Anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech. Anti-aircraft missile systems based on aviation means of lesion anti-aircraft missile weapons

S-300 is a Soviet (Russian) anti-aircraft missile complex of a large radius of action, intended for the controversial and missile defense of the most important military and civil facilities: large cities and industrial structures, military bases and points and management. The C-300 was developed in the mid-70s designers of the famous Scientific and Production Association Almaz. Currently, S-300 SPC is a whole family of anti-aircraft missile systems that reliably protect the Russian sky from any aggressor.

The rocket of the C-300 complex is able to hit the air target at distances from five to two hundred kilometers, it can effectively "work" both against ballistic and against aerodynamic purposes.

The operation of the S-300 SPC began in 1975, this complex was adopted in 1978. Since then, based on the basic model, a large number of modifications were developed, which are characterized by their characteristics, specialization, the parameters of the RLS, anti-aircraft missiles and other features.

Anti-aircraft missile systems (VIS) of the S-300 family are one of the most famous FFA funds in the world. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that this weapon is in great demand abroad. Today, various modifications of the S-300 Sprink are in service with the former Soviet republics (Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan). In addition, the complex is used by the Armed Forces of Algeria, Bulgaria, Iran, China, Cyprus, Syria, Azerbaijan and other countries.

S-300 never took part in real combat actions, but despite this, most domestic and foreign experts estimate the potential of the complex very high. So much that problems with the supply of this weapon sometimes lead to international scandals, as it was in the case of the Iranian contract.

The further development of the S-300 Spring family is (adopted in 2007) and promising C-500 Prometheus, which are planning to take into operation in 2020. In 2011, it was decided to complete the serial production of early modifications of the complex - C-300PS and C-300PM.

For many years, Western experts dreamed of "get acquainted closer" with S-300 SPC. This feature appeared only after the collapse of the USSR. In 1996, the Israelis were able to evaluate the effectiveness of the work of the C-300PMU1 complex, which was previously sold by Russia Cyprus. After joint exercises with Greece, representatives of Israel stated that they found weak spots This anti-aircraft complex.

There is also information (confirmed from different sources) that in the 90s, the Americans managed to buy their elements of the complex in the former Soviet republics.

On March 7, 2019, a number of Western Media (in particular, French Le Figaro) published information on the destruction of the Syrian C-300 Battery F-35 by the latest Israeli aircraft in the Damascus area.

History of the creation of S-300 SP

The history of the creation of an anti-aircraft missile complex C-300 began in the mid-50s, when the USSR tightly engaged in the creation of a missile defense system. Research work was conducted within the framework of the projects "Ball" and "Protection", during which it was experimentally proven to create SPC capable of carrying and anti-aircraft, and anti-missile defense.

The Soviet military strategists clearly understood that the USSR could hardly be competing with the countries of the West in the number of combat aircraft, so much attention was paid to the development of military air defense.

By the end of the 60s, the Soviet Military Complex has accumulated significant experience in the development and operation of anti-aircraft missile systems, including in combat conditions. Vietnam and the Middle East provided the Soviet designers a huge actual material for study, showed the strengths and weaknesses of the SPC.

As a result, it became clear that the greatest chances of hitting the enemy and avoid retaliatory strikes have mobile anti-aircraft missile systems, capable of moving as much as possible from the hiking position in combat and back.

In the late 60s, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a single unified unified anticipate anti-aircraft complex that could hit the air targets at distances to 100 km, which could affect the distances of up to 100 km and came up for use in the ground for up to 100 km and came to 100 km In the country's air defense, and in the navy. After the discussion in which military and representatives of the MCC took part, it became clear that such an anti-aircraft system could justify the cost of production only if it could also perform the tasks of anti-missile and anticipate defense.

Creating a similar complex is an ambitious task and today. Officially, work on the C-300 began in 1969, after the emergence of the relevant decision of the USSR Council.

In the end, it was decided to develop three VSS: for the country's air defense, for air defense air defense for air defense cells. They received the following notation: C-300P ("Country Air Defense"), C-300F ("Flotskaya") and C-300V ("Military").

Looking in advance, it should be noted that it was not possible to achieve the complete unification of all modifications of the C-300 complex. The fact is that elements of modifications (except RLS circular review and zur) were manufactured at various enterprises of the USSR using their own technological requirements, components and technologies.

In general, dozens of enterprises and scientific organizations from all over the same place were involved in this project. Soviet Union. The main developer of the SPC was NGO "Almaz", the rockets of the C-300 complex were created in the ICD "Torch".

The further work advanced, the more the problems associated with the unification of the zenith complex became. Their main reason was the features of using such systems in different types of troops. If the air defense of the air defense and Navy is usually used together with very powerful radar intelligence systems, the military air defense complexes usually have a high degree of autonomy. Therefore, it was decided to transfer work on the C-300B NII-20 (in the future of the NPO "Antei"), which by that time had a significant experience in developing air defense agents.

Specific conditions for the use of anti-aircraft missile systems at sea (reflection from the water surface signal, increased humidity, splashes, pitching) forced to assign C-300F REN headed developer.

Modification of S-300V Sprink

Although the S-300V SPC was originally created within the framework of a single program with other modifications of the complex, later it was transferred to another head developer - NII-20 (later NIIMI) and in fact became a separate project. Sverdlovsk Machine-Building KB (SMCB) "Novator" was engaged in the development of Zur for C-300V. Starting and charging machines for the complex were created in the "Start" OKB, and the RLS "Overview-3" was designed in NII-208. C-300V received its own name "Antey-300V" and is still in service russian army.

The composition of the anti-aircraft division of the C-300V complex includes the following components:

• command Paragraph (9C457) to manage the combat operation of VIS;
• RLS circular review "Overview-3";
• Radar sector review "Ginger";
• four anti-aircraft batteries for air target damage.

Each battery included two types of launchers with different zur, as well as two commissioning machines for each of them.

Initially, the C-300V was planned as a front-line anti-aircraft missile complex, capable of fighting SRAM, cylinder rockets (CR), ballistic missiles (type "Lans" or "Pershing"), aircraft and helicopters of the enemy, provided arisingized applying and active radio electronic and fire counteraction.

The creation of the "Atlant-300V" SPC took place in two stages. On the first of them, the complex "learned" to confidently counteract the winged rockets, ballistic and aerodynamic purposes.

In 1980-1981 At the Emba Polygon, the SPC tests were carried out, which were successful. In 1983, the "intermediate" C-300B1 was adopted.

The purpose of the second stage of development was to expand the possibilities of the complex, the task was set to adapt the SPC to combat ballistic missiles of the type "Peshing", aerobalistic SRAM missiles and interference aircraft on distances up to 100 km. To do this, the complex "Ginger" radar was introduced, new anti-aircraft missiles 9m82, launchers and charging machines for them. The tests of the improved C-300V complex were conducted in 1985-1986. And ended successfully. In 1989, S-300V was adopted.

Currently, S-300V Sprink is in service with the Russian army (more than 200 units), as well as the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Belarus and Venezuela.

On the basis of VIS C-300V, modifications of the C-300BM ("Antey-2500") and C-300B4 are developed.

C-300BM is an export modification of the complex, which was supplied to Venezuela. The system has one type of missiles in two versions, its shooting range reaches 200 km, C-300BM can simultaneously affect 16 ballistic or 24 air targets. The maximum height of the lesion is 30 km, the deployment time is six minutes. The speed of Zur is 7.85 maha.

C-300B4. The most modern modification of the complex, it can affect ballistic rockets and aerodynamic targets at 400 km distances. Currently, all C-300V complexes that are in service with the Armed Forces of Russia are upgraded to the S-300V4 level.

Modification C-300P

VSS C-300P is an anti-aircraft system designed for the defense of the most important civil and military facilities from any kinds of air attack: ballistic and winged missiles, airplanes, unmanned aircraft, in conditions of massive use with the active electronic countering the enemy.

Serial production of the anti-aircraft missile system S-300PT began in 1975, after three years she was adopted for weapons and began to flow into the system parts. The letter "T" in the name of the complex means "transportable". The head developer of the complex was the NGO Diamond, the rocket was designed in the Torch KB, and it was manufactured at the Northern Plant in Leningrad. Leningrad KBSM was engaged in launchers.

This air defense system should have replaced already obsolete at that time VSS C-25 and S-75 and C-125 SPC.

The C-300PT VSUS consisted of the command item, which included the 10 N64 detection radar and 5k56 control point, and six SPK 5B15. Initially, the system used Zur B-500K with a maximum lesion range of 47 km, later they were replaced by Rockets in 55 km with a range of targets to 75 km and the onboard radio finder.

The 5B15 SPC included radar detection of goals in small and extremely small heights 5H66, the control system with the reinforcement reflux of 5H63 and PU 5P85-1. SPK could well function and without radar 5n66. The launchers were located on semi-trailers.

On the basis of the S-300PT anti-aircraft system, several modifications were developed, which were operated in the USSR and went to export. VSS C-300PT removed from production.

One of the most mass modifications of the zenith complex became C-300PS ("C" means "self-propelled"), which was adopted in 1982. To its creation of Soviet designers, the experience of using air defense tools in the Middle East and Vietnam is advocated. He clearly showed that to survive and effectively fulfill combat work forces only by highly mobile means of air defense with minimal deployment time. The C-300PS unfolded from a hiking position in combat (and back) in just five minutes.

The composition of the VSC C-300PS includes KP 5N83C and up to 6 SPK 5Z15С. At the same time, each individual complex has a high degree of autonomy and can fight independently.

The KP includes 5H64C detection radar, made on the MAZ-7410 chassis and the control point 5K56C on the basis of MAZ-543. SPK 5B15C consists of the RLS of the reference and the guidance of 5n63c and several start-up complexes (up to four). Each PU is four rockets. They are also performed on the MAZ-543 chassis. In addition, the complex may include a system for detecting and destroying the devotion targets 5N66m. The complex is equipped with an autonomous energy supply system.

