International experience in tourism development. The experience of foreign countries in the development of tourism. The current state of the tourist potential of Russia

Per last years the tourism business began its rapid development in all countries of the world. Getting acquainted with the experience of various foreign countries, one can see that the success of the tourism business development largely depends on how this industry is perceived at the state level, and how state institutions support this industry. In order to receive income from the tourist business, any civilized state must invest heavily in the study of its territories in order to assess the tourist potential. Government programs should promote the development of tourism business, the development of tourist centers, the creation and development of the necessary infrastructure, as well as advertising and information support.

Practice shows that the private sector will never be able to make large investments for the development of resort tourism enterprises, as well as the main elements of the tourism infrastructure, it cannot perform the functions of the National Tourism Administration. In countries with a developed tourism business, there are organizations that are subordinate, as a rule, to ministries that are engaged in the development of national programs for the development of tourism. Such organizations have different names, for example, in Great Britain it is BTA (British Nourist Authority), in Italy - ENIT, in Ireland - Irish Board, in Spain - Turespana, in Norway - NOTRA. Such organizations have their own tourism offices in other countries. These organizations are developing programs that will attract tourist flows and provide tourist information.

The specificity of the tourism business is associated with a wide range of relationships. These relationships are entered by persons who participate in the processes of organizing travel and recreation. The existing relations are so diverse that they give rise to a certain complexity of legal regulation.

In any individual state, the relationship between the parties "travel agency - state", "tourist - state", "tourist - travel agency" are regulated by the relevant legislation. Such legislation should fully cover every element of the relationship of these parties.

To date, there are several approaches to the organizational process of state regulation of tourism. So in many countries with developed market economies, government regulation is completely absent, and market entities themselves carry out operational regulation. In those countries where there is state regulation of the tourist services market, two models are used - there are special government bodies, or the regulation is carried out by multidisciplinary bodies.

Now let's look at how government institutions operate in several countries.

• 1.In Austria the tourism industry is supervised by the Ministry of Economy. The tourism opportunities of the state are advertised by the Austrian National Tourism Office, which has offices in 26 countries.
• 2.In UK Tourism is managed by the Ministry of Culture, Performances and Sports, which is directly subordinate to the body in charge of tourism, the British Nourist Authority (BTA). This organization is engaged in attracting flows of foreign tourists to the UK, as well as developing domestic tourism. In addition, this organization consults with the government and other government agencies involved in tourism. For this, on the initiative of the administration, advertising campaigns are carried out outside the country through the network of its offices and representatives. The press, radio, television are also used for these purposes. The administration is organizing international conferences, provides consulting and marketing services for international tourism and publishes various information and reference materials. By its organizational and legal form, BTA is also a private enterprise institution, which, along with traditional activities in foreign markets, also provides a number of paid marketing and consulting services, organizes seminars and exhibitions, implements a number of projects with the involvement of foreign capital, publishes and sells travel guides, video films. and other advertising and information products. BTA is headed by the Board of Directors, which consists of five members and the President. The organization has about 300 employees, of which about a third work directly in London, and the rest work in 26 representative offices abroad. About 68% of the required money BTA receives from the state budget.
• 3. In Germany the organization of the tourism business is handled by the National Tourism Committee of the Ministry of Economy, which is responsible for promoting the tourism product in Germany and increasing tourist flows to the country. Representatives of this committee operate in 27 countries of the world.
• 4.In Israel the Ministry of Tourism works. In 2007, the budget of this organization was USD 150 million. These funds were used to finance various events related to presentation, information, exhibition activities in all countries of the world. Also, a part of these funds was directed to holding various conferences, organizing consulting services, publishing promotional materials and booklets.
• 5.In Indonesia there is a special department for tourism, which has broad powers in the field of protecting the rights of tourists. Thus, there is a tourist police in the country, which exercises supervision and control over all enterprises of the tourist business. In addition, she is directly involved in resolving conflict situations, in which foreign tourists become participants.
• 6.In Italy in 1983, a law was passed to improve and develop the tourism and hotel industry. The law defines the main governing bodies of the tourism business at the regional level and the procedure for their functioning. A clear definition of a tourist enterprise and the conditions for its registration are given. The law also defines the classification of the hotel industry, sets out a number of conditions according to which tourist bureaus, transport and public associations are allowed to engage in tourism business. In addition, the law regulates the activities of professionals in the tourism sector, determines measures to support the tourism business from the state. The Department of Tourism Activities is part of the Ministry of Production Activities. The department coordinates the activities of regional tourism administrations, develops regulatory and industry documents of a national nature, studies and processes statistical data. In its international activities, the department is engaged in the creation of intergovernmental agreements and relationships with other international tourism organizations. The powers of local administrations are broad in nature. They are responsible for all issues of licensing tourism activities on their territory, carry out the classification of hotels, have the right to advertise and promote their tourism products both domestically and abroad. But, nevertheless, the main role in representing Italy in the international tourism market is assigned to the National Tourism Board (ENIT). The main function of this organization is to organize advertising and information work, conduct marketing research, coordinate the actions of foreign and local tourism organizations... ENIT is subordinate to the Department of Tourism, and its activities are fully funded from the state budget.
• 7.In Spain all tourism activities at the national level are determined by the Law on Competence in the Field of Tourism and the Decree on the Activities of Private Tourism Enterprises of January 14, 1965. In addition to the national law, each of the seventeen autonomies has its own legislation on tourism activities, the main provisions of which are in accordance with the above law. Articles on tourism regulate the relationship between the seller of a tourist product and a tourist, as well as a number of conditions under which legal entities and individuals are allowed to engage in tourism business, the procedure for providing tourists with their services, as well as state control measures and the procedure for applying sanctions to violators. In April 1996, the Spanish Parliament approved the Combined Travel Law. This law clearly defined the rights and obligations of both the tourist organization and the consumer of tourist services. Combined travel means a trip that includes a tourism product containing at least two of the three main elements - accommodation for the night, transport and any other travel services. This law provides a clear distribution of responsibilities within the tourism sector and clarifies various aspects of the tourism product and combined travel. All issues of tourism in Spain are handled by the State Secretariat for Trade, Tourism and Small Business, which is directly subordinate to the Ministry of Economy. In addition to the State Secretariat, the following organizations are also subordinate to the Ministry of Economy: - The Central Directorate for Tourism, which deals with administrative issues and the development of general directions of state policy in the field of tourism business. - Hotel chain "Paradores", which includes 83 hotels that are of historical value. - Two exhibition and congress centers located in Madrid and Malaga, as well as the Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca". The powers of the Ministry of Economy are rather limited. Such important issues as certification of services, licensing, development of a strategy for the tourism industry, belong to local authorities. In order to coordinate the activities of these organizations, a Council for the Development of Tourism was created in Spain, which includes representatives of government at all levels, as well as representatives of private business. In most cases, the decisions of the Council are only advisory in nature. The Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca" is engaged in attracting foreign tourists. The Institute is also involved in the promotion of Spanish resorts and advertising activities abroad. The Institute's activities are fully funded from the state budget.
• 8. During France The Tourism Law defines the conditions that enable the sale of tours. Also, a circle of legal entities and individuals that fall under this law has been established, a list of services that are considered to be tourist services is provided. In addition, a number of conditions have been formulated that make it possible to carry out tourism activities for travel agencies of various public organizations, local tourism authorities and individuals. Here we are talking about the possibility of obtaining an official permit to engage in tourism activities in the form as defined by the Law. In a special section of this Law, all relations between the consumer and the manufacturer of tourism services are recorded. It also sets out the main rights and obligations of the seller of services and the buyer, which must necessarily be contained in the contract. The law regulates the measures of responsibility of the seller of a tourist product for the quality of the services he provides. In addition, the Law provides for liability for violation of the Law and sanctions for violators and a mechanism for control by state organizations over the conduct of activities by legal entities and individuals that fall under this Law. The Ministry of Transport and Public Works deals with the regulation of tourism activities. It includes the State Secretariat for Tourism and the Tourism Administration. These bodies deal with the management and regulation of the tourism industry, investment and international relations the field of tourism business. In addition, a number of bodies are still functioning that take part in the management of tourism activities with an advisory vote: - The Tourism Council under the Ministry of Transport and Public Works. - The National Committee for Prosperity of France, which deals with the ecology and greening of cities. - National Agency for Vacation Travel. - The French Tourism Engineering Agency and the National Tourism Supervisory Board, which is responsible for marketing research and statistics in the tourism business. Also at the regional level there are representatives of the central executive power, whose responsibilities include solving issues of the development of the tourism sector and who are directly subordinate to the prefects. The activities of these representatives are mainly aimed at coordinating local initiatives in the tourism sector. The Maison de la France association, which was founded in 1987 as a result of a partnership agreement between the administrations of sightseeing facilities, travel agencies and local administrations, is promoting the image of France as a tourist destination in the international market. The activities of this organization are partially financed from the state budget, which accounts for 60%.
• 9.In Finland tourist activity is regulated by the Laws "On entities entitled to sell tours" and "On tours and engaging in tourist activities". The adoption of this law was prompted by Finland's accession to the EU and the need to bring Finnish laws in line with EU requirements. These laws regulated the relationship between the client and the travel agency regarding the sale of the tour, as well as the procedure for resolving disputes that arose. In March 1995, the Government of Finland adopted a decree “On the engagement in tourism activities”. This decree provides basic information that is required when registering to engage in tourism activities. In addition to the usual questions, it was necessary to indicate whether the given company is an intermediary for a foreign travel company.
• 10.In United States of America The first US National Act "On international tourism”Was adopted in 1961. This law provided for the creation of the Travel and Tourism Administration (TTA), which functioned as part of the US Federal Department of Commerce. Somewhat later, in 1981, the Law on National Tourism Policy was adopted. In May 1992, the Law "On Tourism Policy and Export Development" was adopted, which assigned the APT the following tasks: coordinating state tourism policy in the interests of the United States, maintaining statistics of tourism activities, researching the tourism market, providing support to states, counties , cities and rural areas, management of the tourism development program. In addition to the National Agency for the Regulation of Tourism Activities at the federal level, in each of the US states there is a corresponding service that is responsible for the development of the tourism business. In most cases, this is the Agency for Trade, Commerce and Tourism, which deals with the solution of problems of systematic growth and comprehensive development of the tourism business. It also organizes advertising and information programs to promote tourism and carries out research activities to analyze the state and development prospects of the tourism industry. In 1996, the US Congress passed another law that contributed to the development of the tourism business. Since 1997, a new Federal Tourist Structure - the National Tourism Organization (NOT) - has begun to function. This Act states that if in the near future the NOT increases the share of the United States in the world tourism market and does not increase the flow of foreign tourists, it will be disbanded.
• 11.In Switzerland all tourism issues are handled by the Central Office of Tourism (CTC), which is the largest national advertising agency.

