The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a new world war. General Economic, Social and Political Geography Problem Disarmament and Conservation

The problem of disarmament

Note 1.

One of the most important problems in the history of human existence is the problem of preventing military disasters and conflicts. The military-industrial complexes of many countries formed today spend great money on the production of new types of weapons. The progress that has reached the military sphere contributes to the growth of global problems and threatens the security of countries.

One of the global problems today's day, directly affecting the survival of human civilization, is disarmament. Under disarmament it is understood as a system of measures aimed at stopping the arms race, reducing, restriction and liquidation of weapons mass lesion of people. The problem of disarmament is far from unambiguous, because it is associated with the possible death of civilization.

The arms race and its real danger are assessed by the following circumstances:

1. Huge progress military equipment, the emergence of fundamentally new weapons systems. The line between weapons for whom it is designed erased;
2. Persecute political control over the development of rocket nuclear weapons;
3. The line is erasing between the nuclear and ordinary war as a result of progress in creating modern means destruction;
4. The interests of people working in the military-industrial complex are on the protection of the arms race;
5. The production of weapons ensures the geopolitical interests of states, so the problem faces their contradictions.

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The arms race is inappropriate and dangerous for all mankind.

The following facts speak about it:

1. During $ 20th $ century, global military spending increased by more than $ 30 $ once;
2. The costs of military targets between world wars were up to $ 22 $ billion annually, in our time costs are calculated $ 1 $ trillion. dollars;
3. According to the UN in the military-industrial sector, $ 100 $ million is employed, and the number of existing armies reaches $ 40 million.
4. In the creation of new weapons and military research employs up to $ 500 $ thousand men;
5. Annual world labor costs associated with various types of military activities are $ 100 $ million.
6. Would have enough funds going to weapons for irrigation of $ 150 $ million hectares of land, the use of which could feed $ 1 $ billion. These funds would be enough to build $ 100 $ million apartments for $ 500 $ million.

Note 2.

Not "extra" resources are used to race arms, and a significant part of the world's resources necessary for the development of countries. A strange and incomprehensible phenomenon is the arms race for the third world countries, whose role in global production is only $ 20 $%, and the population of $ 80 $% of the entire number of planet. The military target is distracted by a huge amount of resources, which leads to exacerbation of economic and social problems, reduces the standard of living of the population. It is quite clear that disarmament is one of the global problems requiring the participation of the entire world community.

The problem of preserving the world

Modern large-scale war using weapons of mass lesion can destroy not only countries, but also entire continents. It can lead to environmental catastrophethat will become irreversible. This world problem has been at a number of $ 1 $ for a long time. It has decreased in our acuity in our time, but it still remains very relevant.

The problem arose as a result of the following reasons:

1. The appearance of weapons of mass lesion at the end of the $ 20th $ century and its rapid distribution on the planet;
2. Stocks of modern weapons in the world accumulated by leading countries are able to destroy all the population of the Earth several times;
3. Significant and constant growth of military spending;
4. Arms trade has acquired an unprecedented scale;
5. The possibility of the emergence of interstate conflicts due to the exacerbation of energy-raw materials, territorial and other problems;
6. Socio-economic gap between countries with highly developed and developing.

Specialists offer the following ways to solve this problem:

1. The approach to the problem should be comprehensive, with an increasing number of countries to contracts for the restriction or destruction of weapons;
2. Conversion of the military-industrial complex;
3. Hard international control over weapons of mass destruction and its non-proliferation on the planet;
4. The decision of interstate conflicts by diplomacy;
5. SOLUTION OF FOOD PROBLEM.

The problem of terrorism

Note 3.

Modern socio-political crises, contradictions and conflicts are a consequence of globalization, and the way to resolve them became terrorism. How the world problem terrorism appeared at the end of the $ XIX $ century. It turned into a huge force of intimidation and destruction in the irreconcilable antagonism of different worlds, cultures, ideologies, religions, worldviews. The problem of terrorism has become a dangerous, acute, difficult to be projected to the problem that threatens all modern humanity.

The concept of "terrorism" has a different meaning, therefore it is difficult to give it a definition. The term does not have a clear semantic load, because the society today has encountered many of its views. It may be kidnapping in order to subsequent repurchase, murder on political soil, carons of aircraft, blackmail, acts of violence against property and interests of citizens. Forms of terrorism set, therefore they can be classified according to the subjects of terrorist activity and in a focus on the result.

Domestic terrorism. This can be the activity of not only terrorist groups, but also single terrorists. Their shares are aimed at achieving political goals within one state.

Violence can perform in 2 forms:

1. It can be direct and expressed in the immediate use of force, for example, war, uprising;
2. May be indirect or hidden violence. This form does not imply direct use of force and means only the threat of its application.

