Introduction Editing Stages Modern Editing Opportunities

Bibliography and bookbook statistics.

Russian Book Chamber - a unique scientific and bibliographic and a guide institution, a state bibliography center, archival storage of publications, print statistics, international standard press numbering, scientific research in the field of books. Accounting for the manufactured printing products is carried out on the basis of registration and processing, free compulsory instance of each publication entering the Russian book chamber from publishing houses, publishing organizations, printing enterprises of all forms of ownership.

Bibliography - the area of \u200b\u200bscientific practical activity on the creation and use of bibliographic information in order to influence the consumption of printing of printing in society.

Currently, the general, alphabetic, subject, systematic and other catalogs of the Russian book chamber is constantly replenished, contain about 35 million bibliographic records issued in Russia in 1817. The main types of bibliographic instructions include book chronicle, the chronicle of periodic and continuing publications, the chronicle of isoshyds, the chronicle of the author's abstracts and dissertations, a tonet chronicle, a cartographic chronicle, etc. State print statistics in the Russian Federation is conducted on output.

Print statistics are a section of statistics, which takes into account the number of publishing in the country in various cuts in various cuts and establishes the patterns of changes in publishing in numerical terms. Information about print statistics is published in the yearbooks.

Original - original.

Original - manuscript, drawing, the drawing from which printing is made.

The original is the text from which the translation into other languages \u200b\u200bis carried out.

Industry Standard 29.115-88 - original author and text publishers. General technical requirements.

OST 29.106-90 - original originals for printing reproduction. General specifications.

The author's text original is the text part of the work prepared by the author to transfer to the publisher and the subsequent editorial publishing processing. It serves as the basis for the manufacture of publishing text original.

Author's original illustration - flat, graphic and photographic images intended for printing playback. When preparing a re-edition, the author has the right to provide an opening, strips with a large number of changes are reprinted entirely. If the re-edition is produced by a reprint, the author represents 3 copies of the book, in one of which it makes amendments with the help of corrective signs. Reprinted publications (re-editions) are non-fear publications, the bands of which will be reproduced from publication pages serving as an original layout.

Fine originals distinguish:

by image

1. Stroke

2. Halftone

1. Black and white

2. Color

by destination

1. Illustrations

2. Simple decorations

according to the degree of reflection of light

1. Transparent

2. Oparatic

on the technique of creating and the method of transmitting content

1. Photo

2. Figure

5. Diagram

7. Cartographic image

Requirements for the visual origin: it should be flat, with a smooth surface, without defects that can interfere with reproduction or distort it, without spots, punctures, unnecessary inscriptions, bends, foldings, cracks and pollution. Details of images must be sharp. The grain of the photo should be invisible. On the back of each opaque visual original indicate the name of the author, title, the name of the publisher, the type of origin, its number, the method of printing. One of the most important requirements for the author's original is its completeness: a title page of the publication, a text original, a second copy of the text part of the original, workbooks, copyright originals, text, signatures to illustrations. Within the term released by the author's contract for approving the manuscript, its review is also conducted. After receiving the reporting of the reviewer, the editor is preparing a proposal to approve the manuscript, the need for its refinement or deviation. With the remarks of the editor and the reviewer, the author is acquainted, which takes them or reasonably rejects, the manuscript is being finalized, after which it returns to the publisher. With an approved and adopted manuscript, the editor continues to work.

Editing is an integral part of the publishing process, the content of which is the creative work of the editor in conjunction with the author on the manuscript of the work in order to improve its content and form, prepare for printing reproduction and issuance. Editing Stages:

1. Preview manuscript, its editorial analysis

4. Edit text

5. Reads after set of edited text

6. Chitka and editing of corrective impulsions

7. Signing alarm instance to release

Types of editorial editing

1. The deduction is the correction of technical errors in preparing reprint without processing, as well as official and documentaries

2. Reduction - correction to limit the text with a certain amount

3. Processing - Correction of ideological-semantic, actual, composite, logical, stylistic, but without a fundamental text transformation

The editorial editorial technique suggests a number of rules:

1. Do not start editing without getting acquainted with the text as a whole, without rearing his common advantages, features and disadvantages

2. Edit only after installed and accurately determined the cause of dissatisfaction with the text

3. Do not go beyond the admissible editorial intervention in the text

4. Restor to the possibility of a minimum amendment

5. Critical to each introduced editing

Editorial technique.

1. Edit directly in the text

2. Insert the text detachable

3. Large inserts inserts in the fields or on a separate page, lined up to the main

4. Crossing the text to connect the arrow the last word before exercise and first after it

5. In edit, use signs used when drawing out

Simultaneously with the work on the text editor editors the author's original illustrations. With the help of illustrations, the content is expressed, which or it is impossible or difficult to convey in the text form. The consequence of the processes occurring during the preparation of the publishing original-layout arise editorial costs. Part of the costs can be attributed to a specific edition. Costs that cannot be directly attributed to a specific publication are distributed in accordance with the accounting policy of the publisher.

Editing (in other words - verification and correction of text) - one of the most important stages of work on.

Getting Started to edit text, it is important to clearly realize what goals in front of you are set. Editing can be as pure stylistic (i.e. not affecting content) and semantoy. In the first case, the editor requires primarily impeccable literacy, a subtle sense of the word. In the second, along with this, a thorough knowledge of the substance of the issue, ownership of actual material. There is, however, and general principles.

The generalized circuit of the editor work looks like this:

• perception - criticism - adjustments;
• checking the actual material;
• identification of composite flaws;
• identifying stylistic errors and errors;
• detection of spelling and punctuation errors.

