The first concentration camp in the world. Monstrous historical facts about concentration camps

A number of media outlets write about where and by whom the world's first concentration camps were created. Here is a typical opinion of a person who, according to the vivid expression of Yulia Latynina, describes an ELEPHANT by the trunk so that in the ELEPHANT he begins to see a snake.

Leave the primacy to the Solovetsky concentration camp!

Boers in America ... once! ... and invented the concentration camp ...

ph.D. (!)

"... just as the Americans were the first to invent the engine in 1917 ... they needed an aircraft engine ... once! .. they locked up the engineers and invented ... just as the Boers and the Americans invented the concentration camps in America ... in America ... "(Industrialization: an unjustified strain or a saving leap into the future? TV show "Time Court". Channel 5, Moscow. 08.11.2010)

On Solovki, the British (!) Killed 40 (!) Thousand people

"Millions of victims are a lie extracted from Goebbels and White Guard sources ... the first concentration camp in the country was organized by the British on Solovki. About 40 thousand Red Army men were killed there ..." ( Someone Michael... In the commentary to Art. K. Erofeev "Fuhrer of Cossacks". The newspaper "Soviet Russia". Moscow. 01/29/2008.

Quote: "The first concentration camps were organized not by Russian proletarian revolutionaries after 1917, but by the British imperialists during the Boer War of 1899-1902. In 1914-1917, the most terrible concentration camps were German and Austro-Hungarian concentration camps ... In Russia after the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, the first concentration camps were created by foreign capitalist interventionists and their contemptible accomplices, the white bandits. The death camp on Mudyug Island in the White Sea, organized by the American and British imperialists in 1918 ... "and so on. ( Prishchepenko V. Is the truth unambiguous? Duel newspaper, N25 (322), 24.06.2003)

The above perfectly demonstrates the confusion that the cynical political propaganda hammered into the head of the Russian man in the street. The core of this ideological trick is the assertion that "prisoner of war camps", "filtration camps", "ITL", "ghetto", "reservation", "colony", "zone" are actually the place that should be called one general term - "concentration camp". Especially if it is located outside Russian borders.

Not every area surrounded by barbed wire becomes a concentration camp, and, moreover, a death camp ...

About "prisoner of war camps", "internment camps" or, in the modern manner, "filtration camps" has been known since the time of the pharaohs, when captured enemies were kept locked up, in pits, in ravines, in gorges under the protection of archers. The full and disarmed soldiers in them died in large numbers, they were not given food, killed or turned into slaves. Slaves ancient egypt, Greece, ancient rome replenished with captured soldiers. Their professional skills were used in gladiator camps.

It was these camps that were created everywhere in the territories of countries waging war. They were also in Napoleonic France, Tsarist Russia, Imperial Japan, Kaiser Germany ... in a word, everywhere where wars were fought. And this is the bitter reality of any war. Agree that the same "Swedes near Poltava" Russian soldiers had to disarm, search and contain somewhere, before Emperor Peter the Great let them go home.

There were such prisoner camps in the United States during Civil War (1861-1865). They write that in the camp near Andersonville, up to 10 thousand captured soldiers died of hunger. It was him in recent times they began to call it the "first concentration camp", forgetting that a year ago the Boer camps during the Second Boer War of 1899 were called "the first concentration camps". Big Russian money came to London and the Kremlin political wind immediately blew westward.

Now about the "concentration camps" as about government agency... Their homeland is the USSR. The camps, which later became concentration camps, first appeared on the territory of present-day Russia in 1918-1923. The term "concentration camp", the very phrase "concentration camps" appeared in documents signed by Vladimir Lenin, wrote Anatoly Pristavkin. Their creation was supported by Leon Trotsky. It was only after Lenin's Russia that concentration camps arose in Hitler's Germany and Pol-Pot Kampuchea *.

The first concentration camp in the world

The Solovetsky camp is the first demonstrative state concentration camp in the world. How do "concentration camps" differ from "prisoner of war camps" or "filtration camps"? Why is the creation of the former attributed to state crimes, and the creation of the latter global community condemns, but does not consider the state. a crime or a crime against humanity?

The general answer was given in the decisions of the Nuremberg Tribunal. The Soviet-Russian case is detailed in the book "The Gulag Archipelago":

1. For the first time in world history (State structures have been created in the rank of a ministry, managing the camps - OGPU, NKVD, MGB, the Charter of the Solovetsky camp has been written, introduced, etc.).
2. The camps were created by DIRECT INDICATION OF THE FIRST PERSONS OF THE STATE, who are PERSONALLY AND DIRECTLY involved in the murders of their own citizens through the secret state decrees or orders issued by them. (from 02.11.1923. With the participation, signed by his deputy - and his secretary. The so-called "execution lists").
3. An INFORMAL merger of law enforcement, security, investigative and judicial structures was carried out, while their names were formally preserved. The police, special services, prosecutors and courts essentially become DEPARTMENTS of a single mechanism - the NKVD, which begins to manage the development of the country. Submits to a criminal group that has seized political power.
4. Created a vile LEGAL BASIS for sending to the camp (). Black is declared white and vice versa. Lying is elevated to the rank of state policy. Without any hesitation, the Justice and the Police openly take the side of lawlessness, and the main enemies of the state are citizens who dare to claim their rights and oppose state arbitrariness.
5. A STATE SYSTEM of ideological support for the camps has been created - the state media exposed the "enemies of the people" and brainwashed the people themselves, public figures justified and praised terror ... Fear and horror, which came from Solovki, took root in the country.
6. The camps were intended to destroy the POLITICAL OPPOSITION inside the country (the destruction of and, members of social movements and).
7. The camps were used to SOLVE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS - they built factories, erected settlements, etc., and the concentration camps were integrated into civil institutions, for example, the Ministry Rail transport, MinStroy, etc.
8. Concealment of crimes in the camps was carried out AT THE STATE LEVEL (). War criminals were covered by the STATE, and awarding the honorary titles "Pensioner State significance" ().
9. Incredible and previously unknown in history SCALE OF KILLS (The clash between the British and the Boers, which "glorified" the British as the first builders of camps for the civilian population - the British drove more than 200 thousand people into the camps - killed 17 thousand people in 1902 alone. Through the SLON * concentration camp * * according to various estimates, up to 3 million people passed, and from 300 thousand to 1 million people died.).
10. The camps were used for the internment and extermination of OWN CITIZENS.
11. The camps were used for the internment of representatives of ALL STATES OF SOCIETY, and not representatives of certain groups of the population (military, rebels, migrants, etc.).
12. The camps were used to exterminate people IN PEACEFUL TIME.
13. In the camps, genders, ages and - Armenians, Jews ... Kazakhs ... Russians were destroyed ... "International Solovki" arose.