In the EU in June 1990, an EU Directive was adopted, which regulated all issues related to the content of tourism services and tourism products in general. In order to protect consumer rights, this directive brings to a single content the texts of contracts between the travel agency and the tourist, as well as stipulates all conditions, mutual rights, obligations and guarantees.

The tourism sector is developing everywhere now. And Russia is no exception. Like everyone else, it has its own advantages and disadvantages regarding this direction. Let's try to analyze the position of Russia in the international travel market.

In the rating of tourist attractiveness, calculated according to the methodology of the World Economic Forum, Russia in 2007 ranked 68th, but then it climbed up and in 2011 reached 59th position in the rating. These data can speak of two important features of the current state of tourism in Russia. On the one hand, the place of the Russian Federation in the rating is not high enough, which is an indicator of an underdeveloped tourist infrastructure. On the other hand, there is progress, the growth of Russia's position, which indicates development, the tourism industry is moving forward.

Among the peculiarities of Russia, one can single out the specifics of the provision of tourist services. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the leading tour operators are redistributed in one direction or another of tourist trips. Separate travel agency and tour operator market segments. Moreover, in the tour operator segment there is a pronounced oligopolistic competition: in any of the directions there are 5-10 large tour operators, which have captured about 90% of the entire market segment. There is perfect competition in the travel agent segment, which significantly reduces the barriers to entry into the market.

The Institute for Economic Strategies compiled a list of leading companies in the tourism market in 2008. The first places are taken by: the group of companies "Intourist", "Neva", "Natalie Tours", "Tez Tour", "Coral Travel", "Inna Tour", "Capital Tour", "Pac Group". However, even among the leading companies, things are not always going well. For example, the situation with the Tez Tour company is known, which violated the Federal Law "On Competition" and launched a video on the First Channel with the slogan: "Tour Operator No. 1", which led to an administrative case initiated against the FAS travel agency.

In order to characterize the place and role of tourism in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to analyze a number of indicators. For example, the total contribution of tourism to Russia's GDP is 5.9%. This figure is less than the world average, but by 2012 growth is expected by 4.6%. In 2011, the number of employed in the tourism sector was 5.5% of total employment, and it will be 5.9% in 2022. As we can see, the share of tourism according to these indicators is not very large, however, there are growth trends.

The next thing that deserves attention is the entry and exit trips of citizens for purposes.

Table 8 - Entry into the Russian Federation and exit of citizens from the Russian Federation, thousand

The number of trips of foreign citizens to the Russian Federation	The number of trips of Russian citizens abroad
Including by goals:
service
service staff

Let's analyze the structure of the table. It can be concluded from this that the total number of trips from and to Russia is growing. However, the number of trips of Russian citizens abroad exceeds the number of trips of foreign citizens to Russia by more than three times in 2011. This cannot be called a positive trend, since, based on the structure of the table, it is obvious that inbound tourism is very poorly developed. Over the past ten years, the number of visiting foreign citizens has increased by 24%, while the number of Russian citizens' trips abroad has increased by 198%. There is no doubt that the difference is very significant. Moreover, based on the data in the table, there is a prospect of maintaining this trend.

If we consider trips by purpose, then mainly people come to Russia for business purposes, followed by private trips and tourism, which occupy approximately the same positions. Russian tourists travel abroad mostly for tourism purposes or for private trips. Consequently, we can say that at this stage, Russia is an unattractive country for inbound tourism. In percentage terms, for the purpose of tourism over the past ten years, the increase in trips to our country was only 0.6%. And the increase in the number of trips from the Russian Federation for the same purpose was 230%. These figures immediately reflect the main problem of the Russian Federation - low attractiveness from the point of view of international tourism. On the other hand, Russian citizens are active consumers of international travel services, which has already been discussed in Table 5.

It is also worth considering where Russian citizens are mainly sent for the purpose of tourism, which destinations are most popular with them.

Table 9 - The number of trips of Russian citizens abroad for the purpose of tourism in 2011, thousand

It can be seen that most of the directions are associated with countries with a warm climate, which have access to the sea. This suggests that Russians prefer traditional beach tourism more. And again, one cannot fail to note the global trend in the interest of developing countries in the provision of tourism services. Russia is no exception. The first three countries in popularity among Russian tourists are Turkey, China and Egypt, and Thailand is in sixth position.