The first stage of editing is the perception of text - it is extremely important. Before changing anything, you should familiarize yourself with the document as a whole. Part of the questions usually manage to remove the reading. In addition, only with a holistic perception, the editor turns out to be assessed by the composition, detect contradictions, logical errors, disproportion of the parts of the document, etc.

After the document read and marked errors and moments that cause doubt to solve the most difficult and delicate question about permissible degree of intervention in text. The originality of editorial work is that the corrections are made in someone else's text. Consequently, the editing has the right to change the form, but not the content of the document. Not always the question of the permissible limits of intervention in the text is solved simply. First of all, this refers to the problem of verbal repetitions.

Official-business style has its own specifics. One of the fundamental requirements for the language is accuracy, definition of statements. And although usually the repetition of the same word (or single-damned words) within a small text is considered a stylistic error, but it is permissible if we are talking about the repetition of terms. Special vocabulary has a number of features that need to be considered. The value of the term is specifically, it most often does not have absolute synonyms and cannot be replaced by another word without changing the essence of the statement. Therefore, it is often necessary to make an exception for texts, saturated terminology, and maintain verbal repeats for the sake of the point of meaning.

For example: after the end of the work of GAK, the deanati on the basis of the GAK protocols constitute an order to end the educational institution, which is submitted to the training department within five days from the date of completion of the operation of the GAK.

GAK - the State Attestation Commission can not be replaced by loved ones by the meaning of the phrase. To avoid a three-time repeat, you can only use the word "commission" instead of the abbreviation.

The editor should be remembered: if you have to save the reasons, you need to think about other ways to "relieve" text. In particular, you can abandon long, cumbersome sentences. Most often, a complex proposal is not difficult to turn into a few simple.

The most important Principles of editorial board You can define as follows:

• saving the content of the document unchanged;
• the ability to prove that the intervention in the text is necessary;
• integrity and sequence (all disadvantages are noted and corrected immediately, since one change may entail the other);
• clarity and accuracy.

The latter seems obvious. Nevertheless, there are no cases when the editor makes editor from hand, and some words are "unreadable". In the future, the one who dials the text on the computer may involuntarily contribute a new error to the document.

Completely unacceptable, by graduating from editorial work, leave the question marks or other marks in the fields.

Editorial functions are considered fulfilled after all doubts are allowed and on the fields of the document there were only the marks intended for the introduction of corrections.

Edit texts

There are four main types of editorial editing:

• edit-cue;
• edit-reduction;
• editing processing;
• edit-alteration.

Edit-End Maximum close to the project work. It is a correction of spelling and punctuation errors and typos. Such corrections usually do not require coordination with a person signing a document.

Modern computer equipment released the workshops from a large part of the projector: Text editors allow you to check the spelling and make corrections directly during the text set. But this should not be the basis for perfect carelessness. In this question, as in many others, a person has no right to fully rely on the technique.

We have to keep in mind that computer text editors do not know many of their own names. Surnames, initials, geographical names, the names of enterprises and institutions must be reconciled with special care.

In addition, the computer is able to detect not all typos. He "will not notice", for example, the transformation of the pretext of "on" into the pretext of "for", particles "not" in "nor": for him all the same correct words. Automatic check will not give results if you mistakenly scored "1897" instead of "1997". Only a person understanding the meaning of saying is able to detect similar errors.

Edit-abbreviation produced in two basic cases:

• first, when it is necessary to make a document in short, then you can go for a slight decrease in the volume of content);
• secondly, when the text contains redundant information - repetitions and "common places".

The editor must eliminate from well-known facts, capital truths, extra injuries and designs. It is important that the editor is well-oriented in the material and was able to determine how justified the repetition of the same words and whether they are subject to synonyms.

Editing processing It is an improvement in the style of the document. Errors and shortcomings are eliminated due to violation of the combination of words, non-dissolution of paronyms, using bulky syntactic structures, etc.

A document reflected by a qualified editor should:

• do not contain actual errors and typos;
• be perfectly literate from the point of view of spelling and punctuation;
• have an optimal volume;
• building under the laws of logic;
• comply with the stylistic standards of the Russian literary language and the special requirements of official-business style.

Consider the organization of the edit process and try to highlight the steps, the content and sequence of the editor over the original. It should be remembered that this separation is quite conditional. The consistent sequence in each case will depend on several factors:

species and complexity of the original

measures of its preparedness

experienced editor,

organization of the publishing process in a specific edition or publishing house.

Editing Stages:

1) first, through, reading;

3) work on the structure (composition);

4) definition of a single style presentation style;

5) work with auxiliary and service part of the publication;

6) work on headlines;

7) Editorial editing (using different types of editing).

Briefly consider each of these stages.

1) first, pass-through reading

At the preparatory stage of the editorial and publishing process (this was about this in the previous lesson), the editor in general could have already made the first impression of the original that he would need to be prepared in print. But before taking the handle (or start editing on the computer screen), he must have fluently read all the work.

Practice confirms that the novice editor is often ignored by this stage and take the text immediately, after reading the first paragraph. Over time, it may turn out that it was not necessary to spend at this time, since the entire edited part in relationships with other components of the text will need to reduce, or radically recycling, or transfer it to another place of the original. And to this conclusion, the editor can come only after reading all the work will appreciate it, will determine the strengths and weaknesses.

The first reading technique can be different. It depends primarily from the editor's experience. The experienced "pen sharks" developed their criteria for this reading: at first they pay attention to the content and structure of the work; Further -Begable viewing most pages, selective reading of individual paragraphs in different parts of the original, clarifying the eclectics of the text, repeats, the number of logical, semantic or language errors, etc., the beginners this stage of work can stretch over time. But practice shows that this should not save time.