Here are the 13 signs that distinguish from prisoner of war camps, from colonies for criminals, from penal battalions, from labor camps, reservations, ghettos, from filtration camps ...

"Let us eradicate the enemies of the people - Trotskyite-Bukharin spies and wreckers, hirelings of foreign fascist intelligence services! Death to the traitors to the motherland!"

There was nothing like this anywhere before Bolshevik Russia (RSFSR-USSR). Not in the United States of America, not in England, not in Finland, not in Poland. In none of these countries the camps were brought to the level of the STATE STRUCTURE, a state institution. Neither the Seimas, nor Parliament, nor Congress issued camp laws. Neither the prime minister nor the president personally gave orders to the punitive organs to "Shoot". The ministers of these countries did not inform their subordinates of state orders for the number of people shot. The prisoners of England and the USA did not build factories, canals, power plants, roads, universities, bridges ... they did not participate in the "atomic" project, did not sit in "sharashki". In none of these countries did the economy depend on the "filling" of the camps and the "economic return" of each prisoner. Newspapers in England did not howl in a wild frenzy, "Death to the enemies of the people!" The people of the USA did not demand "Death to Dogs" in the squares. And, most importantly, in none of these countries have camps existed for decades, for several generations ... in peacetime.

"Sentence supreme court - the verdict of the entire Soviet people "

It began for the FIRST time in Solovki, in the Solovetsky special purpose camp. The communists "drove humanity to happiness with an iron hand." And "happiness" immediately appeared to mankind with mass executions, typhoid Solovki. Communism gave birth to the monstrous - and. Communism created a state organization - the Cheka / GPU / NKVD, in which. They were entrusted with the management of the Russian people - an unprecedented tragedy began, stretching for nearly seventy years and leading to the most severe degradation of the entire population of Russia.

Instead of a conclusion

The reflexes of the lumpen, who call Guantanamo or Abu Ghraib "concentration camps", are understandable. Following their "evidence" and "logic", Chernokozovo should immediately be declared a "concentration camp" zone. So they often write. For example, journalist A. Babchenko uses the term "concentration camp" when describing a place for keeping detained migrants in Moscow: "Do you remember how we hung ourselves from illegal migration, built concentration camps in Izmailovo and deported as many as eight hundred Vietnamese?" ( Babchenko Arkady... The Zhidobanderites are life-giving. Radio station "Echo of Moscow", Moscow, www.echo.msk.ru. 01.07.2014). This is completely wrong, if only because in modern Russia the state system of camps has not yet been restored. Until...

But why should newspapers confuse the elementary, claiming that the first concentration camps appeared first in Cuba, then in the United States, British South Africa, Namibia in the 19th century? The answer is simple and obvious: this is done in order to prevent the Court of History or the International Tribunal over the gang of Vladimir Lenin, the ideology of communism and those who still proudly call themselves "communists" or "chekists" and control these media. (Notes about Solovki. As a manuscript. Moscow. 1995. Supplement. and revised 02.07.2014)

(*) In this article, we are not discussing the concentration camps in China during the Cultural Revolution and the North Korean concentration camp.
(**) These figures refer not to the island branch of the ELEPHANT, but to the huge system of camps SLON-BELBALTlag, stretching from Murmansk to the Svir River and from the Finnish border to the borders of the Northern Urals (for example, 4th Vishera branch of the ELEPHANT)

The names of the saints of the Solovetsky Monastery, the description of the life and exploits of which is practically not preserved

Monk Auxentius, Solovetsky, Kashkarensky | | Adrian the hermit, Solovetsky | Axiy monk, Solovetsky, Kashkarensky | Alexy Kaluzhanin, Solovetsky hermit | Andrey, Solovetsky hermit | Anthony Solovetsky | Vasily a cell-worker, Solovetsky | Gerasim the hermit, Solovetsky | Gury, a wonderful monk, Solovetsky | Dosifei the Hermit, Solovetsky | | Ephraim Cherny, Solovetsky hermit | Jacob Solovetsky, Kostroma | Iannuariy Solovetsky | St. John the candle-bearer, Solovetsky | Joseph I, Solovetsky hermit | Joseph II Young, Solovetsky hermit | Kirik (Kyriak), a hospital elder, Solovetsky hermit | Makariy the fisherman, Solovetsky | Hieromonk Misail, Solovetsky hermit | Nestor, Solovetsky hermit | Nikifor-Novgorod, Solovetsky hermit | Onuphry, Solovetsky hermit | Savva, Solovetsky hermit | Sevastian, Solovetsky hermit | Stefan Trudnik, Solovetsky | Monk Taras, Solovetsky, Kashkarensky | Timofey Alexinets (in schema Theodore), Solovetsky hermit | Tikhon is a Muscovite, Solovetsky hermit | Trifon, Solovetsky hermit | Feodul Ryazan, Solovetsky hermit | Philip the hermit, Solovetsky

Guesses, ideas, hypotheses, judgments and opinions

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Everyone's personal file

Serov Yuri
(1955)

Born in a remote village in the very center of Russia into a family of poor rural teachers. The first three years I slept in a suitcase. Grew up, finished school. He studied at a couple of three universities, including Moscow State University. I read a thousand books, wrote a hundred articles, defended a couple of dissertations, invented a dozen technologies, chopped down a large forest, planted a small grove, did not build a house, raised two sons. Lives in Toronto, is an Internet business.

