the people themselves.

III. Securing the material.

Verification of the actual material.

1. What are the winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean called?
2. What is the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current on the climate of Eurasia?
3. How does relief affect the climate of the Pacific coast of Eurasia?

Ability to work with diagrams.

1. Using the map, give a description of the Tropical zone of Eurasia (according to the plan, p. 312).
2. Using the map, describe the climate of the Indian subcontinent
3. Determine the type of climate from the climatic diagrams.

Causal relationships.

1. On which slope of the Ural Mountains will precipitation fall more? Why?
2. Why was the Arabian Desert formed on the Arabian Peninsula?
3. Explain why the Himalayan foothills have the highest rainfall?

Creative application of knowledge.

1. By card natural areas find the deserts of Eurasia and explain the reasons for this location.
2. Find on the map the most low temperatures and explain the reasons.
3. Determine the types of climates of the following objects: Great Britain, Iceland, Kamchatka Island, explain the reasons for the different temperatures.

Assignments for everyone:

Determine the type of climate from the description of the weather.

“Winter weather is unstable, sometimes frost, sometimes thaw. Dry and frosty air cooled over the snowy expanse. It is even colder when the air masses come from the icy Arctic. The thermometer drops to -30 0 С, snow creaks, no breeze, the sun in a clear sky is a red circle. But now the sky was covered by a gray veil of clouds, atmospheric pressure is dropping, noticeably warmer. A damp wind is blowing, snow has fallen. "

Where did the damp wind come from?
- What is it called?

IV. Summarizing.

What new things have you learned today?
- What have you learned?
- How do you assess yourself?

In the climate Eurasia displays features associated with the enormous size of its territory. The position of the main part of the continent between the equator and the Arctic Circle, the massiveness of the eastern and central parts, the dissection of the western and southern margins, the influence of ocean basins, and the complex surface structure create an exceptional diversity in Eurasia climatic conditions.

Annual total radiation in Eurasia varies within the following limits (Fig. 5): on the Arctic islands it is equal to 2520 MJ / m2 (60 kcal / cm 2), in the western part of Europe - from 2940 to 5880 (from 70 to 140), in the south and south - in the east of Asia - 5000-7570 (120-180), and in Arabia it reaches the maximum value on Earth - 8400-9240 (200-220).

Figure: 5. Total solar radiation for the year

The annual radiation balance varies within Eurasia from 420 to 3360 MJ / m 2 (10-80 kcal / cm 2). In January, north of the line Brittany - north of the Adriatic - center of the Black Sea - south of the Caspian Sea - north of the Korea Peninsula - north of the Japanese islands, the radiation balance is negative (Fig. 6).

Figure: 6. Radiation balance for the year

Main atmospheric process for most of Eurasia - the west-east transport and associated cyclonic activity. With the western transfer to the mainland, air comes from the Atlantic Ocean throughout the year and spreads to its eastern outskirts. As you move eastward, the Atlantic air transforms, giving off moisture, cooling in winter and warming up in summer. Due to the large horizontal dissection of the western part of Eurasia and the absence of sharp orographic obstacles, the process of transformation of air masses over Europe is relatively slow, and therefore climatic conditions change gradually. Only beyond the Urals, within Asia, the predominance of continental air masses is observed throughout the year. Sharp contrasts in heating and in baric conditions between the mainland and the Pacific Ocean, intensified by the peculiarities of the orography of Central and East Asia, determine the monsoon circulation typical of eastern Eurasia, which is most pronounced here in comparison with all other regions of the Earth. The circulation over the southern parts of Eurasia also has a monsoon character, only here it manifests itself in the interaction between the mainland and the Indian Ocean.

Consider how meteorological conditions are changing in Eurasia by seasons.

In winter contrasts in the heating and pressure distribution over the mainland, on the one hand, and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, on the other, are especially pronounced. On the maps of the January isobars over Eurasia and neighboring oceanic basins, the following baric regions are clearly identified ( fig. 7).

Figure: 7. Air pressure and winds in January

In the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean there is a closed low pressure area (North Atlantic, or Icelandic, minimum), due to the impact of the warm North Atlantic Current and the frequent passage of deep cyclonic depressions moving eastward from the coast of North America. Due to the influence of the warm current and the deep penetration of sea basins into the interior of the continent, the reduced pressure also extends to the southern part of the Arctic Ocean and the western coast of Europe.