After the first reading, they become obvious flaws of the author. First of all, this concerns the completeness of the original, i.e. The presence of all it component parts. Not made references to sections, unacceptable paragraphs, near-Western illustrations, unfinished tables or schemes - all this can be a serious obstacle to the editor's work, compliance with the approved deadlines of the original in all stages of the editorial and publishing process.

Therefore, at this stage of editing, you should clarify, together with the author, the composition of the original presented, to identify the missing components, and make a decision: or postpone the robot, or begin to edit, having agreed with the author about the final deadlines to eliminate the shortcomings.

3) work on the structure (composition) of the original

This is a responsible stage, from the fulfillment of which will depend on the quality of the substantive part of the future edition. It is primarily about the structural organization of the entire text, the logical relationship of all its parts, regardless of whether it is a journalistic work or a book edition. Of course, the book requires more attention to the editor.

An experienced and dear editor, having received the author as a whole, readable, but a carefully not structured original, will work well on the fact that only the future edition was convenient for using the reader. Especially when it comes to textbook, benefits, research and popular edition or monograph. Of course, the structure of the publication will benefit when individual sections are divided into paragraphs, and those, in turn, to subparagraphs, but only an experienced editor can tell how to competently structure the publication in order to withstand the overall setting structure and its proportionality.

Again, only the editor will be able to suggest the author, which is not enough in this original. For example, not enough control issues and tasks after each topic; or the book will benefit from what will be presented in it introduction famous specialist in this problem; or illustrated material should be made varied, and not to serve only portraits; Or to the alphabetic pointer should also be added substantive and geographical. And this number of editorial proposals for improving the structure of the publication can be continued.

4) definition of a single style presentation style

Adhering to generally the general preparation requirements for the newspaper and book market of printed products (release on radio and television programs), each edition or publishing house may have its own own style Presentations of texts or programs. It is in particular about the forms of placement of the main, service or auxiliary texts, the content, the allocation of titles, the completeness of the description of bibliographic references. There are a number of features and in the presentation of some components of the text. For example, in a set of surnames, a number of publishers confess European style - only full name and surname, others adhere to the old approach - or the use of initials, or full writing of names, patronymic and surnames. The same applies to numbers, especially in the names of centuries, years, as well as geographical names. Unified criteria should be followed in the abbreviated writing of individual words.

5) Working with the Edition Apparatus

The presence and completeness in the future original layout of the auxiliary part of the publication (applications, bibliographic descriptions, pointers, dictionaries, page footnotes, content) also depends on the editor, its close cooperation with the author. The specified components of the text are usually edited after the completion of the original part of the original. But they can be in work and in parallel. The same applies to the official part of the publication (Avantitula, the detailed title, colonphr, footers).

Processing the text of the main part, the editor must always remember that any edit made here must automatically reflect in the service or auxiliary part. First of all, it concerns the content, on footpads.

6) work on headlines

A lot of experienced editors can without exaggeration to approve that the choice of an accurate header of the journalistic material, or the selection and editing of the entire header complex, are one of the most complex editing stages.

The greatest work on the headlines is waiting for the editor in a book, well-structured, edition. Because The names here are given to all subsections of the book (chapters, sections, paragraphs, etc.), and all structural parts of the headings (auxiliary pointers, tables, illustrations, etc.). The headlines perform several important functions in the text:

facilitate the reader's work with the publication;

organize the reading process;

make it possible to work in meaningfully working with individual parts of the publication;

prepare the reader to the perception of a new, relatively completed, whole work;

provide convenience in searching for sample information;

* Get the opportunity to deeper with the material.

In addition to the fact that the editor has to constantly keep the entire header complex in sight, it should also know the coexlation of the types of headers and the features of their arrangement both on the page (column) and in relation to the text.

Editorial processing of titles required not only to determine their hierarchy in the main part of the publication, but also to designate their graphic playback on pages (or columns).

The main task of the editor at this stage is to achieve the optimal compliance of the titles of text fragments.

7) Editorial Editing (with the use of different types of editing)

Editorial Editing is the last component of the editing step, but not the last editor's seriousness.

Implement the necessary fixes in the text editor starts after the first end-to-end reading. The entity is that in certain words, sentences, and the text fragments, the editor can carry out the following operations:

removal;

permutation;

reductions;

recycling.

The main tasks of such edits are the elimination of inaccuracies, repetitions, the achievement of the definition of the wording, the logicness of the presentation, linguity literacy.

At the fixing stage, the editor must also remember some of the rules of publishing ethics that were developed on the basis of the experience of many predecessors.

Highlight the most important.

1. Avoid taste fixes. This is especially true of linguity religious edits. Worried about the simplicity and availability of the perception of the text, it should, however, be considered to be considered the peculiarities of the author's language and style itself. When the spelling requirements allow the word or phrases variability, you should also leave the author's expressions, and not the option that the editor likes.

IN soviet times In some public publishing houses, there was a practice when the quality of the editor's work was determined by the number of corrections made to the author's original. The best was the same editor that most recycled text. Now, when the relationship "Publisher - author" changed, this practice is considered unacceptable.

2. When processing entire fragments of the original not to distance from the author's linguistic means. It is advisable to immediately compare the corrected part with the previous and subsequent fragments of the copyright text, just to be traced the logicality and motivation of the story.

Any fixes made during editing must be coordinated with the author. It is necessary to avoid categorical judgments justifying the need for corrections. Throughout the period of working with the author, it is necessary to maintain a respectful relationship.