Concentration camp: two definitions

1. "A concentration camp is an organ of the state with the help of which groups of people are isolated, including for the purpose of exploitation and / or destruction, for any reason (gender, race, nationality, religion, beliefs, place of residence, etc.) "
2. A concentration camp is an organ of the state system of isolation, exploitation and destruction of opponents of the regime.

Briefly about Solovki

"There are many ways to describe a certain series of events, just as there are many ways to describe an ELEPHANT. We have a fair number of masters to describe not an ELEPHANT, but, say, the trunk of an ELEPHANT - with all the details, surprisingly subtle observations and far-reaching conclusions that lead to the conclusion that the ELEPHANT is a snake. I am a journalist. I am not a lawyer. Therefore, I will try to describe "ELEPHANT" as I see it. " ( Latynina Julia. To Mr. Kuznetsov, without respect and without love. Daily Journal. Moscow. www.ej.ru. 01.07.2007. Abbrev. Yu.S.)

"The twelve-meter veneration cross, which the day before was delivered from the Solovetsky Monastery to Moscow by water, will be consecrated today during a prayer service in memory of tens of thousands of people who were repressed and shot in this place 70 years ago. Here in Butovo, the international two-week program Solovki Butovo "dedicated to the beginning of the Great Terror" ( Volodina Vera. Memorial in Butovo: How many are there! Someone was found, someone was not found. Radio Liberty. 08.08.2007)

At the Solovetsky stone about state terrorism

“What happened in our country is a special event - it is state terror. State terrorism is different from all other types of terrorism. Now they talk a lot about international terrorism, but state terror is terror in the course of which the best people are destroyed. This is a wound that a country may not survive. It is losing what provides the country with a future. ” ( Grigory Yavlinsky. Russia remembers the victims of repression. Radio Liberty. Moscow, 30.10.2007)

The camp and the GULAG - prison and state slavery

"... the GULAG was not a prison system, but a system of state slavery, and in this respect it is also different from ordinary prison systems, like the system of concentration camps fascist Germany... For a significant part of the prisoners in some of the Gulag camps, this meant working until guaranteed death from exhaustion.

To this it should be added that a huge proportion of prisoners (hundreds of thousands of political prisoners) ended up in the GULAG without actually committing any crime.

All this is well known (and just became widely known thanks to Solzhenitsyn), but if there is a desire to turn a blind eye to the monstrous crimes of the past simply because someone is aroused by the leader's mustache, then it will not work. For someone, grief for the dead is sacred, for someone "corpses for disposal are worse than crap", But keep in mind that these are the corpses of your relatives, for statistically, your dear family hardly avoided getting acquainted with "effective management".

Editorial Note: The author, a person under the nickname "Mix", published this text on 29.09.2014 in the blog of the newspaper "Fontanka.Ru" (blog.fontanka.ru). We thank the author for his brilliantly formulated theses and a clear position that allows us to understand the essence of the camps SYSTEM.

A POW camp is not a place to serve the sentence of criminals

"The POW camp is a place of temporary forced isolation. So that the enemy soldier does not run away to his own people, does not take up arms and start killing our soldiers again. That's all. A prisoner cannot be tortured and killed. A prisoner must be fed and treated - with help, if necessary, the International Red Cross and (most importantly) in exchange for similar feeding and treatment of our prisoners. After the end of the war, the prisoner must be returned home. " ( Mark Solonin... Get away from the kid. Personal site of the historian. www.solonin.org. 11/21/17)

The concentration mills that are today associated with the death factories of the Third Reich and the Soviet Gulag were in fact invented long before the Second World War.

But first you need to define what is meant by the word "concentration camp". If this is a place of forced detention with terrible conditions, then concentration camps have been almost the entire history of mankind.

Before the establishment of human rights, prisoners of war were never treated with ceremony. However, if we talk about the concentration camp as a place where people are kept precisely for the purpose of slowly reducing their numbers, then mankind has thought of this only in late XIX century.

Civil War in the USA

The earliest concentration camps were POW camps during the North-South American Civil War. For example, Andersonville, which was built by the southerners in Georgia. Conditions there were terrible: the northerners were starving to death, and their photographs were difficult to distinguish from those of the Dachau prisoners. They couldn't afford to buy a gorenje hob. Infectious diseases flourished, which then did not yet know how to treat.

However, the life of the camp overseers was not very different from the life of the prisoners of war. The fact is that by the end of the war, the Confederate States were going through a severe food crisis. They had nothing to feed and heal their own fighters, let alone prisoners of war.

Therefore, Andersonville's guards ate from the same cauldron with the prisoners and suffered the same diseases with them. The prisoners of this camp became victims not of deliberate extermination, but of a general critical situation throughout the warring American South.

When the camp was liberated in 1865, photographs of its prisoners produced the effect of a bomb. All of America was shocked by the barbaric treatment of prisoners of war. The southerners who blew the war decided to blame the camp commandant, Henry Whirz. He was quickly created an image of a cruel sadist, which mocked prisoners of war for his own pleasure. After a fairly quick trial, he was executed.

The concentration camps of the northerners, about which much less is known (the winner writes the story), were sometimes even more terrible places. For example, the death rate in the Douglas mill in Michigan was 10% (compared to 9% in Andresonville).

Most of the prisoners lived in tents all year round, and freezing temperatures in Michigan in winter are not a rarity. The toilets were huge pits, the contents of which seeped into drinking water tanks. Prisoners were forced to wear bags instead of dresses to limit their escape.

The system of punishment in this camp was truly sadistic: prisoners were hung by their feet, or placed barefoot in a snowdrift for several hours.

Boer War

England has long tried to enslave the small but proud Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange in South Africa. And the Boers, the descendants of the Dutch colonists, offered them worthy resistance. They organized partisan detachments, in which even ladies and children fought. Everything got to the point that the British command came to the need to exterminate this people.

All peaceful Boers - to eat women, children and the disabled, who were found by the British soldiers, were driven into sectors fenced with barbed wire. Their villages and fields were burned. By the 1901 cover, about 120-160 thousand people were kept in such concentration camps - half of all Boers. 26 thousand of them - any fifth, died from hunger and epidemics. 13 thousand of them are children.