The boundaries of the greatest distribution of floating ice (in March, April - for the northern hemisphere, in September for the southern hemisphere) Areas for which the values \u200b\u200bof the radiation balance have not been determined: mountainous areas continental ice of the lake and seas areas with sea

Further south, 30 ° N, there is high pressure area (North Atlantic, or Azores, maximum), which is part of the subtropical high-pressure zone of the northern hemisphere. The interaction of these baric regions is especially important for the formation of meteorological conditions in Europe. The air outflowing along the northern and eastern periphery of the North Atlantic Maximum is drawn into the area of \u200b\u200blow pressure over the North Atlantic and the western margin of Europe, creating in temperate latitudes a system of cyclonic winds of the western and southwestern directions blowing from the relatively warm ocean to the mainland and bringing many moisture. At this time, winds with an eastern component prevail in polar latitudes. The main routes of movement of cyclonic depressions in winter pass through Iceland, the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Barents Sea. Over the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, which accumulate a large amount of heat, local cyclogenesis develops in winter. Most often, cyclones form over the Ligurian Sea and the Gulf of Lyons, over the southern Tyrrhenian Sea and the island of Cyprus. From here they go east and northeast, penetrating in some years up to the Indus Valley.

Passage of cyclones in Europe it is accompanied by cloudy weather with rain or sleet, typical of Western European winters. The sea air of temperate latitudes is often replaced by arctic air, causing a sharp drop in temperature and a decrease in precipitation. Arctic air spreads to the south, but relatively rarely penetrates into the southern part of Europe, as it is retained by sub-latitudinal mountain ranges. The further to the east, the more frequent and longer the incursions of the Arctic air.

When driving western air flow over the continent, it is cooling and drying. In the interior regions of Asia, due to the cooling of the surface layers of the atmosphere, an area of \u200b\u200bincreased pressure is created, over which a depression is formed in the upper troposphere. The transformed air coming from the west is drawn into this trough, cools and settles, replenishing the high pressure area in the surface layers. The influence of the relief of the interior parts of Asia also affects: high mountain structures, rising to the south of the region of the formation of the maximum, prevent the spread of cold air masses and contribute to their concentration in a relatively limited space. As a result of the interaction of all these processes, in winter over the inner parts of Eurasia, the greatest high-pressure region on Earth is created - the Asian quasi-stationary maximum.

Along the northern and eastern periphery of this maximum, cold and dry continental air flows towards the warmer Pacific Ocean at this time. The resulting winds from the north and northwest are known as the winter monsoon.

Asian High can form a spur, which sometimes spreads up to Western Europe, causing a strong cold snap there.

South Asia in winter it is influenced by the trade wind circulation. The Arabian Peninsula, together with the neighboring Sahara, falls under the influence of the eastern periphery of the North Atlantic Maximum and the dry northerly winds associated with it. Over Hindustan and Indochina, on the island of Sri Lanka, the Philippines and in the north of the Sunda Islands, the northeastern trade wind dominates, flowing from the North Pacific maximum towards the equatorial trough, displaced at this time to the south. In the countries of South and Southeast Asia, it is called the winter monsoon.

Despite the negative radiation balance north of 39-40 ° N, in areasadjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, the average January temperature is significantly higher than 0 ° C, since in winter the Atlantic air is a relatively warm air mass. The January isotherms extend submeridionally over most of the temperate belt of Eurasia and only to the east of the Yenisei take a sublatitudinal direction (Fig. 8).

Figure: 8. average temperature air in Eurasia at ground level (January)

Off the west coast On the Scandinavian Peninsula, the zero isotherm of January rises up to 70 ° N, registering the highest positive anomaly of mid-latitude winter temperatures (more than 20 °). The further east you go, the lower the average winter temperature becomes. Already in the eastern part overseas Europe it becomes negative.

Atlantic air brings to the land a large amount of moisture, which falls in the west of Europe in the form of rain or sleet. Especially a lot of precipitation occurs on the mountain slopes of the western exposure. Winter cyclonic precipitation is also typical for the Mediterranean coast and western regions of Asia. Their number sharply decreases from west to east due to the weakening of frontal activity in the inner parts of the continent.

In most of overseas Asia in winter precipitation absent. In the interior regions, this is due to the anticyclonic state of the atmosphere and strong supercooling of the surface. On the eastern edge of the continent, the reason for the lack of precipitation is the continental monsoon, which brings dry cold air towards the ocean. In this regard, Central and East Asia is characterized by low winter temperatures with a pronounced below zero anomaly, which is felt up to the tropics, where temperature drops to 0 ° C are possible. In the north, the average January temperature is -20, -25 ° C.

