Large structured secondary group formed to achieve. Primary and secondary groups as subjects of social relations. The impact of primary groups on the activities of secondary groups. Groups divided by nature

Groups divided by the nature of the relationship between their members

Separation of groups on the basis of belonging to them Individual

Ingroup and outgroup.Each individual allocates some many groups to which it belongs, and defines them as "mine." It may be "My Family", "My Professional Group", "My Company", "My Class". Such groups will be considered ingroups, i.e. The themes to which he feels its belonging and in which it is identified with other members in such a way that he regards the members of the Ingroup as "we". Other groups that do not belong to individuals are other families, other companies of friends, other professional groups, other religious groups, will be outgroups for it, for which it selects the symbolic meanings "Not We", "Others".

In the least developed, primitive societies, people live with small groups, isolated from each other and representing the clans of relatives. Related relations in most cases and determine the nature of the Ingroups and Outgroups in these societies. When two strangers meet, they first begin to look for related links, and if any relative binds them, both of them are members of the Ingroup. If related ties are not found, then in many societies of this type, people feel hostile to each other and come in accordance with their feelings

In modern society, relations between its members are built on many types of connections besides related, but the feeling of piggroups, the search for its members among other people remain very important for each person. When the individual falls on Wednesday of unfamiliar people, he is primarily trying to figure out whether those who constitute his social class or a layer adhere to it political views and interests. Moreover, for example, who are engaged in sports, are interested in people who disassemble in sports events, and even better suffering for the same team as he. Avoid Filatelists involuntarily divide all people on those who simply collect brands, and those who are interested in them, and are looking for like-minded people, communicating in different groups.

Obviously, the sign of people belonging to the Ingroup should be that they share certain feelings and opinions, let's say, laugh at the same things and have some unanimity regarding the areas of activity and life goals.

Members of the Outgroups may have many features and signs common to all groups of this society can share many common feelings and aspirations, but they always have certain private traits and signs, as well as feelings other than the senses of members of the Ingroup. And people unconsciously and involuntarily celebrate these traits, making previously unfamiliar people on "We" and "others."

In modern society, the individual belongs simultaneously to many groups, so big number Ingroup and outgrupp links can crossed. An older year student will consider the junior course student as an individual belonging to the outgroup, but a junior course student together with a senior student can be members of one sports team, where they enter the Ingroup.

Researchers note that the ingroup identification, intersecting in many directions, does not reduce the intensity of self-determination of differences, and the complexity of the inclusion of an individual in the group makes more painful exceptions from the Ingroups. So, a person unexpectedly received high status, has all the attributes to get into the highest society, but can not do this, since he is considered an attractive; The teenager desperately hopes to participate in the youth team, but it does not accept it; A worker who came to work in a brigade cannot fit in it and sometimes serves as the subject of ridicule. Thus, an exception from the ingreds can be a very cruel process. For example, most primitive societies consider foreign people with part of the animal world, many of them do not distinguish the words "enemy" and "outsiders", considering these concepts identical. Not too much from this point of view is the installation of the Nazis, which excluded Jews from human society. Rudolph Hoss, who led the concentration camp in Auschwitz, where 700 thousand Jews were destroyed, characterized this slaughter as "the removal of alien racial-biological bodies." In this case, the ingroup and outgroup identification led to fantastic cruelty and cynicism.

Expected from representatives of the Outgroup behavior at a meeting depends on the type of this Outgroup. From some of them we expect hostility, from others - more or less friendly relationship, from third - indifference. Expectations of certain behavior from the members of the outgroups over time are significant changes. So, the twelve-year-old boy avoids and does not like girls, but a few years later, he becomes a romantic lover, and after a few years a spouse. During the sports match, representatives of different groups belong to each other with hostility and may even hit each other, but it is worthwhile to sound the final whistle, their relationship changes sharply, become calm or even friendly.

We are not equally incorporated into our ingroups. Someone can, for example, be a friendly company's soul, but in the team at the place of work not to use the respect and be weakly included in intragroup links. It is not observed the same assessment by an individual outgroup surrounding it. The rye follower of religious teaching will be closed for contacts with representatives of the Communist worldview more than with representatives of Social Democracy. Each has its own assessment scale of outgroups.

R. Parkom and E. Berjesom (1924), as well as E. Bogardus (1933), the concept of a social distance was developed, which allows you to measure the feelings and attitudes that manifested by the individual or the social group to various Outgroups. Ultimately, the Bogardus scale was developed, which serves as a meter of adoption or closedness in relation to other groups. Social distances is measured by separately consideration of the relationships in which people enter with representatives of other groups. There are special questionnaires, responding to which members of the same group assess the relationship, rejecting or, on the contrary, accepting representatives of other groups. The informed members of the group are asked when completing the questionnaires, to note who from the familiar members of other groups they are perceived as a neighbor, comrade for work, as a partner for marriage, and thus define relationships. Questionnaires for measuring the social distance cannot accurately predict the actions of people if a member of another group really becomes a neighbor or comrades for work. The Bogardus scale is only an attempt to measure the senses of each member of the group, the madness to communicate with other members of this group or other groups. What will make a person in any situation, to a great extent depends on the set of conditions or circumstances of this situation (this is called situational determination of behavior).

Reference groups. The term "reference group", first introduced in circulation by the social psychologist Mustafa Sheriff in 1948, means a real or conditional social community with which the individual relates to itself as a standoon and on the norms, opinions, values \u200b\u200band evaluation of which it is focused on his behavior and self-esteem. A boy playing a guitar or dealing with spot, focuses on the lifestyle and the behavior of rock stars or sports idols. An employee in an organization, seeking to make a career, focuses on the behavior of the highest leadership. It can also be seen that ambitious people who unexpectedly received a lot of money seek to imitate in clothing and manners to representatives of the highest classes.

Sometimes the reference group and the ingredia may coincide, for example, in the case when the teenager focuses on its company to a greater extent than on the opinion of teachers. At the same time, the outgroup may be the reference, the examples above illustrate this.

There are regulatory and comparative reference functions of the group.