Additionally, each C-300PS division could be equipped with a oscillation three-rectuate radar 36D6 or 16Z6 and top acceptor 1T12-2M. In addition, the anti-aircraft missile complex could be equipped with a duty support module (based on MAZ-543), in which the dining room, guard room with a machine gun, residential premises.

In the mid-1980s, on the basis of the C-300PS, a modification of the C-300PMU was developed, the main difference of which was an increase in ammunition to 28 ZUR. In 1989, an export modification of the C-300PMU complex appeared.

In the mid-80s, the development of another modification of the C-300PS began - S-300PM. Externally (and in composition) this system was not much different from previous complexes of this series, but this modification was performed on a new elementary base, which made it possible to remove its characteristics to a new level: to significantly increase the noise immunity and almost twice the range of target defeat. In 1989, the C-300PM was adopted by the military air defense troops of the USSR. At its base, an improved modification of the C-300PMU1 was created, which was first demonstrated by the general public in 1993 at the airplane in Zhukovsky.

The main difference of the C-300PMU1 was a new zur 48n6, which had a smaller combat part and a more advanced hardware component. Thanks to this, the new VIS has become an opportunity to deal with air targets flying at a speed of 6450 km / h and confidently affect the opponent aircraft at 150 km. The composition of the C-300PMU1 includes more advanced radar stations.

The C-300PMU1 can be used both autonomously and in a complex with other air defense agents. The minimum EPR target sufficient to detect is 0.2 kV. meter.

In 1999, new anti-aircraft missiles were shown for the C-300PMU1 complex. They had a smaller combat part, but the most accuracy of the target is due to the new maneuvering system, which did not work at the expense, but using the gas dynamic system.

Until 2014, all VSS-300PMs, in service with the Armed Forces of Russia, were upgraded to the S-300PMU1 level.

Currently, the second stage of modernization is undergoing, which is the replacement of outdated computing means of the complex to modern samples, as well as in replacing equipment of the Zenitchikov's workplaces. New complexes will be equipped with modern means of communication, top acceptance and navigation.

In 1997, the public was presented to a new modification of the complex - C-300PM2 "Favorit". Then she was adopted. This option has an increased range of targeting targets (up to 195 km), as well as the ability to resist the latest aircraft manufactured using Stelc technologies (EPR target - 0.02 sq. M).

Favorite received advanced 48n6e2 missiles, capable of destroying the ballistic goals of small and medium range. In the troops, the S-300PM2, the C-300PM2 began to appear in 2013, previously issued modifications of the C-300PM and C-300PMU1 can be upgraded to their level.

Modification C-300F

C-300F is a zenith-rocket system designed for the Navy based on VSC C-300P. The head developer of the complex was performed by the VNII RE SME (later NPO "Altair"), the Rocket was engaged in the ICD "Torch", and RLS - NIIP. Initially, the new air defense system planned to arm a rocket cruiser of projects 1164 and 1144, as well as project ships 1165, which was never implemented.

The C-300F VSC was intended to defeat air targets at distances to 75 km flying at a speed of 1,300 m / c in the height range from 25 m to 25 km.

An experienced sample C-300F was first established on the BOD "Azov" in 1977, the Complex was officially adopted in 1984. State tests of the Fleet version of the C-300 took place on the rocket cruiser "Kirov" (project 1144).

An experimental sample of the Sprink consisted of two drum-type launchers, which accommodate 48 zours, as well as the Fort control systems.

The S-300F Fort SPK was produced in two modifications with six and eight drums, each of which accommodate 8 vertical starting containers. One of them was always under a launcher, the rocket march engine was launched after entering it from the guides. After starting the rocket, the drum turned and taught the new container with Zur under the hatch. S-300F firing interval - 3 seconds.

The C-300F VSUS has a homing system with a semi-active rocket radar. The complex has SUO 3P41 with radar with a phased antenna grid.

Zur 5B55RM, which was used on the Fort C-300 complex, is a solid fuel rocket, made according to a normal aerodynamic scheme. The deviation of the rocket in flight occurred at the expense of the gas-dynamic system. Furm - radar, combat part Splinchy fugasal, weighing 130 kg.

In 1990, a modified version of the complex - C-300FM "Fort-M" was demonstrated. Its main difference from the basic model was the new zur 48n6. The mass of its combat part was increased to 150 kg, and the radius of the lesion is up to 150 km. The new rocket could destroy objects flying at a speed of up to 1800 m / s. The export modification of the C-300FM has the name "RIF-M", currently armed Esming of the Navy China type 051c.

The latest modernization of the C-300F Fort complex is the development of anti-aircraft controlled missiles 48n6e2, which have a firing range of 200 km. Currently, the flagship of the Northern Fleet cruiser "Peter Great" is armed like similar zur.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

The fact that aviation has become the main shock force on the sea has become clear by the end of World War II. Now the success of any maritime operations began to solve aircraft carriers equipped with fighters and attack aircraft, subsequently with reactive and rocket-bearing. It was in the postwar period that our country's leadership took unprecedented programs for the development of various means of weapons, among which there were anti-aircraft missile systems. They were equipped with the land divisions of air defense troops, and the ships of the navy. With the advent of anti-worker missiles and modern aviation, high-precision bombs and unmanned aerial vehicles, the relevance of marine air defense systems has grown multiple times.

First Ship Anti-Arbitration Rockets

The history of the air defense systems of the Russian Navy began after the end of World War II. It is at the fortieth and fifties of the last century that a period has a period when a fundamentally new type of weapon appeared - managed rockets. For the first time, such a weapon was developed in fascist GermanyAnd her armed forces first applied him in hostilities. In addition to the "Weapon of Retribution" - Aircraft-shells of the V-1 shells and ballistic missiles V-2, anti-aircraft controlled missiles (Zur) "Wasserfal", "Reintochter", "Ecoming", "Smetterling" with a range of shooting from 18 to 50 km used in the reflection of the attacks of bombing aviation allies.

After the war, the development of anti-aircraft missile systems was actively engaged in the United States and the USSR. Moreover, in the United States, these works were carried out in the widest scale, as a result of which by 1953 the army and the Air Force of this country were in service with the anti-aircraft missile complex (SPK) "Nike Ajax" with a 5-km shooting range. Not left aside and fleet - for him was developed and adopted by the ship SERRIER "TERRIER" with the same distance.

Equipment of surface ships with anti-aircraft missile weapons was objectively caused by the appearance of reactive aviation in the late 1940s, which, due to high speeds and high height, became almost unacceptable for marine anti-aircraft artillery.

In the Soviet Union, the development of anti-aircraft missile systems was also considered one of the priority tasks, and since 1952, parts of the air defense were placed around Moscow, equipped with the first domestic missile system C-25 "Berkut" (in the West, the designation SA-1) was placed. But in general, Soviet funds anti-heart defenseThe basis of which was the fighters-interceptors and anti-aircraft artillery, could stop constant disorders of the borders by American intelligence aircraft. Such a situation continued until the end of the 1950s, when the first domestic mobile S-75 "wolch" (Western SA-2 classification) was adopted, whose characteristics provided the possibility of intercepting any aircraft of that time. Later, in 1961, the C-125 "Neva" with a range of up to 20 km was admitted to the Soviet military troops.
It is from these systems that the history of domestic ship's SPIs is counting, since in our country they began to be created on the basis of complexes of air defense troops and ground troops. This decision was based on the idea of \u200b\u200bunification of the ammunition. At the same time abroad, as a rule, special maritime SPCs were created for ships.

The first Soviet air defense complex for surface ships was the IMC M-2 "Volkhov-M" (SA-N-2), designed to establish a cruiser class and created on the basis of the C-75 air defense missile complex. The work on "surgery" of the complex was carried out under the leadership of the chief designer S.T. Zaytseva, the head designer P.D. Khushin from the ICD "Torch" Minaviaprom was engaged in the anti-aircraft missile. The SPK turned out to be rather bulky: the radoomand of the guidance system led to large dimensions of Corvet-Sevan antenna post, and the impressive dimensions of the two-stage Zur B-753 with a march liquid jet engine (EDD) demanded the corresponding sizes to install (PU) and the peleline of the ammunition. In addition, the rockets before the start needed to refuel and the oxidizing agent, because of which the fire performance of the SPC left much to be desired, and the ammunition was too small - only 10 zur. All this led to the fact that the M-2 complex installed on the experimental ship "Dzerzhinsky" project 4 and remained in a single copy, although it was officially adopted in 1962. In the future, this SPC on the cruiser was canned and no longer used.

SPM M-1 "Wave"

Almost in parallel with M-2 in the NII-10 Ministry of Minsudprom (NPO "Altair") under the leadership of the main designer I.A. Rignatev since 1955, the development of the Marine Complex M-1 "Wave" (SA-N-1) was carried out on the basis of the land C-125. The rocket for him was refined by P.Grushin. An experimental sample of the SPK was tested on a squadronous "Brave" project 56k. Fire performance (calculated) was 50 seconds. Between volley, the maximum shooting range depending on the target height reached 12 ... 15 km. The complex consisted of a two-bondant inhibited stabilized PU Tumb type ZIF-101 with a system of feeding and charging, Yatagan control system, 16 anti-aircraft controlled missiles in B-600 in two sublock drums and a set of regulatory control equipment. Rocket B-600 (cipher grau 4k90) was a two-stage and had starting and warsh powder engines (RDTT). The combat part (BC) was supplied with a non-contact fusion and 4500 ready-made fragments. The guidance was carried out on the beam of the radar station (RLS) "Yatagan", the development of the NII-10. Antenna post had five antennas: two small rockets for a target for a target, one aerial radio transmitter and two large antennas of accompaniment target and accurate guidance. The complex was single-channel, that is, before defeating the first goal, the processing of subsequent goals was impossible. In addition, there was a sharp decrease in the accuracy of guidance with increasing range to the target. But in general, the SPC turned out to be quite good for his time, and after adopting for weapons in 1962, it was established for mass-built large anti-submarine ships (BOD) of the Komsomolets of Ukraine (projects 61, 61m, 61mm, 61me), rocket cruisers (RKR ) Type "Grozny" (project 58) and "Admiral Zozul" (project 1134), as well as the modernized destroyers of projects 56k, 56a and 57a.