The Boer camps varied, with some being relatively acceptable conditions, while others were terrible places that were not easy to survive in. Some camps imagined tents in which prisoners were crowded, who were given only a blanket from all their utensils. It is interesting that the British government, for the sake of preserving the image, called these concentration camps "places of salvation", and the captive Boers - "guests of the British Empire."

World War I

All participating countries organized camps for prisoners of war. The conditions were often unbearable and people were dying in huge numbers. But this was more a consequence of economy and management oversights than deliberate extermination. But during the First World War, there were also precedents of real concentration camps aimed at the destruction of certain population groups.

During the Rusyns genocide, concentration camps first appeared in Europe. The concentration camp Thalerhof in Austria, through which about 20,000 prisoners passed from September 4, 1914 to May 10, 1917, a quarter of them were executed or died from disease and hunger.

The prisoners of the camp were Rusyns - a small people of the eastern outskirts of Austria-Hungary, who sympathized with the Russian people. Rusyns were seen by the will of the empire as dangerous collaborators, so it was decided to destroy them. The prisoners of the camp lived in tents and slept on straw until the middle of the winter of 1914-1915.

Concentration camps include relocation camps, which were created in Ottoman Empire during the Armenian Genocide in 1915-1916. Armenians massively moved to remote regions of the empire. This was done in order to divide the people. At the same time, a directive was given to "downsize", so the organizers of the displacements maintained the terrible conditions from which people died. A total of 700,000 Armenians passed through displacements in 1915-1916.

These camps were built in the desert areas of modern southeastern Turkey and northern Syria. They imagined tents made from different pieces of fabric that stood very close to each other. Food for the prisoners was not provided as such, except in rare cases. However, if the prisoner had money, he could buy himself food and a more reliable tent. The poor, on the other hand, were doomed to a beggarly existence and, often, to starvation.

Is the material useful?

• Soviet concentration camps during the civil war: what it was
• VIP concentration camp Stalag Luft: how the Germans treated ...

Concentration camp

Concentration camp (concentration camp) is a term denoting a specially equipped center for mass detention and detention of the following categories of citizens of different countries:

• prisoners of war of various wars and conflicts;
• political prisoners under certain dictatorial and totalitarian regimes of government;
• hostages, usually during civil wars or occupation;
• other persons deprived of their liberty (as a rule, out of court).

The term "concentration camp" appeared during the Anglo-Boer War, and was applied by the British army to the places of detention of the Boer rural population, which "concentrated" in camps to prevent aid to the partisans. Initially, the term was used mainly in reference to POW camps and internment camps, but nowadays it is usually associated with extrajudicial repression.

This term also has others. historical values - in 1904-1914, when the flow of people to the New World was about 5,000 people a day, camps for temporary accommodation of immigrants in the United States were called "concentration camps".

Story

First camps: Cuba, USA, British South Africa, Namibia

Cuba and the USA

Camp Andersonville

According to some testimonies, the authorship of the creation of the first concentration camp belongs to the Spanish colonial authorities in Latin America. In particular, the American researcher Ann Applebaum claims that the first similarity of concentration camps appeared in Cuba back in 1895, during the war of the Spaniards against the Cuban guerrillas. The organization of POW camps is much older.

During the American Civil War, POW camps like this became the scene of torture and ill-treatment, allowing comparisons with later concentration camps. So, in a camp called Andersonville (USA), created by the southerners for captured soldiers of the federal army, more than 13 thousand captured northerners died of hunger and mistreatment. At least 300 prisoners were shot dead just for stepping over the line. In Andersonville, prisoners were tortured not even to find out any military or other information useful to the camp authorities, but because of sadism. After the war, the commandant of the camp, Heinrich Wirtz, was sentenced by the northerners to execution by hanging as a war criminal. The official verdict was "disregard for the health and lives of prisoners of war." Conditions in some of the camps set up by the northerners were not much better.

Concentration camps during the Boer War

It is generally believed that the first concentration camps in the modern sense were created by Lord Kitchener for Boer families in South Africa during the Boer War of 1899-1902. The purpose of creating "concentration camps" (it was then that the term appeared) was to deprive the Boer commando partisans of the possibility of supply and support, concentrating farmers, mainly women and children, in specially designated areas, practically dooming them to extinction, since the supply of the camps was delivered extremely poorly. These camps were called "Refugee" (place of rescue). The purpose of the creation of concentration camps, according to the official statements of the British government, was "to ensure the safety of the civilian population of the Boer republics." In the descriptions of the events of that war, the Boer general Christian Devet mentions concentration camps: “the women kept carts at the ready, so that in the event of an enemy approaching, they could have time to hide and not get into the so-called concentration camps, which had just been set up by the British behind the fortification line in almost all villages with strong garrisons to them. " The British sent men as far as possible from their native lands - to concentration camps in India, Ceylon and other British colonies. In total, the British drove 200 thousand people into concentration camps, which made up about half of the white population of the Boer republics. Of these, about 26 thousand people, according to the most conservative estimates, died from hunger and disease.

By the spring of 1901, British concentration camps existed practically throughout the occupied Boer republics - in Barberton, Heidelburg, Johannesburg, Klirksdorp, Middelburg, Pochefstrom, Standerton, Feriniging, Folksrews, Mafeking, Irene and other places.

In just one year - from January 1901 to January 1902 - about 17 thousand people died of hunger and disease in concentration camps: 2,484 adults and 14,284 children. For example, in the Mafeking camp in the fall of 1901, about 500 people died, and in the Johannesburg camp, almost 70% of children under the age of eight died. Interestingly, the British did not hesitate to publish an official notice of the death of the son of the Boer commandant D. Herzog, which read: "In Port Elizabeth, a prisoner of war, D. Herzog, died at the age of eight."

Concentration camps in Namibia under German rule

For the first time, the Germans used the method of keeping prisoners of men, women and children of the Herero and Nama tribes in concentration camps in Namibia (South-West Africa) in the city to fight the rebels from the Guerrero tribe, which in 1985 was classified in a UN report as an act of genocide.