The regulatory function of the reference group is manifested in the fact that this group is a source of behavior, social attitudes and value orientation of the individual. So, a little boy, wanting to become an adult, is trying to follow the standards and value orientations adopted in an adult environment, and the emigrant coming to another country is trying to master the norms and installation of indigenous people as quickly as possible, so as not to be a "white crow."

The comparative function is manifested in the fact that the reference group acts as a reference, with which the individual can evaluate itself and others. Remember that we talked about the concept of a mirror "I". C. Kuli noted that if a child perceives the reaction of loved ones and believes them with estimates, the more mature person takes out separate reference groups, affiliation or non-impossibility to which it is especially desirable for it, and forms I-image based on the estimates of these groups.

Stereotypes.Outgroups are usually perceived by individuals in the form of stereotypes.

Social stereotype is a shared image of another group or category of people. Evaluating the actions of any group of people, we are most often in addition to our desire ascribe to each of the individuals who are included in the group, some features that, in our opinion, characterize the group as a whole. For example, there is an opinion that all blacks are more passionate and temperamental than people representing the Europeanid race (although in fact it is not so), all the French are frivolous, the British are closed and silent, the inhabitants of the city N are stupid, etc. A stereotype can be positive (kindness, courage, perseverance), negative (unprincipledness, cowardice) and mixed (Germans disciplined, but cruel).

Having aroused once, the stereotype applies to all members of the corresponding outgroup without taking into account any individual differences. Therefore, it is never completely true indeed, it is impossible, for example, to talk about the features of non-accuracy or cruelty in relation to the whole nation or even the population of any city. But stereotypes are never completely false, they should always comply with the characteristics of the personality from the stereotypes of the group, otherwise they would not be recognizable.

The mechanism of the emergence of social stereotypes is not fully investigated, it is still incomprehensible why one of the features begins to attract the attention of representatives of other groups and why it becomes universal. But one way or another stereotypes become part of a culture, part of moral norms and role-playing installations. Social stereotypes are supported by selective perception (only frequently repeated incidents or cases that are noticed and remembered), selective interpretation (interpretation of observations relating to stereotypes, for example, Jews - entrepreneurs, rich people are greedy, etc.), selective identification ( You look like Gypsy, you look like an aristocrat, etc.) and, finally, selective exception (it comes, not as an Englishman, it is absolutely not similar to the teacher, etc.). With the help of these processes, the stereotype is filling, so that even exceptions and improper interpretation serve as a nutrient medium to form stereotypes.

Stereotypes are constantly changing poorly dressed, painted by chalk school teacher as a private stereotype actually died. The rather steady stereotype of capitalist in the cylinder also disappeared and we have already forgotten with a huge stomach, that in the early century, Finns were considered "wild and ignorant Chukhonians", and the Japanese to the Second World War - "not capable of progress asiats" to the greatest regret, disappeared into Our society is a stereotype of a woman as a weak, gentle and elegant representative of the human race.

Stereotypes are constantly born, change and disappear because they are necessary for members of the social group. With their help, we get compressed and laconic information about the outgroups around us. Such information determines our attitude towards other groups, allows you to navigate among many surrounding groups and ultimately determine the line of behavior in communicating with representatives of the outgroups. People always perceive the stereotype faster than the true features of the person, since the stereotype is the result of many, sometimes laughing and fine judgments, despite the fact that only some individuals in the Outgroup fully correspond to him.

The difference in the relationship between individuals is most clearly noticeable in primary and secondary groups.

Under the primary groups there are such groups in which each member sees other members of the group as individuals and individualities. The achievement of such a vision occurs through social contacts that attach an intimate, personal and universal nature of intragroup interactions in which many elements of personal experience are included. In such groups as a family or a friendly company, its members seek to make social relationships informal and softened. They are interested in each other first of all as individuals, have common hopes and feelings and fully satisfy their needs to communicate.

In secondary groups, social contacts are impersonal, unilateral and utilitarian. Friendly personal contacts with other members are not required here, but all contacts are functional, as required by social roles, for example, the relationship of the Master of the site and subordinate workers are impersonal and do not depend on friendly relations between them. The secondary group can be an employment union or any association, a club, a team. But the secondary group can also be considered two individuals traded in the bazaar. In some cases, such a group exists to achieve specific purposes, including certain needs of the members of this group as personalities.

The terms "primary" and "secondary" groups better characterize the types of group relationships than the indicators of the relative importance of this group in the system of other groups. The primary group can serve as objective objectives, for example, in production, but it is more characterized by the quality of human relationships, the emotional satisfaction of its members than the production efficiency of products or clothing. So a group of friends is found in the evening for a chess game. They can be quite indifferent to play chess, but nevertheless deliver each other pleasure to their conversation. Here the main thing is that everyone be a good partner, and not a good player. The secondary group can function in conditions of friendly relationships, but the basic principle of its existence is the performance of specific functions. From this point of view, the team of professional chess players collected for the game in the team tournament is definitely related to secondary groups. Here is the selection of strong players who can take a decent place in the tournament, and then it is desirable that they are in friendly relations among themselves. Thus, the primary group is always focused on the relationship between its members, while the secondary oriented target.

Primary groups usually form a person, it is socialized in them. Everyone finds an intimate environment in it, sympathy and the possibility of implementing personal interests. Each member of the secondary group can find an effective mechanism in it to achieve certain purposes, but often at the cost of the loss of intimacy and heat in relationships. For example, the saleswoman as a member of the store's team should be attentive and polite, even when the client does not cause her sympathy, or a member of the sports team, when moving to another team, knows that the relationship with his colleagues will be complex, but it will open more opportunities To achieve a higher position in this sport.

Secondary groups almost always contain a certain number of primary groups sports team, production team, school class or student group are always internally divided into primary groups of individuals, sympathetic to each other, on those who have interpersonal contacts are more and less frequent. When managing the secondary group, as a rule, primary social education is taken into account, especially when performing single tasks related to the interaction of a small number of group members.