In the future, in 1965-68, the M-1 complex was upgraded, having received a new rocket in-601 with an increase in the shooting range increased to 22 km, and in 1976 - another, having received the name "Wave-P", with improved Noise immunity. In 1980, when the problem of protecting ships from low-fat anti-religious missiles was faced, the complex was upgraded once again, assigning the name "Wave-H" (Rocket B-601M). An improved management system ensured the defeat of low-fat targets, as well as surface targets. Thus, the M-1 SPC gradually turned into a universal complex (UZRK). According to the main characteristics and combat effectiveness, the "Wave" complex was similar to the "Tartar" SPC, the US Navy, somewhat losing it with the latest modifications in shooting range.

Currently, the Volna-P complex remained on the only BPD of the project 61 "Mathetically" Black Sea Fleet, which in 1987-95 was modernized on the project 01090 with the installation of the Uranium PCRK and reclassified into the TCR.

It is worth making a little digression and say that initially sea SPK in the Soviet Navy did not have a strict classification. But by the 1960s, the last century in the country was widely deployed work on the design of a variety of air defense systems for surface ships, and as a result, it was decided to classify them by shooting range: over 90 km - became known as high-speed complexes (DD), up to 60 km - medium-range SPC (SD SD), from 20 to 30 km - Middle Action Sprink (SP) and complexes with a range of up to 20 km relate to Self-defense Sprink (SP).

SPK "OSA-M"

The first Soviet Marine Self-defense Self-Defense Self-Defense (SA-N-4) was launched in the development of NII-20 in 1960. Moreover, it was originally created at once in two versions - for the army ("OSA") and for the Navy and was intended both for the defeat of the air and maritime purposes (MC) for the range of up to 9 km. The main designer was appointed V.P. Efform. Initially, it was assumed to equip Zur head of homing, but at that time it was very difficult to implement this method, and the rocket itself was too expensive, so in the end the radio command system was chosen. SPC "OSA-M" was completely unified on the 9MZZ rocket with the OSA Commissars Complex, and on the control system - by 70%. Single-stage with a dual-mode RTTT rocket was made according to the aerodynamic scheme "Duck", the combat part (BC) was equipped with a radio visor. A distinctive feature of this marine SPC was the placement on a single antenna post. In addition to the hosting stations and the transfer of commands, another radar of the detection of air targets 4p33 with a range of 25 ... 50 km (depending on the height of the MC). Thus, the SPC had the possibility of independent detection of goals and their subsequent destruction, which reduced the reaction time. The complex included the original PU ZIF-122: in a non-working position, two starting guides were retracted to a special cylindrical cellar ("Glass"), where the ammunition was also placed. When switching to a combat position, the starting guides rose up along with two zur. Rockets were placed in four rotating drums, 5 in each.

The tests of the complex were conducted in 1967 on the experimental ship OS-24 project 33, which was converted from a light cruiser "Voroshilov" project 26-bis pre-war construction. Then the "OSA-M" SPC was tested on the head ship of the project 1124 - IPC-147 to 1971. After numerous finishes in 1973, the complex was adopted by the USSR Navy. Due to its high characteristics and convenience in operation, the OSA-M SPC became one of the most massive air defense systems. It was installed not only on large superwater ships, such as Kyiv Aviance cruisers (project 1143), large anti-submarine ships of the Nikolaev type (project 1134B), guard ships (ICR) type "Vigilant" (project 1135 and 1135m), But also on ships of small displacement, these are already mentioned small anti-submarine ships of the project 1124, small rocket ships (IRK) of the project 1234 and an experienced IRC on the underwater wings of the project 1240. In addition, the Osa-M complex was equipped with Zhdanov's artillery cruisers and Admiral Senjavin, refurbished in the management cruisers for projects 68U1 and 68-U2, large landing ships (BDK) of the type "Ivan Rogov" (Project 1174) and the Complex Suppliation ship "Berezina" (Project 1833).

In 1975, work was launched on the modernization of the complex to the level of "OSA-MA" with a decrease in the minimum height of the targets from 50 to 25 m. In 1979, the upgraded SSA-MA APP was adopted by the USSR Navy and began to install it on most Ship under construction: Glory type rocket cruisers (projects 1164 and 11641), atomic rocket cruisers like "Kirov" (project 1144), border guard ships of Menzhinsky type (project 11351), Project CD 11661K, IPC project 1124m and rocket ships With the sket of the project 1239. And in the early 1980s, the second modernization was carried out and the complex that received the "OSA-Ma-2" designation was capable of hitting the low-fat targets at altitudes from 5 m. In terms of its characteristics, the "OSA-M" Compare with the French Ship Complex "Crotale Naval", developed in 1978 and a year later adopted. CROTALE NAVAL has a lighter rocket and is made on a single start-up setting together with the guidance station, but does not have its own radar detection of goals. At the same time, SPK "OSA-M" significantly inferior to the American "SEA Sparrow" in terms of range and fire performance and multichannel English "SEA WOLF".

Now SPC "OSA-Ma" and "OSA-Ma-2" remain in service with rocket cruisers "Marshal Ustinov", "Varyag" and "Moscow" (projects 1164, 11641), Kerch and Ochakov BPK (project 1134 ), Four projects of projects 1135, 11352 and 1135m, two boron rocket ships (project 1239), thirteen ICC of projects 1134, 11341 and 11347, two JSC "Cheetah" (project 11661K) and twenty IPC projects 1124, 1124m and 1124m .

SPM M-11 "Storm"

In 1961, even before the completion of the tests of the SPR "Wave", in the NII-10 SMEs under the guidance of the chief designer G.N. Volgina, the development of universal SPM M-11 "Storm" (SA-N-3) was launched. As in the previous cases, the main designer of the rocket was P.D. Grushin. It is worth noting that this was preceded by the works started back in 1959, when under the designation M-11, a SPC was created for a specialized air defense ship of the project 1126, but they were never completed. The new complex was intended for the defeat of high-speed air targets at all (including supermalcular) altitudes at a distance of up to 30 km. At the same time, its main elements were similar to the SPK "Wave", but had increased dimensions. Shooting could be carried out by a volley of two missiles, the estimated interval between the launches was 50 seconds. The two-bang stabilized launcher of the Tumb type B-189 was made with a sublocking device for storing and serving the ammunition in the form of two tiers of four drums with six zur in each. In the future, launchers were created by the B-187 of a similar design, but with one-tier storage of missiles and B-187A with a conveyor for 40 missiles. Single-stage zur B-611 (Grau 4K60 index) had RDTT, powerful fragmentation BC weighing 150 kg and non-contact fuse. RadioManda System of Control Management "Thunder" included an antenna post 4pro60 with two palabolic pairs of accompanying antennas and rocket and antenna commands. In addition, the upgraded Thunder-M management system, created specifically for the BOD, allowed to control the missile complex "Mistel" also.

The tests of the Sprink "Storm" took place on the OS-24 experienced ship, after which he entered in 1969. Due to the powerful combat part, the M-11 complex effectively attacked not only air targets to 40 m, but also small ships and boats in the near zone. Powerful radar control allowed steadily tracking at ultra-long heights of small-sized targets and bring zur on them. But with all his advantages, the "Storm" turned out to be the most severe SPC and could be placed only on ships with displacement of more than 5,500 tons. They equipped the Soviet anti-submarine cruisers-helicopter monitoring "Moscow" and "Leningrad" (Project 1123), aviance cruisers of the Kiev type (project 1143) and large anti-submarine ships of projects 1134a and 1134b.

In 1972, an upgraded URRK "Storm-M" was adopted, which had the lower border of the zone of the lesion less than 100 m and could firing the maneuvering MCs, including in the same time. Later, in 1980-1986, another modernization was held to the level of "Storm-H" (Rocket B-611M) with the possibility of firing on low-tight anti-relief missiles (PCR), but before the collapse of the USSR managed to install it only on some of the projects of the project 1134.

In general, the IMC M-11 "Storm" in its capabilities was at the level of its foreign analogues of the development of the same years - the American SPK "Terrier" and the English "Sea Slag", but inferior to the complexes adopted in the late 1960s - early 1970 For years, since they had a greater shooting range, smaller massabrytics and a semi-active guidance system.

To date, the SPC "Storm" has been preserved in the two Black Sea BODs - "Kerch" and "Ochakov" (project 1134B), which are officially still in the ranks.

SP S-300F Fort

The first Soviet multi-channel Far Action Sprink, which received the designation of the C-300F "Fort" (SA-N-6), was developed in the Research Institute of Altair (former NII-10 SMEs) since 1969 according to the adopted program of creating air defense systems with firing range up to 75 km for air defense troops and the Navy of the USSR. The fact is that by the end of the 1960s, more efficient samples of missile weapons appeared in leading Western countries and the desire to increase the shooting range of SPC was caused by the need to defeat the PCR carrier aircraft prior to the use of these weapons, as well as the desire to ensure the possibility of collective air defense compound ships. New anti-worker rockets have become high-speed, maneuverable, had a small radar visibility and an increased affecting effect of the BC, so the existing air defense facility could no longer provide reliable protection, especially with their massive application. As a result, in addition to increasing the range of shooting at first place, the task of a sharp increase in the fire performance of the SPC was also published.