On the southern peninsulas and islands of Asia, where trade winds operate in winter, dry weather also prevails. Precipitation occurs only in those areas where trade winds or northerly winds bring enough moisture (windward slopes of the Philippine Islands, the southeastern tip of Hindustan and the island of Sri Lanka). Convective rains fall on the Sunda Islands, located at the equator and south of it. The January temperature in the entire southern part of Asia is high: 16 ... 20 ° С, on the islands of the Malay archipelago it reaches 25 ° С in places.

In summer Meteorological conditions in Eurasia and on the oceans adjacent to it are changing significantly. The Asian maximum disappears, and a low pressure with a closed center is established over the heated continent in the Indus River basin and on the shores of the Persian Gulf (South Asian minimum). It is the northern edge of the equatorial hollow, which in Eurasia extends farthest from the equator (up to 22-28 ° N). The pressure is increasing towards the oceans. The Icelandic minimum is weakening and the North Pacific minimum disappears. The high-pressure area remains above the polar basin. The North Atlantic and North Pacific highs are strengthening and expanding to the north. In the Indian Ocean south of the tropics, the South Indian Maximum is growing during the southern hemisphere winter. Such a pressure distribution in the surface layers of the atmosphere creates conditions for the transfer of air masses to Eurasia from the surrounding oceans ( fig. nine).

Figure: 9. Air pressure and winds in July

Northwest Europe, between the high pressure area in the Arctic and the spur of the North Atlantic Maximum, there is a relatively low pressure band. Within its limits, cyclonic activity associated with the Arctic front takes place. In this regard, westerly and northwesterly winds prevail, which carry relatively cold air from the ocean to the mainland. Over a heated continent, it is rapidly transforming into a continental one. At the same time, the Arctic marine masses are undergoing transformation. In this case, not only the temperature rises, but also the moisture content of the air due to evaporation from the underlying surface. The isotherms of July in Europe extend everywhere in the sublatitudinal direction, with a slight deviation to the south at the coast of the ocean. The average July temperature in the west varies from north to south from 12 to 24 ° С, in the east it sometimes reaches 26 ... 28 ° С (Fig. 10).

Figure: 10. Average air temperature in Eurasia at ground level (July)

In summer in Europe rains are less abundant than in winter, as cyclonic activity is weakening. In Southern Europe and Western Asiawhere winds blow from the eastern periphery of the North Atlantic maximum, carrying tropical air, there is almost no precipitation.

Ascending the average July temperature and a decrease in precipitation due to the transformation of the Atlantic air when moving from west to east is felt almost throughout the continent. It is especially dry and hot in the interior of the mainland (Central Asia), protected by mountain rises from humid air currents from the oceans. Dryness and high temperatures (average July up to 32 ° C) are also typical for most of the Arabian Peninsula, which is under the influence of the northeastern trade wind flowing from the North Atlantic maximum.

In other conditions are eastern and southern outskirts mainland adjacent to the Pacific and Indian oceans. Temperature and baric contrasts between them and the vast land of Eurasia are especially strong in summer. Humid and relatively cold air enters Asia along the western periphery of the Pacific Maximum. As a result of its interaction with continental air masses heavy rain showers fall. This air flow is called the summer monsoon in East Asia.

In the south of Asia (Hindustan, Indochina) the role of the summer monsoon is played by the flow of equatorial air, carrying huge masses of moisture from the Indian Ocean. Due to the configuration and size of Eurasia and the expansion of the equatorial trough, equatorial air in the form of a monsoon in the prevailing southwest direction penetrates very far to the north. Where the monsoon flow meets mountain rises, precipitation is especially abundant (for example, on the southeastern slopes of the Himalayas, on the southern slope of the Shillong massif, in Cherrapunji, the maximum amount of precipitation is the globe - 10719 mm per year, etc.). On the equatorial islands, convective intramass precipitation is of great importance (Fig. 11).