Primary and secondary groups

The primary group is a group in which communication is supported by direct personal contacts, highly emotional involvement of members in the Group's affairs, which leads members to a high degree of identifying themselves with the group. The primary group is characterized by a high degree of solidarity, deeply developed feeling "we".

GSAntipin allocates the following characteristic of primary groups: "The small composition, the spatial proximity of their members, the immediacy, intimacy of relations, the duration of existence, the unity of the target, the voluntariness of the entry into the group and informal control For the behavior of the members. "

For the first time, the concept of the "primary group" was introduced in 1909. Ch. Culley in relation to the family in which there are sustainable emotional relations between members. Ch. Kuli considered the "primary" family, because it is the first group, thanks to which the process of infant socialization is carried out. To the "primary groups" he also attributed groups of friends and groups of the nearest neighbors [see This: 139. p.330-335].

Later, this term became used by sociologists when studying any group, which was inherent in close personal relationships between its members. Primary groups perform the role of the primary link between society and personality. Thanks to them, a person realizes its belonging to certain social communities and is able to participate in the life of the whole society.

The value of primary groups is very large, in them, especially during early childhood, the primary socialization of the individual occurs. First, the family, and then the primary educational and labor collectives have a huge impact on the position of the individual in society. Primary groups form a person. They take the process of socializing the personality, the development of samples of behavior, social norms, values \u200b\u200band ideals. Each individual finds an intimate environment, sympathy and the possibility of personal interests in the primary group.

Primary group is most often informal groupSince formalization leads to the transformation into a group of another type. For example, if formal connections begin to play an important role in the family, it disintegrates as the primary group and is converted into a formal small group.

Ch. Kuli noted two main functions of small primary groups:

1. Specify the source of moral norms that a person receives in childhood and which is guided throughout its subsequent life.

2. Associate a means of supporting and stabilizing an adult [see: II. P.40].

The secondary group is a group that is organized to implement certain purposes within which there is almost no emotional relations and in which subject contacts prevail, most often mediated. Members of this group have an institutionalized system of relations, and their activities are governed by the rules. If the primary group is always focused on the relationship between its members, then the secondary one is on the target. Secondary groups, as a rule, coincide with large and formal groups that have an institutionalized system of relations, although small groups can also be secondary.

The main importance in these groups is attached not to the personal qualities of the members of the group, and their ability to perform certain functions. For example, at the factory, the position of engineer, secretary, stenographer, the worker can occupy any person who has the necessary preparation for this. The individual features of each of them for the factory are indifferent, the main thing is that they cope with their work, then the plant can function. For a family or group of players (for example, in football), individual features, the personal qualities of each are unique and mean a lot, and therefore it is not possible to replace this one.

Since in the secondary group, all the roles are already clearly distributed, its members know very often a little about each other. Between them, as is well known, there is no emotional relationship, which is characteristic of family members and friends. For example, in organizations related to labor activities, production relations will be the main. In secondary groups, not only the role, but also methods of communication are already clearly painted in advance. Due to the fact that the conduct of a personal conversation is not always possible and effective, communication is often becoming more formal and is carried out thanks to telephone calls and various written documents.

For example, school class, student group, production team, etc. Always internally divided into primary groups of individuals, sympatheticizing each other, between which there are more or less interpersonal contacts. When managing the secondary group, primary social entities should be taken into account.

Theoretical scientists note that over the past two hundred years, the role of primary groups in society occurred. Sociological studies conducted by Western sociologists for several decades confirmed that secondary groups are currently dominated. But numerous data were obtained, testifying that the primary group is still quite stable and is an important link between personality and society. Studies of primary groups were conducted in several areas: the role of primary groups in the industry was found out during natural Disasters etc. The study of the behavior of people in different conditions and situations showed that the primary groups still play an important role in the structure of the entire social life of society the reference group, as noted by GSAntipine. - "This is a real or imaginary social group, the value system and the norms of which acts for the Individual standard."

The discovery of the phenomenon of the "reference group" belongs to the American social psychologist in Hyman (Hyman H.h. The Psychology of Ststys. N.I. 1942). This term was transferred to sociology from social psychology. Psychologists at first under the "reference group" understood such a group, the standards of behavior of which the individual imites and the norms and values \u200b\u200bof which absorbs.

During a number of experiments, which G. Jaimen conducted on student groups, it was revealed that part of the members of small groups shares the norms of behavior. The adopted not in the group in which they enter, but in some other, to which they are oriented, i.e. Take the norms of groups in which they are not included real. Such groups G. Jaimen called reference groups. In his opinion, it was the "reference group" helped clarify the "paradox why some individuals do not assimilate 54 positions of groups in which they are directly included" [CIET. By: 7. p.260], but assimilate the samples and standards for the behavior of other groups whose members are not. Therefore, in order to explain the behavior of the individual, it is important to study the group to which the individual "refers", which takes as a reference and which "refers", and not the one that himself "surrounds." Thus, the term himself was born from the English verb to refer, i.e. refer to anything.

Another American psychologist M.Sheriff, with his name is due to the final approval of the concept of the "Reference Group" in American sociology, considering small groups affecting the behavior of the individual, divided them into two types: a member group (a member of which is an individual) and nonsense, or actually Reference groups (a member of which individual is not, but with the values \u200b\u200band norms of which relate their behavior) [see: II. P.56-57]. In this case, the concepts of the reference and membership group were already considered opposite.

Later by other researchers (R. Merton, Tinkyuk), the concept of "reference group" was distributed to all associations, which performed for an individual with an indication of their own social status, actions, views, etc. In this regard, as a reference group began to act as a group, a member of which was already an individual, and a group, a member of which he would like to be or was before.

The "referent group" for an individual, indicates I.C. Pansky, is such a group with which he voluntarily identifies itself, i.e. "Its samples and rules, its ideals become ideals of the individual, and the role imposed by the group is carried out devoted, with the deepest conviction."