As it was more than once before, the ship complex "Fort" was created on the basis of the S-300 air defense of the air defense system and had a large-conditioned in-500r (5V55RM index). The development of both complexes was carried out almost in parallel, which predetermined their similar characteristics and purpose: the destruction of high-speed, maneuverable and small objectives (in particular, the PCR "Tomahawk" and "Harpoon") in all ranges of heights from ultra-low (less than 25 m) to the practical ceiling of all Types of aircraft, the destruction of carrier aircraft and interference leaders. For the first time in the world, a vertical start of rockets from transport and starting containers (TPK), located in the vertical start settings (OHP), and an obstacle multichannel control system, which should simultaneously accompany up to 12 and shell up to 6 air targets were implemented. In addition, the use of missiles and for effective damage to surface targets within the radarizant, which was achieved due to the powerful BC weighing 130 kg. For the complex, a multifunctional highlightening radar of reference and guidance with a phased antenna array (headlights) was developed, which, in addition to the guidance of Zur, provided independent VIC (in the 90x90 degrees sector). The combined method of building Zur was adopted in the control system: it was carried out by teams, for the production of which data from the RRS complex was used, and already on the final section - from a semi-active onboard rocket radoofer. Due to the use of new fuel components in RDTT, it was possible to create zur with a smaller starting mass than that of the Storm complex, but at the same time almost three times more than the shooting range. Thanks to the use of OHP, the estimated interval between the launches of Zur was able to bring up to 3 seconds. and reduce the preparation time for shooting. TPK with rockets were placed in the sublocks of drum type for eight missiles in each. According to the tactical and technical assignment to reduce the number of holes in the deck, each drum had one launcher. After starting and gathering the rocket, the drum automatically rotated and displayed the next rocket on the start line. Such a "revolving" scheme led to the fact that the OHP turned out to be strongly distressed and began to take a large volume.

The test of the Fort complex was carried out on the BPK "Azov", which was completed by the 1134 BF project in 1975. It contains six drums in the composition of PU B-203 on 48 missiles. During the tests, difficulties were revealed with the development of programs of mathematical support and with the adjustment of the equipment of the complex, the characteristics of which were originally not attached to the specified, so that the tests were delayed. This led to the fact that the previously disturbed SPC "Fort" began to establish a "Kirov" type rocket cruisers (project 1144) and type "Glory" (project 1164), and he was engaged in the process of exploitation. At the same time, the atomic RCRs of the project 1144 received a starting setting of B-203A from 12 drums (96 rockets), and the gas turbine project 1164 - PU B-204 of 8 drums (64 rockets). Officially, the Fort SprK was adopted only in 1983.

Separate unsuccessful solutions when creating a C-300F "Fort" complex led to large dimensions and mass of its management system and starting plants, which is why the placement of this SPC has become possible only on vehicles with standard displacement of more than 6,500 tons. In the US, at about the same time, a multifunctional "Aegis" system was created with the "Standard 2" missiles, and then "Standard 3", where more successful solutions were applied with similar characteristics, which significantly increased the spreadability, especially after the appearance in 1987 OHP MK41 cellular type. And now the Aegis ship's system is armed with USA, Canada, Germany, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Spain, Taiwan, Australia and Denmark.

By the end of the 1980s, a new rocket 48H6 was developed for the Fort complex, developed in the Torch KB. It was unobed with the C-300PM air defense troops and had a shooting range increased to 120 km. New rockets were equipped with atomic RKR like "Kirov", starting from the third ship of the series. True, the management system that had taken on them allowed shooting range only 93 km. Also in the 1990s, the Fort complex was offered by foreign exchange in export execution called Reef. Now, in addition to the Nuclear RKR "Peter Great" PR.11422 (the fourth ship in the series), the Fort SPK remains in service with the Marshal Ustinov missile cruisers, Varyag and Moscow (projects 1164, 11641).

In the future, an upgraded version of the SPC was developed, called the Fort-M, which has an easier antenna post and control system that implemented the maximum firing range of Zur. His only copy adopted in 2007 was established on the aforementioned atomic PCR "Peter Great" (together with the "old" "Fort"). The export version of Forta-M under the designation "RIF-M" was put in China, where he entered the Chinese destroyers of the URO project 051c "Luzhou".

SPM M-22 "Hurricane"

Almost simultaneously with the Fort complex, M-22 "Hurricane" (SA-N-7) with a firing range of up to 25 km began with the Fort Complex. The design was conducted since 1972 in the same Nii "Altair", but under the leadership of the chief designer G.N. Volgina. According to tradition, Zur was used, unified with the Army SPK "Beech" of the Ground Forces, created in the NOVATOR KB (chief designer L.V. Lulev). ARC "Hurricane" was intended to destroy a wide variety of air targets both at ultra-deep and on large altitudesflying from different directions. For this, the complex was created according to the modular principle, which made it possible to have a vehicle on the ship the required number of guidance channels (up to 12) and increased combat vitality and ease of technical operation. Initially, it was assumed that the "hurricane" SPC will be installed not only on new ships, but also to replace the outdated complex "Wave" during the modernization of old. The fundamental difference of the new SPK was his "Nut" with a semi-active guidance, in which there was no own detection tools, and primary information about the WC came from generally worked radar. The guidance of rockets was carried out with the help of radar spotlights of the reference of the target, on the number of which the channel of the complex depended. A feature of this method was that the launch of Zur was possible only after capturing the goal of the head of the rocket homing head. Therefore, the complex used a single-bull-boring launcher MS-196, which also reduced the recharging time compared to the "Wave" and "Storm" Sprink, the estimated interval between the starts was equal to 12 seconds. The sublift cellar with the storage device and feed accompanied 24 Zur. Single-stage rocket 9m38 had a dual-mode RTTT and a fragantive-fuzkashnyh bch weighing 70 kg, in which a non-contact radio transceiver was used for air targets and a contact - for the surface.

Tests Complex "Hurricane" took place in 1976-82 on the BPK "Verbar", which before that was converted on the project 61E with the installation of a new SPR and RLS "Frigate". In 1983, the complex was adopted for weapons and began to establish the Squaded Museum of Type "Modern" built by the series (project 956). But the re-equipment of large anti-submarine ships of the project 61 was not realized, mainly due to the great value of modernization. By the time of adoption, the complex was obtained by an upgraded 9m38m1 rocket, unified with Zur Army set Air defense complex "Buk-M1".

In the late 1990s, Russia has concluded a contract with China to build the 756E project destroyers for him, on which the export variant of the M-22 complex was called "County". From 1999 to 2005, the Naval Forces of China were delivered two ship projects of 956E and two more projects 956EM, armed SPC "County". Also, this is also equipped with Chinese destroyers of their own buildings, Guangzhou Pr.052B. In addition, the SPK "CHTIL" was supplied to India along with six Frigates PF.11356 (TALWAR type) of the Russian construction, as well as for weapons of Indian Delhi type (project 15) and the shivalik type frigates (Project 17) . In the Russian Navy, only 6 destroyers of projects 956 and 956a remained, on which the M-22 "Hurricane" seems are located.

By 1990, an even more perfect rocket was created for the ship-m2 ship-m2, 9m317. She could more effectively shoot down the winged rockets and had an increased firing distance increased to 45 km. By that time, the inspected beam pads were an anachronism, since we have already had complexes with vertical launch missiles for a long time. In this regard, work was launched on the new Hurrica Tornado SPR with an enhanced 9m317m vertical launch, equipped with a new head of homing, new RDTT and a gas-dynamic system to decline in the direction of the target after launch. This complex was supposed to have an OHP 3C90 cellular type, and the test was planned to be carried out on the BPK "Ochakov" project 1134. However, the economic crisis in the country, which broke out after the collapse of the USSR, crossed these plans.

Nevertheless, the Research Institute "Altair" remained a big technical ground, which made it possible to continue working on a complex with a vertical start for supplies to export under the name "Shtil-1". The complex was first introduced at the Sea Salon "Euronaval-2004". Just like the "hurricane", the complex does not have its own detection station and receives a target designation from the three-coordinate radar of the ship. Advanced fire control system includes in addition to the settings of the targets, a new computing complex and optical-electronic visiers. Modular starting setting 3C90 accommodates 12 TPK with ready-to-start 9M317ME missiles. Vertical launch significantly increased the firing performance of the complex - rapidity increased 6 times (the interval between starts 2 seconds).

According to the calculations, when replacing the "Hurricane" complex on the ships, 3 launchers with a common ammunition of 36 missiles are placed in the same dimensions. Now the new SPC "Hurricane Tornado" is planned to be installed on the serial Russian frigates of the project 11356.

SPK "Dagger"

By the beginning of the 80s of the last century, NATO fleets and NATO countries began to receive anti-workers' harpun and exospate missiles. This forced the leadership of the USSR Navy leadership to make a decision on the speedy creation of a new generation self-defense. Designing such a multichannel complex with high firing performance, called "Dagger" (SA-N-9) began in 1975 in NPO "Altair" under the leadership of S.A. Fadeev. The anti-aircraft missile 9M330-2 was developed in the KB "Torch" under the leadership of P.D. Khushin and was unified with self-propelled "torus" of the land forces, which was created almost simultaneously with the "dagger". When developing a complex for obtaining high characteristics, the fundamental schemes of the Fort Action Principal SPC were used: multichannel radar with a phased antenna array with electron control of the beam, the vertical start of Zur from the TPK, the launching installation of the "revolving" type on 8 rockets. And to increase the autonomy of the complex, similar to the "OSA-M" SPP to the control system included its own radar of a circular view, placed on a single antenna post 3p95. A radiocomand system of building Zur, distinguished high accuracy, was used. In the spatial sector of 60x60 degrees, the complex is able to lead the simultaneous shelling of the 4th Century 8 rockets. To increase the noise immunity, a television-optical support system was included in the antenna post. A single-stage anti-aircraft rocket 9m330-2 has a two-fold RDTT and equipped with a gas-dynamic system, which after a vertical start inclines Zur towards the target. The estimated interval between the starts is only 3 seconds. The complex may include 3-4 drum launchers 9c95.