Figure: 11. Average annual precipitation in Eurasia, mm

In the Pacific and Indian oceans Tropical cyclones, or typhoons, occur annually from June to November, bringing enormous disasters to the populations of East and South Asia. These are the strongest cyclonic eddies, the speed of which over the open ocean in exceptional cases can reach 100 km / h (usually 30-50 km / h). They are accompanied by showers, during which 150 mm of precipitation or more can fall. On the coasts, surge waves pose a great threat, which, together with heavy rainfall, cause catastrophic floods. The Philippines and the Japanese Islands are especially affected by typhoons, but sometimes a disaster also affects the outskirts of the continent up to the south of the Far East. In the Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones move north and northwest to the northern coasts of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

According to its size and geographic location, Eurasia with the adjacent islands is located in all climatic zones of the northern hemisphere, and within each belt all climatic regions inherent in it are represented. Thus, we can say that in Eurasia there are all types of climates known on Earth.

Northernmost islands Eurasia, and in the east and the strip of the continent adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, are located within the Arctic belt. Of the foreign territories of Eurasia, the arctic climate is typical for the Svalbard archipelago and small oceanic islands. Due to their geographical position and the influence of warm currents, the islands have a maritime arctic climate with relatively high winter temperatures (from -16 to -20 ° C) and significant precipitation (about 300 mm).

A narrow strip, capturing Iceland and Scandinavia to the north of the Arctic Circle and slightly expanding in the east, crosses Eurasia subarctic belt... It is located between the summer and winter positions of the Arctic front and is characterized by a predominance of westerly circulation in the summer and cold easterly arctic winds in winter. In western Europe, especially in Iceland, the subarctic regions are characterized by relatively mild (-5, -10 ° C) winters, cool (no more than 10 ° C) summers and a large amount of precipitation (300-700 mm), falling in all seasons in the form of rain and snow.

The widest and most massive part of Eurasia is within temperate climatic zone, the southern boundary of which, determined by the summer position of the polar front, runs from south coast Bay of Biscay through the middle of the Black and Caspian Seas to the northern part of the Korea Peninsula and the middle part of Honshu Island. Despite the dominance of the west-east transport throughout the year, the temperate zone within Eurasia is characterized by large differences in climatic conditions, which gives reason to consider it by region.

Region oceanic moderate warm climate includes the south of Iceland, the western outskirts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the British Isles and the extreme west of the mainland - the Jutland peninsula, west and north of France. There are reasons to attribute the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula to this region of the temperate zone. Throughout the year, the Atlantic air prevails there, carried by the winds of the western points, and cyclonic activity is manifested. Winter is characterized by unstable rainy and foggy weather with an average temperature of the coldest month from 1 to 6 ° С, frosts and snowfalls are rare, there is no stable snow cover. The average summer temperature is 10 ... 18 "C. Precipitation occurs throughout the year, with a maximum in winter due to particularly intense cyclonic activity. Annual precipitation amounts almost over the entire region is more than 1000 mm, and evaporation does not exceed 800 mm per year. Therefore the Atlantic regions of Europe are characterized by excessive moisture ( fig. 12).

Figure: 12. The difference in precipitation and evaporation per year

The climate of the rest of the temperate zone of Europe up to the Ural Mountains can be called transitional, from oceanic to continental. The most important role in climate formation belongs to the transformation of the Atlantic air and the ever-increasing influence of continental air masses forming over the continent itself. In comparison with the previous one, this area is characterized by a lower amount of precipitation, large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations, and the presence of frosty periods of various duration. Within the considered area, more than in the previous one, differences between north and south are expressed. Long and severe winters are typical for Scandinavia and Finland. The Scandinavian mountains enhance the transformation of the Atlantic air and at the same time do not prevent the penetration of cold air masses from the Arctic. Therefore, the temperature in Sweden and Finland can drop to -40 ° C, and in exceptional cases to -50 ° C, with an average January temperature of -10, -15 ° C. Summer north of the 50th parallel is cool, with maximum precipitation at its beginning. Annual precipitation from 500 to 1000 mm with evaporation less than 600 mm provides excess moisture throughout the year. The southern part of the region is characterized by less sharp temperature ranges, moderately cold winters with an average January temperature only slightly below 0 ° C. The duration of snow cover and freeze-up on rivers is short, and it increases from west to east. Summers are warm, with an average July temperature of 12 ... 20 ° C. The maximum precipitation occurs in the first half of summer, the evaporation rate increases to 800 mm, and the moisture content decreases in comparison with the northern regions.