Usually, state terror Unstable modes are used, where the level of legitimacy of power is low, and they cannot support the stability of the system by economic and political methods. Using mass murders of people, terrorists are counting on panic. Fear among the population, which is not an end in itself, but only a means of achieving certain political goals.

Political terrorism Provides terror for political purposes. Objects of action, as a rule, are the large masses of defenseless people. Ideal objects for political terror are hospitals, maternity hospitals, schools, kindergartens, residential buildings. The objects of impact with political terror are not the people themselves, but the political situation that terrorists are trying to change in the direction necessary for themselves. Political terror initially implies human sacrifices. Political terrorism and criminal crime merged, interact and support each other. Forms and methods coincide, although the goals and motives can be different.

Going beyond the boundaries of one country, state terrorism acquires international terrorism. It makes a huge material damage, overwhelming government and political foundations, destroying cultural monuments, undermining relations between countries. International terrorism has its own varieties - it may be transnational and international criminal terrorism.

Transnational terrorism Can be represented by shares of non-governmental terrorist organizations in other countries. They do not set the purpose of changing international relations.

International criminal terrorism Manifested in the activities of international organized crime. Their actions are aimed against competing criminal organizations in other countries.

Note 4.

Thus, terrorism in modern conditions is a danger of a global scale. It turned into a threat to political, economic, social institutions of the state, human rights and freedoms. Today there is a real threat to nuclear terrorism, terrorism with the use of poisoning substances, information terrorism.

International cooperation for peace, solving global security problems, disarmament and conflict resolution

All global problems are permeated by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe geographical unity of humanity and require extensive international cooperation for their decision. Especially acute is the problem of preserving peace on earth

Sticks of view of new political thinking, achievements durable Mira On earth is possible only in the conditions of establishing a new type of relationship between all states - the relationship of comprehensive cooperation.

The program "International cooperation for peace, solving global security problems, disarmament and conflict resolution issues" is intended to support and develop relations between international non-governmental organizations, between the authorities and the Company in the field of international security improvement. This program will deal with such issues as a reduction in weapons of mass destruction and conventional weapons.

The purpose of the program is in time to respond to the development of the political process, both in the CIS countries and all over the world. Also within the framework of the Program, there will be an analysis of the modern problems of peace and security.

The program carries the following projects:

• International Security Structure and Cooperation with International Institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations;
• Problems of disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction;
• Assistance in improving the legislation in the field of military civil relations;

Scientists, political figures, non-governmental organizations are engaged in safety issues related to armed conflicts and solving global problems. In the course of work, international and regional conferences, seminars and meetings are held, reports and collections of articles are published.

On the this moment Not everyone has an idea of \u200b\u200bthe existing danger, the possibility and size of the catastrophe with the use of weapons of mass destruction (yum). Humanity does not pay due attention to this problem due to the ignorance and unconsciousness of the whole depth of the problem. In no case should not forget that the threat to AM, unfortunately, there is everyday life through active promotion of violence. This phenomenon takes place all over the world. Russian President Vladimir Putin said approximately the following: we must realize that the non-proliferation of OMA has become one of the most important modern problems, and even the most important. The fact is that with the onset of the new century, a qualitatively new challenges appeared before humanity - new species wow, the phenomenon of international terrorism, which complicated the problem of its non-proliferation. Non-proliferation is to prevent and prevent the emergence of new states with OMA. It is possible to understand this: Russia cannot allow the emergence of new nuclear powers.

The prevention of the threat of dissemination of OMA is recognized by Russia, the United States and other countries as one of the main tasks of ensuring their national security.

First time global community wondered about the non-proliferation of wow in the 60s of the last century, when such nuclear powers have already appeared as, USSR, USA, United Kingdom, France; And China was ready to join them. At this time, seriously thought about nuclear weapons and even engaged in its developments such countries as Israel, Sweden, Italy, and others.

In the same 60s, Ireland became the initiator of the creation of an international legal document, which laid the foundations of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The USSR, USA and England began to develop an agreement on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (NPT). They became the first participants in this contract. It was signed on 01.07.1968, but entered into force in March 1970. France and China entered this contract several decades later.

Its main goals - to prevent the future distribution of Yao, to stimulate cooperation in the use of an atom for peaceful purposes in guarantees of the Parties to the Parties, to facilitate negotiations on the termination of rivalry in the development of Yao with the ultimate goal of its complete liquidation.

