Flour waste for feed. Extruded feeds are the latest in bio-waste feed production. Introduction of extrusion processing of biological waste in Russia

Recently, a regular comment in the development of NOOLR projects has become the mandatory inclusion in the general list of standardized waste from the repair of elevator equipment - used oils, scrap ferrous metals, as well as cleaning material contaminated with oils. If the company has a contract with a special organization for the maintenance of elevator equipment, incl. its maintenance and current repairs, is it possible not to include this waste in the NOLR project?

The company does not have the right to independently carry out maintenance of elevator equipment, which is a dangerous object, in the absence of a specially trained and certified employee. In the overwhelming majority of cases, work on technological maintenance and repair of elevators is carried out by a special organization on a contractual basis. According to GOST 30772-2001 “Resource saving. Waste management. Terms and definitions »Waste is a product residue or additional product generated in the process or at the end of a particular activity and not used in direct connection with this activity. Since waste is generated in the process or at the end of the activities of a third-party organization, then it is the owner of this waste. In the process of maintenance or repair of elevator equipment, special organizations use consumables purchased by them - rags (or special napkins), oils (for gear elevators), metal parts and products, etc. Consequently, some of these materials are consumed, and some are waste (for example, rags, which become oily during work). Of course, a special organization can leave waste where it made repairs, but there are two "buts".

1. According to paragraph 1 of Art. 4 of the Federal Law of 24.06.1998 No. 89-FZ (as amended on 28.07.2012) "On production and consumption waste", the ownership of waste belongs to the owner of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products, as well as goods (products) , as a result of the use of which this waste was formed. Thus, the owner of consumables (oils, parts, rags) is also the owner of the waste generated during their use, i.e. in the process of repair and maintenance of elevator equipment.

2. Any enterprise will be against littering the territory with other people's waste, while such waste is not generated as a result of the activities of the enterprise itself and there are no places for temporary accumulation for them. Elevators, of course, are on the balance sheet of the enterprise, but waste is generated in the process of a third-party organization, and not his own. However, from the standpoint of clause 3 of the above article, the owner of waste of I-IV hazard classes has the right to alienate this waste into the ownership of another person, transfer to him, while remaining the owner, the right to possess, use or dispose of this waste, if such a person has a license to carry out activities for use , neutralization, transportation, disposal of waste of no less hazard class. Most organizations that operate elevators do not have such a license. If a special organization for the repair of elevators leaves them with waste from their activities, then this can be classified as a collection, since the organization - the owner of the elevator has neither workers nor consumables for the implementation of technical processes, and this is already a serious violation that entails appropriate penalties for collecting waste without a license.

In our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to study the contract with the service organization. If it states that it does not transfer ownership of the waste generated in the course of its activities to the customer, then this waste does not need to be included in the NOOLR project. If this is not spelled out in the contract, you should take the appropriate certificate from the service organization.

TRANSFER OF FOOD WASTE TO CATTLE FEED

We keep several pigs at the enterprise as a subsidiary farm. In the near future, we plan to add food waste from the canteen to their feed. How legitimate is this?

According to clause 2.4.9 of SanPiN 42-128-4690-88 "Sanitary rules for maintaining the territories of populated areas" (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the USSR 05.08.1988 No. 4690-88) "food waste is collected in a separate system and only if sustainable marketing of them to specialized feedlots. Issuance of waste to private persons is prohibited! " ... It is the last phrase of this paragraph that usually creates problems when using food waste. Note that the mentioned document regulates the handling of food waste from populated areas, and the first phrase of this paragraph even emphasizes the possibility of collecting food waste if it is possible to sell it to specialized farms.

According to clause 2.4.1 of the specified SanPiN, food waste should be collected and used in accordance with the "Veterinary and Sanitary Rules on the Procedure for Collecting Food Waste and Using It for Livestock Feed". For the case indicated in the question, in our opinion, the following document can be used - Veterinary and sanitary rules for the collection of food waste and their use for feeding pigs (approved by the Main Directorate of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR on December 29, 1970; hereinafter - the Rules), according to which collection and use of food waste for pig feed is not prohibited.