A significant part of Asia within Russia, the countries of Central Asia, as well as Mongolia and Northwestern China (Gobi and Dzungaria) are located in the region continental climate temperate zone, which all year is under the influence of inland air masses. Due to the influence of the Asian High, the region is characterized by cold winters with sharp temperature differences from place to place. With an average January temperature from -3 ° C in western China to -12 ° C in northern Kazakhstan and -25 ° C in Mongolia, with calm and cloudless weather, there are decreases to -35 ...- 50 ° C. Permafrost is developing in the eastern regions of the region due to stable low winter temperatures and almost complete absence of snow. Almost the entire annual amount of precipitation (about 200 mm) falls in the summer in the form of frontal rains. The average July temperature reaches 30 ° C in the south of the region. Insufficient moisture.

East of the Greater Khingan Ridge, including Northeast China, northern Korean Peninsula, Hokkaido Island, and northern Honshu, climate monsoon... This whole area is characterized by sharp differences in temperature, precipitation and moisture according to the seasons. In winter, dry frosty weather prevails with strong winds blowing from the Asian High and raising a lot of dust. Only on the Japanese islands heavy snow falls, as the continental air, passing over the relatively warm Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, is saturated with moisture in the lower layers. In summer, the southeastern monsoon blows, carrying out humid unstable air from the southern and western periphery of the Pacific anticyclone. Approximately 70% of the annual precipitation is associated with its arrival, falling in the form of showers at intervals of 4-5 days.

Subtropical the climatic zone also crosses Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Within its limits, the west-east transport in summer is replaced by tropical circulation. Of great importance is the system of mountain uplifts in High Asia, which in winter causes the splitting of the flow of the western transport into two branches - northern and southern. The latter passes south of the Himalayas, causing, in the opinion of G.N. Vitvitsky, a shift in comparison with other continents of the southern border of the subtropical belt towards the equator.

The Iberian and Apennine peninsulas, the south and west of the Balkan Peninsula, the west and south of Asia Minor, the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean islands, the south of the Crimean peninsula and the north of Mesopotamia are located in an area of \u200b\u200bsubtropical climate with dry summers ( mediterranean). Summer dryness is associated with winds flowing along the eastern periphery of the extended North Atlantic Maximum. The prevailing wind direction is northwest in the Western Mediterranean and northeast in the Eastern. The average July temperature is from 23 to 28 ° C. With almost complete absence of precipitation, the evaporation rate is 3-4 times higher than the actual evaporation. In winter, the Azores maximum shifts to the south and the Mediterranean falls into the system of western transport and cyclonic activity, which is associated with 75-80% of the annual precipitation. The average temperature of the coldest month increases from north to south from 4 to 12 ° С. In the western part of the region of the Mediterranean climate, the Atlantic air is predominant, in the east - continental. Therefore, when moving from west to east, precipitation decreases and temperature amplitudes increase.

Inland, from the Iranian Highlands to the basin of the middle Yellow River, including the Tarim Basin, Beishan, the south of the Gobi and other regions of the Central and Central Asia, climate subtropical continental... This area is characterized by hot summers (25 ... 35 ° С) and cool winters with an average temperature above 0 ° С, although in some years frosts can reach -20 ° С. There is less than 200 mm of precipitation per year, the air is very dry, and the daily and annual temperature ranges are significant. There are differences in precipitation patterns between west and east. In the west, winter precipitation is associated with the Iranian branch of the polar front and cyclonic activity. In the east, summer precipitation is dominated by the southeastern monsoon.

Special, extracontinental the climate of the highlands is typical for the interior regions of Asia (Tibet), which can be attributed to the subtropical belt only by geographic location, and not by actual climatic conditions. Due to significant absolute heights, even in summer, temperatures do not rise above 10 ... 15 ° С, in winter these areas are characterized by the same negative temperatures. The amount of precipitation even in the most humid regions does not exceed 500 mm per year, and in some places it decreases to 100-150 mm, which determines the aridity of the climate.

The climate of the eastern sector of the subtropical belt, as well as temperate, monsoon... It extends to the Yangtze River Basin and the southern part of the Japanese Islands. The subtropical monsoon climate differs from the monsoon climate of the temperate zone by a higher average winter temperature (from 4 to 8 ° C) and large annual precipitation amounts, which exceed 1000 mm and completely cover the evaporation rate. Winter dryness south of the Yangtze River valley is less pronounced than north of it, since there is a front between the air flowing along the eastern periphery of the Asian maximum and the air of the southern branch of the western transport, and therefore it rains. With breakthroughs of the front and the invasion of cold continental air to the south, up to the tropics, the temperature can drop to 0 ° С. Noteworthy are the differences in winter conditions between the Mediterranean region and the Yangtze basin. In the first case, due to the direct influence of the Atlantic air, the winter is very warm with the average temperature of the coldest month from 10 to 12 ° С, in the second case, the average January temperature is almost twice lower, and significant drops are possible. This is due to the influence of the Asian High, the air of which is carried far to the south. In this regard, the southern border of the subtropical belt in East Asia is shifted almost to the tropics.

