Lvov Georgy Evgenievich - biography. Political activist Social activist. Lvov (princes)

Lvov Georgy Evgenievich (1861-1925) - Russian public and statesman, head of the Provisional Government of Russia in March-June 1917, an active participant in the zemstvo movement.

Born October 21, 1861 in Dresden. Comes from the appanage princes of Yaroslavl and their main ancestor - Lev Danilovich Zubatov-Yaroslavsky, in the 14th century. who served as great prince. Tver Ivan Mikhailovich. His father, EV Lvov, became famous for his liberal views; joined in the management of their own estates only after 1861, when they became very poor and almost did not bring income.

Disputes began in the detachment. The sailors wanted to take me to Kronstadt - a hostage of the revolution. The workers demanded that all those arrested be transferred to the Yekaterinburg Soviet. Zapkus got caught in some unclean deeds and ended up in prison himself. The detachment broke up. Workers and soldiers took us to Yekaterinburg ... We lived in an atmosphere of murder. People were dragged out of the carriages, put "to the firewood" and shot ...

Lvov Georgy Evgenievich

Mother, Varvara Alekseevna, came from a family of small estates. Lvov and his brothers spent their childhood in the Popovka estate in Tula province; when the children grew up, the family moved to Moscow. After graduating from high school in 1880-1885, he studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, and after graduating in 1886-1889 he worked as a member of the provincial presence in Tula. Here he stood up for the peasants who were severely punished by the chief, which led to his break with the local authorities and his resignation.

In February 1900, he was elected the zemstvo chief in the Moscow district. Combined work with economic activities on the estate, which began to generate income. In 1900 he became the chairman of the Tula zemstvo council, at the same time he married gr. YA Bobrinskaya (died in 1903). Neoslavophil by political views, he quickly became an active participant in the zemstvo movement, at the beginning of the 20th century. organized the fight against hunger.

During russo-Japanese War was a member of a commission of 360 delegates from 14 provincial zemstvo organizations that went to Manchuria to organize mobile medical centers for Russian soldiers. Known for his help to the army commander, General A.N. Kuropatkin, in organizing hospitals for the wounded in Harbin and transporting them from the battlefields.

After returning to Moscow at the end of 1904, he took part in the First All-Zemsky Congress, as well as in the next six congresses of the Zemstvo people in 1904-1905. In May 1905, he was a member of a delegation from zemstvo organizations received by Tsar Nicholas II: the delegation was sent to convey the "address" from the chairmen of provincial councils and zemstvo vowels, as well as members of city councils on the convocation of a representative authority. A convinced Tolstoyan, Lvov considered his main task promoting "the gradual renewal of the social order in order to eliminate the dominance of violence from it and to establish conditions favorable to the benevolent unity of people."

After the publication of the Manifesto on October 17, S.Yu. Witte offered Lvov the post of Minister of Agriculture, but he refused, considering the Manifesto "a great lie of the time." Was elected from the block of cadets and octobrists of the Tula province. In the First State Duma, and after its dissolution - in the Second State Duma. As a deputy, he took part in charity events to help starving and needy fire victims. He shared some of the ideas of P.A. Stolypin, during whose premiership he was sent to Irkutsk to provide assistance to immigrants (1908). In 1909 he published a book Priamurye, in which he criticized the Russian authorities for their inability to provide for the life of the immigrants, and at his own expense he went to Canada to study the resettlement case. In 1912, his candidacy for the post of Moscow mayor was rejected by the Minister of Internal Affairs, who saw in Lvov's public speeches "the poison of anti-government propaganda."

With the outbreak of World War I, Lviv, having shown itself as a man of remarkable organizational abilities, headed the All-Russian Zemstvo Union for Aid to Sick and Wounded Soldiers (VZS), and after the union of this alliance with the All-Russian Union of Cities (VCG) and the creation of the so-called Zemgora, he headed it. In a short time, this organization of assistance to the army with an annual budget of 600 million rubles. became the main public institution engaged in equipping hospitals and sanitary trains, supplying clothing and footwear for the army (it was in charge of 75 trains and 3 thousand infirmaries, in which more than 2.5 million sick and wounded soldiers and officers were treated).