If you look at the information about the countries from which tourists come to Russia, the situation will be radically different.

Table 10 - The number of trips of foreign citizens to Russia for tourism purposes in 2011, thousand

It is immediately noticeable that the numbers here are much more modest than in the previous table. At the same time, the countries where Russian citizens go do not coincide with those from where foreign tourists come to us. Basically, people come to Russia for tourism from Europe. In addition, China and the United States are in positions 2 and 3.

It can be assumed that this is due to the relatively high costs of tourism in Russia, poorly developed tourist programs and routes, and poor adaptation to receiving foreign tourists.

With regard to receipts from tourism and expenses of Russian citizens for tourism services, the above situation is repeated here. In terms of receipts from tourism, Russia in 2011 ranked 24th in the world, and in comparison with the previous year, the growth was 29.1%. And in terms of spending on travel services, Russia is one of the ten world leaders, its costs compared to 2010 in 2011 even increased. As a result, in 2011 Russia ranked 7th in the world in terms of expenditures, and growth is also observed. The increase in comparison with 2010 was about 22.1%.

Thus, we can say that tourism in Russia is developing, but this development is one-sided. Russian travel agencies and tour operators are focused mainly on outbound tourism, and inbound tourism is extremely poorly developed. This is also confirmed by the WTO statistics, which includes Russia among the largest importers of tourism services. Its share in 2011 was 3.4%, for comparison, the share of the United States is 9.1%, China - 7.6%, Canada - 3.5%.

However, Russia also has a potential that can contribute to the development of tourism activities in terms of inbound tourism. This and unique nature, climate, monuments of history and culture, rich historical past, vast territory suitable for active recreation. But again, all this runs into difficult-to-eliminate problems of Russian realities, which will be discussed later. Moreover, judging by the above statistics, the Russians themselves find the tourism services provided by our country as services of insufficient quality and actively use the opportunities provided by outbound tourism. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the main problems, risks and threats for the Russian tourism market, as well as to outline the promising directions of its development.

Tourism is rightfully a highly profitable and dynamically developing sector of the state's economy. As a source of foreign exchange in the country, it affects the balance of payments of the state, and international tourism also affects the cultural and social sphere.

Speaking about tourism as one of the most important sectors of the economy, the following official data should be cited: according to the expert assessment of UNWTO and the Federal Tourism Agency in Russia, the share of tourism in GDP is 2%. Already in the first half of 2013, it can be seen that the entry of foreign citizens into Russia increased by 11% compared to 2012 (13,154,723 people in 2012 and 14,651,487 in 2013). Most of all came citizens of Ukraine (3,252,239 people), Uzbekistan (1,716,362 people) and Kazakhstan (1,708,500 people). But directly for the purpose of tourism, in the first half of 2013, 1,049,487 thousand people arrived in Russia. During the same period in 2012, there were 993,383 tourists, an increase of 6% is visible. For the purpose of tourism, most often people come to us from Germany (142,731 people), China (129,846 thousand) and the United States (67,576 thousand).

Interest in tourism development is growing every year in many countries and Russia is no exception. Unfortunately, tourism in Russia is not as developed as, for example, tourism in the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, France, Egypt, Thailand and a number of other countries.

So what's the deal? After analyzing the official data of Rosstat on the entry of Russian citizens into non-CIS countries, using the example of some countries, a number of conclusions can be drawn. Let's take such countries as Poland, Czech Republic and Germany for consideration. At the beginning of the 2000s, outbound tourism in Russia was only gaining momentum and people were mastering various modes of travel: railways, autobahns, air travel. According to Rosstat data, in the year 2000, 1,075,000 trips were to Poland, 90,000 to the Czech Republic and 450,000 trips to Germany. This was due to the fact that it was much easier for Russian citizens to obtain a visa to Poland than to Germany or the Czech Republic, it should also be noted that Poland is also the closest one, that is, you can get to it not only by air travel or railway services, but and by car. In 2003, the construction of an autobahn between Poland and Germany began, and excursion bureaus were gaining momentum, various excursion programs in Germany were invented, such as "excursions to Bonn and Dusseldorf", "excursions to Ghent and Bruges", which again led to an increase tourists, it increased by 56% compared to 2000. By 2004, the growth of tourists increased again, but this time due to the development of the hotel sector in the largest cities in Germany. And if in 2003 there were 790 thousand trips, then in 2004 it increased by 35 thousand!

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude: tourists are the most sensitive and demanding of comfort. Comfortable conditions should be not only in living, that is, in a hotel, but it is also necessary to take into account such important factors as: developed transport infrastructure, the presence of a professional guide who could choose the best offer that would meet all the preferences of the tourist.

On the example of Germany, the Czech Republic in 2004 and 2005 developed a number of excursion programs around the country with various types of tourism (excursion, gastronomic, medical, etc.) and after a number of marketing transformations Prague became the most mystical city, and Karlovy Vary began to occupy a leading position in the field treatment. And as can be seen from the statistical data of Rosstat, the flow of tourists has increased by 45% compared to 2000.

It is quite important to outline the state of Poland, after 2003, the flow of tourists arriving directly in this country for the purpose of tourism began to fall sharply, by 2004 the flow of tourists had decreased by 52%. Naturally, the reason for this decline was the lack of interest of tourists in Poland. The country did not develop its infrastructure in any way, in particular the hotel sector, and there was no development of attractions. And by 2005 to the present, Poland is more of a transit area than a developed tourism sector.

Until recently, Russia's participation in international tourism remained practically unnoticeable, against the background of countries with a developed industry. Foreign countries have developed and are implementing specific proposals aimed at improving tourism. It is important for Russia to take measures to develop a marketing program: this country, possessing unique places and traditions, both in terms of geography and culture, could specialize in religious, sports, hiking, equestrian, river, cultural, health and pilgrim tourism.

Today, Russia is actively developing the hotel sector, transport, excursion and sanatorium and medical infrastructure. But speaking about the prospects of tourism in Russia, it must be said that the main factor for development is the further holding of massive international events. Winter Olympics in 2014, FIFA World Cup in 2018, Winter Universiade - 2019 in Krasnoyarsk - these events will increase interest and increase the flow of foreign tourists to our country. According to the UNWTO expert assessment, the number of inbound tourist flows to Russia by 2020 should amount to about 47 million people. foreign country development tourism

So, tourism is one of the most promising and profitable sectors of the economy, the potential of which in Russia is not fully realized. To achieve a positive balance between inbound and outbound tourism, it is necessary to stimulate the development of domestic tourism so that the citizens of our country strive to visit and learn about domestic attractions and tourist centers, and not only set the initial goal of a trip abroad;

Possessing many tourist resources, having a decent and interesting story, our country is able to attract a large number of tourists from all over the world. And it is worth noting that the dynamics of the development of the tourist market in Russia speaks of trends towards an increase in the number of tourists, foreign ones in particular.

INTRODUCTION

IN modern world competition is a constant attribute of the global environment in which individual cities function and develop. The level of their competitiveness is determined either by a more efficient use of the resources that they managed to attract, or by the presence of unique resources, which together form an attractive offer of a country, region, city for the population and business. In connection with the strengthening and intensification of competition between individual cities, it becomes urgent to design a city brand, develop and implement a strategy for its promotion to the epicenter of the global information space.