Under the terms of this agreement, nuclear states undertake commitments not to promote nuclear-free states in the acquisition of nuclear explosive devices. Non-surfactant states undertake not to produce and not acquire such devices. One of the provisions of the Treaty prescribes the IAEA to ensure measures to ensure guarantees, including the inspection nuclear materialsused in peaceful projects by nuclear-free states participating in the contract. In the NPT (Article 10, paragraph 2) states that in 25 years after the entry into force, the conference is convened to decide whether it should remain in force or not. The conference reports were carried out according to the terms of the Treaty every five years, and in 1995, when he approached the completion of the 25-year period of action, the parties were unanimously on its indefinite extension. They also adopted three mandatory declarations of principles:

• Confirmation of previously accepted obligations in relation to the Yao and the termination of all nuclear tests;
• Strengthening disarmament control procedures;
• Creating a nuclear-free zone in the Middle East and strict adherence to the terms of the contract on non-proliferation by all countries without exception.

Participants in the contract are 178 states, including existing nuclear powers (except North Korea), who performed for monitoring rocket technology. There are also four countries conducted nuclear activitywho have not entered into the contract: Israel, India, Pakistan, Cuba.

Cold War accompanied the development and distribution of nuclear weapons, both the main opponents and various non-aligned countries. The end of the Cold War made it possible to reduce the countries of the world community, and then eliminate nuclear weapons. Otherwise, the country will be inevitably drawn into the process of spreading nuclear weapons, since each religious "superpower" seeks either to strengthen its hegemony, or to compare nuclear power With the swelling of the enemy or aggressor. The threat of the distribution of Yao and, not to a lesser extent, nuclear technology and know-how significantly increased since the decay Soviet Union. For the first time there was a decay of the state of the Yao, the State of the UN permanent member. As a result, there were still countries having nuclear weapons. This problem was carried out very seriously, and after a while Russia received all the rights and obligations of the USSR related to the NPT. She also received an internationally recognized right to the eternal possession of Yao. Together with the UN, the NPT records the status of the Great Power at the level of such countries as the United States, China, England, France.

An important element of strengthening the non-proliferation regime was the help of West in this area. This help shows that the West does not want to see in the CIS countries the source of the proliferation of threats. At the G8 Summit in Canada, in July 2002, important decisions were made on international terrorism and the spread of Yao.

The most important components of the non-proliferation modes of the nuclear and other wow are:

• Export control system, including a well-established national system of accounting, control and physicians of weapons materials. This also includes the prevention of uncontrolled export of intangible technologies, including in electronic form.
• Brain leakage system.
• Safety of storage, warehousing, transportation of wow and materials suitable for its production.
• The system of preventing the illicit trafficking of nuclear and other yum and materials.

As for the chemical and biological weapons (ho), the main problem is as follows: in the manufacture it does not require a special technological base, therefore it is impossible to create a reliable mechanism of Ho control. But no matter how international legal documents were created, conferences are held.

Biological weapons is an effective means of achieving the goals of terrorists: it can affect the large masses of the civilian population, and this is very attracted by terrorists, it can easily provoke panic and chaos.

Terrorism is a very big problem in our time. Modern terrorism acts in the form of terrorist acts that have an international scale. Terrorism appears when society is experiencing a deep crisis, first of all, the crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. In such a society, various opposition groups appear - political, social, national, religious. For them, it becomes dubious legality of the existing power. Terrorism as a massive and politically significant phenomenon - the result of the "deideologicalization", when individual groups in society easily cast doubt on the legality and rights of the state, and those self-defining their transition to terror to achieve their own goals.

The main strategic conditions of the fight against terrorism:

• recreation of a sustainable block world;
• blocking terrorism at the initial stage and the prevention of its formation and development of structures;
• preventing the ideological justification of terror under the banners of "protection of the rights of the nation", "Protection of Faith", etc.; the debate of terrorism by all the forces of the media;
• transmission of the entire anti-terrorist management of the most reliable special services in non-interference in their work of any other bodies;
• the use of a contract with terrorists only by these special services and only for covering the preparation of a shares on the complete destruction of terrorists;
• no concessions to terrorists, not a single unpunished terrorist act, even if it is worth the hostage and chance

After the end of the Cold War, Russia and the United States managed to embark on the dismantling of those colossal strategic nuclear arsenals, which were created by both superpowers for victory in the world thermonuclear war. For the first time since the beginning of the nuclear century, a real reduction in the total number of strategic nuclear warheads began.

However, at the beginning of the XXI century. We can talk about some trends indicating the resumption of the race of strategic and conventional weapons. Special concern in Russia causes such American programs as the system of drum space armaments "Fast Global Blow", strategic missile defense (pro) GBI, a system for intercepting medium-range missiles such as SM-3, as well as a high-resolution remote sensing system developed by high resolution developed by Company "Lokhid". In turn, in the United States, they see the threat of its safety in the offensive weapons created by the Russian side, intended to overcome the American strategic pro (such as the intercontinental missile RS-24 and the ballistic missile of submarines "Bulaw").