Georgy Lvov was born on October 21, 1861 in the city of Dresden, Germany. Representative of the princely family of Lvov. Father - Prince Yevgeny Vladimirovich Lvov, Aleksinsky district leader of the nobility, mother - Varvara Alekseevna Mosolova. The family, by noble standards, was not rich; in the Tula province they owned the estate Popovka. Older brother Alexei from 1896 headed the Moscow School of Painting. Another brother, Vladimir, has been in charge of the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1901.

He graduated from the private Polivanov gymnasium in Moscow and the law faculty of Moscow University. The Tula landowner, working in the judicial and zemstvo bodies of the Tula province, he very soon won wide fame as a zemstvo leader; chairman of the Tula provincial zemstvo council, participant in zemstvo congresses. The countryman of Prince Lev Tolstoy, who knew the entire Lvov family, approved of his activities.

In 1901, Prince Lvov in the Bogoroditskaya estate married youngest daughter the owner of the estate, Count A.P. Bobrinsky, Julia. The Bobrinsky family comes from the illegitimate son of Catherine II. The chosen one of the prince was of poor health and died two years later, they had no children.

Member of the Zemstvo opposition circle "Beseda" and the liberal movement "Union of Liberation".

Lvov was elected to the State Duma of the 1st convocation. In the Duma, Lvov headed the medical and food committee with broad charitable purposes: bakeries, canteens, sanitary points for the starving, fire victims and the poor were created with the money of the government and Russian and foreign financial organizations. He was engaged in providing assistance to migrants to Siberia and the Far East of Russia. To study the resettlement business, Lviv in 1909 visited the United States and Canada.

Since 1911 - member of the Moscow Committee of the Progressists Party. In 1913, after the resignation of N.I. Guchkov, G.E. Lvov was elected by the Moscow City Duma as a candidate for the post of Moscow mayor, but was not approved by the Minister of Internal Affairs N.A. Maklakov. This event was the beginning of a long conflict between the Moscow city government and the government. After G.E. Lvov, the Moscow Duma in 1913 elected candidates twice more, who were not then approved by the government.

In Moscow in 1914, at a congress prepared by the Moscow zemstvo and with the participation of zemstvo representatives from all over Russia, the "All-Russian zemstvo union for helping the sick and wounded military" was created - it was headed by Lvov. In a short time, this organization of assistance to the army, with an annual budget of 600 million rubles., Became the main organization engaged in equipping hospitals and sanitary trains, supplying clothing and shoes for the army.

A year later, this union merged with the All-Russian Union of Cities into a single organization - ZEMGOR. From 1915 to 1917, Lviv headed the joint committee of the Zemsky Union and the Union of Cities, and fought against corruption and the politicization of ZEMGOR. At the congress of zemstvo leaders in September 1915, he declared: "The powerful combination of government activity with the public so desired by the whole country did not take place."

Since 1916, Lvov's name has appeared on many lists of members of the "responsible ministry" or "ministry of trust", which was supposed to replace the existing "government of bureaucrats."

On March 2, 1917, by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, Lvov was appointed minister-chairman and minister of the interior of the first Provisional Government, and also headed the first coalition government. It should be noted that along with the abdication of the throne, Emperor Nicholas II signed a decree appointing Lvov as chairman of the Council of Ministers in March 1917, but the decree was ignored.

The failure of the June offensive and the July uprising organized by the Bolsheviks led to a government crisis. On July 7, 1917, Lvov resigned from the posts of head of the cabinet and minister of the interior. The Provisional Government was headed by the Minister of War and Naval Kerensky.

After the October Revolution he settled in Tyumen, in the winter of 1918 he was arrested and transferred to Yekaterinburg. After 3 months, Lvov, and two more prisoners were released before the trial on recognizance not to leave, and Lvov immediately left Yekaterinburg, made his way to Omsk, occupied by the rebellious Czechoslovak corps.

The Provisional Siberian Government formed in Omsk, headed by P. Vologodsky, instructed Lvov to leave for the United States to meet with President V. Wilson and other statesmen to inform them about the goals of the anti-Soviet forces and receive assistance from Russia's former allies in the First World War.

In October 1918 he arrived in the USA. But Lvov was late - in November of the same year, the First world War ended, preparations began for the peace conference in Paris, where the center of world politics moved. Having failed to achieve any practical results in the United States, Lvov returned to France, where in 1918-1920 he headed the Russian political conference in Paris. He stood at the origins of the system of labor exchanges to help Russian emigrants, transferred to their disposal the funds of Zemgora, which were kept in the National Bank of the United States. Later he retired from political activity, lived in Paris, and lived in poverty. He earned money by handicraft, wrote memoirs.