Camps and World War I

The prisoners were kept in the open, they were deprived of water and food, hunger forced them to eat grass. It was famine and epidemics, according to eyewitnesses, that caused high mortality, especially among children; according to eyewitnesses and survivors, from tens of thousands of people sometimes only a few hundred remained. By the end of the year, camps along the Euphrates ceased to exist. By this time, the US consul in Mosul numbered only 8 thousand survivors, and the German consul in Damascus - 30 thousand. The survivors in subsequent years settled in Cilicia, moved to Europe and the Middle East.

Several thousand Rusyns were kept in the Terezin Fortress, where they were used for heavy work, and then transported to Talegrof. The prisoners in the Talerhof camp were in terrible conditions. So, until the winter of 1915 there was not enough for all the barracks and the minimum sanitary conditions, hangars, sheds and tents were allocated for housing. The prisoners were harassed and beaten. In the official report of Field Marshal Schleer on November 9, 1914, it was reported that there were 5700 Russophiles in Thalerhof at that time. In total, no less than 20 thousand Galicians and Bukovinians passed through Talerhof from September 4, 1914 to May 10, 1917. In the first year and a half alone, about 3 thousand prisoners died. In total, according to some estimates, at least 60 thousand Rusyns were destroyed during the First World War.

Among other things, citizens of the Entente countries who were on Austrian territory at the time of the declaration of war (tourists, students, merchants, etc.) were interned in Talerhof.

Serbs were also imprisoned in concentration camps. So, it was in the Terezin Fortress that Gavrilo Princip was kept. The Serbian civilian population was in the concentration camps Dobozh (46 thousand), Arad, Nezhider, Dyor.

After the defeat of the Red Army near Warsaw and Lvov, Poland was big number captured Red Army soldiers. They were concentrated in camps, the most famous of which is Tuchol. Many of the prisoners of war died as a result of hunger and abuse by the Polish guards, as well as from disease.

In Soviet Russia, the first concentration camps were established by order of Trotsky at the end of May 1918, when the disarmament of the Czechoslovak corps was planned. On July 23, 1918, the Petrograd Committee of the RCP (b), having made a decision on the Red Terror, decided, in particular, to take hostages and "set up labor (concentration) camps." On April 15, 1919, a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On forced labor camps" was published, suggesting the creation of at least one camp for 300 people in each provincial town. By the end of 1919, there were already 21 camps; by the end of 1921 - 122 camps. At the same time, in 117 camps of the NKVD there were 60,457 prisoners at hard labor, in the camps of the Cheka there were more than 25,000 - a total of about 100,000. As a rule, they were imprisoned in concentration camps not for specific "guilt" before the new government, but for "bourgeois origin." In the fall of 1923, there were already 315 camps, of which the most famous - the SLON (Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp) created that year - served as the basis for the later system of GULAG labor camps. Of the white concentration camps, the most famous is the concentration camp on Mudyug Island near Arkhangelsk, which at first had the status of a prisoner of war camp (although everyone suspected of Bolshevism was imprisoned in it), then - a convict prison. With the fall of the white power in the Northern Territory, it was eliminated, but on the personal instructions of Lenin, a new camp was immediately opened in Kholmogory (g.).

Finland

After the end of the civil war, about 75 thousand communists were imprisoned in concentration camps. 125 people were killed, approximately 12 thousand prisoners died of hunger, disease and bullying.

During World War II, the Finnish army occupied eastern Karelia (which never belonged to Finland), where concentration camps were set up for Soviet citizens of Slavic origin. The first camp was founded on October 24 in Petrozavodsk.

Number of prisoners in Finnish concentration camps:

In total, 13 Finnish concentration camps operated on the territory of eastern Karelia, through which 30 thousand people passed. About a third of them died.

Croatia

In August 1941, a system of concentration camps was created on the territory of the Independent Croatian State (see History of Croatia), which actively collaborated with Nazi Germany, 60 kilometers from Zagreb, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe town of Jasenovac.

To the east of Yasenovets was camp No. 1 - near the villages of Brochitsa and Krapye, its branch in the former prison in Staraya Gradishka; camp number 2 - on the banks of the Sava and Struga, about 3 kilometers north-west of Yasenovets; Camp No. 3 - at the former brick factory of Ozren Bacic, at the mouth of the Loni, three kilometers downstream from Yasenovets.

In the Jasenovac camp system, from 300 to 600 thousand people died from hunger, epidemics, hard work and as a result of direct destruction, of which almost 20 thousand were children.

Most of the victims were Serbs and Jews.

Yugoslavia

Main article: Concentration camp on the island of Rab

(en: Rab concentration camp)

Concentration camps of the Third Reich

The German leadership has created a wide network of various types of camps for keeping prisoners of war (both Soviet and citizens of other states) and forcibly driven into slavery by citizens of occupied countries. In this case, the experience of the work of internal concentration camps created in Germany after the Nazis came to power was used.

POW camps were divided into 5 categories:

• collection points (camps);
• transit camps ("Dulag", it. Dulag);
• permanent camps ("Stalag", it. Stalag);
• main work camps;
• small work camps.

Collection points

The assembly points were created in the immediate vicinity of the front line or in the area of \u200b\u200bthe ongoing operation. Here the final disarmament of the prisoners took place, the first accounting documents were drawn up.

Dulag, Stalag

The next stage in the movement of prisoners was "Dulag" - transit camps, usually located near railway junctions. After the initial sorting, the prisoners were sent to camps, which, as a rule, were permanently located in the rear, far from hostilities. As a rule, all camps differed in numbers, they usually contained a large number of prisoners.

Small work camps

Small labor camps were subordinate to the main labor camps or directly to the permanent Stalags. They differed in the name of the settlement where they were located, and in the name of the main working camp to which they were assigned. For example, in the village of Wittenheim near Alsace, the camp of Russian prisoners of war that existed in the city was called "Wittenheim Stalag US". The number of prisoners in small labor camps ranged from several dozen to several hundred people.

The first concentration camps in the world

If you conduct a survey among people who invented concentration camps, then most of them will answer that they were first invented by the Nazis of Nazi Germany during the Second World War, a minority will answer, Lenin during the Civil War, and no one usually knows the correct answer. Meanwhile, the truth about who invented the concentration camps is so shocking that many do not even believe, although among historians this is a well-known fact, described in dozens of serious sources.