The tests of the VNK "Dagger" were held since 1982 at a small anti-sidelum ship of the IPK-104, a terraced project of 1124K. A significant complexity of the complex led to the fact that his working out was strongly delayed, and only by 1986 he was adopted. As a result, part of the ships of the USSR Navy, which was supposed to be installed "Dagger", did not receive it. This, for example, refers to a BPK type "Delete" (Project 1155) - The first ships of this project have surrendered to a fleet without a SPR, the following were equipped with only one complex and only the latest vessels were installed on the last ships. The Aviance Cruiser Novorossiysk (Project 11433) and Atomic PCR "Frunze" and "Kalinin" (Project 11442) were not received, "Project 11433) and Atomic PCR" Project 11433) (Project 11442), they only reserved the necessary places. In addition to the above-mentioned BODs of the project 1155, the "Dagger" complex was also appreciated by Admiral Chabanenko (project 11551), Baku's air cruisers (project 11434) and Tbilisi (Project 11445), Peter Great atomic rocket cruiser (project 11442), "Foreign" watchdog ships (project 11540). In addition, he was planned to be installed on the Aviance Ships of Projects 11436 and 11437, which were never honored. Despite the fact that initially in technical ladders, the complex of Self-defense Self-defense "OSA-M" was required to meet the mass boar characteristics. This affected the spreadability of the complex, as it could be placed only on the ships with displacement of more than 1000 ... 1200 tons.

If you compare the SPM "Dagger" with foreign analogues of the same time, for example, modified under UVP complexes "SEA Sparrow" of the US Navy or "Sea Wolf 2" of the British Navy, then it can be seen that in its basic characteristics it is inferior, and with the second is located on the same level.

Now in the system of the Navy of Russia are the following ships, carrier "Dagger" SPK: 8 projects of projects 1155 and 11551, Nuclear PCR "Peter Great" (project 11442), Aviance cruiser "Kuznetsov" (project 11435) and two CRC project 11540. Also this Complex called "Blade" was offered by input.

SPK "POLYMENT-RED"

In the 1990s, work on the new S-400 system "Triumph" was launched to replace in the air defense troops of modifications. The head developer was the Central Design Bureau "Almaz", and the rockets were created in the ICD "Torch". A feature of the new SPC should have become the fact that he could use all types of anti-aircraft missiles of previous modifications of C-300, as well as new zur 9m96 and 9m96m reduced dimensions with a range of up to 50 km. The latter have a fundamentally new BC with a controlled lesion field, can use supermowsing mode and equipped with active radar head Attachment on the final trajectory site. They are able to destroy all existing and promising aerodynamic and ballistic air targets with high efficiency. Later, on the basis of the 9M96 missiles, it was decided to create a separate air defense complex, called the name "Vityaz", which was promoted by the research and development works of NPO "Almaz" to design a promising SPC for South Korea. For the first time, the C-350 complex "Vityaz" was demonstrated at the Moscow Aviasame Max-2013.

In parallel, the development of a ship variant, known now as the "polyment-red", which is used to be developed on the basis of the landflower SPC, which uses the same rocket. Initially, this complex was planned to be installed on the new generation "Novik" guard ship (project 12441), started in construction in 1997. However, the complex did not hit him. In many subjective reasons The SCR "Novik" actually remained without most combat systems, which was not completed to bring, long time stood at the wall of the plant, and in the future it was decided to complete as a training ship.

A few years ago, the situation has changed significantly and the development of promising ship's SPC went in full swing. In connection with the construction of new Corvettes, PR.20380 and frigates PR.2350, the "Polith-Reduce" complex was determined for their equipment. It should include three types of rockets: 9m96d of a large range, 9m96e of medium range and 9m100 low-range. Rockets in TPK are placed in the cells of the vertical starting cells in such a way that the composition of weapons can be combined in different proportions. One cell accommodates 1, 4 or 8 missiles, respectively, while each OHP can have 4, 8 or 12 such cells.
For the target designation, the Polyment-Red Sprinkment includes a four-fixed headlights station, providing a circular review. It was reported that the fire management system provides simultaneous shelling with 32 rockets up to 16 air targets - 4 goals for each headlights. In addition, its own three-coordinate ship radar can be used as a direct means of targeting.

Vertical start of rockets is carried out by the "cold way" - with the help of compressed air. Upon reaching a rocket of a height of about 10 meters, the main engine is turned on, and the gas-dynamic system produces a reversal rocket towards the target. 9M96D / E rocket guidance system is a combined inertial with a radio correction on the middle section, and active radar on the final portion of the trajectory. 9M100 near-range rockets have an infrared homing head. Thus, the complex combines the possibilities of three SPI of different ranges at once, which ensures the echelonization of the air defense unit using a significantly smaller amount of funds. High firing performance and accuracy of guidance with a combat part of aimed action sets the complex "Polyment-Reduce" among the world in the world in terms of efficiency both against aerodynamic, and against ballistic goals.

Currently, the Polyment-Red Sprink is established on the Corvettes of the project 20380 (starting from the second ship - "smart") and frigates of the Gorshkov type, project 22350. In the future, it will obviously be installed on promising Russian destroyers.

Combined rocket-artillery air defense systems

In addition to air defense systems in the USSR, work has also been carried out over combined rocket-artillery systems. So, by the beginning of the 1980s, an anti-aircraft propelled installation of 2C6 "Tunguska", armed with 30-mm automata and two-stage anti-aircraft rockets, was created in the Tula KB of instrument making for ground forces. It was the world's first serial zenith rocket-artillery complex (Zrak). It was at his base that it was decided to develop a ship's shipying complex of the near-line, which could effectively destroy the HC (including the PCR) in the dead zone of SPC and replaced small-caliber anti-aircraft guns. Development of a complex that received the designation 3M87 "Cortk" (CADS-N-1) was assigned to the same KB of instrument making, the leadership carried out the general designer A.G.Shipunov. The complex included a control module with radar detection of low-teeth and from 1 to 6 combat modules. Each combat module was made in the form of a tower platform of circular rotation, on which they were placed: two 30 mm automaton of AO-18 with a rotating block of 6 stems, stores for 30 mm of cartridges with a silent feed, two package PU on 4 rockets in containers, Radar station support station, launching station, television optical system, instrument part. In the subfered office, an additional ammunition was located on 24 ZUR. The anti-aircraft two-stage rocket 9m311 (Western designation SA-N-11) with radio commands had RDTT and a fragant-rod BC. It was completely unobed with the Tunguska ground complex. The complex was able to affect the low-size maneuvering air targets from 8 to 1.5 km and then consistently take them with 30-mm automata. The testing of the Zrak "Kortk" was held since 1983 on a specially re-equipped on the draft 12417 rocket boat like "Lightning". Conducted tests with combat shooting showed that within one minute the complex was able to consistently fire up to 6 air targets. At the same time, for the purpose definitely required RLS type "Positive" or similar radar complex "Dagger".

In 1988, the Kortk was officially adopted by the USSR Navy ships. It was established at the Aviance cruisers of the projects 11435, 11436, 11437 (the last two did not finish it), on the last two Nuclear RCDs of the project 11442, one BPD of the project 11551 and two CCR project 11540. Although the AK-630 Artillery Installations were also originally planned to be replaced by this complex. On other ships, this was not done because of the more than twice the dimensions of the combat module.

By the time the USSR appeared in the Navy, the Kortk complex of direct foreign analogues was not. In other countries, as a rule, artillery and missile systems were created separately. On the rocket part, the Soviet zraar can be compared with the Self-defense Self-defense Self-defense, adopted in 1987 (Joint Development of Germany, USA and Denmark). The Western Complex has superiority in firing performance several times, and its zur is equipped with the combined heads of homing.

To date, "Cortiks" remained on only five ships of the Navy of Russia: the Kuznetsov's Aviance, the Petr Great missile cruiser, the Great Anti-Raper ship "Admiral Chabanenko" and two "Foreign State" watchdogs. In addition, in 2007, the newest Corvette "Unregular" (project 20380) entered the Fleet, which also established the Kortk complex, and in the modernized lightweight version of Cortic-M. Apparently, the modernization was to replace the instrument part to a new, using a modern element base.

Since the 1990s, the Zrak "Kortk" was invited to export under the name "Kashtan". He is currently put in China together with the squadal destroyers of the project of 956EM and India with Frigates of Project 11356.
By 1994, the production of the Zrak "Kortk" was completely discontinued. However, in the same year, a new complex was launched in the TsNII "Split", together with the KB "Amethyst", the new complex was launched, which received the designation 3m89 "Palash" (CADS-N-2). When it was created, the main scheme solutions "cortic" were used. A fundamental difference is a new obstacle management system based on a small-sized digital computing machine and an optical-electronic pointer station "Ball" with television, thermal imaging and laser channels. The target designation can be carried out from general discovery tools. The A-289 combat module includes two enhanced 30-mm 6-bodle automatic AO-18CD, two batch launchers for 4 zur Each and a guidance station. Anti-aircraft rocket 9m337 "Pine-P" - two-stage, with a solid fuel engine. Attorney targeting on the initial area is carried out on the radar, and then by the laser beam. Polygona Tests Zrak Palash were held in Feodosia, and in 2005 it was installed on a R-60 R-60 rocket boat (project 12411). The development of the complex continued with interruptions until 2007, after which it was officially adopted for an experienced exploitation. True, the test was only the artillery part of the combat module, and his anti-aircraft missiles was assumed to be equipped already as part of the export version of Palma, which was offered by foreign exchange. In the future, the work on this topic was minimized, the combat module from the boat was removed, and the fleet's attention was switched to a new zark.