Georgy Evgenievich Lvov died on March 7, 1925 in Paris and was buried in the Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois Cemetery.

Lvov Georgy Evgenievich (October 21 (November 2) 1861, Dresden - March 7, 1925, Paris) - Russian public and political figure, prince, after the February Revolution was the chairman of the Provisional Government (actually the head of state). The pedigree of Prince G. Lvov goes back to the deep roots of Russian history - he is Rurikovich and an aristocrat of the highest "standard". He belonged to the ancient Lvov family. Father - Prince Yevgeny Alexandrovich Lvov (1831-1878), mother - Zoya Dmitrievna Bibikova (1840-1906). The family, by noble standards, was not rich. Graduated from the Law Faculty of Moscow University (1885). The Tula landowner, working in the judicial and zemstvo bodies of the Tula province, he very soon won wide fame as a zemstvo leader; chairman of the Tula provincial zemstvo council, participant in zemstvo congresses. The countryman of Prince Lev Tolstoy, who knew the entire Lvov family, approved of his activities. Lvov was elected to the First State Duma. In the Duma, Lvov headed the medical and food committee with broad charitable purposes: bakeries, canteens, sanitary points for the starving, fire victims and the poor were created with the money of the government and Russian and foreign financial organizations. He was engaged in rendering assistance to migrants to Siberia and the Far East. To study the resettlement business, Lvov visited the United States and Canada in 1909. Since 1912 - a member of the Moscow Committee of the Progressists Party (earlier, since 1905, he was a member of the Cadet Party). In Moscow, the All-Russian Zemstvo Union for Aid to the Sick and Wounded Military (VZS) was created, headed by Lvov. In a short time, this organization of assistance to the army, with an annual budget of 600 million rubles, became the main organization engaged in equipping hospitals and sanitary trains, supplying clothing and shoes for the army (it was in charge of 75 trains and 3 thousand hospitals, in which they received treatment of over 2.5 million sick and wounded soldiers and officers). For donations, collected by Lviv within the country, about 10,000 canteens and bakeries were opened, tens of millions of meals and rations were issued. Children's orphanages were set up, and aces of trains were sent to the front with parcels and gifts for the army. A year later, this union merged with the All-Russian Union of Cities into a single organization - ZEMGOR From 1915 to 1917 he headed the joint committee of the Zemsky Union and the Union of Cities. Lvov fights against corruption and the politicization of ZEMGOR. At the congress of zemstvo leaders in September 1915, he declared: "The powerful combination of government activity with the public so desired by the whole country did not take place." Since 1916, Lvov's name has appeared on many lists of members of the "responsible ministry" or "ministry of trust", which was supposed to replace the existing "government of bureaucrats." The decree to the Governing Senate on the appointment of Lviv as the chairman of the Council of Ministers is dated 2 p.m. on March 2 (15), that is, an hour earlier than the time indicated in the abdication, that is, Lviv was appointed by the Emperor. After the February Revolution, from 10 (23) March 1917 - the Minister-Chairman and Minister of Internal Affairs of the first Provisional Government, also headed the first coalition government. There was no person in the country who would enjoy such respect and trust. But already at the first meeting of the Provisional Government, the ministers experienced disappointment, according to the testimony of the Minister of Foreign Affairs P.N. Milyukov. members of the government "did not feel the leader in front of them. The prince (Lvov) was evasive and cautious: he reacted to events in soft, vague forms and got off with general phrases." The first measures of the Provisional Government were of a general democratic nature: a complete amnesty for all political prisoners, the introduction of democratic freedoms, the abolition of all class, religious and national legal restrictions, the holding of general elections to local government bodies, the preparation of elections to the Constituent Assembly. But already at the very beginning of the activities of the Provisional Government, there was obvious confusion, the lack of political will and a well-thought-out concrete program of action, the incompetence of a number of members of the Provisional Government in resolving political, military, financial issues, the strong dependence of the Provisional Government on the Soviets. Soon the inability of G.E. Lvov. to direct the work of the Provisional Government became obvious to everyone. From April 18, 1917 to April 21, 1917, after the statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs P. N. about the intention to continue the war to a victorious end, the first government crisis broke out. At the request of the public, the unpopular military and naval minister Guchkov A.I. and Foreign Minister Milyukov P.N. were dismissed. At the suggestion of the head of the government of Lvov G.E. the first coalition government was formed, it included representatives of the socialist parties. It seemed that a coalition government of representatives of the two leading political forces would be able to establish constructive work, but it soon became clear that there was no close interaction between the members of the coalition Provisional Government. The authority of the Provisional Government was steadily declining. On July 3, 1917, mass demonstrations took place in Petrograd demanding the resignation of the government. On July 7, the government resigned, and Lvov left for Optina Pustyn to the elders.