Thus, currently in the literature there is a dual use of the term "reference group". In the first case, it means a group opposing the membership group. In the second case, the group arising within the membership group, i.e. The circle of individuals selected from the composition of the real group as a "significant circle of communication" for the individual. The norm accepted by the norm become personally acceptable to the individual only when they are accepted by this circle of persons [see: 9. p.197],

Asch Conformity Experiments), published in 1951, were a series of studies that impartially demonstrated the power of conformism in groups.

In experiments, headed by Solomon ASH students asked them to participate in vision. In fact, in most experiments, all participants, except for one, were "random ducks", and the study was to test the reaction of one student on the behavior of the majority.

Participants (real experimental and "rack ducks") were seated in the audience. The task of students included an announcement of their opinions aloud about the length of several lines in a number of impressions. They were asked which line was longer than others, and so on. "Sandage ducks" were given the same, obviously wrong answer.

Primary and secondary groups

The primary group is a group in which communication is supported by direct personal contacts, highly emotional involvement of members in the Group's affairs, which leads members to a high degree of identifying themselves with the group. The primary group is characterized by a high degree of solidarity, deeply developed feeling "we".

G.S.antipina allocates the following characteristic features for primary groups: "The small composition, the spatial proximity of their members, the immediacy, intimacy of relations, the duration of existence, the unity of the target, the voluntariness of the entry into the group and informal control over the behavior of the members."

For the first time, the concept of the "primary group" was introduced in 1909. Ch. Culley in relation to the family in which there are sustainable emotional relations between members. Ch. Kuli considered the "primary" family, because it is the first group, thanks to which the process of infant socialization is carried out. To the "primary groups" he also attributed groups of friends and groups of the nearest neighbors [see This: 139. p.330-335].

Later, this term became used by sociologists when studying any group, which was inherent in close personal relationships between its members. Primary groups perform the role of the primary link between society and personality. Thanks to them, a person realizes its belonging to certain social communities and is able to participate in the life of the whole society.

The value of primary groups is very large, in them, especially during early childhood, the primary socialization of the individual occurs. First, the family, and then the primary educational and labor collectives have a huge impact on the position of the individual in society. Primary groups form a person. They take the process of socializing the personality, the development of samples of behavior, social norms, values \u200b\u200band ideals. Each individual finds an intimate environment, sympathy and the possibility of personal interests in the primary group.

The primary group is most often an informal group, since formalization leads to transforming it into a group of another type. For example, if formal connections begin to play an important role in the family, it disintegrates as the primary group and is converted into a formal small group.

Ch. Kuli noted two main functions of small primary groups:

1. Specify the source of moral norms that a person receives in childhood and which is guided throughout its subsequent life.

2. Associate a means of supporting and stabilizing an adult [see: II. P.40].

The secondary group is a group that is organized to implement certain purposes within which there is almost no emotional relations and in which subject contacts prevail, most often mediated. Members of this group have an institutionalized system of relations, and their activities are governed by the rules. If the primary group is always focused on the relationship between its members, then the secondary one is on the target. Secondary groups, as a rule, coincide with large and formal groups that have an institutionalized system of relations, although small groups can also be secondary.

The main importance in these groups is attached not to the personal qualities of the members of the group, and their ability to perform certain functions. For example, at the factory, the position of engineer, secretary, stenographer, the worker can occupy any person who has the necessary preparation for this. The individual features of each of them for the factory are indifferent, the main thing is that they cope with their work, then the plant can function. For a family or group of players (for example, in football), individual features, the personal qualities of each are unique and mean a lot, and therefore it is not possible to replace this one.

Since in the secondary group, all the roles are already clearly distributed, its members know very often a little about each other. Between them, as is well known, there is no emotional relationship, which is characteristic of family members and friends. For example, in organizations related to labor activities, production relations will be the main. In secondary groups, not only the role, but also methods of communication are already clearly painted in advance. Due to the fact that the conduct of a personal conversation is not always possible and effective, communication is often becoming more formal and is carried out thanks to telephone calls and various written documents.

For example, school class, student group, production team, etc. Always internally divided into primary groups of individuals, sympatheticizing each other, between which there are more or less interpersonal contacts. When managing the secondary group, primary social entities should be taken into account.

Theoretical scientists note that over the past two hundred years, the role of primary groups in society occurred. Sociological studies conducted by Western sociologists for several decades confirmed that secondary groups are currently dominated. But numerous data were obtained, testifying that the primary group is still quite stable and is an important link between personality and society. Studies of primary groups were conducted in several areas: the role of primary groups in the industry was found out, during natural disasters, etc. The study of the behavior of people in different conditions and situations showed that the primary groups still play an important role in the structure of the entire social life of society the reference group, as noted by GSAntipine. - "This is a real or imaginary social group, the value system and the norms of which acts for the Individual standard."

The discovery of the phenomenon of the "reference group" belongs to the American social psychologist in Hyman (Hyman H.h. The Psychology of Ststys. N.I. 1942). This term was transferred to sociology from social psychology. Psychologists at first under the "reference group" understood such a group, the standards of behavior of which the individual imites and the norms and values \u200b\u200bof which absorbs.

During a number of experiments, which G. Jaimen conducted on student groups, it was revealed that part of the members of small groups shares the norms of behavior. The adopted not in the group in which they enter, but in some other, to which they are oriented, i.e. Take the norms of groups in which they are not included real. Such groups G. Jaimen called reference groups. In his opinion, it was the "reference group" helped clarify the "paradox why some individuals do not assimilate 54 positions of groups in which they are directly included" [CIET. By: 7. p.260], but assimilate the samples and standards for the behavior of other groups whose members are not. Therefore, in order to explain the behavior of the individual, it is important to study the group to which the individual "refers", which takes as a reference and which "refers", and not the one that himself "surrounds." Thus, the term himself was born from the English verb to refer, i.e. refer to anything.

Another American psychologist M.Sheriff, with his name is due to the final approval of the concept of the "Reference Group" in American sociology, considering small groups affecting the behavior of the individual, divided them into two types: a member group (a member of which is an individual) and nonsense, or actually Reference groups (a member of which individual is not, but with the values \u200b\u200band norms of which relate their behavior) [see: II. P.56-57]. In this case, the concepts of the reference and membership group were already considered opposite.