Getting Started to edit text, it is important to clearly realize what goals in front of you are set. Editing can be as a purely stylistic (ie, not affecting content), and the semantic. In the first case, the editor requires first of all impeccable literacy, a subtle sense of the word. In the second, along with this, a thorough knowledge of the substance of the issue, ownership of actual material. There are, however, and general principles. The generalized circuit of the editor work looks like this:

Perception - criticism - adjustments;

Checking the actual material;

Identification of composite flaws;

Identifying stylistic errors and errors;

Detection of spelling and punctuation errors.

It is important to remember that the first editing stage is the perception of text - it is extremely important. Only an inexperienced employee, after reading the first multiple-to-lines of the document, takes over the pencil and begins to make corrections. Before changing anything, you should familiarize yourself with the document as a whole. In this case, you can make a mark on the fields or extracts (especially if it is the text of a large volume). Part of the issues usually manages to remove along the reading. In addition, only with a holistic perception, the editor turns out to be assessed by the composition of the text, detect contradictions, logical errors, unimprissium parts, etc.

The most convenient, after analyzing the text, start reading it from the beginning, gradually and consistently eliminate the marked disadvantages.

After you carefully read the document, they appreciated it, marked mistakes and moments of doubt, you have to solve the most difficult and delicate question, always standing in front of the editor. This is a question about O. permissible degree of interference in text . The originality of the editorial work is that fixed is made in someone else's text. In the end, under the document there should be a signature of another person. Consequently, you take additional responsibility: you have the right to change the form, but not content; Otherwise it will turn out that you impose your thoughts from someone else's name.

One of the main "commandments of the editor" can be formulated as follows: do not add and do not reduce. Whatever the impact on the text (replacement of words, grammatical structures, permutation of parts) - the meaning of the statement should remain the same. In the case, if you want to change the content (let's, eliminate the actual error), it must be certainly coordinated with the author.

Not always the question of the permissible limits of intervention in the text is solved simply. First of all, this refers to the problem of verbal repetitions.

Official-business style has its own specifics. One of the fundamental requirements for the language of documents is accuracy, definition of statements. In this regard, the author and the editor accounts for sometimes acting to the detriment of the beauty of the style, taking care of clarity of meaning. Usually the repetition of the same word (or single-colored words) within a small text is considered a stylistic error. But the situation cannot be estimated so definitely, if we are talking about the repetition of terms. Special vocabulary has a number of features that need to be considered. The value of the term is specifically, it most often does not have absolute synonyms and cannot be replaced by another word without changing the essence of the statement. Therefore, it is often necessary to make an exception for texts, saturated terminology, and maintain verbal repeats for the sake of the point of meaning.

For example, the General Department of the Higher Education Instructions instructs Dean Workers: After the end of the work of Gak, the deanati on the basis of the GAC protocols are an order to end the university, which is submitted to the training department within a five-day period from the end of the operation of the GAK.

GAK - State Attestation Commission (the reduction may not be decipher-embroider in the document, which is in charge within the institution; For employees of the university, this is a conventional term). The name should not be replaced by a close word-combination. To avoid a three-time repetition, you can use the word "commission" once instead of abbreviation. At the same time, it is necessary to abandon the three-time repetition of the word "ending". The editor attaches the following form: After the windows, the operation of the gas decantes on the basis of the protocols of the Commission amounted to an order to end the university, which is submitted to the educational department within five days from the moment of completion of the operation of the GAK.

Consider also examples from special texts associated with gas industry.

1. We note that under security conditions, the zero wire is grounded, i.e. Reliably connect it from the ground through a special earthing, for example, a metal sheet, swapped into the ground. In the absence of such grounding and when connecting one of the linear wires with the Earth, the second linear wire will be with respect to the ground under double voltage.

2. In order to use for welding the joints of the automatic welding pipeline under flux, which provides high quality and higher welding performance, three options for organizing assembly and welding work on the pipeline construction track were developed at the Institute.

In the first fragment, single-handed words "ground", "Earth", "Ground", "Grounding" are used. In addition, the phrase "Line wire" is used twice. Undoubtedly, this makes sentences by heavy, makes it difficult to perceive. Nevertheless, the editor is unlikely to be able to completely avoid repeats. Thus, the term-logical phrase "Linear Wire" cannot be replaced by another, close in meaning.

Before carrying out editing, you should specify to whom the text is addressed. If this is not an excerpt from the benefit for schoolchildren, you can confidently refuse to explain what the verb "grounding" means.

The editor should be remembered: if you have to save the reasons, you need to think about other ways to "relieve" text. In particular, you can abandon the long, cumbersome proposals. Most often, a complex proposal is not difficult to turn into a few simple. After corrections, the first fragment acquires the following form:

We note that under the safety conditions, zero wire must be grounded. As a grounding agent, for example, a metal sheet, swapped into the ground, can be used. Otherwise, when connecting one of the linear wires with the ground, the second will be under double voltage.

In the second fragment, the noun "welding" (2 rubles) is repeated and close phrases "Welding work" and "Assembly and welding work" are used; Twice uses the definition "high" ("high quality", "high producer").

Edit may be minimal: The term "welding" does not allow synonymous substitutions. It is only necessary to abandon the adjective "welding" when it comes to the working capacity, since it does not contribute to the text of the new information. It is also permissible to limit ourselves to a single use of the adjective "high": when it comes to providing quality, it goes without saying that it is high quality. A certain dynamism of the text will give the replacement of the involuntary turnover with the apparent determination. The final version may be like this:

In order to use on the joints of the automatic welding pipeline under the flux, which provides quality and higher performance, the institute developed three options for organizing assembly and welding work on the pipeline construction route.

Summarizing said, you can determine the most important editor's principles:

saving the content of the document unchanged;

The ability to prove that the intervention in the text is necessary;

Integrity and sequence (all disadvantages are noted and corrected immediately, since one change may entail the other);

Clarity and accuracy.