According to some testimonies, the first place for the moral and physical destruction of people - the concentration camp, was invented by the Spanish colonial authorities in Latin America. Anne Applebaum, an American researcher, claims that the first similarity of concentration camps appeared in 1895 on the island of Cuba, which was a colony of Spain in those years.

According to other sources - during the Civil War of 1861 - 1865. In the United States in Andersonville, the Southerners created the first "real" camp, in which there were no gas chambers and crematoria. But despite their absence, tens of thousands of prisoners died as a result of harsh treatment, hunger and cold. The prisoners of this camp were captured soldiers of the federal army. In Andersonville, prisoners were tortured not even to find out military information, but out of pure sadism, since the commandant was a pathological sadist. Essentially, Andersonville (as well as other similar camps of southerners and northerners) can be considered the first concentration camps: the same fenced-in area with watchtowers around the perimeter.

And during one of the first wars of the era of imperialism - the war of Great Britain against the Boer republics South Africa - The Orange Free State and the Transvaal, as a result of which both republics were turned into English colonies in 1902, the first concentration camps in the modern sense of the word were created by Lord Kitchener, known for the massacres in Sudan in 1895-1898. The reasons for the British attack on South Africa were the discovery of the world's largest diamond deposit, as well as gold deposits in the Transvaal. By 1902, the total number of British troops was 450,000, and despite the numerical and technical superiority of the British, the Boers fought desperately for their independence, for which they ended up in human gas chambers; they were mainly women, children, old people. The British sent Boer men away - to concentration camps in India and other distant British colonies. The concentration camps were officially called "Places of Salvation" ("Refugee"), and were created, according to the cynical statement of the British government, to "ensure the safety of the civilian population of the Boer republics."

So, hell behind barbed wire came into our world from a civilized Western Europe, who created them in order to get diamonds, gold and power, leveling the price of human life to the ground and forgetting about all moral norms and humanity, acquiring a devilish face, destroying their own brothers (people) in hellish torment on the way to wealth and power.

Table 1

Such a clear predominance of mortality among children in concentration camps is explained by the fact that the main cause of death was illness and cold, and since children have weak immunity, and it is not fully formed, and the body, together with nervous system less hardy than those of older people, then under the influence of these factors they died much faster and in large numbers.

Classification of camps

Currently, many people mistakenly call all the camps of the last century as concentration camps. But unfortunately this is a big mistake, since real concentration camps differ significantly from camps for prisoners of war, corrective labor, internment, despite the rather high mortality rate, hunger and cold. However, such a hell and inhuman atrocity, as in the concentration camps, did not occur in any of the above. Because it is almost impossible to return alive from concentration camps.

The classification of the camps is very difficult, since it is difficult to compare the camps for prisoners of war and civilians. For the latter, 6 following functions are considered:

1) Isolate groups of persons suspicious or harmful

2) Punish and reason with citizens who have alien ideological views

3) Intimidate the civilian population

4) Use gratuitous labor

5) Change the social composition of society

6) Eliminate (gradually or immediately) harmful in racial and socially categories of people

In accordance with these functions, there are 3 types of camps:

Internment camps, where temporarily suspicious and dangerous people during military conflicts (Japanese camps of World War II), during colonial wars (camps for Herero), repression during dictatorial regimes (Franco camps).

Concentration camps. In most cases, prisoners can get out of them - if they live! - only when changing the mode.

The third type is called centers of destruction or "centers of rapid killing" - the expression of Raoul Hilberg, and has no "analogues in the history of mankind." These are Belzec, Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz - Birkenau and Majdanek.

The concentration camp is an instrument of state terror, typical of totalitarian regimes. It is used as institutions of extrajudicial punishment in order to suppress class, political and other pr-kov, isolate certain categories of people, physically destroy various groups of the population.

Currently, there is no clear answer to the question: were there concentration camps in the Soviet Union? One literature claims that there really were and appeared since 1918, attributing to this category the GULAG, which is a forced labor camp and a colony, but not a concentration camp, in other publications it is said that officially, as such, concentration camps in full understanding of the word was not. Personally, I adhere to the second version, in spite of the fact that the camps of the USSR and real concentration camps really had something in common. But nevertheless, the concentration camp is a trap from which it was almost impossible to get out, where the most brutal actions against prisoners took place. people, for example, experiments on people, bullying, the conditions in which they survived or otherwise existed. In concentration camps, there were no specific norms for keeping people, which would have been spelled out in official documents, for example, as in the Geneva Convention, conditions for prisoners of war camps were prescribed, in concentration camps people were primarily like some kind of cattle, from which the minimum benefit, but whoever was useless was immediately destroyed and not always by quick death, such as in gas chambers or execution, since the Second world War was the first, where there were a huge number of unnecessary people, and we always get rid of “unnecessary things”. I do not deny the harshness in other camps and even in the same GULAG, and all the repressions by the USSR, especially such famous events as the Katyn shootings, the brutal massacres of the local population in eastern Poland and other actions of the NKVD. But I deny the creation of real concentration camps in the USSR. In total, three concentration camps were actually created on the territory of the Soviet Union during the Second World War by the German fascist invaders, who were

Riga - Kaiserwald (Latvia)

Faifara / Vaivara (Estonia)

Kauen (Kaunas, Lithuania)

But the USSR never created concentration camps in which unthinkable sadisms were happening to people. We were not ruthless beasts!

History of the origin of the fascist German concentration camps.

With the seizure of power by Hitler, a failed artist in his time, who later was the Fuhrer of the fascist National Socialist Party and eventually became the head of the German state, the fascist terror was established in 1933. From that moment on, evil deeds on a global scale are born, when the law of life will be given up for desecration, whipped with a whip, burned with fire; robbery will become the norm, murder - a benefactor, terror - a legal act. And now, at this very moment, some "wild camps" appear. They were usually located anywhere - abandoned factories, factories, stadiums, barracks. They were beaten and killed with special ferocity and mockery of their opponents without any legal decisions; corruption and drunkenness were also not uncommon there. But in general, nobody cared about what was happening on the territory of the “wild camps”, which had absolutely no structure, system and were not controlled by anyone. People simply died in the thousands, because they were not needed in such numbers. Later, the "wild camps" were published in the British press, and Hitler needed to resolve this issue. After that, the first real Dachau concentration camp was created, which existed until the end of the war, in which millions of people driven to death will breathe their last breath.