Promotion of the development of the tourism sector in small towns should be considered as a tool for increasing the employment rate of the population, reducing labor migration, incl. youth, strengthening business activity, improving the financial performance of enterprises, the formation of a positive tourist image. In order to promote the development of tourism in small towns, it is necessary to actively stimulate entrepreneurial initiative, create a favorable investment and entrepreneurial climate, attract entrepreneurs to create tourist information centers, and form a tourism marketing strategy.

A kind of super-task of urban marketing is efficient use existing, as well as the creation of new advantages to attract economic agents to the city that can increase the well-being of city residents.

Tourism in the modern world is one of the most massive, profitable and intensively developing sectors of the world economy. For the development of small towns with a valuable historical and cultural heritage, it can and should become one of the priority areas. In Belarus, according to the results of research and design work carried out by various authors, over 30 small urban settlements are considered as promising tourism centers.

A large number of historical and cultural values \u200b\u200bhave been preserved in small urban settlements of Belarus. However, many of them are destroyed, are in bad technical condition... Therefore, the issues of preserving and restoring historical and cultural monuments, as well as promoting small towns are especially relevant and require immediate solutions.

To effectively promote small towns in Belarus, experience and illustrative examples of promoting small towns in other countries, for example, in Western Europe, are needed.

1.1 Germany Tourist Routes

Germany has everything to make the stay of guests pleasant: hotels for every taste, many shops, cozy cafes and restaurants, public transport (the reliability of which is known throughout the world), as well as local hospitality, which has raised the quality of tourist service to a very high level. In Germany, you can relax in a wide variety of ways, and you can also follow the most popular tourist routes.

The German Romantic Road is the oldest and most famous tourist route in Germany. Stretching 350 km from Franconia to Tyrol, it offers relaxation and experiences rich in travel experiences.

During the trip, tourists get acquainted with the history of Bavaria and the 2000-year-old culture of this land. For example, natural attractions formed by the fall of meteorites millions of years ago, or the Roman road "Via Claudia Augusta", which in the 15th century BC. ran from Northern Italy through the Alps. Already the amazing nature of southern Germany is an attraction: mountains covered with vineyards in Franconia, picturesque forests along the Danube, the purest Lake Forggensee at the foot of the Alps. In the north of the "Romantic Road" not far from Würzburg there is a monument to Balthasar Neumann, and in the south, at the foot of the famous Neuschwanstein Castle, is the Bavarian fairy-tale king Ludwig 2.

In addition to historical monuments, tourists have the opportunity to appreciate the German cuisine, wide offers for recreation, accommodation and organization of cultural events.

The German Romantic Road route covers the following cities: Munich - castles Neuschwanstein and Hohenschwangau - Füssen - Schongau - Landsberg am Lech - Augsburg - Nördlingen - Wallerstein - Dinkelsbühl - Rothenburg ob der Tauber - Bad Mergentheim - Lauda Kurenburg - Lauda Kürgenberg

As a rule, German travel agencies offer a route during the warm season (March-September), lasting 8 days / 7 nights.

Tour program
1 day	Departure to Munich. Transfer to the hotel and accommodation (in case of early arrival, a sightseeing tour is possible on the 1st day).
2nd day	Sightseeing bus and walking tour of Munich. Free time in the city.
Day 3	Drive to the Bavarian Alps. The beginning of the journey along the Romantic road of Germany. Visit to Neuschwanstein and Hohenschwangau castles. Moving to Fussen. Inspection of one of the ancient Bavarian cities with a perfectly preserved center. Accommodation at a hotel in Füssen.
Day 4	Visit to the famous pilgrimage church of Viskirche, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Moving to Schongau, a city with a rich history, which was for a long time the residence of the Wittelsbach dynasty in the Alps. Moving to Landsberg am Lech. The city was founded by Duke Henry the Lion. Moving to Augsburg, a city with 2000 years of history. Sightseeing tour and free time in the city. Moving to Nördlingen, which arose at the site of a meteorite fall, a free imperial city known in the Middle Ages, a center of trade and handicrafts. Hotel accommodation.
Day 5	Sightseeing tour of Nördling. Moving to Wallerstein, which is the residence of the Ottingen-Wallerstein princes, who currently live in the castle. Inspection of the famous plague pillar. Transfer to the imperial city of Dinkelsbühl. Acquaintance with the city. Moving to Rothenburg ob der Tauber. The city is home to the world famous Christmas Museum and Europe's largest forensic museum. City tour (the most famous of all small towns in Germany). Hotel accommodation.
6 day	Moving to the old town of Bad Mergentheim. Sightseeing tour of the city - the former residence of the Great and German Masters of the Teutonic Order. Moving to Würzburg (treasury of world architectural cultural monuments, included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List). City tour. Moving to Bamberg - one of the oldest cities in Germany. Accommodation in a hotel in Bamberg / Würzburg.
Day 7	Moving to Nuremberg. Sightseeing tour of Nuremberg. Free time. Moving to Munich. Hotel accommodation.
Day 8	Airport transfer. Departure to Moscow.

Tour cost per person in EUR

Thus, it can be seen that this route includes more than a dozen small German cities, famous for both historical and cultural monuments and natural landscapes, and has gained wide popularity and popularity due to their combination into one whole. This route is widely represented on the websites of Germany, in the printed editions of the country's bookstores.

The joint German-Czech route "Castle Route" allows tourists to learn about the common history of these two countries through the example of castles. The Route of Castles is the only route that runs from east to west. It starts in Mannheim and ends in Prague. The length of the route is 460 km. There are about 70 castles and palaces along the route. The value of this route is not only in the ancient monuments. It passes through such international tourist centers as Heidelberg, Rothenburg, Nuremberg, Bayreuth, then, already in the Czech Republic: Karlovy Vary, Marianske Lazne and Prague.

Heidelberg is home to the largest wine barrel in the world (capacity 223 liters). Here tourists visit the oldest university in Germany, and the city of Heidelberg itself was once called a "student principality".

The undoubted attraction of Rothenburg is the unique store-museum of Christmas decorations, open all year round.

In addition to castles and palaces, this route also offers a lot of interesting things: city monuments of medieval architecture, ancient churches, more than 100 museums, souvenirs handmadevisiting exhibitions.

Thus, it can be noted that a similar route can be promoted in Belarus, where there are many castles and monuments of medieval architecture in small towns. For its successful functioning, it is necessary to adopt from Germany such a "zest" as a stop in one of the castles, with national cuisine and a luxurious overnight stay surrounded by antique furniture, paintings and weapons.

The attractiveness of a city can be determined by traditional events: holidays, festivals and other events that make the city unique.

Forming associations with famous historical figures is a powerful means of attracting tourists. Tourists from all over the world come to these cities to understand what determined the inspiration of the artists, to see the natures for their works, to feel the atmosphere in which the masters lived and worked.

The “Fairy Tale Road” route is a path through a delightfully beautiful area, where in ancient times the beloved heroes of children's fairy tales lived.

The route runs from south to north, from Frankfurt am Main to Bremen. Passes through interesting cities such as Alsfeld. In this city, the houses are so beautiful and original that they resemble the pages of children's fairy tales. On Russian websites they are called "gingerbread". The city hosts a traditional festival, culminating in a fancy-dress procession through the narrow medieval streets and squares. Here the heroes of fairy tales walk the streets, fairies and elves fly, and the locals dress in traditional folk costumes. The city has a large number of monuments to fairytale heroes, the House of Fairy Tales and the Museum of Fairy Tales.

The city of Schwalmstadt is the "capital" of the fairytale heroine - Little Red Riding Hood. The city has several museums, a theater and hundreds of beautifully preserved half-timbered buildings in the old center. Schwalmstadt also holds its own festival, when the heroes of their favorite fairy tales walk the streets and Little Red Riding Hood meets tourists at every corner.