The latter seems obvious. Nevertheless, there are no cases when the editor makes editor from hand, and some words are "unreadable". In the Fair, the one who dials text on the computer may involuntarily add a new error to the document.

Completely unacceptable, by graduating from editorial work, leave the question marks or other marks in the fields.

Editorial functions are considered fulfilled after all doubts are allowed and on the fields of the document there were only the marks intended for the introduction of corrections.

Types of editing

There are four main types of editorial editing:

edit-cue;

edit-reduction;

editing processing;

Edit-alteration.

Edit-End Maximum close to the project work. It is a correction of spelling and punctuation errors and typos. Such corrections usually do not require coordination with a person signing a document.

Modern computer equipment released the workshops from a large part of the projector: Text editors allow you to check the spelling and make corrections directly during the text set. But this should not be the basis for perfect carelessness. In this question, as in many others, a person has no right to fully rely on the technique.

We have to keep in mind that computer text editors do not know many of their own names. Surnames, initials, geographical names, the names of enterprises and institutions must be reconciled with special care.

In addition, the computer is able to detect not all typos. He "not substitution", for example, the transformation of the pretext of "on" into the pretext of "for", particles "not" in "nor": for him all the same correct words. Automatic check will not give results if you mistakenly scored "1897" instead of "1997". Only a person understanding the meaning of saying is able to detect similar errors.

The neglect of the edge-fusion often leads to curiosities. It is not difficult to imagine the reaction of the manager who receives a document, named not "Proto-Cole No. 5", but "Punch No. 5". If the text containing this kind of typical will be out of the institution, it will certainly suffer from the authority of the company.

Edit-abbreviation produced in two basic cases:

When it is necessary to make the document in short, then you can go for some decrease in content volume);

When the text contains redundant information - repetitions and "common places".

The editor is obliged to eliminate well-known facts from the document, capital truths, extra injuries and designs. As noted above, verbal repeats also refer to the number of stylistic deficiencies, but it is sometimes not possible to avoid them possible. It is important that the editor is well-oriented in the material and was able to determine how justified the repetition of the same words and whether their substitution is allowed.

Editing processing It is an improvement in the style of the document. Errors and shortcomings are eliminated due to violation of the combination of words, non-dissolution of steam-numbers, using bulky syntactic structures, etc.

Consider a fragment of an order requiring reduction and processing.

Personnel services of subsidiaries and subsidiaries

1.1. In order to further develop the human resources of enterprises in accordance with the production tasks that we stand in advance from 01/01/1999 to begin and during the current year implement the implementation of a continuous system individual learning leaders, specialists and workers sectoral enterprises and organizations.

1.2. Expand the work on attracting young people to creative activities and take an active part in the conduct of sectoral scientific and practical conference Young scientists and specialists.

1.3. To comply with the structure and number of personnel services of enterprises facing them to the tasks of managing and developing personnel, adopting the necessary measures to consistently improve their qualitative composition.

1.4 During 1999-2000. To lead the material base of educational institutions in compliance with the current requirements of staff training, based on existing sectoral standards.

First of all, the editor will find verbal repetition in this text: "subsidiaries" and "subsidiaries". The norms of Russian grammar are allowed to not repeat the definition of each of the homogeneous members of the sentence. It is possible to match the coordination (coincidence of the kind, number and case) so that the definition is perceived as relating to all members of the sentence belonging to the homogeneous group. Having written:

"Personnel services of subsidiaries and joint-stock companies", We clearly indicate what subsidiaries mean subsidiaries.

In addition, the document under consideration distinguishes verbal redundancy. Do not specify: "The production tasks facing us" (paragraph 1.1): It is understood that the order states the problems of the sphere, within which it is created. "To accept necessary Measures "(paragraph 1.3) is also redundant phrase. It is clear that it is precisely the measures that are necessary to achieve the goal. Deprived of meaning and use of communion "Existing" in paragraph 1.4. None of anyone will be a doubt that the executives of the order must be guided by acting, rather than canceled or not yet adopted standards.

Processing of this text includes a change in the order of words in PP. 1.1 and 1.3, as well as the correction of errors associated with the choice of the core form of the noun. It is necessary to change the places to "start" and the circumstance of time "from 01/01/1999". Otherwise, the deadlines mentioned in the proposal are associated with the reader's consciousness not with the beginning of action, but with reference to production tasks. In paragraph 1.3, the design is used to "bring something in accordance with anything", requiring a certain order of words.

Finally, in the text there is a mistake twice, caused by the ignorance of the rules of the control (choosing the case of a noun, included in the phrase). In Russian, the designs "Compliance of something" (compliance of the law of con-post), "Certify something in line with something" (lead the law in accordance with the Constitution) and "according to anything" (to do in accordance with the law).Consequently, in the analyzed text, the forms of the creative case should be used with the "C" pretext: "Certain the structure and number of personnel services in line with the tasks facing us," "lead a material base in line with modern requirements."

Language always provides a speaking and writing many synonymic features. The same can be expressed in various ways, choosing words and grammatical structures. That is why the content of the considered order can be transmitted and other means.

Personnel services of subsidiaries and joint stock companies

1.1 In order to further develop human resources of enterprises in accordance with the industrial tasks that stand in front of the industry, start from 01/01/1999. The introduction of a system of continuous individual training of managers, specialists and workers.

1.2 Expand the work on attracting young people to creative activity and take an active part in the sectoral scientific and practical conference of young scientists and specialists.

1.3 Provide the structure and number of personnel services of enterprises in accordance with the tasks of managing and developing personnel facing the industry; Take measures to improve their qualitative composition.