The new complex, called the "Palce", is developing the KB of instrument making in an initiative order on the basis of missiles and the instrument part of the self-propelled air defense unit "Pentesier-C1" (adopted in 2010). Detailed information on this Zrak is very small, only it is reliably known that it will be the same 30-mm automata of AO-18CD, two-stage hypersonic anti-aircraft missiles 57E6 (range up to 20 km) and a radiocomand guidance system. The management system includes RLS accompaniment of targets with a phased antenna grid and an optical-electronic station. It was reported that the complex has very high firing performance and is able to fire up to 10 goals per minute.

For the first time, the complex of the complex under the export name "Pancir-ME" was shown on the Marine Salon of the IMC-2011 in St. Petersburg. The combat module actually presented a modification of the Zrak "Cort", to which new elements of the shooting and rocket control system were installed from the Pancir-C1 SPE.

Surprise supermonal range

By taking a conversation about air defense systems, it is also necessary to mention the portable anti-aircraft missile systems started from the shoulder. The fact is that since the beginning of the 1980s, the usual army CRKK types "Strela-2M", Strela-3, were used to be used as one of the means of defense from the enemy's aviation of the enemy, "Strela-3", and then - "Needle-1", "Needle" and "Needle-C" (all designed in KB of mechanical engineering). It was a completely natural solution, since rocket weapons Air defense for such ships is not important, and the placement of full-fledged complexes is impossible on them due to large dimensions, masses and cost. As a rule, on small ships, the launchers and the rockets themselves were stored in a separate room, and if necessary, the calculation brought them into a combat position and occupied certain place in advance on the deck, where the fire was from. Submarines also provided for the storage of CRKK to protect against aviation in the surface position.

In addition, the MTU Tomb sets are also developed for the fleet to 2 or 4 zur. They significantly increased the possibilities of PZRK, as they allowed to consistently lead the shelling of an air target with several missiles. The operator guides the PU in azimuth and the corner of the place manually. Such installations were armed with a significant part of the ships of the USSR Navy - from boats to large landing ships, as well as most ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet.

According to its tactical and technical characteristics, Soviet portable anti-aircraft missile systems, as a rule, have not been inferior to Western samples, and in something even exceeded them.

In 1999, in CB "Altair-Ratep", together with other organizations, work was launched on the topic "Bending". Due to the increase in small displacement ships, the fleet required a lightweight zenith complex using rockets from CRCK, but with remote control and modern aiming instruments, since manual use of portable SPCs in ship conditions is not always possible.
The first elaboration of light ship SPC on the topic "Bending" was launched in 1999 by the Specialists of the Marine Research Institute of Radio Electronics "Altair" (parent company) together with Ratep OJSC and other related organizations. In 2001-2002, the first sample of the ultra-thin range, using nodes from finished products produced by enterprises of the Russian defense, was established and tested. During the test, the issues of the guidance of ZUR were solved on the target in the conditions of pitching and the possibility of shooting by a volley from two missiles for one purpose was implemented. In 2003, a bending unit was created "Bending-956", which was supposed to be established for testing for one of the destroyers of the 956 project, but for financial reasons it was not implemented.

After that, the main developers - Altair's MNIREE and OJSC Ratep - actually began to lead work on a new SPK each independently, but under the same name "bending". However, in the end, the Navy's Navy team supported the project of Altair, which, at present, together with Ratepe, is part of the Almaz-Antey air defense concern.

In 2004-2005, the 3M-47 complex "Bending" was tested. Tumbet launcher SPC was equipped with an optical-electron detection station MS-73 target, a guidance system in two planes and fasteners for two (four) shooting modules "Sagittarius" with two TDK Zur type "needle" or "needle-s" in each. The most important thing is that to control the SPK can include it in any air defense contours, equipped with radar detection of air targets such as "Frigate", "Furke" or "positive".

The "Bending" complex provides a distance pointing zur along the horizon from - 150 ° to + 150 °, and at the corner of the place - from 0 ° to 60 °. In this case, the range of detection of air targets by its own means of the complex reaches 12 km (depending on the type of purpose), and the lesion zone is up to 5600 m in length and up to 3,500 m in height. The operator brings the start-up setting remotely using a television vizary. Protection of the ship is ensured from attacks of anti-relocated and anticulate rockets, airplanes, helicopters and an enemy blast in conditions of natural and artificial interference.
In 2006, SPK "Bending" was adopted by the Navy of Russia and installed it in the Small Artillery Ship "Astrakhan" PR.21630 (one PU). In addition, one PU "Bending" was installed on the nasal superstructure of the BPK "Admiral Kulakov" (project 1155) during its modernization.

At the same time, Ratep OJSC continued to work on the creation of a ship's anti-aircraft missile installation of a supermonal range, but already under the new name "Komar" using the workflow on the topic "Bending". Since 2005, these developments were carried out on the task of the Navy under the leadership of Ch. Designer A.A. Zhildzova, having received the name "Bending-P". It was this complex after testing that the serial artillery ships of the projects of 21630 began to equip (starting from the second - Volgodonsk), as well as small rocket ships of type "Grade Sviyazisk" PR.21631 (two PU).

However, on this work did not end in the Marine Salon of the IMC-2013, Ratepte demonstrated the next modification of the export variant of the Komar, which, in addition to the new optical electronic unit, was distinguished by the increased security of the main nodes of the launching.

[Email Protected] ,
site: https://delpress.ru/information-for-subscribers.html.

You can subscribe to the electronic version of the Arsenal Fatherland magazine.
The cost of annual subscription -
12 000 rub.

Overview of the main air defense systems of ships

Complex "Kashtan". Photos from Pvo.Guns.ru

On January 22, 2008, US Navy announced the beginning of the modernization of the CG 52 missile cruiser "Banker Hill" type "Titonner". One of the key elements of the improvement of ships will be the Rockets of SM-2 Block IV and SM-3, which are able to hit almost all the means of air attack. Shortly after that, the US Navy reported on the intention to equip all vehicles of the Aegis class by the intercepting missiles. We present the readers a brief overview of modern air defense systems / pro and directions for the further development of this type of weapons prepared by "ribbon.ru".

Long hands of west

The basis of the air defense of the modern Navy Western states are anti-aircraft managed rockets of the Standard family (Standard Missile, SM). The most perfect missiles of this type of missiles used today are the Rockets of SM-2 Block IV and SM-3 American Development. The rockets of this type are able to hit targets at a large distance and altitude. However, their installation is possible only for ships with powerful radar stations and modern combat information and control systems of type Aegis.

The main advantage of the Aegis system, which many are incorrectly called the "anti-aircraft missile", is the ability to combine all the combat systems of the ship under general control, from universal artists and SPK to the winged long-range missiles. In addition, Aegis provides the possibility of collective defense, allowing to manage from one command post by the combat systems of the ships detachment.

The rockets of the SM family (Standard Missile) used as part of the AEGIS system began to be developed in the 50s of the last century. They came to replace obsolete Rim-2 Terrier and Rim-24 Tartar. The first generation of SM-1 missiles, ranging from the BLOCK-I modification and ending BLOCK-V, was widely used in the 60-80s. In the mid-70s, the development of the second generation Rocket SM-2 Block I (RIM-66C / D) was completed, which became the basis of the Aegis combat system. In the 80s, the rocket was first established on the cruiser "Banker Hill", which became the first ship of the US Navy with the vertical launching system, VLS). Currently, the UHP with SM-2 missiles is the main rocket launcher on the vehicles of the class "Tikonderoga" and "Orly Berk".

Agegis class cruiser. Photos from RTi.com

Modern rockets of modifications SM-2 BLOCK IV (RIM-156) and SM-3 (RIM-161) differ from each other, first of all, their destination. The first were designed to defeat aircraft, helicopters and winged missiles, the second - to destroy ballistic missiles. RIM-156 has only two steps, RIM-161 - four. The target defeat ceiling is more than 160 kilometers, the range is 270 maritime miles. At the same time, the range of RIM-156 is about 200 nautical miles, but the ceiling is only 33 kilometers. They also differ in the guidance system and warheads.

In December 2007, the first launch of the SM-3 missile held Japan from the DDG-173 Congo ship. Previously, Japanese ships were attracted to the teachings only to ensure the connection and tracking of the target.

Frigate with ASTER SPC. Photo from Naval-Technology.com

Currently developing new rocket SM-6 ERAM (Extended Range Active Missile) with an extended range of action, which should come to shift SM-2. Its main advantage is the guidance system borrowed from the Last Series AIM-120 missiles. This system ensures the defeat of the goal outside the action of ship radar due to the possibility of target designation from remote radar in real time.

The second Western ship's long-range SPC is the SAAM complex with Aster 30 missiles, developed by the European MBDA concern. As well as "standards", "asters" are started from the vertical start settings. The ASTER 30 shooting range is 120 kilometers, which is significantly less than that of SM-2 Block IV, however, the European SPC does not require such a powerful and heavy radar as SPY-1 included in the Aegis system.

Long hands Motherland

The Russian fleet as a long-range SPC uses the "surgeful" version of the S-300 anti-aircraft missile complex, known under the C-300F index. The first sample of this complex was installed on the BOD "Azov" in the late 70s of the last century. Currently, the complex is installed on the heavy atomic missile cruisers of the project 1144 (96 rockets) and the rocket cruisers of the project 1164 (64 rockets).