Dachau was located on March 21 in 1933 near Munich in a city similar to the name of a concentration camp. This was not accidental, since the inhabitants of Dachau voted unanimously against Hitler's candidacy in 1933. And apparently this hurt the Fuhrer, so he gave the order to build the crematoria in such a way that the inhabitants of Dachau could see the black smoke after the burning of human flesh. Since black smoke is the result of burning bones. On the day of the opening of the Dachau concentration camp, the first batch of prisoners was brought in, who immediately realized where they were. And the head of the SS guard made a demonstrative speech:

"Comrades SS! You know what the Fuehrer called us to. We are not here to treat these pigs in front of us humanly. We do not consider them the same people as we are, we consider them second-class people." For many years they managed to conduct their criminal activities. But now we have come to power. If these pigs came to power, they would cut off our heads, all of us. So let them not expect that we will be almond-shaped with them. there is a person among us who does not share the idea of \u200b\u200bblood, then he has no place among us, and let him go. The more we rot these bastards, the less we will have to feed them. "

Theodor Eike contributed a lot to the creation and operation of the concentration camp, who actually designed it. He took an active part in building the camp and in building a system of relationships with prisoners - in the system of their oppression. The senseless cruelty gave way to a systematic, well-organized cruelty based on the principle of unconditional and absolute obedience to all orders. On July 5, 1934, Eike was appointed chief inspector of concentration camps and commander of SS guard units. Eike enthusiastically set about creating a unified concentration camp system. In 1937, he closed several small concentration camps, concentrating all activities in four large ones: Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and Lichtenburg. Richard Glucks became the new camp inspector, since in 1939 Theodore left as the commander of the SS Death's Head Division, which included young concentration camp guards - they wore a skull and bones badge on their necks. The SS men who remained to work in the territories of the concentration camps had a “zig” badge: ϟϟ. The "death's head" was attached to the SS, as were the concentration camps themselves, which were part of the SS economy, because they provided the SS troops and directly "into the pocket" of its members. The SS men were their own masters and therefore they had complete freedom of action. They did not consider prisoners as people, they were always called only by the numbers that were filled to them upon arrival at the concentration camp, the destruction of any person for no reason, the complete humiliation of everyone at any time. Impeccable execution of orders and the art of killing, ruthlessly and easily, were considered in the concentration camp as mandatory qualities of fascist soldiers, which must be present in each of them.

There were 23 total concentration camps established by the SS, not counting branches. (With branches about 700).

Arbeitsdorf (Germany)

Auschwitz / Auschwitz / Birkenau (Auschwitz, Poland)

Bergen-Belsen (Germany)

Buchenwald (Germany)

Warsaw Poland)

Herzogenbusch (Netherlands)

Gross-Rosen (Germany)

Dachau (Germany)

Kauen (Kaunas, Lithuania)

Plaszow (Krakow, Poland)

Sachsenhausen (Germany)

Majdanek (Lublin, Poland)

Mauthausen (Austria)

Mittelbau-Dora (Germany)

Natzweiler (France)

Nijengamme (Germany)

Niederhagen-Wewelsburg (Germany)

Ravensbrück (Germany)

Riga-Kaiserwald (Latvia)

Faifara / Vaivara (Estonia)

Flossenburg (Germany)

Stutthof (suburb of Gdansk Stutovo, Poland)

Dora-Mittelbau

In 1922 Benito Amilcar Andrea Mussolini, who was a politician and dictator in Italy, invented fascism - the deification of the state and the church. But in Germany there was no fascism as such, in the full sense of the word. Since only the state was required to deify there, the role of the church was greatly underestimated. Adolf Hitler hated Christianity, he called it a disease and once said: "The hardest blow that ever shook humanity is the coming of Christianity," adding that it was an invention of the Jews. He killed and imprisoned shepherds and replaced them with his own, Nazi shepherds, replacing the cross with a swastika. Printed 100,000 copies of his own distorted Bible, rewrote 10 commandments. And then he created his own Aryan Jesus. But his motive was his own evil design, and that design was very clear. He said: "Only the one who owns the youth owns the future." Adolf Hitler deceived the youth of Germany, he deceived many in the ranks of the traditional church, but, moreover, he deceived millions of Germans who believed his lie about the superiority of the German race. Adolf Hitler hated the 10 commandments and wanted to free people from them. He apparently did not like the thought “do not kill”, written in the 6th commandment, because it did not fit into his worldview.

Therefore, automatically all Jehovah's Witnesses (a very terrible sect) became prisoners of concentration camps. Anyone who promoted a religious trend, spreading the real Bible, the Gospel, and did not want to give up the faith. And also the imprisonment without trial of those persons who were against the government or whom the German authorities considered unreliable elements, who were called political enemies. With the help of the secret police, this practice has become widespread. And by the beginning of World War II, there were 300 thousand German, Austrian and Czech anti-fascists in prisons and concentration camps in Germany.

Until 1936, these were mainly political prisoners, but now asocial elements fall into prison: homeless and unwilling to work. Attempts were made to cleanse society of people who "dishonor" the German nation; a complete cleanup of Germany was carried out, so to speak. Among the asocial elements were homosexuals, they were subjected to various sterilizations: chemical, physical, with the help of various radiation. As a result, about 200 thousand people from all over Germany were sterilized. Mussolini at one time was also aggressively opposed to homosexuals and said that homosexuality comes from a lack of testosterone and believed that this can only be cured by hard work. But Hitler wanted the "Aryans" to become as many as possible, families were supposed to have at least 4 children, and homosexuals hindered the reproduction of the German race. Moreover, Germany was at that time ranked first in homosexuality. But it should be noted that at this time in many countries, including England and the USSR, homosexuality was treated as a crime. Consequently, the suppression of homosexuals was not at all a purely German or Nazi phenomenon.