1.4 During 1999-2000. Create a material base of educational institutions in line with modern requirements for training personnel, based on industry standards.

Thus, the document reflected by the qualified editor:

Does not contain actual errors and typos;

Perfectly visible from the point of view of spelling and punctuation;

Has an optimal volume;

Built under the laws of logic;

Complies with the stylistic standards of the Russian literary language.

Editing - Concept complex and multifaceted. Latin Redactus literally means "put in order". In print, on radio and television, editing is called the area of \u200b\u200bsocial and literary activities associated with the preparation of material for publication. Often, in defining editing tasks, only one side is emphasized - editing text. Undoubtedly, editing is an essential process in the activities of any editor, but far from exhaustive. The main concern of the editor is a comprehensive critical analysis of the content and forms of the work in order to properly assess and improve. In this sense, editing has rich traditions associated with the history of Russian journalism, with the experience of classic writers, with the practice of working media in modern society.

The task of editing is to most fully identify the public significance of the work, achieving greater efficiency in printing, broadcasting, television. The subject of editing on TV can be the most diverse material, ranging from the texts of various genres to the illustrations of the video. Although in each specific case, editing has its own characteristics, some common patterns can be distinguished in working on any material. Editing includes a political or socially significant aspect. Editing involves a critical approach to the material to eliminate the flaws in it. The task of the editor is to achieve the maximum effect of the impact of that material over which it works. The editor is fully responsible for the work prepared for publication or ether, so its assessment can serve as a final "sentence". And this is his difference from the critic-reviewer, which determines the merits and the disadvantages of the work has already seen the light, helps the viewer or the reader correctly appreciate it, gives useful tips to the author for further work.

Performing an informational function, media materials should be accommodated, popularly outlined, for different layers of the population are addressed. At the same time, the problems must be covered deeply, without simplifying to intensify the thought. In practice, this means that the material should be consistently, it is logical outlined, the facts cited - verified, convincing and bright.

The work of the editor over the language of the work is at the same time work on clarification, improvement of thought. The quality of the material is depended on the professional maturity and skill of the editor, the strength of its impact. The profession of the editor is one of those rare professions in which the critic and an expert on the language, stylist and teacher, organizer and artist are combined at the same time. The editor is obliged to improve his knowledge in the area, which is the subject sphere of its activities. Specialization allows the editor to professionally understand the material, and therefore, and find the greatest opportunities to increase its effectiveness.

It must be remembered that with all the variety of work, the editor is mainly literary. The editor can only be a person comprehensively educated, which owns the laws of logical thinking, which knows the norms of the literary language. Editorial assessment is a look at the work on the part, haunting a specific goal: to withdraw the work of the author of the truth scale. Therefore, those who put a sign of equality between the editor and the censor and under this pretext do not want to accept comments.

The editor is an interested party, and no less than the author. Often I am inferior to the author in the knowledge of a concrete material, the editor has (must have) a wider view of the social value and the relevance of the work and at the same time an objective, impartial judgment about him.

The editor should know the entire production and technological process associated with the preparation and release of the book, newspapers, radio or television shows. Knowledge of the basics of printing or technical capabilities of radio and television will help him correctly use expressive agents that will enhance the effect of the work.

Editing - the process is creative, it is largely determined by the individual features and tastes of the editor. Nevertheless, practice has developed a general editing technique. We are talking about the system of the most common and rational techniques used in a certain sequence. Preparatory stage

The beginning of the editorial activity is taken to be the preparatory stage. It can be described as organizational and creative. It includes: definition of thematic focus, relevant to the profile of publishing house, TV channel, radio stations; Categories, projects, as well as the choice of the author and work with it to clarify and adjust the task.

The choice of the topic is determined by the social and social significance, relevance, the timeliness of its lighting.

At the same stage (taking into account the specifics of printing, radio, television), expressive means are chosen by which the project or program will receive the most productive and appropriate embodiment. By participating in solving common tasks (for example, in the election campaign), various media should effectively interact, and not duplicate each other.

The editor must be well informed and, taking into account changes in society (political, economic, social), to show "flexibility" in work.

In the preparation of new projects, in addition to applications and proposals of journalists, it is necessary to take into account the wishes of specialists, the opinions of readers, viewers, listeners, ratings ratings.

The media change along with life itself. This is especially noticeable on audiovisual stations and channels broadcasting for millions of people. Dialogue, interactive techniques, widely used on TV and RV, "Digit", a new "window" in the world - the Internet make it possible to quickly deliver information to almost every person, to influence its consciousness, form an image of thoughts. But despite all technical achievements The main "means of delivery" of new information remains the earliest: word in print; Word and sound on the radio; Word, sound and image on television. And it is very important that freedom of speech does not turn into permissiveness so that in pursuit of the original decision, the established norms are not disturbed - language, ethical, moral.

Unfortunately, it is often necessary to see as a talented journalist, leaving the microphone, commenting on events or mounting the material, does not realize their capabilities - someone lacks the argument, someone brings the inaccuracy of thought. Here, a big role may (and should) play the editor.

And finally, at the stage of preparation of a particular material, it is very important to choose a genre and the form of its feed, so that only "talking heads" or standard talk shows are not melted on all channels. The author's asset, as a rule, consists of professional journalists and specialists in various fields. The work of the editor has its own characteristics depending on who is the author. Constantly writing, for example, the own correspondent does not need recommendations. The newcomer should advise to make a creative application or submit an advanced project plan. By how it comes to solving the topic, the choice of artistic and expressive means, the genre, one can make a certain idea of \u200b\u200bits capabilities.