After the October Revolution, he settled in Tyumen, in the winter of 1918 he was arrested and transferred to Yekaterinburg. After 3 months, Lvov and two more prisoners (Lopukhin and Prince Golitsyn) were released pending trial on recognizance not to leave, and Lvov immediately left Yekaterinburg, made his way to Omsk, freed from the Bolsheviks by the insurgent Czechoslovak corps. The Provisional Siberian Government formed in Omsk, headed by P. Vologodsky, instructed Lvov to leave for the United States to meet with President W. Wilson and other statesmen. In October he came to America. In November 1918, the world war ended, preparations began for a peace conference in Paris and Lvov returned to France, where in 1918-1920 he headed the Russian political conference in Paris. In Paris, G.E. Lvov managed to obtain significant financial resources from the tsarist government's money stored in foreign banks. On the basis of these funds, he organized the "Bureau of Labor" to help impoverished emigrants from Russia. Lvov G.E. he did a lot for the needy, he himself lived modestly, but the emigration did not respect him, considering him one of the main culprits of what happened to Russia. His death in Paris went unnoticed.

He never thought about revolution, was a supporter of peaceful struggle (contemporaries called him a master of compromise); advocated democratic reforms carried out only at the initiative of the king; the future of Russia was presented in the form of a monarchy with a ministry responsible to the legally elected representatives of the people.

Georgy Evgenievich Lvov is a prominent public and statesman of Russia in the first third of the 20th century, known primarily as an active participant in the zemstvo movement and the head of the Provisional Government.

G.E. Lvov was born on October 21, 1861 in Germany (in the city of Dresden), but in the same year his family moved to Russia - to the village of Popovka in the Aleksinsky district of the Tula province. The years of his childhood - the time of the Great Reforms - major transformations of all spheres of Russian reality on a new basis.

The Lvov princes belonged to that small part of the provincial society, which developed and defended the new system. Labor became the basis of their new life; the place of activity since then is Popovka. Under the influence of the atmosphere of hard work, benevolence, respect for everyone around, close unity with the peasants, the worldview of Georgy Lvov was formed in the estate. He "always followed the compass from Popovka and led a line that began from there from early childhood."

He received his secondary education at the Moscow Polivanov gymnasium, but his only desire after graduation was to forget all the knowledge he had acquired, since the gymnasium was tearing him away from the real life into which Popovka was “dragging”. Hoping to get a "systematic general education" without interrupting his work on his own estate, he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. After completing his studies, Lvov returned to Popovka. Here he built a chip mill, an oil mill, a wool mill, and a mill; planted a huge apple orchard, sold seedlings, apple marshmallows, fruits, berries to Moscow. Taking care of the arrangement of the peasants' life, he built a two-year primary school, opened a shop and a tea shop.

Simultaneously with the economic activity in Popovka, the social life of Georgy Evgenievich also developed. Since 1886 - he is a member of the presence on peasant affairs in Epifani and Moscow, since 1891 - in Tula; from 1887 - vowel of the Aleksinsky district and Tula provincial zemstvos. In 1900, he was elected chairman of the Tula zemstvo council. With his participation in Tula, several departments of the city hospital, a zemstvo shelter for foundlings and orphans were improved; a hospital was created in Petelino, with a complex of service institutions.

During the poor harvest of 1904-1905. under his leadership, measures were taken to combat epidemics, food campaigns; public works were organized (construction of ponds and wells).

G. Lvov was famous person in the Tula province, he had a reputation as a business man, well versed in zemstvo affairs, willingly and diligently doing his job.

The prince acquired all-Russian fame during the Russian-Japanese war, leading the zemstvo campaign to help Russian soldiers in Manchuria. He returned to Russia as a national hero of that time.