At the same time, arms control mode was seriously weakened. After the unilateral release of the United States, the bilateral Russian-American regimenment of strategic defensive arms regimen, including those arrangements on missile defense, which were concluded between the parties after 1972, were eliminated by the Bilateral Armament Agreement, including those after 1972 due to the refusal of the American side Tests The monitoring mode of nuclear testing also does not exist: there is only a voluntary moratorium of declared nuclear powers to conduct test nuclear explosions.

After the Russian Federation announced the moratorium on compliance with the Treaty on the conventional armed forces in Europe, this contract is also practically not valid. Finally, B. lately Governments of Russia and the United States exchanged mutual accusations in violation of Soviet american treaty About medium range missiles.

Agreement between the Russian Federation and the United States on measures to further reduce and restrict strategic offensive armsSigned on April 8, 2010 by President Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev and Barack Obama in Prague allowed to suspend the erosion of the mechanism for controlling strategic arms. This contract provides that after seven years after his entry into force, each of the superpowers will have in service with 1550 detailed thermonuclear warheads and 700 units for deployed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), deployed ballistic missiles of submarines and deployed heavy bombers. The fulfillment of all provisions of this contract will lead to the fact that superpowers will reduce the size of their strategic nuclear arsenals approximately 10 times in comparison with the frontier 1980-1990s.

It would be wrong, however, to submit a matter as if, as a result of the Prague agreement, Russia and the United States achieved complete understanding on the problems of strategic stability and disarmament. It would be impossible - first of all because after the end of the Cold War, the ratio of forces between these countries has changed clearly not in favor of the Russian Federation.

In the conditions when a radical reduction in strategic offensive armaments was accompanied as rapidly quantitative growth and qualitative improvement of high-precision conventional weapons, including a large range, a strategic equilibrium between Russia and the United States, which was still in the years of the "Cold War", could inevitably be subjected to erosion. At the same time, which caused a special concern among the Russian elite - due to the incomparableness of economic potentials of Russia and the United States with high-precision weapons (as well as other newest systems), mostly American armed forces are equipped, while in the Russian Federation, until recently existed only in single experienced copies. And in these conditions, the Russian side is not in a hurry to abandon the huge superiority, which it has in the amounts) "of their concrete nuclear fuel charges.

At the same time, many American politicians and experts close to the conservative wing of the Republican Party are traditionally skeptical about international cooperation in limiting and reduced weapons. Although the current scale of American strategic arsenals seems to be excessive to American conservatives, they intend to unilaterally reduce them, and not within the framework of disarmament agreements.

It cannot be said that after the end of the "Cold War", efforts were made to reduce nuclear arsenals unilaterally. Here, it is necessary to mention the initiative of the US government (supported by Russia) at the end of 1991 to reduce the penalties of constant storage on the national territory of the two superpowers remaining permanent nuclear warheads. During the 1990s.

its nuclear arsenals also reduced the United Kingdom and France. Finally, from its nuclear weapons during the 1990s. Countries such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and South Africa refused.

However, at the end of the XX - early XXI century. The growth rates of nuclear weapons and their delivery devices again accelerated; A series of nuclear explosions conducted such undeclared nuclear states as India, DPRK and Pakistan.

Only after the end of the "Cold War" managed to proceed to the elimination of the arsenals of chemical weapons. A real breakthrough in disarmament was the opening for signing Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons In 1993, which entered into force on April 29, 1997. Currently, 188 states participate in this convention.

The Convention prohibits the development, production, acquisition and transmission of this type of weapons of mass destruction, and also obliges all the states who have joined him to eliminate their chemical weapons stocks. According to the Convention, its participants pledged to eliminate their reserves no later than April 2007, but it is possible to extend the destruction period, but not more than five years - until 2012, six states - chemical weapons (Russia, USA, India, who wished to remain incognito The State party, Libya and Albania) could not complete the destruction of their stocks by April 29, 2007. In July 2007, Albania eliminated all its reserves, and in April 2009 - India. To date, 61.99% (44.1 thousand tons) of declared chemical weapons in the world was destroyed. A serious success of the process of chemical disarmament was an agreement on the liquidation of Syrian chemical weapons achieved in 2013.

Over the past 25 years, the process of arms control knew not only ups, but also falls. The most striking example of the failures of the arms control process became Agreement on ordinary armed forces in Europe (Signed in Paris on November 19, 1990, entered into force on November 9, 1992). Its participants were six states signed by the Warsaw Treaty of 1955, and 16 Member States of the North Atlantic Treaty. In the fact of participation in these military-political unions, two groups of the States Parties were formed.