Later by other researchers (R. Merton, Tinkyuk), the concept of "reference group" was distributed to all associations, which performed for an individual with an indication of their own social status, actions, views, etc. In this regard, as a reference group began to act as a group, a member of which was already an individual, and a group, a member of which he would like to be or was before.

The "referent group" for an individual, indicates I.C. Pansky, is such a group with which he voluntarily identifies itself, i.e. "Its samples and rules, its ideals become ideals of the individual, and the role imposed by the group is carried out devoted, with the deepest conviction."

Thus, currently in the literature there is a dual use of the term "reference group". In the first case, it means a group opposing the membership group. In the second case, the group arising within the membership group, i.e. The circle of individuals selected from the composition of the real group as a "significant circle of communication" for the individual. The norm accepted by the norm become personally acceptable to the individual only when they are accepted by this circle of persons [see: 9. p.197],

Asch Conformity Experiments), published in 1951, were a series of studies that impartially demonstrated the power of conformism in groups.

In experiments, headed by Solomon ASH students asked them to participate in vision. In fact, in most experiments, all participants, except for one, were "random ducks", and the study was to test the reaction of one student on the behavior of the majority.

Participants (real experimental and "rack ducks") were seated in the audience. The task of students included an announcement of their opinions aloud about the length of several lines in a number of impressions. They were asked which line was longer than others, and so on. "Sandage ducks" were given the same, obviously wrong answer.

When the experimental respondents were correct, many of them experienced extraordinary discomfort. At the same time, 75% of experimental obeyed significantly erroneous representation of the majority of at least one question. The total share of erroneous answers was 37%, in the control group, one erroneous answer gave only one person out of 35. When the "conspirators" were not unanimous in their judgment, the experimental most often did not agree with the majority. When independent subjects were two, or when one of the fake participants received a task to give the right answers, the error fell more than four times. When someone from the submarines gave incorrect answers, but also not coinciding with the main one, the error was also reduced: up to 9-12%, depending on the radicalism of the "third opinion".

Primary and secondary groups as subjects of social relations. The impact of primary groups on the activities of secondary groups.

Along with the common communities, modern countries The so-called social groups play an active role. The social group is defined as some many people who have any common social characteristic. This group is implementing a definition function in society.

Unlike the generally discussed communities, the social group has the following features:

it exists sustainable interactions of people, which contributes to the strength and stability of the group for a long time;

it has a relatively high degree of cohesion;

the composition of the group is very uniform: it is characterized by a similar set of features and features;

it may be part of wider communities as an integral element without losing the specificity.

It is worth saying - it is useful to allocate primary and secondary social groups.

Primary social groups

The primary social groups are common, characterized by a high level of emotional bonds, proximity and solidarity.

Characteristic signs of the primary group will be:

little composition;

spatial proximity of group members;

relative stability and duration of existence;

the community of values, norms and forms of behavior;

voluntary nature of people's relationships;

moral and informal ways to ensure discipline.

The primary groups include a family, school class, group, course in an educational institution, a circle of friends and like-minded people. In the primary group, a person receives initial socialization, meets samples of behavior, assesses the elders who arise the'' priorite leaders', mastering social norms, values \u200b\u200band ideals. Developing in the primary groups, a person is aware of the connection with certain social communities, with society as a whole.

Sociology conducts special studies of the features of the emergence and functioning of primary groups, since it is in them Many features of mentality of ideology and social behavior of adult citizens are laid. IN last years Candidate and doctoral dissertations are already devoted to these issues.

Primary groups - ϶ᴛᴏ landscape small groups.

Secondary social groups

The secondary social group is a community, in the case of communication and the interaction of participants have the unlimited, more often in a pragmatic nature.
Posted on Ref.rf
A secondary group of a cup of all is aimed at a certain purpose. In such groups, impersonal relationships predominate, individual qualities of the individual do not matter, is valued mainly, the ability to perform definition functions.

Emotional relations are not excluded in secondary social groups, but their main functions are the achievement of the supplied whole. As part of the secondary group, there may be both certain primary groups.

As a rule, secondary groups will be numerous. The group size has a significant impact on intragroup interactions and for general social relations. The type of groups includes, for example, an electorate of any party, as well as various movements for interests (sports fans, combined car audio, Internet lovers). Secondary groups unite people by ethnic principle, by profession, by demographic basis, etc.

Primary and secondary groups as subjects of social relations. The impact of primary groups on the activities of secondary groups. - Concept and species. Classification and features of the category "Primary and secondary groups as subventions of social relations. Impact of primary groups on the activities of secondary groups." 2017, 2018.

Introduction

The concept of "social group"

Classification of social groups:

a) separation of groups on the basis of belonging to them individual;

b) groups separated by the nature of the relationship between their members:

1) primary and secondary groups;

2) Small and large groups

4. Conclusion

5. List of used literature

Introduction

Society is not just a totality of individual people. Among the large social community classes, social layers, estates. Each person belongs to any of these social groups or may occupy a certain intermediate (transitional) position: withdrawing from the usual social environment, it has not yet fully joined the new group, the features of the old and new social status are preserved.

Science, which studies the formation of social groups, their place and role in society, the interaction between them, received the name of sociology. There are different sociological theories. Each of them gives its explanation to phenomena and processes occurring in the social sphere of society.

In his abstract, I would like to highlight the question in more detail what is a social group, consider the classification of social groups.
The concept of "social group"

Despite the fact that the concept of the group is one of the most important in sociology, scientists have no complete consent regarding its definition. First, the difficulty arises due to the fact that most concepts in sociology appears during social practice: they begin to be used in science after their long-term use in life, and at the same time they are attached to the most varying importance. Secondly, the difficulty is due to the fact that many species of the community are formed, as a result of which certain types of these communities should be allocated to accurately determine the social group.