In Kassel, the capital of the Fairy Tale Road, brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm began collecting folk tales and legends that made them famous. It is here that the Brothers Grimm Museum, founded in 1959, is located. There are also romantic artificial ruins of the knightly fortress of Leuvenburg in the neo-Gothic style.

In general, the route resembles shots from a Disney cartoon, strikes with its colorfulness and originality, and makes tourists come back again and again.

Historical or modern parks, other natural landscapes with favorable conditions - natural and artificial reservoirs, forests, green spaces can be used as places for tourists' recreation.

The romantic banks of the Rhine, Moselle, Ara and Saar in the Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland are completely covered with vineyards, forming the so-called "Weinstrasse" (winemaking road).

The special microclimate of this area and an average of five hours of sunshine a day make it possible to grow grapes here.

Weinstrasse descends from Bockheim to the south and ends at Schweigen. Route length: 100 km. An unforgettable experience is left by the Moselle river valley. Its most interesting part is the winding 200-kilometer stretch between ancient Trier, founded 2,000 years ago, and Koblenz, located where the Moselle flows into the Rhine.

There are about a hundred villages on the Weinstrasse. More than 200 festivals and celebrations are held here throughout the year, dedicated to the main drink of this region. There are more than ten old castles and palaces along the Weinstrasse.

There are especially many guests here during the grape harvest season.

Thus, this route is aimed at a certain segment of tourists who want to visit the "very hinterland" of Germany, take part in local celebrations and celebrations, learn how to make homemade grape wine and taste it. This route will always be in demand, because not every country has thirteen wine-growing regions!

Tourist route German Toy Road. Journey to childhood "

Through the picturesque towns and plateaus of Franconia and Thuringia, there is a 300-kilometer hiking trail that leads straight to childhood. Here you can see a wide variety of toys - in workshops and at sales exhibitions, in museums and parks.

The city of Nuremberg annually hosts the International Toy Fair. The Coburger Land region is a "toy duchy" where you can visit the unique Puppet Museum. One of the most interesting points of the route is the city of Sonneberg - the former "world capital of toys". It houses the German Toy Museum, the Nautiland aquarium and the Raceway car race track. The Lausha resort is famous for its glass Christmas tree decorations, small glass balls for children to play with, and glass art. In Truzetal there is a mine-museum "Hyun", where the original railway is an interesting attraction.

Thus, this route is dedicated to one topic, provides tourists with the opportunity to plunge into childhood, buy souvenirs and get acquainted with small cities in Germany and their attractions.

The advantage of such combined tours is that individually each city is not of great interest for tourists, and is not very popular; However, due to the creation of such thematic routes as “The Route of Castles”, “The Route of Winemaking”, etc., which cover several small towns at once, the demand for such routes increases, the flow of tourists increases, which brings additional income to these cities. They do not go unnoticed, and every year they acquire new and new tourists.

1.2 Tourist routes in Poland

Festivals in small towns of Poland

The attractiveness of a city can also be shaped and promoted through the organization of certain events and events. A well-organized event that goes beyond the scale of the city can create a strong brand of the city. There should be a certain tradition of organizing mass events - holidays, festivals, conferences, exhibitions that have an international resonance, which annually remind of the uniqueness of this city and serve to maintain, strengthen and develop its niche in the international market.

Organ music festivals are very popular in Poland. Many churches have ancient and splendid-sounding organs. The most popular concerts at the Summer International Organ Festival at the Cathedral in Gdańsk, for over 30 years. The repertoire of the festival includes both classical works and works of contemporary authors.

Traditional events such as song festivals and film festivals are mandatory every year from June to September and attract many tourists.

Music festivals of international importance have become the cultural business card of Wroclaw. The most famous is the Wratislawia Cantans. The international festival in 2002 expanded into a year-round cycle of concerts, ballets, film screenings and exhibitions. On them you can listen to Gregorian choirs, classical music and avant-garde, all performed by famous orchestras, choirs, ensembles and soloists.

Also held in Wroclaw: Festival "Jazz over the Odra", Days of Old Masters Music, Festival of Actors' Song, International Jazz Days of remembrance of the dead, Wroclaw Meetings of One Actor Theaters and Small Theater Forms, International Festival Dialogue Wroclaw.

Poznan hosts about a dozen trade fairs and exhibitions every year, the largest of which is the International Technical Fair in June and the Consumer Goods Fair in October. Also the city of Poznan is famous for its festival of contemporary music, which is held in March.

Torun hosts folklore festivals in May and classical music festivals in September.

Knight tournaments

Tourist routes in Poland are defined in such a way that, in addition to communicating with nature, one can see monuments of history and culture: medieval castles, baroque palaces, residences of magnates, temples, sacred objects - evidence of the development of different religions and traditions, open-air museums, and also mysterious structures created before our era.

In the north of the country, there are castles, which in the XIII and XIV centuries. built by the crusaders. The most famous is the fortress in Malbork. The huge, massive towers still command respect. Inside, you can see the restored interior with preserved original fragments and museum displays. The castles in Bytom, Wrath or Golub-Dobrin in summer serve as the organization of knightly tournaments, where brotherhoods of knights from all over Europe gather. Together with them, you can travel back to the Middle Ages: become a spectator of fights on spears or axes, competitions in archery and crossbow shooting, storming the fortress wall using lifting machines of medieval construction, and in the evenings sit with knights by the fire, take part in feasts and watch the courtiers dancing.

In the south of Poland there is a unique Eagle's Nest Trail, one of the most picturesque tourist routes in Poland. It is the ruins of several dozen defensive castles of the 14th and 15th centuries, located on limestone hills and rocks. Traces of the most massive castles are found in Bobolice, Miruv, Olsztyn, Tenczyn and the Ogrodeniec area, where the castle ruins are considered the most picturesque in Poland. The territory through which the Eagle's Nest Trail passes is the Krakow-Czestochowa Ridge jurassic, a favorite area for climbers. It is also ideal for those who enjoy cycling and horse riding.

Thus, this is the clearest example of a neighboring country with the same potential as in Belarus, which made the Route of Castles route unusual, colorful, accompanied by animation programs and spectacular films. The need for the brightness of the plot of the event, the prevalence of visual and multimedia channels, its design in a "picture" (animated) allows attracting tourists from all over the world.

The development of tourism in small towns of Belarus is an important source of increasing the welfare of the country. It can be considered as a system that provides all the opportunities for acquaintance with the history, culture, customs, spiritual and religious values \u200b\u200bof small towns of Belarus and its people, and gives income to the state, jobs for individuals and legal entities. Small towns of Belarus have a number of prospects in this area. At this stage, programs are being developed to attract foreign tourists. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to establish contact with the border states, one of which is Poland.

Cross-border tourist exchange between Belarus and Poland is a topical issue at this stage in the development of international tourism in the world economy, since Poland occupies a leading position among the countries that send tourists to the Republic of Belarus and receive Belarusian tourists.

The western region of Belarus, which includes Brest and the main part of the Grodno region, is the most promising for attracting Polish tourists. A characteristic feature of the region is a high concentration of cultural and historical resources in small towns. The main excursion centers of the Western region are Novogrudok, Mir, Slonim, Zhirovichi, Krevo, Golshany.

Basically, the older generation of Poles, those people who once lived in Belarus, go on excursions to Belarus. They visit churches, Catholic cemeteries, former estates of the Polish gentry, castle ruins, as well as memorial sites associated with their compatriots.