Cruiser "Peter Great" project 1144. Photo of the Navy of Russia

During the tests and further operation, the characteristics of the SPC improved significantly, mainly due to the consistent modernization of fire management systems and replacing anti-aircraft missiles. The latest modifications of C-300F with 48H6E2 missiles ensure the defeat of the targets at a distance of up to 200 kilometers. The basic C-300F was intended only for the fight against aerodynamic purposes (aircraft, winged rockets, helicopters, CAP). A modernized complex with missiles 48n6e2 may also affect ballistic missiles, although Russia Navy has never planned to use combat ships to intercept the ballistic goals.

In the future, the C-300F is planned to re-refuel with new small-sized missiles of the 9m96 family, which will allow you to increase the amplification of the SPC four times without losing other characteristics. The decrease in the dimensions of rockets is achieved through the use of HIT-TO-KILL technology - the combat parts 9m96 do not carry explosives and affect the target by direct hit.

Reducing the distance

Start Rocket Sea Sparrow. Photo US Navy

In addition to emerging complexes on Western ships, rocket and anti-aircraft installations of the middle, near radius of action and low range are used. Installations of the average radius of action include an upgraded complex with Raytheon and Aster 15 of the MBDA company seasparrow. They do not require powerful radar and high-speed fire management systems. The range of defeat of the goal of these SPC is about 30 kilometers.

The analogue of these systems in the Navy of Russia is the "County" SPR with a range of 32 kilometers. On promising vehicles of the Fregat-destroyer class, the modernized complex "Channel" will be used with the placement of missiles in the UKP, which will significantly increase the rate of fire and will ensure the possibility of simultaneous shelling of several goals.

The complexes of the near radius of action include both rocket and artillery installations. RamSys RamSys RamSys (RAYTHEON and MBDA Joint Enterprise Companies and MBDA) can be attributed to the standard missiles of this level. Aerospace Systems.

CROTALE-NG SPC. Photos from Die-marine.de

The latter was placed in the arms of the Israeli Corvette Hanit, damaged during the second Lebanese-Israeli war with the Iranian production of C-802, released from the territory of Lebanon by the militants of the Hezbollah movement. All these complexes combines range up to 12-15 (less often 20) kilometers, and in some cases - the use of infrared guidance systems, which allows you to install such an SPC on small ships with simplified radio electronic equipment.

The main Russian ship system of this type is the "Dagger" complex. The shooting range of "Dagger" reaches 12 kilometers, the ceiling of defeat goals is six kilometers. SPC uses a radar guidance system and is installed both as the main air defense agent for ships of small and medium-sized displacement and as a "second echelon" on heavy ships.

UVP SPC "Dagger" in the foreground. Photo of the Navy of Russia

To zenith artillery Installasts The near radius of action includes, for example, a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun Super Rapid company OTO Melara, 57-mm gun MK1-3 company BAE Systems. The latter was widely distributed thanks to the installation of it on many VMS ships and the US coast guard. These can also be attributed to the Italian company OTO Melara 76-mm Davide (or Strales in the export version). It is an upgraded Super Rapid gun. Davide rate - 130 shells per minute. Her tests are scheduled for mid-2008.

The average caliber of the anti-aircraft artillery of the Russian fleet is mainly 100 and 76-millimeters of large anti-submarine ships, watchdogs and other combat units of small and medium-sized displacements (130 mm artists of destroyers and cruisers, having the possibility of firing aircraft, are primarily intended for lesion surface and terrestrial purposes).

The 100-mm Installation of AK-100 has boosts of up to 60 shots per minute and shooting range by surface and terrestrial targets up to 21 kilometers. Air targets This installation is most effectively affecting the distance of up to 10 kilometers.

The main caliber of the Russian "Mosquito Fleet" is the 76-millimeter installation of AK-176. The shooting range of AK-176 is 15 kilometers for surface targets, air targets are effectively affected at a distance of up to five kilometers.

AK-100. PHOTO C SITE WORLDNAVY.INFO

The Last Frontier

The latter, or the so-called domestic (on Western terminology), the border of the air defense of the ship is ensured by using anti-aircraft artillery and missile settings of the melee. These include Mistral Missral Rocket Installations, Raytheon Stinger, Russian "needle". All these systems are portable SPK adapted to accommodate on ships. In the shipping version of the CRK, as a rule, they are mounted in the "packages" of two to four launchers, the control system is supplied, providing timely target designation, and a recharge system, quickly replacing "shooting" containers to new ones. The shooting range of these complexes reaches 3-5 kilometers.

The most famous anti-aircraft rainfall plants of the modern world are American Phalanx Complex, European Goalkeeper and Russian AK-630, "Cortik" and "Kashtan". These complexes, which are high-speed guns with a rotating block of trunks, should affect the targets on the distance from the pair of hundreds of meters to 2-3 kilometers. The shooting paced such installations is several thousand shells per minute, the fire is carried out, as a rule, semi-acean queues. The guidance of the guns is remotely, from air defense control posts, with radar and electron-optical systems.

GOALKEEPER anti-aircraft machine. Photo from the site futura-dtp.dk

Of the promising systems of this kind, it is worth noting the anti-aircraft gun Millennium with a 35mm managed projectile. After the shot, the latter receives signals from the fire control system and, exploding, creates the goal of the "cloud" of small cylindrical fragments. A new gun was developed by the German company RheinmetAll together with Oerlikon. Denmark Navy has already ordered two such guns for their ABSALON class support ships.

Future ship air defense

One of the main directions of increasing the effectiveness of the aircraft and missile defense of the ships is the use of laser systems. The first developments in this area began to lead Raytheon in the first half of the 90s of the last century.

Anti-aircraft machine Millenium. Photo from site aiad.it

The most optimal option for creating a new air defense system was chosen a laser combination with anti-aircraft installations Low-range, such as a 20-mm Phalanx gun or a 30-millimeter goalkeeper. Currently, Raytheon is currently in the city of Takson (Arizona) intensive development of such systems.

Recently, tests of a 20-kilowatte laser installation were carried out, which was able to blow up a mortar mine by a 60 millimeters at a distance of 500 meters. In the next eight months it is planned to increase the capacity of the laser and hold another tests, but already with heavier shells at a distance of one kilometer. The new system has already received the designation - Laser Area Defense Systems. It should ensure ship protection from mortar mines, artillery shells, sea mines, attacks of small boats "Kamikaze", missiles and UAVs.

Laser Area Defense Systems (LADS) is only part of a complex ship protection system, which is currently co-developed by various defense western companies. This system must combine LADS, the PhalaNX anti-aircraft gun, powerful anti-missile microwaves Vigilant Eagle and Active Denial.

Anti-aircraft missile complex

Anti-aircraft missile complex (SPK) - A combination of functionally related combat and technical means that solve problems against the fight against the enemy air-cosmic attack.

The composition of the SPC in the general case includes:

• means of transporting anti-aircraft controlled missiles (zur) and charging by the launcher;
• launcher Zur;
• anti-aircraft controlled rockets;

• air enemy intelligence means;
• ground requester of the system of definition of state-purpose of air target;
• rocket management tools (may be on the rocket - during homing);
• aircraft automatic maintenance means (may be on the rocket);
• the means of automatic support of the rocket (non-controlled missiles are not required);
• functional controls of equipment;

Classification

On the theater of hostilities:

• shipping
• land

Mobility land SIR:

• stationary
• low-moving
• mobile

By way of movement:

• portable
• towed
• self-propelled

By range

• middle action
• low-range
• medium range
• large range
• super-hand range (presented by the only model of CIM-10 BOMARC)

According to the method of guidance (see ways and guidance methods)

• with radio command control of the rocket of the 1st or 2nd kind
• with a radar rocket guidance
• with rocket homing

By way of automation

• automatic
• semi-automatic
• nautomatic

Methods and methods for guiding Zur

Methods of guidance

1. Telegradation of the first kind
2. Telegradation of second kind
   • The host support station is on board Zur and the goal coordinates relative to the rocket are transmitted to Earth
   • Flying Zur is accompanied by a rocket sight station
   • The required maneuver is calculated by the ground counting and decisive device.
   • The control commands are transmitted on the rocket, which are converted by the autopilot to the control signals steered
3. Television on the beam
   • Target accompaniment station is on Earth
   • The ground station of the guidance of rockets creates an electromagnetic field in space, with an equivalent direction corresponding to the target direction.
   • The counting decisive device is on board Zur and produces the autopilot team, providing a rocket flight along the equivalent direction.
4. Atheneering
   • Target accompaniment station is on board Zur
   • Accounting-decisive device is on board Zur and generates autopilot teams providing rapprochement of Zur with a view to

Types of homing:

• active - Zur uses an active method of location target: radiates probing pulses;
• semi-active - the goal is irradiated with ground RLS of the reference, and Zur takes an echo signal;
• passive - Zur Locates the goal of its own radiation (thermal trail operating onboard radar, etc.) or contrast on the background of the sky (optical, thermal, etc.).

Guidance methods

1. Two-point methods - guidance is carried out on the basis of information about the goal (coordinates, speed and acceleration) in the associated coordinate system (rocket coordinate system). Used in the television management of the 2nd kind and self-deployment.

• The proportional convergence method - the angular speed of rotation of the rocket velocity vector is proportional to the angular rotation rate

lines of sight (Line "Rocket-goal") :,

Where dψ / dt is the angular velocity vector of the rocket speed; ψ - the angle of the rocket path; dχ / dt - angular speed of rotation of the line of sight; χ - azimuth line of sight; k - proportionality coefficient.

The method of proportional convergence is a common method of homing, the rest - its private cases, which are determined by the value of the proportionality coefficient K:

K \u003d 1 - the pursuit method; k \u003d ∞ - method of parallel convergence;

• The pursuit method - the rocket speed vector is always aimed at the target;
• The method of direct guidance - the axis of the rocket is aimed at the target (close to the pursuit method with an accuracy of the angle of attack α

and the sliding angle β, on which the rocket speed vector rotate relative to its axis).