There are several types of social communities, to which the concept of "group" is used in an ordinary sense, but in a scientific sense they are something else. In one case, the term "group" denotes some individuals, physically spatially located in a certain place. In this case, the separation of communities is carried out only spatially, with the help of physically defined boundaries. An example of such communities can be individuals traveling in one car that are at a certain point on the same street or living in one city. In a strictly scientific sense, such a territorial community cannot be called a social group. It is defined as aggregation - Some people collected in a certain physical space and not exercising conscious interactions.

The second case is to apply the concept of a group to social community, combining individuals with one or more similar characteristics. So, men, graduates of schools, physics, old people, smokers seem to us by the group. Very often you can hear the words about the "age group of youth from 18 to 22 years old." Such an understanding is also not scientific. To determine the community of people with one or more similar characteristics, the term "category" is approaching more accurate. For example, it is quite correct to talk about the category of blondes or brunettes, age-related category of youth from 18 to 22 years, etc.

Then what is the social group?

The social group is a set of individuals interacting in a certain way based on the expectations of each member of the Group in relation to others.

In this definition, you can see two essential conditions necessary for the group to be considered by the Group:

1) the presence of interactions between its members;

2) the emergence of shared expectations of each member of the group relative to its other members.

In accordance with this definition, two people waiting for a bus at the bus stop will not be a group, but they can become it if they start a conversation, a fight or other interaction with mutual expectations. Passengers of the aircraft cannot be a group. They will be considered as aggregation until among them during travel groups of people interacting with each other are formed. It happens that the aggregation is entirely a group. Suppose a certain number of people is in the store, where they form a queue without interacting with each other. The seller suddenly leaves and is missing for a long time. The queue begins to interact to achieve one goal - to return the seller not his workplace. The aggregation turns into a group.

At the same time, the above groups appear unintentionally, by chance, there is no sustainable expectation, and interactions, as a rule, are unilateral (for example, only the conversation and any other types of interactions). Such spontaneous, unstable groups call quasi-group. They can turn into social groups if the degree of social control between its members will increase during continuous cooperation. To carry out this control, some degree of cooperation and solidarity is necessary. Indeed, social control in the group cannot be carried out until individuals act randomly and separately. It is impossible to effectively control the disorderly crowd or the actions of people emerging from the stadium after the end of the match, but you can clearly control the activities of the team of the enterprise. It is such control over the activities of the team and determines it as a social group, since the activities of people in this case are coordinated. Solidarity is necessary for a developing group to identify each member of the group with a team. Only if members of the group can say "we", the sustainable membership of the group and the border of social control is formed (Fig. 1).

From fig. 1 It can be seen that there is no social control in social categories and social aggregations, so this is purely abstract community allocations on one basis. Of course, individuals entering the category can notice a certain identification with other category members (for example, by age), but, we repeat, social control is practically absent here. A very low level of control is observed in the communities formed on the principle of spatial proximity. Social control here is simply from the consciousness of the presence of other individuals. It is then enhanced as quasigroups turn into social groups.

Actually, social groups also have varying degrees of social control. So, among all social groups, the so-called status groups occupy a special place - classes, layers and castes. These large groups arising on the basis of social inequality possess (with the exception of castes) low internal social controls, which nevertheless can increase as the individuals of their belonging to the status group, as well as awareness of group interests and inclusion in the struggle for increasing their status Groups. In fig. 1 shows that, with a decrease in the group, social control is enhanced and the strength of social relations increases. This is because the number of interpersonal interactions increases with a decrease in the group size.

Classification of social groups

Separation of groups on the basis of

accessories to them Individual

Each individual distinguishes some multiple groups to which it belongs and defines them as "mine." It may be "My Family", "My Professional Group", "My Company", "My Class". Such groups will be considered ingroups. The themes to which he feels its belonging and in which it is identified with other members in such a way that he regards the group members as "we". Other groups that are not belonging to individuals - other families, other friends, other professional groups, other religious groups - will be for him outgroupsFor which he picks up symbolic meanings: "Not we", "others".

In the least developed, primitive societies, people live with small groups, isolated from each other and representing the clans of relatives. Related relations in most cases and determine the nature of the Ingroups and Outgroups in these societies. When two strangers meet, they first begin to look for related links, and if any relative binds them, both of them are members of the Ingroup. If related ties are not detected, then in many societies of this type, people feel hostile towards each other and come according to their feelings.

In modern society, relations between its members are built on many types of connections besides related, but the sense of the Ingroup, the search for its members among other people remain very important for every person. When an individual gets into an environment of unfamiliar people, he is primarily trying to find out if there are those who constitute his social class or layer among them, adheres to its political views and interests. Moreover, for example, who are engaged in sports, are interested in people who disassemble in sports events, and even better suffering for the same team as he. Avoid Filatelists involuntarily divide all people on those who simply collect brands, and those who are interested in them, and are looking for like-minded people, communicating in different groups. Obviously, the sign of people belonging to the Ingroup should be that they share certain feelings and opinions, let's say, laugh at the same things and have some unanimity regarding the areas of activity and life goals. Members of the Outgroups may have many features and signs common to all groups of this society can share many common feelings and aspirations, but they always have certain private traits and signs, as well as feelings other than the senses of members of the Ingroup. And people unconsciously celebrate these features, making previously unfamiliar people on "We" and "others."

In modern society, the individual belongs simultaneously to many groups, therefore a large number of ingredic and outgroup connections can crossed. An older year student will consider the junior course student as an individual belonging to the outgroup, but a junior course student together with a senior student can be members of one sports team, where they enter the Ingroup.

Researchers note that the ingroup identification, intersecting in many directions, does not reduce the intensity of self-determination of differences, and the complexity of the inclusion of an individual in the group makes more painful exceptions from the Ingroups. So, a person unexpectedly received high status, has all the attributes to get into the Higher Society, cannot do this, since he is considered to be an involvement; The teenager desperately hopes to participate in the youth team, but it does not accept it; A worker who came to work in a brigade cannot fit in it and sometimes serves as the subject of ridicule. Thus, the exception from groups can be a very cruel process. For example, most primitive societies consider foreign people with part of the animal world, many of them do not distinguish the words "enemy" and "outsiders", considering these concepts identical. Not too much from this point of view is the installation of the Nazis, which excluded Jews from human society. Rudolph Hoss, who led the concentration camp in Auschwitz, where 700 thousand Jews were destroyed, characterized this slaughter as "the removal of alien racial-biological bodies." In this case, the ingroup and outgroup identification led to fantastic cruelty and cynicism.