It would be expedient to create a route "The Golden Ring in Western Belarus", focused on Poles, which would include small towns and villages associated with the common history of these states.

So, for example, Poles will be interested in taking a sightseeing tour of the first capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Novogrudok with a visit to the house-museum of Adam Mickiewicz. Inspection of the preserved towers of the Novogrudok castle of the XII century. Farny Church of the 15th century - the wedding of the King of Poland Jagiello and Princess Sophia Golshanskaya took place here, the future poet Adam Mitskevich was baptized here, the Nikolaev Church (1780), the Mikhailovsky Church (1624), the Mound of Immortality, poured in honor of the poet During the excursion, tourists visit the estate-museum in Zaosye (Baranovichi district) - the alleged birthplace of the poet. They are examining the Tuganovichi Park, where young Mitskevich met with Marylya Vereshchako; The Filaret Stone, at which young “filarets” gathered - Adam Mitskevich, Tomasz Zan, Jan Chechot.

Polish tourists can visit places that have become sources of inspiration for such poets as Eliza Ozheshko and Adam Mitskevich (Grodno - Ponemun village - Milkovshchina village - Kamenka village - Schuchin town - Ostrino town - Zheludok village - Lake Svityaz - v. Raitsa - v. Voroncha - v. Malyushichi - v. Korelichi - v. Shchorsy - v. Mir - Berezovka - Lida - Grodno).

On the way, you can call into the village of Milkovshchina, which is located 10 km from the town of Skidel, where the estate of the writer Eliza Ozheshko is located. A maple alley, a well, an old barn with a basement have survived to this day on the site of the former estate. It is planned to restore one of the surviving buildings, which will house the museum.

Then you can visit the village of Sekhnovichi - the family estate of the Tadeusz Kosciuszko family (now the Zhabinka district), where the linden alley, according to legend, was planted by Tadeusz himself. Then the path lies in Kossovo through Kobrin and Ivatsevichi. Near Kossovo, tourists visit the Merachovshchina farm-museum, which is being restored on the site of the manor house of Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

Thus, Poland, due to its geographical and spiritual proximity, as well as close economic, ethnic, cultural ties and similar standards of tourist consumption, is a natural source of tourists to Belarus. The creation of such a route as the "Golden Ring in Western Belarus" is urgent, which will cover small towns with a high concentration of historical and cultural monuments. A visit by Polish tourists to border areas will become a significant reserve for increasing the tourist flow to the Brest and Grodno regions of Belarus.

The common history of Belarus and Lithuania stimulates a significant interest of Lithuanian tourists to the cultural and historical heritage of Belarus. Therefore, it is advisable to create a route through places related to the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, through which Lithuanians can travel. From Vilnius you can head to Lida, where Lithuanian tourists can watch the Lida Castle and the animated show Wedding of King Jagiello and Sofia Golshanskaya. From Lida, you should go to Novogrudok, the symbol of which is the castle - the center of ancient Novogrudok and the residence of first appanage, and later - the Great Lithuanian princes. In these places you can hear the famous legends about the coronation of Mindaugas. Then visit the castles in Mir and Nesvizh, two of the four sights of Belarus included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The next stop can be Minsk, and on the way back it will be interesting to visit the Krevo castle in Krevo, where the Krevo union was adopted in 1385, and the stories of the legends of local guides about the flight of Prince Vitovt from the Krevo dungeons. And then go to the town of Gervyaty, where in 1536 the Vilna bishop Jan founded a wooden church of the Holy Trinity.

There are many interesting places for Belarusian tourists in Vilnius connected with the life of famous Belarusians. Schools, cultural centers, where the most famous people of Belarus were - Yanka Kupala, the Lutskevich brothers, Vaclav Lastovsky. School trips can be organized. The Belarusian trace of history in Lithuania can be found in any Lithuanian city.

Thus, the more such integrated routes are created in small towns of Belarus, the more opportunities these cities will have become famous, attract the attention of foreign tourists and win their niche in the international market. It is necessary to use European methods of promoting small towns.

A paradoxical situation has emerged in small towns today, when a variety of information seems to be enough, but it is not structured, not coordinated, unreliable, and, most importantly, it is not available. Therefore, to create the image and popularity of small towns in Belarus, it is necessary:

Create an open information network based on the Internet with an easy search for information (for example, a business card of a city);

To distinguish the city from a number of others according to certain attractive characteristics (including the main directions of the investment policy of the authorities);

To develop a corporate identity for the city and, on its basis, prepare a complete set of advertising materials for distribution both inside and outside the city;

Determine the list of souvenirs. Place trade booths in places of mass tourist visits;

Participate in regional publications (newspapers, magazines), as well as in radio and television programs that would inform about investment opportunities;

Organize a presentation of the city (as an option: a number of the most interesting investment projects) on regional television, in neighboring regions.

Constantly stir up interest in the city, using news stories, communication with the most influential people of the district, region, Russia.

· There are over 30 news agencies and business centers that provide various information services, mainly in the field of marketing, law, economics and audit.

The efficient functioning of tourist centers is impossible without a well-developed infrastructure. The capacity of these facilities, which are especially attractive for private investment, depends on the growth of tourist flows and increases in stages. An important urban planning task is the rational location of tourist infrastructure facilities. The primary condition should be their convenient accessibility - both among themselves and in relation to the main tourist and excursion routes. Optimal for small historical towns of Belarus can be considered a 10-15-minute pedestrian accessibility - 500-750 meters.

Special requirements are imposed on the design of open spaces for holding mass festivities with a large number of spectators and participants - concerts, knightly tournaments, etc. Such events attract up to 10 thousand people, and in the future their number may increase significantly. It is advisable to place the fields of mass action against the background of “natural scenery” - a castle, a silhouette of a historic city. At the same time, it is important to provide good viewing conditions, to prevent excessive crowding.

An increase in tourist flows may necessitate the use of intra-quarter territories for the development of infrastructure. So, in the courtyards adjacent to tourist routes, it is possible to set up summer cafes, green recreation places for tourists, organize pedestrian walkways to neighboring streets, create parking lots, etc.

With the development of tourism, contradictions between the interests and needs of tourists and local residents are inevitable. Therefore, it is important to spatially differentiate the functions of serving tourists and living in the local population, creating a full-fledged living environment for citizens who will have to live within the boundaries of the cultural and tourist zones being formed. This can be achieved by organizing closed (semi-closed) residential courtyards, isolated from the main tourist routes and not having free access from the streets (entrances to residential courtyards are made from residential buildings, through locked gates, gates, etc.).
Modern use of historical buildings. Most of the historical development of small towns in Belarus needs reconstruction and modernization with the obligatory preservation of the features of compositional and spatial solutions. The architectural and compositional features of the development of historical cities are also manifested in the characteristic techniques of laying walls, basements of buildings, framing door and window openings, and colors, and they should not disappear.

The development of tourism makes us look differently at the reconstruction of unique, now lost architectural structures. For example, the restored Oginsky palace with a theater in Slonim or Alba park in Nesvizh with canals and a summer residence of the Radziwills, restored in all their splendor, can become new centers of attraction for tourists and increase the attractiveness of these cities.

Organization of landscape and recreational areas. Historical or modern parks, other natural landscapes with favorable conditions - natural and artificial reservoirs, forests, green spaces can be used as places for tourists' recreation.

Organization of transport and pedestrian connections. An increase in human and traffic flows with the development of tourism in small historical cities will inevitably require the development of the road network and the improvement of transport links. And this means - the organization of convenient entrances, designed for the passage of large tourist buses to the main objects of tourist display, hotels, the shortest communication between them and railway and bus stations; creation of transport bypasses of zones of concentration of historical and cultural values \u200b\u200band tourist service facilities; placing parking lots of the required capacity near places of mass visits.