In 1905 G.E. Lvov became a deputy of the I State Duma from the Tula province; in the summer of 1906 - chairman of the government medical and food committee; in 1907 - an organizer of large-scale aid to peasants-migrants in the Far East; in 1914 - the head of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union for Aid to Sick and Wounded Soldiers; in 1915 - the head of the Joint Committee of the Zemsky-City Union (Zemgora).

Zemstvo work G.E. Lvov devoted almost his entire life, attaching great importance to it, trying to prove in practice the possibility and productivity of joint work of society and government. He was not a participant in the political struggle in the zemstvo, since politics was alien to him, he was a practitioner.

The popularity and importance of Lviv in those years were very high. According to P.N. Milyukov, he was promoted from all sides to the saviors of the motherland: in March 1917, Georgy Evgenievich became the head of the Provisional Government, but he did not justify his hopes. When asked the question: "Wouldn't it be better to refuse?" - answered: "I could not go there."

He never thought about revolution, was a supporter of peaceful struggle (contemporaries called him a master of compromise); advocated democratic reforms carried out only at the initiative of the king; the future of Russia was presented in the form of a monarchy with a ministry responsible to the legally elected representatives of the people.

Work in the Provisional Government gave many contemporaries a reason to consider the prince "an unlucky ruler who frivolously took up not his own business and destroyed Russia." In 1918 G.E. Lvov left the country. Considering the activities of the Bolsheviks alien to the best qualities of the people's life, he turned to the heads of state of America and England, with a request to help the White movement, but was refused. With his active participation in Paris in 1918, one of the foreign anti-Soviet centers, the Russian Political Conference, was formed. Since 1920, being the head of the emigre Zemgor, he organized assistance to emigrants from Russia.

Prince Georgy Evgenievich Lvov died on March 7, 1925 in Paris. His life in a foreign land was imbued with longing for Russia and the Russian people, whom he deeply and sincerely loved. The prince left his unfinished "Memories", helping to understand the foundations on which all his activities were built, and to which he remained faithful throughout his life.

LVOV, GEORGY EVGENIEVICH(1861-1925) - Russian public and statesman, head of the Provisional Government of Russia in March-June 1917, an active participant in the zemstvo movement.

Born October 21, 1861 in Dresden. Comes from the appanage princes of Yaroslavl and their main ancestor - Lev Danilovich Zubatov-Yaroslavsky, in the 14th century. who served as great prince. Tver Ivan Mikhailovich. His father, EV Lvov, became famous for his liberal views; joined in the management of their own estates only after 1861, when they became very poor and almost did not bring income. Mother, Varvara Alekseevna, came from a family of small estates. Lvov and his brothers spent their childhood in the Popovka estate in Tula province; when the children grew up, the family moved to Moscow. After graduating from gymnasium in 1880-1885, he studied at the law faculty of Moscow University, and after graduating in 1886-1889 he worked as a member of the provincial presence in Tula. Here he stood up for the peasants who were severely punished by the chief, which led to his break with the local authorities and his resignation.

In February 1900, he was elected the zemstvo chief in the Moscow district. Combined work with economic activities on the estate, which began to generate income. In 1900 he became the chairman of the Tula zemstvo council, at the same time he married gr. YA Bobrinskaya (died in 1903). He was a neo-Slavophil in political views, he quickly became an active participant in the zemstvo movement, at the beginning of the 20th century. organized the fight against hunger.

During during the Russo-Japanese War, he was a member of a commission of 360 delegates from 14 provincial zemstvo organizations that went to Manchuria to organize mobile medical centers for Russian soldiers. Known for his help to the army commander, General A.N. Kuropatkin, in organizing hospitals for the wounded in Harbin and transporting them from the battlefields.

After returning to Moscow at the end of 1904, he took part in the First All-Zemsky Congress, as well as in the next six congresses of the Zemstvo members of 1904-1905. In May 1905, he was a member of a delegation from zemstvo organizations received by Tsar Nicholas II: the delegation was sent to convey the "address" from the chairmen of provincial councils and zemstvo vowels, as well as members of city councils on the convocation of a representative authority. A convinced Tolstoyan, Lvov considered his main task to be assistance to "the gradual renewal of the social system in order to eliminate the dominance of violence from it and establish conditions favorable to the benevolent unity of people."