The agreement established the balance of the forces of two unions at the reduced levels, limited the possibilities of placing their conventional weapons along the line of contact of the organization of the Warsaw Treaty (ATS) and NATO. He allowed him to carry out a rapid and balanced reduction in a large amount of redundant arms and techniques that went to the participating States inheritance from the Times of the Cold War.

The central is the provisions on the maximum levels on the arms limited to the contractual contract and the technique of each group of States parties in the area of \u200b\u200bapplication as a whole and in its individual regions. Only during the 1990s. Signator countries reduced 56 thousand units. Arms and military equipment (drum fighters-bombers, main combat tanks, impact helicopters, combat armored cars, reactive and bulk artillery). The levels established in the contract for groups of States parties were distributed in them within these groups. In addition, the contract was established "the sufficiency rule", which provided that anyone separately taken by the State party could have no more than about one third of the total amount of arms limited to an agreement in the area of \u200b\u200bapplication.

Having ensured a high degree of transparency in relation to the usual armed forces of the States Parties, the Agreement made it possible to carry out military planning and construction, based on the "worst scenario", but from the real trends in the development of the situation. For the first time in a few hundred years, the unleashing of large-scale military aggression in Europe has become almost impossible.

With the cessation of the existence of the ATS, and then the USSR, the conclusion of Soviet (Russian) troops from Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic States and the Republics of the CIS, the emergence of a number of foci of conflict and especially with the expansion of NATO contractual mechanisms intended to maintain the balance of power between two military-political unions , began to lose efficiency.

Under these conditions, the countries subscribe to the Treaty adopted an agreement on the adaptation of the Treaty on the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe ("Agreement on Adaptation", signed in Istanbul on November 19, 1999, ratified by the Russian Federation in 2004, but did not enter into force). This agreement transforms the zonal-group basis of the contract (on the basis of membership in the military-political unions of the "Cold War") into the national system (for all categories limited by the Treaty of Technology and Armaments) and territorial (for land categories) levels for each member state. Instead of five former geographic areas, which is divided by the area of \u200b\u200bapplication of the contract, a strict network of territorial restrictions is introduced, consisting of 28 territorial levels (in terms of the number of European member states), as well as two "flanks" subproduction for the territory of Russia and Ukraine. Thus, the adapted contract mode was focused on strengthening the security of each participating state, regardless of its affiliation to military-political unions.

The adapted contract remains the so-called flank zone, which includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iceland, Norway, Moldova, Romania, Turkey, as well as parts of Russia and Ukraine. It should act a special, tougher mode. In particular, there are prohibited on the flanks to carry out the so-called emergency temporary deployments (over 153 major combat tanks, 241 combat armored vehicles and 140 artillery systems), and the redistribution of national and territorial levels is allowed only between states that are included in this zone.

The preservation of flank restrictions for a part of Russia's territory from a political point of view discriminalates Russia, and with practical - prevents the movement of forces and funds within the Russian Federation, including in order to combat terrorism. With this in mind, in the current situation, the preservation of these restrictions does not meet the interests of Russia.

The agreement significantly leveled the negative effects of the "first wave" of the expansion of NATO for the safety of Russia and European stability in general. However, then the "second wave" followed again significantly changed the situation for the worst.

The ADSE adaptation agreement was ratified by Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine (the latter did not hand over his ratification diploma). At the same time, almost immediately after signing the Agreement on the adaptation of the NATO country under the influence of the United States began to delay the introduction of this document into action. The beginning of ratification of the Agreement, they were associated with the implementation of Russia of various farms. Since 2002, such a condition has been the implementation of the NA relating to the contract of elements of its bilateral agreements with Georgia and Moldova on the conclusion russian troops from their territories. These agreements were achieved in Istanbul on the eve of the signing of an adaptation agreement in November 1999 (in the West are known as "Istanbul obligations"). Russia, fulfilling all related agreements on the conventional armed forces in Europe, considered this linking unlawful.

The exceptional circumstances that have developed around the contract prompted the Russian Federation to consider the suspension of the contract until the NATO countries do not ratify the agreement on its adaptation and will not begin in good faith to fulfill this document.