When ordering the article, the text of the radio transmission, the television scenario, the editor must accurately define the task, discuss in detail with the author the topic, its interpretation, main arguments, the possible image or illustrative material. This will facilitate the subsequent work not only to the author, but also the editor itself.

The Creative Application is most often the author on its own initiative. In it, he is optimal for himself reveals questions that will be reflected in the future work. The application is evidenced by the deep interest of the author in the work on the chosen topic. If the application does not give a complete presentation of the future work, the editor suggests the author to make a detailed scenario plan, in this case the initiative comes from the editorial office. In the plan should be accurately formulated the topic, the purpose of work, is called or introduced illustrative material, the sequence of the material is indicated.

After the application is approved, the period of active cooperation of the author and editor comes. The most complex issues are discussed, sources are specified, places of filming, their participants, the best location of the material (installation) is determined from the point of view of the most complete disclosure of the topic. If necessary, the editor helps the author to contact archives, libraries and other organizations to obtain the required materials. At this time, the editor looks at individual parts (fragments) of the literary material.

You can make a general conclusion: Pre-work with the author is first of all the orientation of it in what he has to be done. The preparatory period ends for the editor to get a manuscript from the author. The most responsible moment occurs in the editor's work - own editing. In this creative process, it is possible to distinguish two sides: work on the content (scientific editing) and work on the composition, language and style (literary editing). On television and radio, literary editing should be carried out with regard to their specifics (screen, essential sound).

Editorial analysis and editing of text

Work on text is carried out in a specific sequence: first the editorial analysis, then the practical embodiment of its results.

The editorial analysis is a study of the work (transmission) and its comprehensive characteristics that allow you to determine the true value of the material. Editorial analysis There are criticism facing primarily to the author (since the work has not yet been published or no on the air), its goal is to identify the shortcomings in the material, and ultimately multiply the merits of the work, improve it, taking into account the specifics of the press, body capabilities - or broadcasting.

At the initial stage, the editor acts as a critic as a reviewer. Always remembering that his criticism is aimed at improving the work, he is fully responsible for all comments made. Here he needs a latitude of views, an understanding of the main and significant in the work given to him to the court. His judgments should be accurate, evidence, free from any subjectivism, tastech.

The editor must proceed from the fact that the author, even if he is not a professional and does not possess literary experience, thoroughly studied the topic, thought out the method of presenting the material, felt written. It is impossible not to warn editor from imposing the author of its point of view, from the unceremonious intervention in the content and style of the work. The conflict between the editor and the author is excluded when they understand each other, when the author is aware of the rationality and foundation of the editor's comments, and the editor can justify them tactfully. However, respect for the author does not mean reducing material demands, the lack of principle in its assessment. The advantage of the work is the only criterion allowing the editor to judge whether it will see the light.

In practical editing, that is, a specific embodiment of the editorial analysis results, the system of editing is usually applied by experience. Prominent specialist literary editing Professor K.I. Wesson allocated four main types:

Edit-fusion;
- editing reduction;
- editing processing;
- Edit-alteration.

The editor must be good to know the purpose of each edit. Edit-foil is most simple for the editor. Its appointment is to eliminate small errors in the text.

If the material is stretched, cluttered with superfluous details, repetitions, use edit-reduction. Its task is to achieve clarity and possible brevity in the presentation.

Edit processing includes the entire set of editor's actions: improving the composition, verification of actual data, improving language and style. This type of editing is used most often.

Editing, alteration is usually applied if the author has valuable special knowledge, but does not own the skills of literary labor.

The editor must determine for himself the boundaries of corrections and strive to limit ourselves to only inevitable replacements, abbreviations, inserts. The meaning of editing is not to impose his style and the letter to the author, its principles and concepts, but in order to comprehend the author's common position, draw up its opinion on the work, to achieve its maximum improvement. "The true taste, I wrote by A.S. Pushkin, - consists not in a valuable rejection of such a turnover, but in the sense of contrast and contouredness."

Working on the text, the editor must strictly follow the rule: fix everything that should be corrected, but try to make it with the author's hand, convincing it if you need editors. This is the best way to maintain individuality, originality, uniqueness of the work.

In practice, unfortunately, there are cases when to accelerate the case or for other considerations, the editor itself rewrites the material for the author. Such a "edit" of the text leads to the fact that in the newspaper, the standard, made by one sample materials made on radio or television.

If necessary, the editor can recommend the automatics of an experienced journalist to the authority. This form was called a literary record. On radio and television in such cases, it is advisable to use the interview method, allowing the journalist to assist and support a specialist. Both of these methods help to avoid the template, the documentation is not violated.

On television, the preliminary work of the editor with the author speaking in the frame is of great importance.

Already in the process of analyzing the material, the editor, caring on the compliance of the content, on the semantic sequence of presentation, the proportionality of parts, on the permissible deviations from chronology, is the necessary changes in its composition. In future work, you can conditionally allocate the following points: checking the actual material, literary editing of the text, select the header (transmission name, program).

All the amendments made to the manuscript must be necessarily agreed with the author.

Work on the composition

When working on the composition, the editor is guided by the rule of proportionality, determining whether this material corresponds to the topic, wider or already. The reason for the first most often happens to be included in the text of similar materials or many examples, and the second is the lack of material, the insufficient overall development of the topic. Working on the composition, the editor solves three tasks. First, it seeks this location of the material, in which the topic is highlighted most fully. Secondly, she strives for logical extension of the material, in which one sense part receives a natural continuation in another - throughout the work, the principle of systemism of presenting facts and information is maintained. The third task is associated with the search for a structure that would allow to achieve maximum emotional and artistic impact on the audience. The editor must remember that the nature and methods of the location of the material depend on the form of the work. In information and journalistic genres, the composition is determined primarily by the logic of the development of the topic. In artistic species, the compositions are governed by the laws of the development of the plot. Holding the material should take into account its address orientation, the audience: it can be adults, children, old men.