When organizing pedestrian paths, it is important not only to ensure communication over the shortest distances (rational use of tourists' time), but also to create attractive walking routes with picturesque views of architectural monuments and natural landscapes.

In many historical cities, it is advisable to create pedestrian embankments, from which the historical buildings are clearly visible. Such embankments can be created along the Oginsky Canal in Slonim, along the ponds in Nesvizh, along the ponds and the river. Miranka in g. World. This requires the clearing of territories from low-value buildings that are in disharmony with the surrounding landscape.

3.1 Basis for the formation and promotion of the city brand

For tourists

Uniqueness of natural, climatic and geographical conditions

Production of unique products using traditional technology

History and famous historical figures

Cultural attractions (museums, theaters, etc.)

Events and activities (festivals, holidays, exhibitions, conferences and others)

Sports activities

Buildings, monuments and sculptures

For investors and entrepreneurs

Attractive conditions for doing business (land and real estate value, taxation conditions, local government policy towards new enterprises, consumer characteristics, market conditions, level of infrastructure development, etc.)

Slogans, themes and positioning

A quality slogan forms a platform for enhancing the city's image. A use case for the overarching slogan is to formulate a theme that will form the basis of specific marketing programs targeting specific target groups.

Events and activities

The image of the city can also be formed and promoted through the organization of certain events, events and the construction of news stories on this basis. A successfully organized event that goes beyond the scale of the city, provided with the appropriate methods of PR-communication, can create a strong brand of the city. The need to direct events is largely determined by the mediatization of modern society, the format of the mass channels of information dissemination. Powerful information noise sets the requirement for the brightness of the event plot, the predominance of visual and multimedia channels - the requirement for its formatting into a "picture" (animated). As a result, the form of the event may turn out to be more significant than its content. The design of news stories is associated with the presence of a certain tradition of organizing mass events - holidays, festivals, conferences, exhibitions and others that have an international resonance, which every year almost in the same period place the city in the information field, actualize its significance and value for the world community, remind of its uniqueness, and therefore serve to maintain, strengthen and develop its image. Traditional events such as the Glastonbury festivals in the UK and Roskilde in Denmark are a must every year and attract numerous tourists. Munich is world famous for its Oktoberfest beer festival, and such a small and almost unknown town of Clermont - Ferrand in France is famous all over the world for its annual short film festival.

One of the most popular topics is the organization of celebrations in the city in honor of a famous person associated with this city. For example, Salzburg hosts an annual music festival associated with Mozart.

When, for example, the authorities of Leipzig set themselves the task of turning it into a tourist center, they practically from scratch organized a summer festival dedicated to the key historical figure of the city - Johann Sebastian Bach, who is still a key element of the city's brand.

Besides famous people the theme of the festivities can be classical music (Flemish International Festival), theater and dance (Lille Festival), cinema (Nice, Cannes, Venice, Clermont-Ferrand - short film festival). Numerous small towns and villages in France, Germany, Italy, Portugal hold their own wine festivals.

Thus, the face of the city can be defined by traditional events: holidays, festivals and other events that make the city unique and attract tourists looking for a unique place.

Formation of associations with famous historical figures

Having a famous figure connected to a particular city is a powerful means of forming a positive association. Similar examples are the small town of Arles and the village of Giverny in France, associated with the names of the artists Van Gogh and Claude Monet, respectively; the presence of such associations is the only source of attractiveness of these places for tourists, which allows them to continue to exist. Tourists from all over the world come to these cities to understand what determined the inspiration of the artists, to see the natures for their works, to feel the atmosphere in which the masters lived and worked.

Thus, the brand of the city is what the ordinary person associates with the city. In the absence of any idea about the city in a person, the latter will never choose it as a place for recreation. In order to attract tourists and investors, PR and brand management specialists design a policy of targeted influence on target groups to form a certain opinions (a representation that has an emotional design) about a particular territory.

In recent years, the tourism business has begun its rapid development in all countries of the world. Getting acquainted with the experience of various foreign countries, one can see that the success of the tourism business development largely depends on how this industry is perceived at the state level, and how government institutions support this industry. In order to receive income from the tourism business, any civilized state must invest heavily in the study of its territories in order to assess the tourism potential. State programs should promote the development of tourism business, the development of tourist centers, the creation and development of the necessary infrastructure, as well as advertising and information support.

Practice shows that the private sector will never be able to make large investments for the development of resort tourism enterprises, as well as the main elements of the tourism infrastructure, it cannot perform the functions of the National Tourism Administration. In countries with a developed tourism business, there are organizations that are subordinate, as a rule, to ministries that are engaged in the development of national tourism development programs. Such organizations have different names, for example, in Great Britain it is BTA (British Nourist Authority), in Italy - ENIT, in Ireland - Irish Board, in Spain - Turespana, in Norway - NOTRA. Such organizations have their own tourism offices in other countries. These organizations are developing programs that will attract tourist flows and provide tourist information.

The specificity of the tourism business is associated with a wide range of relationships. These relationships are entered by persons who participate in the processes of organizing travel and recreation. The existing relations are so diverse that they give rise to a certain complexity of legal regulation.

In any separate state, the relationship of the parties "travel agency - state", "tourist - state", "tourist - travel agency" are regulated by the relevant legislation. Such legislation should fully cover every element of the relationship of these parties.

To date, there are several approaches to the organizational process of state regulation of tourism. So in many countries with developed market economies, government regulation is completely absent, and market entities themselves carry out operational regulation. In those countries where there is state regulation of the tourist services market, two models are used - there are special government bodies, or the regulation is carried out by multidisciplinary bodies.

Now let's look at how government institutions operate in several countries.

1.In Austria the tourism industry is supervised by the Ministry of Economy. The tourism opportunities of the state are advertised by the Austrian National Tourism Office, which has offices in 26 countries.

2.In UK Tourism is managed by the Ministry of Culture, Performances and Sports, which is directly subordinate to the body in charge of tourism, the British Nourist Authority (BTA). This organization is engaged in attracting flows of foreign tourists to the UK, as well as developing domestic tourism. In addition, this organization consults with the government and other government agencies involved in tourism. For this, on the initiative of the administration, advertising campaigns are carried out outside the country through the network of its offices and representatives. The press, radio, television are also used for these purposes. The administration organizes international conferences, provides consulting and marketing services on international tourism issues and publishes various information and reference materials. By its organizational and legal form, BTA is also a private enterprise institution, which, along with traditional activities in foreign markets, also provides a number of paid marketing and consulting services, organizes seminars and exhibitions, implements a number of projects with the involvement of foreign capital, publishes and sells travel guides, video films. and other advertising and information products. BTA is headed by the Board of Directors, which consists of five members and the President. The organization has about 300 employees, of which about a third work directly in London, and the rest work in 26 representative offices abroad. BTA receives about 68% of the required funds from the state budget.

3. In Germany the organization of the tourism business is handled by the National Tourism Committee of the Ministry of Economy, which is responsible for promoting the tourism product in Germany and increasing tourist flows to the country. Representatives of this committee operate in 27 countries of the world.

4.In Israel the Ministry of Tourism works. In 2007, the budget of this organization was US $ 150 million. These funds were used to finance various events related to presentation, information, exhibition activities in all countries of the world. Also, part of this money was used to hold various conferences, organize consulting services, publish advertising materials and booklets.