The need to suspend the Agreement was due to the following exceptional circumstances affecting the safety of the Russian Federation:

• Evasion of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic from registration of changes in the Group of States Parties in connection with the accession of these states to the North Atlantic Alliance;
• excess States parties by NATO "Group" restrictions as a result of the expansion of the alliance;
• the negative impact of the planned placement of ordinary weapons in the territories of Bulgaria and Romania to comply with the "group" restrictions;
• non-fulfillment by a number of participating States adopted in Istanbul a political commitment to accelerated ratification of adaptation agreement;
• Failure to fulfill the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia adopted in Istanbul to adjust the territorial limit levels;
• non-participation in the agreement of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

At the emergency conference of the States Participants of the Agreement held in Vienna on June 12-15, 2007, the Russian Federation identified the conditions necessary to restore the viability of the document mode:

• Return of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in the treaty field;
• lowering the amount of permitted levels and the availability of a limited arms contract for NATO countries in order to compensate for the potential acquired by the Alliance as a result of two "waves" of expansion;
• making a political decision on the abolition of flanking facilities for the territory of Russia;
• Development of a general understanding of the term "essential combat forces" and the manifestation of relevant restraints during its coordination;
• entry into force or at least the beginning of the temporary application of an adaptation agreement;
• Development of the conditions for joining the contract of new participants and its further upgrades.

The results of the emergency conference, counseling on the RUSSIA - NATO Council confirmed that the Alliance countries retained the beginning of the ratification of the Agreement on adaptation with the implementation of Russia "Istanbul obligations". They also ignored specific Russian proposals made on the eve of the emergency conference on the conclusion of the contract from the crisis, limiting the promises to discuss them later, after the adapted version of the contract for the contract.

After that, Russia considered it necessary to take measures to suspend the contract.

After suspending the Russian Federation, consultations with Western partners in restoring its viability were continued. NATO countries as a starting point for dialogue with Russia put forward the concept of "parallel actions" (some members of the Alliance begin to ratify adaptation agreements, and Russia takes certain measures regarding his military presence in Transnistria and on the former Russian military base in Gudauta, Abkhazia) . Noting the imbalance of this concept, the Russian side nevertheless the NA refused to consider this document and continued to work with partners on the specific content of the "package".

However, the West continued to be not ready to take into account some Russian key concerns (first of all, cancel flank restrictions in relation to the territory of Russia). On other issues, only the readiness to "discuss" them after the adapted contract was taken into force. Russia has not yet resumed the implementation of the Treaty on the usual armed forces in Europe.

Recently, a real threat arose and for the Soviet-American Agreement on Middle and Less range missiles1987 In July 2014, in his message to the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin Putin President B. Obama actually accused the Russian side in violating the provisions of this contract, namely, in the test of the Light-based ground-based rocket, the R-500 rocket, the radius of which is more permitted by the limit agreement 500 km. The American side also stated that the new Russian ICBM R-26 "Rubezh" is a ballistic rocket of medium range.

In turn, the Government of Russia since the late 1990s. Repeatedly pointed to the creation in the United States "target missiles for testing systems pro", representing full-fledged medium-range missiles without combat equipment. also in last years Questions cause built in Romania launchers for anti-missile Standard. SM-3, copying universal ship launchers MK 41. From these installations can be launched strategic winged rockets "Tomahawk".

Another failure of the disarmament process - Agreement on the comprehensive nuclear test ban, Announced United

Each member of the Treaty undertakes not to produce any test explosion of nuclear weapons and any other nuclear explosionAnd also prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion anywhere under its jurisdiction or control. In addition, each State party undertakes to further refrain from encouraging, promoting or any participation in conducting any test explosion of nuclear weapons and any other nuclear explosion.

As of September 2011, 182 countries have already signed 155 countries ratified the contract. At the same time, and 15 years after the signing, the contract did not enter into force. The reason is that from 44 nuclear and "thresholds" of states that must ratify the contract for its entry into force, nine did not sign it and (or) were not ratified. Among them - the USA, China, Israel, Egypt and Indonesia.

In an effort to ensure compliance with the contract during its ratification, Russia has committed itself to abide by the moratorium on nuclear tests under the condition of a similar approach from other nuclear powers. Although the contract did not take effect, there is an active work on the creation of a preparatory commission of the Organization under the contract on the comprehensive prohibition of nuclear tests to create a control mechanism of the contract. Already, more than two thirds of the objects of the International Compliance Monitoring System of Compliance Monitoring are certified, most of them are successfully functions. Even in incompletely, the control mechanism of the contract has repeatedly demonstrated its capacity and efficiency (including during nuclear tests in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) in 2006 and 2009).

• See: Federal Law of November 29, 2007 No. 276-FZ "On the suspension of the Russian Federation on the conventional armed forces of Europe".

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Presentation on the topic "The problem of peace and disarmament" can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Obzh. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you interest your classmates or audience. Use the player to view the contents, or if you want to download the report - click on the appropriate text below the player. Presentation contains 9 slide (s).

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Problem and its essence

For several decades of the Cold War, the problem of war and the world remained a problem number 1. Prevention of war; The problem of peace and disarmament. The world is threatened by destruction, nuclear war Or something like that.