After the promulgation of the Manifesto on October 17, S.J. Witte offered Lvov the post of Minister of Agriculture, but he refused, considering the Manifesto "the great lie of the time." Was elected from the block of cadets and octobrists of the Tula province. In I The State Duma, and after its dissolution – in II State Duma. As a deputy, he took part in charity events to help starving and needy fire victims. Shared some of the ideas of P.A. Stolypin, during whose premiership he was sent to Irkutsk to provide assistance to migrants (1908). In 1909 he published a book Amur region, in which he criticized the Russian authorities for their inability to provide for the life of the immigrants, and at his own expense went to Canada to study the resettlement case. In 1912, his candidacy for the post of Moscow mayor was rejected by the Minister of Internal Affairs, who saw in Lvov's public speeches "the poison of anti-government propaganda."

With the outbreak of World War I, Lviv, having shown itself as a man of remarkable organizational abilities, headed the All-Russian Zemstvo Union for Aid to Sick and Wounded Soldiers (VZS), and after the union of this alliance with the All-Russian Union of Cities (VCG) and the creation of the so-called Zemgora, he headed it. In a short time, this organization of assistance to the army with an annual budget of 600 million rubles. became the main public institution engaged in equipping hospitals and sanitary trains, supplying clothing and footwear for the army (it was in charge of 75 trains and 3 thousand infirmaries, in which more than 2.5 million sick and wounded soldiers and officers were treated).

In August 1915 Lvov was included in the list of the "government of trust" drawn up by members of the "Progressive Bloc" as a candidate for the post of Minister of Internal Affairs. In September 1915 he took part in the congress of zemstvo leaders in Moscow, which discussed the issue of aid to refugees. A year later, in December 1916, at a meeting of the Zemstvo people, he called for the creation of a "responsible government" under the monarch. According to the memoirs of contemporaries (AI Guchkov and others), at the end of 1916, he proposed a plan for a "palace coup", according to which changes in the management system were to be made by the leader. book Nikolai Nikolaevich, in whose government, if any, Lvov was ready to enter.

IN February Revolution of 1917 was nominated by the Duma for the post of head of the Provisional Government (his main rival in the appointment to this post was M.V. Rodzianko, but the candidacy of Lvov was promoted by the leader of the cadets P.N. Milyukov). As the head of the Provisional Government, Lvov assumed the powers of the Minister of Internal Affairs on March 2, 1917. On March 6, at his order, the functions of the provincial and district authorities began to be performed by the chairmen of the zemstvo councils as "commissars" of the government.

In conditions of dual power, in a disintegrating state, the Lvov cabinet announced amnesty to all prisoners, canceled death penalty, national and confessional restrictions, introduced a grain monopoly, began preparations for the convocation Constituent Assembly... Land committees on agrarian legislation began to work actively, independence of Finland was returned, negotiations began with Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania on self-determination. Lvov considered the Soviets of Workers' Deputies "an annoying hindrance" and not a "second power". Nevertheless, on April 27, 1917, at a meeting of the Provisional Government, he put forward the idea of \u200b\u200ba "coalition with the socialists." Refusing to understand such an act of his and preferring "solid power", the ministers P.N. Milyukov and AI Guchkov on May 5 left the government of Lvov.

But the new, coalition government with socialist ministers only weakened the government apparatus and could not cope with the growing peasant unrest, which marked May 1917. Moreover, the offensive at the front, which Lvov hoped to be successful, ended in defeat. On July 7, 1917, he resigned, left for Moscow and from there retired to Optina Pustyn. Lvov never thought about revolution, was a supporter of a peaceful struggle (contemporaries called him a master of compromise); advocated democratic changes carried out only on the initiative of the king. He represented the future of Russia in the form of a monarchy with ministers responsible to the legally elected representatives of the people. When he was asked the question: "Wouldn't it be better to refuse?" (to head the government), he replied: "I could not help but go there."

When the Bolsheviks came to power, he fled to Tyumen, where he was arrested in February 1918, and taken to Yekaterinburg. He fled again, this time to Omsk, contacted representatives of the white movement, with their help he left for America in October 1918, where he met with President Wilson. In 1919, in order to participate in the Paris Peace Conference, he became the organizer of the convocation of a Russian political conference from the former Russian ambassadors of tsarist Russia, leaders of the white movement and emigrants. But his credentials were not recognized by the Allied Powers. In April 1920, he opened a Labor Exchange for Russian emigrants at the expense of Zemgor, some of which were in foreign banks in Paris. In the same city he died on March 6, 1925.

Irina Pushkareva