Summing up this, it should be noted that the concepts of the ingroup and the outgroups are important because the self-education of each personality has a significant impact on the behavior of individuals in groups, from members of associates in the Ingroup everyone has the right to expect recognition, loyalty, mutual assistance. Expected from representatives of the Outgroup behavior at a meeting depends on the type of this Outgroup. From some, we expect hostility, from others - more or less friendly relationship, from third - indifference. Expectations of certain behavior from the members of the outgroups over time are significant changes. So, a twelve-year-old boy avoids and does not like girls, but a few years later, he becomes a romantic lover, and after a few years a spouse. During the sports match, representatives of different groups belong to each other with hostility and can even hit each other, but it is necessary to sound the final whistle: their relationship changes sharply, become calm or even friendly.

We are not equally incorporated into our ingroups. Someone can, for example, be a friendly company's soul, but in the team at the place of work not to use the respect and be weakly included in intragroup links. It is not observed the same assessment by an individual outgroup surrounding it. The rye follower of religious teaching will be closed for contacts with representatives of the Communist worldview more than with representatives of Social Democracy. Each has its own assessment scale of outgroups.

R. Parkom and E. Berjesom (1924), as well as E. Bogardus (1933), the concept of a social distance was developed, which allows you to measure the feelings and attitudes that manifested by the individual or the social group to various Outgroups. Ultimately, the Bogardus scale was developed, which serves as a meter of adoption or closedness in relation to other Outgroups. Social distance is measured by separately consideration of the relationships in which people enter with representatives of other outgroups. There are special questionnaires, responding to which members of the same group assess the relationship, rejecting or, on the contrary, accepting representatives of other groups. The informed members of the group are asked when completing the questionnaires, to note who from the familiar members of other groups they are perceived as a neighbor, comrade for work, as a partner for marriage, and thus define relationships. Questionnaires for measuring the social distance cannot accurately predict the actions of people if a member of another group really becomes a neighbor or comrades for work. The Bogardus scale is only an attempt to measure the senses of each member of the group, the madness to communicate with other members of this group or other groups. What will make a person in any situation, to a great extent depends on the set of conditions or circumstances of this situation.

Reference groups

The term "reference group", first introduced into circulation by the social psychologist Mustafa Sheriff in 1948, means a real or conditional social community, with which the individual relates itself with both the standoff and the norms, opinions, values \u200b\u200band evaluation of which it is focused on his behavior and self-esteem. A boy playing a guitar or sports, focuses on the lifestyle and the behavior of rock stars or sports idols. An employee of the organization, seeking to make a career, focuses on the behavior of the highest leadership. It can also be seen that ambitious people who unexpectedly received a lot of money seek to imitate in clothing and manners to representatives of the highest classes.

Sometimes the reference group and the Ingroup may coincide, for example, in the case when the teenager focuses on its company with a greater extent than on the opinion of teachers. At the same time, the outgroup may be the reference, the examples above demonstrate it.

There are regulatory and comparative reference functions of the group.

The regulatory function of the reference group is manifested in the fact that this group is a source of behavioral norms, social attitudes and valuable orientations of the individual. So, a little boy, wanting to become an adult, is trying to follow the standards and value orientations adopted in an adult environment, and the emigrant coming to someone else's country is trying to master the norms and installation of indigenous people as soon as possible, so as not to be a "white crow."

The comparative function is manifested in the fact that the reference group acts as a reference, with which the individual can evaluate itself and others. If a child perceives the reaction of loved ones and believes their estimates, the more mature person takes separate reference groups, belonging or non-impossibility to which it is especially desirable for it, and forms I-image based on the estimates of these groups.

Stereotypes

Outgroups are usually perceived by individuals in the form of stereotypes. Social stereotype is a shared image of another group or category of people. Evaluating the actions of any group of people, we are most often in addition to our desire ascribe to each of the individuals who are included in the group, some features that, in our opinion, characterize the group as a whole. For example, there is an opinion that all blacks are more passionate and temperamental than people representing the Europeanid race (although in fact it is not so), all the French are frivolous, the British are closed and silent, the inhabitants of the city N are stupid, etc. A stereotype can be positive (kindness, courage, perseverance), negative (unprincipledness, cowardice) and mixed (Germans disciplined, but cruel).

Having aroused once, the stereotype applies to all members of the corresponding outgroup without taking into account any individual differences. Therefore, he is never completely true. Indeed, it is impossible, for example, to talk about the features of inaccurability or cruelty in relation to the whole nation or even the population of any city. But stereotypes are never completely false, they should always comply with the characteristics of the personality from the stereotypes of the group, otherwise they would not be recognizable.

The mechanism of the emergence of social stereotypes is not fully investigated, it is still incomprehensible why one of the features begins to attract the attention of representatives of other groups and why it becomes universal. But one way or another stereotypes become part of a culture, part of moral norms and role-playing installations. Social stereotypes are supported by selective perception (only frequently repeated incidents or cases that are noticed and remembered), selective interpretation (interpretation of observations relating to stereotypes, for example, Jews - entrepreneur, rich people are greedy, etc.), selective identification ( You look like a gypsy, you look like an aristocrat, etc.) and, finally, selective exception (it is absolutely not like the teacher, it does not act as an Englishman, etc.). With the help of these processes, the stereotype is filling, so that even exceptions and improper interpretation serve as a nutrient medium to form stereotypes.

Stereotypes are constantly changing. Poorly dressed, fan with chalk teacher as a private stereotype actually died. There is also a sufficiently stable stereotype of capitalist in the cylinder and with a huge stomach. Examples can be given a huge set.