In accordance with clause 1 of the Rules for feeding pigs on pig farms of collective farms, state farms and other farms, it is allowed to collect food kitchen waste in canteens, restaurants, kitchen factories, cafes, snack bars, child care facilities, canteens of hospitals, rest homes, sanatoriums and in residential buildings, as well as food waste in grocery stores, at enterprises for processing grain, vegetables, fruits and at brewing, confectionery, fish and other food enterprises. Collection of food waste in canteens of infectious diseases hospitals, as well as in special sanatoriums, is allowed in each case only with the permission of local health authorities.

The conditions for the collection and preparation of feed from food waste, requirements for containers, etc. are also regulated by the Rules.

In our opinion, the correct collection and use of food waste for feeding pigs fully comply with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.7.1322-03 "Hygienic requirements for the placement and disposal of production and consumption waste" (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on April 30, 2003). As proof, we will quote sub. 2.1 data from SanPiN:

"2.1. The purpose of this document is to reduce the adverse impact of production and consumption waste on public health and the human environment by:

- introduction of modern low-waste and non-waste technologies in the production process;

- minimizing their volume and reducing their hazard during primary processing;

- the use of semi-products and wastes of the main workshops of the enterprise as secondary raw materials in the production cycles of auxiliary workshops or at special processing plants;

- prevention of their dispersion or losses during reloading, transportation and intermediate storage. "

Thus, the collection of food waste for feed for pigs from their own canteen (kitchen), subject to other requirements of regulatory documents, in our opinion, not prohibited.

M.A. Maltseva, Chief Specialist of PURSEI Corp. CJSC, Cand. biol. sciences

Food waste is the remains of various human food products, consists of many food components and is a valuable feed for pigs. Among them, a special place is occupied by kitchen waste, as the most balanced in terms of nutritional value and regularly supplied to animal feed. They include the remains of the first and second courses, bread, fish, vegetables, fruits, waste after cutting meat (films, tendons, bones) and other high-calorie foods.

The composition and nutritional value of kitchen waste varies with the seasons, so the dry matter content in them ranges from 19 to 24%. Nutritional value of 1 kg of dry matter averages 1.2-1.3 feed. units It contains 100-150 g of digestible protein, 25-27 g of calcium, 10 g of phosphorus. The nutritional value of 1 kg of fresh kitchen waste is 0.26-0.39 feed, units, 20-35 g of digestible protein, 2.5-5 g of calcium, 1.5-2 g of phosphorus.

Each 4-5 kg \u200b\u200bof food waste is nutritionally equal to 1 kg of concentrated feed, and in terms of the content of essential amino acids and vitamins in dry matter, they significantly exceed grain feed. 1 kg contains: lysine - 3-10 g, methionine - 1-5 g, tryptophan - 1.6-1.9 g, carotene - 1-2 mg, vitamin B1 - 0.21-0.25 mg, B2 - 0.45-0.54 mg, B12 - 2.5 mg, choline - 35 mg. As a percentage of the crude protein, lysine contains 4.76, metmionine with cystine - 2.55, which corresponds to the requirements of growing pigs.

From the table of one city dweller, 50-70 kg of highly nutritious food waste can be collected per year, from the table of a rural dweller a little more. An urban family of three, due to the use of kitchen waste when fattening pigs, can get an additional 8 to 12 kg of gain, a rural family of the same composition - 12-15 kg of gain. The possibility of saving expensive and scarce concentrated feed is obvious.

In addition to kitchen waste, there are other sources of supplementary feed on the household farm. These are waste from milk processing (whey, reverse, buttermilk), from the slaughter of animals and poultry (blood, spleen, trimmings, leather flap, intestines, poultry heads and legs), crop and horticultural waste (cabbage leaf, tops, overripe cucumbers, zucchini , unripe tomatoes, small potatoes, carrots, beets, fallen fruits and waste from their processing).