Domogatskikh. 7 grade 2 part. Workbook

Test tasks

1. Within what climatic zone is the largest part of Eurasia located?
a) subarctic
b) subtropical
c) tropical
d) moderate

2. Which of the listed Eurasian peninsulas is located in a monsoon climate?
a) Apennine
b) Korean
c) Pyrenean
d) Scandinavian

3. In which of the listed regions of Eurasia, the annual amount of precipitation is the smallest?
a) Arabian Peninsula
b) Lake Baikal area
c) the Indian subcontinent
d) Scandinavian Peninsula

4. Are the following statements true?

1. The cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere is located in the region of the sharply continental subarctic climate of Eurasia.
2. The territory of Eurasia is located in all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

a) only the 1st statement is true
b) only the 2nd statement is true
c) both statements are true
d) both statements are wrong

5. Arrange the listed types of climates in Eurasia in descending order of the annual amount of precipitation, starting with the highest.
a) monsoon temperate climate
b) sharply continental temperate climate
c) subequatorial climate
d) tropical climate

6. Establish a correspondence between the extreme points of Eurasia and the climatic regions in which they are located.

EXTREME POINT
1) Cape Dezhnev
2) Cape Piai
3) Cape Roca
4) Cape Chelyuskin

CLIMATE AREA
a) arctic climate
b) Mediterranean subtropical climate
c) subarctic climate
d) equatorial climate

Thematic workshop

1. Complete the drawing of the monsoon process.

2. There is an ancient city in one of the countries of Eurasia. He doesn't stand on the shore too much large river, which gave the name to this city. If you swim along it, then very soon you can find yourself in a huge endless reservoir. There are several weather stations in this city, some of which have been collecting weather data for over 100 years. Using the proposed data, build a climatogram for this city and answer the questions.

1) In what climatic zone is this city located?Moderate continental climate
2) On what grounds did you define the climatic zone? Name at least two signs.

• average summer temperatures reach + 18 ° C - + 19 ° C, that is, it is quite warm in summer;
• average winter temperatures do not drop below -12 ° C, that is, winter is not very cold, quite moderate;
• the amount of precipitation in winter and summer does not differ much: in winter 40-60 mm, and in summer 68-80.

3) What is the name of the river on the banks of which this city is located? In what closed body of water can a life preserver be thrown into this river?

The river on which the city is located is called the Kostroma River. This is really a small river. Its length is 354 km. Having overcome this distance, Kostroma flows into the Volga and carries its waters to the largest drainless lake on the planet - to the Caspian Sea. Therefore, if we throw a life preserver into Kostroma, sooner or later it will end up in the waters of the Caspian Sea.

4) What else can you tell us about this city? Maybe you can even name the country he is in?

On the territory of Eurasia, quite a few cities are named after the rivers on the banks of which they are located: Warsaw, Terek, Tunguska, Sosva, Pechora, Kharkov, Amsterdam, Moscow, Kabul, Parnu, Barnaul, Bugulma, Okha, Luga and many many other cities, located both on the territory of Russia and abroad.

In our case, the city and the river Kostroma (country Russia) are the most accurately proposed description. Kostroma is an ancient city founded in 1152. The city got its name from the name of the Kostroma River, on the banks of which the city was founded.

There are indeed several meteorological stations operating on the territory of the city of Kostroma. The very first of them was opened in 1883. She worked at a real school in the city. For more than a century of its existence, the work of the station was interrupted only a couple of times for a total of 4 years. The station has changed its location several times and is currently located in the village of Koryakovo. it is literally 1.5 km from the modern borders of Kostroma.

Cartographic workshop

1. Arrange the geographic features in the order of their location from the most northern to the most southern.
1) the Indus river
2) Baltic Sea
3) Lake Baikal
4) Sri Lanka island
5) Scandinavian Peninsula
6) Yellow Sea
7) Himalaya mountains

2. "Shadow boxing".