5.In Indonesia there is a special department for tourism, which has broad powers in the field of protecting the rights of tourists. Thus, there is a tourist police in the country, which exercises supervision and control over all enterprises of the tourist business. In addition, she is directly involved in resolving conflict situations, in which foreign tourists become participants.

6.In Italy in 1983, a law was passed to improve and develop the tourism and hotel industry. The law defines the main governing bodies of the tourism business at the regional level and the procedure for their functioning. A clear definition of a tourist enterprise and the conditions for its registration are given. The law also defines the classification of the hotel industry, sets out a number of conditions according to which tourist bureaus, transport and public associations are allowed to engage in tourism business. In addition, the law regulates the activities of professionals in the tourism sector, determines measures to support the tourism business from the state. The Department of Tourism Activities is part of the Ministry of Production Activities. The department coordinates the activities of regional tourism administrations, develops regulatory and industry documents of a national character, studies and processes statistical data. In its international activities, the department is engaged in the creation of intergovernmental agreements and relationships with other international tourism organizations. The powers of local administrations are broad in nature. They are responsible for all issues of licensing tourism activities on their territory, carry out the classification of hotels, have the right to advertise and promote their tourism products both domestically and abroad. But, nevertheless, the main role in representing Italy in the international tourism market is assigned to the National Tourism Board (ENIT). The main function of this organization is to organize advertising and information work, conduct marketing research, coordinate the actions of foreign and local tourism organizations. ENIT is subordinate to the Department of Tourism, and its activities are fully funded from the state budget.

7.In Spain all tourism activities at the national level are determined by the Law on Competence in the Field of Tourism and the Decree on the Activities of Private Tourism Enterprises of January 14, 1965. In addition to the national law, each of the seventeen autonomies has its own legislation on tourism activities, the main provisions of which are in accordance with the above law. Articles on tourism regulate the relationship between the seller of a tourist product and a tourist, as well as a number of conditions under which legal entities and individuals are allowed to engage in tourism business, the procedure for providing tourists with their services, as well as state control measures and the procedure for applying sanctions to violators. In April 1996, the Spanish Parliament approved the Combined Travel Law. This law clearly defined the rights and obligations of both the tourist organization and the consumer of tourist services. Combined travel is understood as a trip that includes a tourist product containing at least two of the three main elements - accommodation for the night, transport and any other tourist services. This law provides a clear distribution of responsibilities within the tourism sector and clarifies various aspects of the tourism product and combined travel. All issues of tourism in Spain are handled by the State Secretariat for Trade, Tourism and Small Business, which is directly subordinate to the Ministry of Economy. In addition to the State Secretariat, the following organizations are also subordinate to the Ministry of Economy: - The Central Directorate for Tourism, which deals with administrative issues and the development of general directions of state policy in the field of tourism business. - Hotel chain "Paradores", which includes 83 hotels that are of historical value. - Two exhibition and congress centers located in Madrid and Malaga, as well as the Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca". The powers of the Ministry of Economy are rather limited. Such important issues as certification of services, licensing, development of a strategy for the tourism industry, belong to local authorities. In order to coordinate the activities of these organizations, a Council for the Development of Tourism was created in Spain, which includes representatives of government at all levels, as well as representatives of private business. In most cases, the decisions of the Council are only advisory in nature. The Spanish Institute of Tourism "Turespaca" is engaged in attracting foreign tourists. The Institute is also involved in the promotion of Spanish resorts and advertising activities abroad. The Institute's activities are fully funded from the state budget.

8. During France The Tourism Law defines the conditions that enable the sale of tours. Also, a circle of legal entities and individuals that are subject to this law has been established, a list of services that are considered to be tourist services is provided. In addition, a number of conditions have been formulated that make it possible to carry out tourism activities for travel agencies, various public organizations, local tourism authorities and individuals. Here we are talking about the possibility of obtaining an official permit to engage in tourism activities in the form as defined by the Law. In a special section of this Law, all relations between the consumer and the manufacturer of tourism services are recorded. It also sets out the main rights and obligations of the seller of services and the buyer, which must necessarily be contained in the contract. The law regulates the measures of liability of the seller of a tourist product for the quality of the services he provides. In addition, the Law provides for liability for violation of the Law and sanctions for violators and a control mechanism by state organizations over the conduct of activities by legal entities and individuals that fall under this Law. The Ministry of Transport and Public Works is in charge of regulating tourism activities. It includes the State Secretariat for Tourism and the Tourism Administration. These bodies deal with the management and regulation of the tourism industry, investment and international relations in the field of tourism business. In addition, a number of bodies are still functioning that take part in the management of tourism activities with an advisory vote: - The Tourism Council under the Ministry of Transport and Public Works. - The National Committee for Prosperity of France, which deals with the ecology and greening of cities. - National Agency for Vacation Travel. - The French Tourism Engineering Agency and the National Tourism Supervisory Board, which is responsible for marketing research and statistics in the tourism business. Also at the regional level there are representatives of the central executive power, whose responsibilities include solving issues of the development of the tourism sector and who are directly subordinate to the prefects. The activities of these representatives are mainly aimed at coordinating local initiatives in the tourism sector. The Maison de la France association, which was founded in 1987 as a result of a partnership agreement between the administrations of sightseeing facilities, travel agencies and local administrations, is promoting the image of France as a tourist destination on the international market. The activities of this organization are partially financed from the state budget, which accounts for 60%.

9.In Finland tourist activity is regulated by the Laws "On entities entitled to sell tours" and "On tours and engaging in tourist activities". The adoption of this law was prompted by Finland's accession to the EU and the need to bring Finland's laws in line with EU requirements. These laws regulated the relationship between the client and the travel agency regarding the sale of the tour, as well as the procedure for resolving disputes that arose. In March 1995, the Government of Finland adopted a decree “On the engagement in tourism activities”. This decree provides basic information that is required when registering to engage in tourism activities. In addition to the usual questions, it was necessary to indicate whether the given company is an intermediary for a foreign travel company.

10.In United States of America The first US National International Tourism Act was passed in 1961. This law provided for the creation of the Travel and Tourism Administration (TTA), which functioned as part of the US Federal Department of Commerce. Somewhat later, in 1981, the Law on National Tourism Policy was adopted. In May 1992, the Law "On Tourism Policy and Export Development" was adopted, which set the following tasks for the APT: coordinating state tourism policy in the interests of the United States, maintaining statistics of tourism activities, researching the situation in the tourism market, providing support to states, counties , cities and rural areas, management of the tourism development program. In addition to the National Agency for the Regulation of Tourism Activities at the federal level, each of the US states has a corresponding service that is responsible for the development of the tourism business. In most cases, this is the Agency for Trade, Commerce and Tourism, which is engaged in solving the problems of systematic growth and comprehensive development of the tourism business. It also organizes advertising and information programs to promote tourism and carries out research activities to analyze the state and development prospects of the tourism industry. In 1996, the US Congress passed another law that contributed to the development of the tourism business. Since 1997, a new Federal Tourist Structure, the National Tourism Organization (NOT), has begun to function. This Act states that if in the near future the NOT increases the share of the United States in the world tourism market and does not increase the flow of foreign tourists, it will be dissolved.

11.In Switzerland all tourism issues are handled by the Central Office of Tourism (CTC), which is the largest national advertising agency.

In the EU in June 1990, an EU Directive was adopted, which regulated all issues related to the content of tourism services and tourism products in general. In order to protect consumer rights, this directive brings to a single content the texts of contracts between the travel agency and the tourist, as well as stipulates all conditions, mutual rights, obligations and guarantees.