Farms, as independent self-supporting units, have wider opportunities for the use of food waste in animal husbandry. On the basis of contracts with enterprises of the food, fish, meat, dairy, brewing, fruit and vegetable processing industries, they can receive fish waste (entrails, heads, tails, minced meat), canning waste (substandard vegetables, residues after cleaning and sorting, peels, herbs, coarse fibers), flour milling industry (low-value mill waste, flour dust, flour estimates, bran), meat processing, oil-processing, brewing, alcohol industry and other industries. Can be used for feeding pigs carcasses of fur-bearing animals, malnourished, not amenable to treatment, and dead animals after thorough boiling.

The most valuable of these feeds is animal waste, and they need to be used rationally from 3 to 5% in terms of nutritional value.
Food waste is a perishable product. If collected and used incorrectly, they quickly lose their nutritional value and cause gastrointestinal diseases in animals.

In a personal subsidiary farm, it is better to feed kitchen waste fresh daily. The rest of food waste, including kitchen waste, received from catering establishments, must be boiled for at least 2 hours at a temperature of 100 ° C. After cooling to a temperature of 40-50 ° C, they are mixed with concentrated feed to the consistency of a thick mash and distributed to pigs. To provide pigs with vitamins, especially carotene, herbal flour should be included in the diets.

When growing and fattening pigs up to 60-70 kg of live weight, food waste can occupy 30-45% of the nutritional value in the diet; at the final stage of fattening from 70 kg and more, the proportion of food waste in the diet can be increased to 50-65%, while at the very end of fattening it can be reduced to 40%.

With a well-functioning system for the supply of such waste to the farm or farm, it makes sense to equip a feed kitchen for their processing and preparation for feeding.

The feed kitchen is equipped with four lines: reception, crushing and storage of food waste, thermal treatment of them with steam, reception, storage and dosing of concentrates and grass flour, preparation of feed mash.

Heat treatment of waste is best carried out in special boilers-autoclaves under pressure up to 4 atm. With this treatment, the waste does not need to be shredded. Autoclaving also ensures reliable disposal of food waste and prevents gastrointestinal diseases.

Pigs are taught to eat feed mixtures with added food waste gradually over 3-7 days, replacing them with concentrates by the end of this period by 30-35%.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

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Due to the large proportion of food residues in the total waste volume, food waste processing is necessary. The growth of the world's population inevitably tends upward. And with it the volumes of consumption grow, inevitably leading to the appearance of food waste. In particular, on this moment in Russia, implementation in farming and agricultural activities is popular, but restaurants and entertainment centers confidently hold the leading positions in terms of product residues. City sewerage is simply not able to cope with the volume of work and other methods are involved in processing products.

This waste is classified as biological waste and poses a serious threat if not properly disposed of. It seems that food garbage does not cause damage to nature for the most part, because it is a breeding ground for the reproduction of many microorganisms. The main worrying factor is not the presence of garbage itself, but its excessive amount, in which the spread of infections is possible. That is why recycling of used products plays an important role in modern ecology.

Waste food can be a significant resource in agriculture, such as recycling waste into feed. European countries have long established a system for collecting such garbage. This is a fairly profitable option, livestock feed is a secondary processing product and, accordingly, does not require serious costs.

In Russia, only 20% of biological waste is recycled. The lion's share of food waste goes straight to the landfill, where it decomposes into carbon dioxide and methane. Not only does the environment suffer from this, but the climate in the region can also radically change. Quality processing helps to minimize the existing problem.

Views

Food waste is easily decomposed, becoming an excellent breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria, as well as insects and rodents. If you say "no" to the treatment, then you can provoke an epidemic, mutation of insects and an invasion of rats.

Those in need of processing include:

• Spoiled and expired product leftovers
• Waste from the meat and dairy industry
• Garbage in the food industry in general
• Trash from catering establishments
• Packaging and consumer waste that we produce on a daily basis in the process of life.

Based on its structure, the garbage is divided into:

• Liquid
• Soft
• Solid
• Packaging containers

Food waste alone does not pose a threat to environment... But with a large accumulation, decay processes begin, as a result of which infections develop. The disposal method is selected depending on the type of waste.