Stereotypes are constantly born, change and disappear because they are necessary for members of the social group. With their help, we get compressed and laconic information about the outgroups around us. Such information determines our attitude to other groups, allows you to navigate among many surrounding groups and, ultimately, to determine the line of behavior in communicating with the representatives of the Outgroups. People always perceive the stereotype faster than the true features of the person, since the stereotype is the result of many, sometimes laughing and fine judgments, despite the fact that only some individuals in the Outgroup fully correspond to him.

Groups divided by nature

relationship between their members

Primary and secondary groups

The difference in the relationship between individuals is most clearly noticeable in primary and secondary groups. Under primary groups There are such groups in which each member sees other members of the group as individuals and individuals. The achievement of such a vision occurs through social contacts that attach an intimate, personal and universal nature of intragroup interactions in which many elements of personal experience are included. In such groups as a family or a friendly company, its members seek to make social relationships informal and softened. They are interested in each other first of all as individuals, have common hopes and feelings and fully satisfy their needs to communicate. In secondary groups Social contacts are impersonal, unilateral and utilitarian. Friendly personal contacts with other members are not required here, but all contacts are functional, as required by social roles. For example, the relationship masters of the site and subordinate workers are impersonal and do not depend on friendly relations between them. The secondary group can be an employment union or any association, a club, a team. But the secondary group can also be considered two individuals trading in the bazaar. In some cases, such a group exists to achieve specific purposes, including certain needs of the members of this group as personalities.

The terms "primary" and "secondary" groups better characterize the types of group relationships than the indicators of the relative importance of this group in the system of other groups. The primary group can serve as objective objectives, for example, in production, but it is more characterized by the quality of human relationships, the emotional satisfaction of its members than the production efficiency of products or clothing. So, a group of friends is found in the evening for a chess game. They can be quite indifferent to play chess, but nevertheless deliver each other pleasure to their conversation, the main thing is that everyone is a good partner, and not a good player. The secondary group can function in conditions of friendly relationships, but its basic principle is to perform specific functions. From this point of view, a team of professional chess players, assembled for the game in the team tournament, of course, refers to secondary groups. Here is the selection of strong players who can take a decent place in the tournament, and then it is desirable that they are in friendly relations among themselves. Thus, the primary group is focused on the relationship between its members, while the secondary is focused on the target.

Primary groups usually form a person, it is socialized in them. Everyone finds an intimate environment in it, sympathy and the possibility of implementing personal interests. Each member of the secondary group can find an effective mechanism in it to achieve certain purposes, but often at the cost of the loss of intimacy and heat in relationships. For example, the saleswoman as a member of the store's team should be attentive and polite, even when the client does not cause her sympathy, or a member of the sports team, when moving to another team, knows that the relationship with his colleagues will be complex, but it will open more opportunities To achieve a higher position in this sport.

Secondary groups almost always contain a certain number of primary groups. Sports team, manufacturing team, school class or student group are always internally divided into primary groups of individuals, sympathetic to each other, on those who have interpersonal contacts are more and less frequent. When managing the secondary group, as a rule, primary social education is taken into account, especially when performing single tasks related to the interaction of a small number of group members.

Small and large groups

Analysis of the social structure of society requires that an elementary particle of society acts as a studied unit, which focuses on all types of social connections. As such a unit of analysis, the so-called small group was chosen, which was the constant necessary attribute of all types of sociological studies.

As a real set of individuals related by social relations, the small group began to be considered sociologists relatively recently. So, in 1954, F. Ollport interpreted a small group as "the totality of ideals, ideas and habits, repeated in every individual consciousness and existing only in this consciousness." Really, in his opinion, there are only individual individuals. Only in the 60s appeared and a look at small groups began to develop as a real elementary particles of the public structure.

The best modern look at the essence of small groups is expressed in the definition of G.M. Andreva: "Small group - a group in which public relations act in the form of direct personal contacts." In other words, small groups are called only those groups in which individuals have personal contacts each with each. Imagine a production team, where everyone knows each other and communicate among themselves during the work, is a small group. On the other hand, the team of the workshop, where employees do not have permanent communication, is a large group. About students of one class, having a personal contact with each other, one can say that this is a small group, and about all students of the school - a large group.

A small group can be both primary and secondary depending on what type of relationship exists between its members. As for the large group, it can only be secondary. Numerous studies of small groups conducted by R. Bay and J. Homans in 1950 and K. Hollander and R. Mills in 1967 showed, in particular, that small groups differ from large not only with dimensions, but also qualitatively different socially -Ithological characteristics. Below, as an example, there are differences in some of these characteristics.

Small groups have:

1. non-group-oriented actions;
2. group opinion as a permanent social control factor;
3. conformism to group standards.

Large groups have:

1. rational targeted actions;
2. group opinion is rarely used, control is carried out from top to bottom;
3. conformism to politics conducted by the active part of the group.

Thus, most often small groups in their permanent activity are not focused on the final group target, while the activities of large groups are rationalized to such an extent that the loss of the goal most often leads to their decay. In addition, such a means of monitoring and implementation in a small group is of particular importance. joint activityas a group opinion. Personal contacts allow all members of the group to participate in the development of group opinions and control over the conformism of the members of the Group with respect to this view. Large groups due to the lack of personal contacts between all their members, with a rare exception, do not have the opportunity to develop a single group opinion.

The study of small groups is currently widespread. In addition to the convenience of working with them, due to their small size, such groups are of interest as elementary particles of social structure, in which social processes originate, the mechanisms of cohesion, the occurrence of leadership, role relationships are traced.

Conclusion

So, I reviewed the topic in my abstract: "The concept of a social group. Classification of groups. "

In this way,

The social group is a set of individuals interacting in a certain way based on the expectations of each member of the Group in relation to others.

Social groups are classified on various features:

On the basis of belonging to them individual;

By the nature of the interaction between their members:

1) large groups;

2) Small groups.

References

1. Frolov S.S. Basics of sociology. M., 1997.

2. Sociology. Ed. Yelsukova A.N. Minsk, 1998.

3. Kravchenko A.I. Sociology. Ekaterinburg, 1998.