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Causes of (or exacerbation)

Two World Wars of the 20th century, the result of which was the "Armament Race" Technical Progress. Creation and distribution of new weapons (in particular nuclear weapons)

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In connection with the two global wars of the 20th century, in which more than 100 million people died, and later with the confrontation of two great powers (USSR and the USA), the so-called "Army Race" appeared. A significant role was played by the opening of nuclear weapons. By the end of the twentieth century, the world came up to a critical point, there were billions of lives under the threat. But the situation changed dramatically at the beginning of the 90s. And at the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. The beginning of a large-scale reduction in the global arms arsenal, reducing military spending and reducing rocket and nuclear potential. Agreement between the USSR and the United States (START-1), and later between the United States and Russia (START-2) were particularly important. However, the threat still remains in force.

Slide 6.

Modern situation

Separate aspects of a military threat are still preserved: numerous regional and local conflicts\\ Wars Spreading nuclear weapons The preservation of military blocks trade weapons.

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Ways Solutions

Establishing more rigid control over nuclear and chemical weapons. Reducing the usual types of weapons and trade weapons. General reduction in military spending.

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The results achieved and significant difficulties

The signing of international treaties: on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (1968 - 180 states), on the prohibition of nuclear tests, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Chemical Weapon Production (1997), etc. Arms trade decreased in 2 r. (From 1987 to 1994) a reduction in military expenditures by 1 \\ 3 (for the 1990s) increased control over the non-proliferation of nuclear and other weapons by the international community (Ave.: Activities of the IAEA, and others. Interfaces)

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The text should be well readable, otherwise the audience will not be able to see the applied information, will be very distracted from the story, trying to at least disassemble something, or will lose all interest. To do this, it is necessary to correctly pick up the font, given where and how the presentation will be broadcast, as well as correctly select the combination of background and text.

It is important to rehears to the rehearsal of your report, think about how you say hello to the audience, what to say first, how to finish the presentation. All comes with experience.

Correct the outfit correctly, because The speaker's clothes also plays a big role in the perception of his speech.

Try to talk confidently, smoothly and connected.

Try to enjoy the speech, then you can be more relaxed and you will worry about.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………..3

1. The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a new world war .......................................................................................... 5

2. Environmental problem ................................................... ... 8

3. Demographic problem ................................................ 12

4. Energy problem ................................................... 15

5. Raw problem .......................................................................17

6. Food problem ..............................................18

7. The problem of using the World Ocean .............................21

8. The problem of the peaceful development of space .................................... 22

conclusions………………………………………………………………......24

List of sources used ……………………………….25

Introduction

Global problems of humanity, which were in the center of attention of scientists, political figures and the general public are studied by many sciences, including geography.

The last decades of the XX century They put a lot of sharp and complex problems in front of the peoples of the world, which were called global. Global problems - problems that cover the entire land, all of humanity, all states, create a threat to its present and future, and also require their joint efforts, joint actions of all states and peoples.

In fact, mankind itself has never increased quantitatively 2.5 times during the lifetime of only one generation, thereby increasing the power of the "demographic press". Never before that, humanity did not entitle the scientific and technological revolution, did not reach the post-industrial stage of development, did not open roads into space. Never before for his livelihoods did not require such quantity natural resources and returned to them in an environment Waste, too, were not so great. Before that there was no such globalization of the global economy, such a unified world information system. Finally never before cold War I did not let down all of humanity so close to the frontier of self-destruction.

All this attracted attention to global problems not only policies, but also science. Global problems that:

First, concern all mankind, affecting the interests and fate of all countries, peoples and social layers;

Secondly, lead to significant economic and social losses, and in cases of exacerbation can threaten the existence of human civilization;

Thirdly, they require cooperation in the general growth scale, joint actions of all countries and peoples for their decision.

Global problems of humanity have become an important object of interdisciplinary research, in which public, technical and natural sciences are involved (economics, sociology, law, geography, biology, philosophy, ecology, physics, chemistry, oceanology, etc.)

The number of global problems varies in very wide limits: from, about ten to forty and more. But if you keep in mind the main problems, then their no more than a dozen.

Object term paper - Determine the global problems of humanity on the planet.

The subject of this work is the tasks and goals of solving global problems, identify the possible consequences of the manifestation of global problems on modern stage The development of society.

The tasks that need to be solved to achieve the goal:

The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing new world war;

Ecological problem;

Demographic problem;

Energy problem;

Raw problem;

Food problem;

The problem of using the World Ocean;

The problem of the peaceful development of space.

The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing new world war

The process of globalization finally began to convey to people one simple truth: we have one planet. If it is destroyed, it will be necessary to live elementary. Therefore, so acute is the problem of peace and disarmament. It would seem that it's easier: to gather and agree. The UN constantly go meetings, where responsible people try to reduce the level of tension on the planet. And every time you have to argue how the problem of peace and disarmament can be solved, preventing new world war.