Methods

The collection is carried out using special tanks with a tight lid. Waste from consumption must be disposed of separately from other waste. Also, for the removal of such garbage, they use specialized transportensuring the integrity of containers during processing.

The most popular disposal methods are:

1. Dump. Food waste is sent to special landfills, where it is buried. Such processing works are considered obsolete, but they are widely practiced in many countries. In fact, huge masses of debris simply rot, releasing toxic substances into the atmosphere. In addition, when decomposing, biological residues release organic acids. Reacting with heavy metals, they cause serious soil and air poisoning. Disinfection during processing is not performed, which, of course, makes the method economical, but fatally careless.
2. Thermal treatment works. In other words, it is simple burning in specialized ovens. This method allows you to convert waste into usable energy and get fuel from food residues, mainly gas. This processing method is also inevitably associated with the release of toxins, but the products themselves are disinfected, which somewhat reduces the threat to the environment.
3. Composting. This method is based on the decomposition and drying of biological residues. Composting is carried out in special areas where a certain temperature regime is maintained. The result is a mass that can be used as fertilizer or, when thoroughly dried, as an additive to the composition of building mixtures. Recycling of this type is available not only to special organizations, but also to individuals. The latter for work in the garden collect specific products in order to obtain natural fertilization. You can use a home composter for this. In addition, obtaining natural compost is important for farmers and potential fishermen, since this product is an excellent basis for breeding worms.

Waste as feed

Technology such as processing waste products into livestock feed has existed for a long time. Back in the last century, a nutritious combined feed for livestock began to be actively developed from meat and bone meal. The process begins with grinding the residues into granules, which are then boiled for a long time in vacuum boilers. Pellets are inconvenient only because of their poor digestibility.

Modern technologies make it possible to convert food waste into high quality feed. Thanks to the short-term exposure to high pressure and temperature, it is possible to get rid of harmful microorganisms and get a feed rich in proteins and fats.

In addition, food waste is collected in any farm, which can be determined for livestock feed. It is an integral part of balanced production work. All kinds of cleaning and tops of plants, all this is processed and sent to feed pigs, chickens and other animals. The processing of food into feed is not only an ideal opportunity to reduce their volumes, but also a source of noticeable benefits for agriculture.

Fertilizers

As mentioned above, a high-quality fertilizer can be obtained by composting biological residues. More precisely, the compost itself is not yet a full-fledged fertilizer, but its addition to the soil allows it to retain nutrients, water and minerals in it.

Composting is based on simple biology, garbage is stacked in layers and decomposed. Both various microorganisms and the inhabitants of the soil help him in this: worms, larvae and beetles. The composting of food waste is carried out not only by specialized enterprises, but also by summer residents, equipping small compost pits on the sites for further use of the material obtained.

Licensing

Collection, removal and disposal of such waste is also possible only with a license. Recycling companies engaged in such activities actively cooperate with utilities, food service establishments and enterprises involved in the food and waste processing industry.

Disposal of food residues plays a significant role in modern society. To maintain ecological balance and minimize catastrophic pollution, a well-functioning system for processing biological waste is needed. The use of biological waste makes it possible to obtain large amounts of resources for the development of agriculture and the energy industry.

One of the pressing problems of the food industry is the introduction of effective methods of processing secondary raw materials. In the food industry, the main share of recyclable materials is biological waste. At current production volumes, their number is several hundred thousand tons per year. The production of feed additives from biowaste significantly increases profitability.

What is biological waste

Biological waste is called organic waste, which is formed in the process of food production and in agriculture. These include food waste, veterinary confiscations, as well as the corpses of farm animals, admitted for processing by the veterinary supervision authorities. During decomposition, biowaste releases toxic and foul-smelling substances, and also serves as a breeding ground for various harmful microflora - microscopic fungi and bacteria that infect soil, air, groundwater and water bodies. But at the same time biological waste is a valuable recyclable materialthat can be used as a raw material for the production of feed.

The problem of utilization of biological waste in Russia

Currently, only about 20% of biowaste is processed in Russia.