Adolf Hitler is a politician who first applied in politics biocracy - the application of biological laws to accurately determine the belonging of a person to the "Aryan race". Those who belonged to Roma and Jews automatically ceased to be citizens of Germany. This was found out during a special medical examination. But why exactly these races were subject to the greatest persecution? The fact is that the higher race means cultured, educated people, and the gypsies did not in any way fit into this picture that Hitler created for himself. They lived by their own customs, they had their own world with their own concepts that cannot be reborn. Therefore, the gypsies immediately became low-grade because of their way of life, that's all. As for the Jews, things were a little different there. After all, the Jews were just the same cultured and educated, cunning and clever. It all started with some kind of agreement between the Jews and Hitler about their resettlement to Israel from Europe in order to recreate the Israeli state, but very few people wanted this, especially the British, who had a colony there, and some Jews who settled well in Europe. But how did this resettlement of the Jews, which Hitler was supposed to contribute, take place? The Jews were simply squeezed out of the country by rather cruel methods - they took away their property, showed cruelty towards them, and infringed on their rights. But that was all just the beginning. Later, more and more disagreements arose. But after such events as "Kristallnacht", the declaration of war on Germany by England and France, Hitler considered himself deceived by the Jews, and in his own delusions he came to the conclusion that the Jews were behind all this. In 1941, at the Wannsee conference, which was attended by leading German officials, several final objectives were set for the Jews:

Start persecution of all Jews

To clear Europe of Jews - to evict them

Destroy the Jews

In December 1941, the United States declares war on Germany. It was after this that Hitler took full control of the Jews. And if up to this moment they could somehow exist, now they were subjected to complete destruction and sent to concentration camps, and most often to death camps. The Jews in the concentration camps, like the Roma, were at the very bottom of the hierarchy.

Table 2

It should be noted that our compatriots, who were also hated by Hitler, were also held in concentration camps, because at that time we were communists, Slavs by nationality and were also the second class in this world in the mind of Adolf. During a speech at a party congress in Nuremberg in 1937, Hitler referred to the leaders of the USSR as nothing more than an "uncivilized Jewish - Bolshevik international guild of criminals", stating that the Soviet Union posed "the greatest threat to culture and civilization ... since the fall of the ancient world." Of course the roundabout patriotic war 1941-1945 the reason was not Hitler's personal dislike for us. It's just that a special Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was concluded between our countries, in connection with which we were allies. This pact was beneficial only to Germany, so they rushed to conclude it with us, making every effort to this - Hitler himself wrote a letter to Stalin, Ribbentrop personally came to Moscow. The whole point was that Germany was planning to invade the territory of Poland and there was a possibility that the USSR would enter the war against Germany, hence the end of Nazi Germany and Hitler. There was also a huge plus in this pact for Germany in the fact that the USSR supplied oil to Germany, with the help of which the war between Germany and France was fought and was won, various food, in its northern seas, provided some ports where the repair of German ships and vessels took place etc. Accordingly, Germany's debt grew to the USSR, and in June 1941 Hitler had a choice: either declare himself bankrupt or war against the USSR. It is logical that he chose to attack us, especially since Hitler's dislike also played a role.

He wanted to seize our rich lands, because he believed that only the "Aryan race", which was the German people, and not our Russian rabble, was worthy of them. In the book "Mein Kampf" ("My Struggle") Hitler openly declared that Germany should get the rich agricultural land of Russia and the rest of Soviet Union: “We are National Socialists, quite deliberately putting an end to all German foreign policy before the war. We want to return to the point where our old development was interrupted 600 years ago. We want to put an end to the eternal German drive to the south and west of Europe, and we are definitely pointing our fingers in the direction of the territories to the east. We are finally breaking with the colonial and trade policy of the pre-war period and consciously moving on to the policy of conquering new lands in Europe. " The hatred was built on our competitiveness because our peoplehard enough to break! It was from our side in the Second World War that 30 million people! And the Russians were subjected to no less mockery than the Jews. Ours had strength of mind, it was she who made us fight and go to fight until the last breath, because Mother Motherland, the Russian land and people was behind our backs, there was no way back. This strength of mind and anger Hitler, so the Russians were often used such tortures in order to survive the whole spirit and break it. Not just kill us right away, but break us down.

Concentration camps were also teeming with really real criminals, who were sent there a little later, especially after the outbreak of World War II. These people, once in a concentration camp, sometimes could acquire a little power, which was given to them by the SS. There is an expression "Give a man power and you will find out who he really is." So, having received power, the criminals could mock the prisoners even worse than the SS themselves, deceived them with regard to food and clothing, establishing their own regime, more severe.

A tough selection took place as members of the SS, in which it was necessary to have, in addition to an ordinary German passport, a passport with a pedigree from 1750. But also another main criterion was - it is to be able to kill, humiliate and mock with particular cruelty over prisoners, who were not capable of this - he himself became a prisoner.

All concentration camp prisoners were required to wear distinctive signs on their clothes, including a serial number and a colored triangle. Political prisoners wore a red triangle, criminals - green, "unreliable" - black, homosexuals - pink, gypsies - brown. In addition to the classification triangle, the Jews also wore yellow, as well as the six-pointed "Star of David". A Jew who violated racial laws had to wear a black border around a green or yellow triangle. Foreigners also had their own identification marks, the French wore an embroidered "F", the Poles "P", etc. The letter "K" denoted a war criminal, "A" - a violator of labor discipline. The weak-minded wore the Blod badge - "fool". Prisoners who participated or were suspected of escaping were required to wear a red and white target on their chests and backs. Usually in all concentration camps there was a stripe on their clothes with a number, and only in Auschwitz the prisoner's number was stamped on the left forearm when entering the camp. But those who were supplied immediately for destruction were left without numbers and were immediately sent to destruction in gas chambers. These were general principles marks of prisoners in concentration camps. But nevertheless, there are cases of discrepancy between the category of the convict and the color of the triangle. In Dachau, the triangle of homosexuals was green, the same triangle was sewn on homosexuals who were convicted again. In Neuengamme, all Dutch prisoners wore red triangles. The same triangles were given to Ellie Smula and Margarita Rosenberg in the Ravensbrück concentration camp, opposite their names "lesbian."