Checking the actual material

The actual material is the basis of the author's concept and largely predetermines the conviction of the work, its expressiveness and accessibility. Can not be remembered by A.M. Gorky novice writers: "Ideas are created on Earth ... The material for them is observation, comparison, study - in the end: facts, facts!" (Gorky M. Coll. Op. In 30 t. T. 3. P. 325).

Starting the material editing, it is necessary to determine how faithful the principle of the selection of facts, whether they were taken in their whole, in their connection. It is also necessary to assess the correctness of the choice of facts in terms of scientific, accuracy, etc. It is known that any unreliability or inaccuracy depreciate the work, undermine trust in it.

Practice has developed a number of expedient, reliable techniques for checking the actual material. One of the most common is in -urest correlation, a combination of testing techniques, counting, etc. You can also call the refinement of terms, especially translated, test sources, quotes. Great caution requires handling of numbers, especially on radio and television. As a rule, a large number of numbers overloads text, it makes it difficult to assimilate him. It is worth leaving only data that is characterized by no particular, but general trends, patterns.

The circle of responsibilities of the editor also includes the verification of the correct and appropriate use of the quotation. Often, it is often resorted to the quotation without particularly need, moreover, the thought expressed earlier in the quotation. The quotation is often broken arbitrarily - where words are cited, which are consistent with the position of quoting. It happens that the thought expressed by one occasion is given, referring to another, or a quotation associated with a specific fact, with a certain situation, the era, is offered as universal. And finally, the words cited simply break out of the context, distorting their meaning. Therefore, the editor is important not only to check the quote, but also analyze the context. Quote is good when it contains a logically complete thought, expressed in concise form. It is permissible to omit one or a few words if it does not distort the meaning of the source. Literary processing of text

Literary processing of the material is conducted during the entire editing process.

Language and style of media communication are determined by the role they play in society. These must be true, simple and clear expressions, designed for broad layers of the population, with specific and understandable wording.

The literary editor editor usually begins with the definition of the overall task of the work, its genre, stylistic features. The main techniques that he enjoys are: replacing unsuccessful or inaccurate phrases; Checking the coordination of suggestions, especially if the harmonious words are removed from each other; correlation of the governing word with each of the managed; Simplify complex syntactic structures; Elimination of verbias, stationery revolutions and stamps, repeats, etc.

By introducing a stylistic editor, the editor must be reasonably useful to the rules and recommendations of the regulatory stylist. The liveli link of the literary language with the figurative of the folk speech enriches and spiritually evident. The artistic word causes countless associations, ideas and does not always obey the standards and requirements of grammar. However, the means of expressiveness, language imagery should be used differentially, depending on the genre, goals and purpose of the work. Analyzing the text, the editor should distinguish illiterate or incorrect revs from unusual, but completely permissible to the author. The united and aligned phrases "slip" on the surface, without affecting the mind and feelings of the audience.

A.M. Gorky advised young writers: it is necessary to learn "saving and accuracy of the language, liberation, cleaning it from unsuccessful provincialism, local rivers, as well as verbal foci, compounded by young people from motives, should be" aesthetic "... accuracy and compression of the language, this is - First of all, and only if this condition is observed, it is possible to create a convex, almost physically tangible image "(Gorky M. T. 3. P. 269-270). These requirements are the norm and for editors working in electronic media, where the oral form of speech is used. A speech perceived by rumor has more barriers to accurate, adequate perception.

Thus, the maximum meaningful accuracy of the language and penetration in the particular individual style of the author is two sides of a single process called literary editing.

Choosing a name

Since the title of the necessary element of the literary work, which is organically connected with the text, in its choice and clarification, together with the author participates the participation of the editor. Expressing the content and idea of \u200b\u200bthe work, the name is able to attract or leave indifferent readers or viewers indifferent to the topic. Accuracy and simplicity, brevity and originality play not the last role in this choice. The title should be transmitted as accurately as possible, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe work, that is, to respond its inner content.

At the same time, the name in a large extent advertises the work and attracts the audience. It is important to comply with a number of requirements, the execution of which helps to strengthen the service features. All the words included in it must bear the semantic load, to uniquely express the content of concepts. Experience has shown that the use in the title of complex structures is undesirable - meaningful words They are usually removed from each other, and it weakens their semantic communications.

In the practice of television and radio editor, it is often necessary to deal with programs in which the distribution episodes (information programs, "results", radio program "Reflection", etc.). Such materials usually go unnamed, the lead denotes the genre and surname of the author or correspondent. But even in this case, the author and the editor must be given to each material "Service Title". This will help more accurately organize a small plot, clarify and limit the topic.

So, editing in your own sense of the word completed. At the next stage, many services participating in the publishing book, newspaper or magazine article are included in the work, in preparation for the ether of television or radio broadcasting. The production stage is specific and depends on the characteristics of the technological process in various types of media.

conclusions

Editing is a comprehensive critical analysis of the content and form of the work in order to properly assess and improve.

Editing helps to seek high professionalism of print materials, radio, television.

The level of general culture, specialization, literary experience, artistic taste - the necessary requirements for the editor.

The general editing methodology is the system of the most common techniques used in a specific sequence: preparatory stage, editorial, production.

The editor can proceed with the editing of the text only after a detailed acquaintance with him. He is obliged to observe the boundaries of admissible interference in the author's material, seeking to preserve the individuality of the author. The editor must coordinate with the author.