The problem of preserving peace on Earth, the prevention of military disasters and conflicts is constantly remaining one of the most important throughout the existence of humanity. Formed in many countries, military-industrial complexes spend colossal funds for the production of weapons and conduct scientific research in this domain. Fast progress in the military field just threatens security and contributes to the deepening of global problems.

Disarmament is one of the global problems of modernity, which directly affects the survival of human civilization. This is a system of measures to terminate the arms race, restriction, reduction and liquidation of warfare. Mankind is increasingly aware of the importance and relevance of this problem, trying to keep it within the framework of the global community. And yet the problem of disarmament is ambiguous, since it is associated with the possibility of the death of civilization.

This is a problem number 1 in the world without deciding it, one cannot solve other global problems. According to approximate calculations, in the entire history of mankind in the world there were 14.5 thousand wars. Assess the damage they caused, simply impossible. More than 90% of those who died in wars and armed conflicts fall on the XX century. 82% of the dead - the civilian population, and the material damage caused by the first and second world wars, is $ 345 billion. After World War II, the population of Europe decreased by 60-75 million people. Human losses have a negative impact on the development of the economy. On these wars, 208 and 662 billion dollars were spent the countries.

With the emergence of nuclear weapons, the threat of the destruction of all modern civilization arose. In one nuclear charge, a destructive force may be concentrated, which exceeds the power of all explosives in all previous wars, combined. Nuclear powers, except the US, Great Britain, France, China, Russia, are: Iran, Iraq, DPRK, South Africa, Japan, Taiwan, Brazil, Argentina. There are other types of weapons of mass lesion: chemical, bacteriological, laser. It is estimated that one person accounts for 10 tons of explosive, and daily spending on military targets account for $ 1 billion. 1 trillion. Dollars a year - expenses for military targets around the world. Every minute in the world spend $ 2 million in arms racing. Numerous regional and local conflicts are a military threat today. Thus, in Europe there is about 150 nuclear power plants, their destruction and destruction of chemical objects represent a very greater danger. The policies of many countries are ready to sacrifice the fate of whole nations (for example, the war in the Balkan Peninsula and other parts globe). Ultimately, this can lead to a global military conflict.

Assess the real danger of arms race as a detrimental global process will help the following major circumstances. First, the progress of military equipment has achieved such a scale when increasing speed appear increasingly improved weapons, new weapons systems. This erases the line between the weapons as a means of armed struggle against the enemy armies and as a means of struggle against the population and the economy of states and entire regions.

Secondly, the further development of rocket-nuclear weapons, which are accompanied by the development of relevant military-political doctrines of its use, makes it difficult to political control over it.

Thirdly, the progress in creating modern destruction facilities gradually erases the line between the nuclear and ordinary war.

Fourth, the problem of the arms race included in its ranks the interests of people working in industries that create funds for the destruction of the military-industrial complex, forcing them to involuntarily act in its defense.

Fifth, the problem of increasing or reducing the production of weapons is encountered on the contradictory interests of different states, because ensures their geopolitical interests.

The statistically detrimental danger of the further arms race can be illustrated as follows: global military expenses during the 20th century have increased more than 30 times. If, in the period between world wars, humanity spent on military purposes from 20 to 22 billion dollars annually, today - more than 1 trillion. dollars. In the scope of military-industrial activities included, according to the testimony of UN experts, about 100 million people, the number of existing armies reaches almost 40 million people, and in military studies and the creation of a new weapon are employed up to 500 thousand men. At the same time, the military goals account for 2/5 of all spending on science. Scientists were calculated, funds that spend on weapons only for one year would be enough for irrigation of 150 million hectares of land, the use of which could feed 1 billion people. Such expenses would be enough for construction within one year 100 million apartments or other modern housing for 500 million people.

Especially paradoxical phenomenon is the arms race in the third world countries, where 80% of the population of our planet live, and the role in global production is less than 20%. The poorest countries (where GNP per capita is less than 440 dollars), which create only 5% of goods and services in the world, where more than half of the world's population live, accounts for 7.5% of world weapons expenditures compared with 1% For healthcare and less than 3% on education. In these countries, 3,700 people account for 1 doctor, and for one serviceman - 250 people. The direct socio-economic damage accumulated on the arms race has multiple times more than all losses that the countries of the world suffer through various natural cataclysms. The trend towards the growth of resources, which distract to military objectives, leads to the exacerbation of economic and social problems in many countries, has a pernicious effect on the development of civil production and the level of living of peoples. Therefore, disarmament, the coagulation of military production is today one of the problems that requires the participation of the entire world community.