• The method of parallel rapprochement is the line of sight on the trajectory of the guidance remains parallel to itself.

2. Three-point methods - the guidance is carried out on the basis of information about the goal (coordinates, speeds and accelerations) and on the purpose of the rocket (coordinates, speeds and accelerations) in the starting system of coordinates, most often associated with the ground management point. Used in the television station of the 1st genus and television.

• Method of three points (method of alignment, the method of covering the goal) - the rocket is located on the line of sight lines;
• The method of three points with a parameter - the rocket is located on a line, a preemptive line of sight on an angle depending on

differences of range rocket and goals.

History

First experiments

The first attempt to create a controlled remote projectile for air target damage was undertaken to the UK Archibald Lowe. Its "Aerial Target" (Aerial Target), named so for the misleading of German intelligence, was a radio commanded controlled screw apparatus with an ABC GNAT piston engine. The projectile was intended for the destruction of zeppelins and heavy German bomaders. After two unsuccessful launches in 1917, the program was closed due to a small interest in it for the Air Force command.

The first rockets in service

Initially, post-war development We paid significant attention to German technical experience.

The third country that deployed in the 1950s its own SPC was the United Kingdom. In 1958, the Royal Air Force UK adopted a long-range Sprink Bristol Bloodhound. British SPK differed significantly from the early Soviet and American analogues.

In addition to the United States, the USSR and the United Kingdom, their own SPC in the early 1950s created Switzerland. Developed by her complex Oerlikon RSC-51 was admitted in 1951 and became the first commercially available SPK in the world (although its purchases were mainly undertaken with research objectives). The complex never participated in hostilities, but served as the main for the development of rocket artism in Italy and Japan, who bought it in the 1950s.

At the same time, the first seabed-based source is also created. In 1956, the American fleet adopted an average range of RIM-2 terrier, intended to protect ships from the winged rockets and torpedo bombers.

Zur second generation

In the late 1950s - early 1960s, the development of reactive military aviation and winged missiles led to the widespread development of the SPC. The appearance of aircraft moving faster speed of sound has finally moved to the second plan for heavy trunnite anti-aircraft artillery. In turn, miniaturization of nuclear combat parts allowed to equip anti-aircraft missiles. The radius of the lesion of the nuclear charge effectively compensated for any imaginable error of the rocket guidance, allowing you to hit and destroy the opponent aircraft even with a strong miss.

In 1958, the United States adopted the world's first long-range MIM-14 Nike-Hercules. The development of MIM-3 Nike AJAX, the complex had a much greater range (up to 140 km) and could be equipped with a 2-40 CT nuclear W31 nuclear charge. Massly deployed on the basis of infrastructure created for the preceding Ajax complex, the MIM-14 complex Nike-Hercules remained the most efficient SPC of the world until 1967.

At the same time, the US Air Force has developed their own, the only superduman anti-aircraft missile complex CIM-10 Bomarc. The rocket was a de facto unmanned fighter-interceptor with a direct-flow engine and active homing. It was displayed to the goal using the signals of the system of terrestrial radars and radio beacons. The radius of the effective action "Bomarka" was, depending on the modification, 450-800 km, which made it the most long-range anti-aircraft complex ever created. "Bomazer" was intended to effectively cover the territories of Canada and the United States from manned bombers and winged missiles, but due to the rapid development of ballistic missiles, it was rapidly lost.

The Soviet Union in 1957 adopted its first mass anti-aircraft missile complex C-75, approximately similar to the characteristics of MIM-3 Nike Ajax, but more mobile and adapted for advanced deployment. The C-75 system was produced in large quantities, becoming the basis of air defense as the territory of the country and the USSR troops. The complex is most widely in the entire history of SPC, it was exported, becoming the basis of air defense systems in more than 40 countries, was successfully applied in hostilities in Vietnam.

Large dimensions of Soviet nuclear combat units prevented the arms of them with anti-aircraft missiles. The first Soviet SO-200 Soviet SprK, which had a radius of up to 240 km and capable of carrying a nuclear charge appeared only in 1967. Throughout the 1970s, S-200 SPC was the most expensive and efficient air defense system in the world.

By the beginning of the 1960s it became clear that the existing SPRs had a number of tactical flaws: low mobility and inability to hit targets at low heights. The appearance of supersonic aircraft of the battlefield, similar to the Su-7 and Republic F-105 Thunderchief made the usual anti-aircraft artillery not enough to effectively.

In 1959-1962, the first anti-aircraft missile systems were created, intended for the advanced cover of troops and the fight against low-fat targets: American MIM-23 Hawk 1959, and Soviet S-125 1961.

The air defense systems of the Navy are actively developed. In 1958, the US Navy first adopted the RIM-8 Talos long-range Marine Survey. The rocket range from 90 to 150 km was intended to confront the massive plates of marine rocket aircraft, and could carry a nuclear charge. Due to the extraordinary value and huge dimensions of the complex, he deployed relatively limited, mainly on the rebuilt cruisers of the second world (the only specially built under the "Talos" carrier was the atomic missile cruiser USS Long Beach).

The main SPC Navy USA remained an active upgraded RIM-2 Terrier, the capabilities and range of which were greatly increased, including the creation of modifications of zur with nuclear battle parts. In 1958, a small radius of the RIM-24 Tartar is also developed, designed to armared small ships.

The Program of Development of the SPC to protect Soviet ships from aviation was launched in 1955, the development of the near, medium, large radius of action and the direct protection of the ship was offered to develop. The first Soviet anti-aircraft missile complex of the Navy, created under this program was the M-1 "Wave" Sprink of M-1, which appeared in 1962. The complex was the maritime version of the S-125 SPC, which used the same rockets.

The attempt of the USSR to develop a more long-range Marine Complex M-2 "Volkhov" on the basis of C-75 turned out to be unsuccessful - despite the effectiveness of the rocket itself in-753, the limitations caused by significant dimensions of the original rocket, the use of a liquid engine and low fire performance of the complex, Left to stop the development of this project.

In the early 1960s, the United Kingdom also created his own SeaPC. In 1961, SEA Slug was not effective in 1961 and by the end of the 1960s of the British Navy developed him a significantly more perfect SEA DART SEA, capable of hitting aircraft at a distance of 75-150 km. At the same time, in the UK, the world's first SEA CAT Self-Defense Sielfry SEA CAT, which was actively supplied to export due to its highest reliability and relatively small dimensions.

The era of solid fuel

The development of technologies of high-energy mixed solid rocket fuel, in the late 1960s made it possible to abandon use on anti-aircraft missiles complex in the operation of liquid fuel and create efficient and having a large range of solid fuel anti-aircraft missiles. Given the lack of necessity in the pre-refill, such rockets could be stored completely ready for launch and effectively applied on the enemy providing the necessary firing performance. The development of the same electronics, allowed to improve the rocket guidance systems and use new homing heads and non-contact fuses to significantly increase the accuracy of Zur.

The development of anti-aircraft missile systems of the new generation began almost simultaneously in the United States and the USSR. A large number of technical problems that have had to decide have led to the development of the development programs significantly dragged out, and only in the late 1970s new SPC entered.

The first to armared terrestrial SPC, fully satisfying the requirements of the third generation, became the Soviet anti-aircraft missile complex C-300, developed and adopted in 1978. Developing the line of Soviet anti-aircraft missiles, the complex for the first time in the USSR used solid fuel for zur of a large range and mortar start from the transport and starting container, in which the rocket was constantly stored in a hermetic inert medium (nitrogen), fully finished to start. The lack of need for long-term pre-training significantly reduced the time of the reaction of the complex on an air threat. Also, due to this, the mobility of the complex increased significantly, its vulnerability has decreased for the impact of the enemy.

A similar complex in the United States - MIM-104 Patriot began to be developed back in the 1960s, but due to the lack of clear requirements for the complex and their regular change, its development was extremely delayed and the complex was adopted only in 1981. It was assumed that the new SPC should replace the outdated MIM-14 Nike-Hercules complexes and MIM-23 Hawk as an effective means of defeating the goals in both large and low altitudes. When developing a complex, from the very beginning, the use of both against aerodynamic and against ballistic goals was laid, that is, it was supposed to use it not only for air defense, but also for the game of hostilities.

Significant development (especially in the USSR) received the SPM direct protection of troops. Wide development impact helicopters and managed tactical weapons led to the need to saturate the troops with anti-aircraft complexes in the regimental and battalion level. In the period 1960s - 1980s, a variety of mobile systems of military air defense systems were adopted, such as Soviet, 2K11 Circle, 9k33 "OSA" American MIM-72 Chaparral, British Rapier.

At the same time, the first portable anti-aircraft missile systems appeared.

Sea SPC developed. Technically, the world's first new generation SPC has become developed in the 1960s and adopted in 1967 modernization of American seaside SPCs in terms of the use of ZUR type "Standard-1". The rockets of this family were intended to replace the entire preceding line of the US Navy Rockets, the so-called "three T": Talos, Terrier and Tartar - new, highly universal missiles using existing launchers, storage facilities and combat control systems. Nevertheless, the development of storage and launching systems from the TPK for the Standard missiles for a number of reasons was postponed and was completed only at the end of the 1980s with the advent of PU MK 41. The development of universal vertical starting settings made it possible to significantly increase the rate of fire and the ability of the system.

In the USSR, in the early 1980s, the S-300F "Fort" was adopted in the beginning of the 1980s, the first sea complex in the world in the world with the basing of missiles in TPK, and not on the beam installations. The complex was a maritime version of the Ground Complex of the C-300, and was distinguished by very high efficiency, good noise immunity and the presence of multi-channel guidance, allowing one radar to bring several missiles at once for several purposes. Nevertheless, due to a number of design solutions: rotating revolving PU, very heavy multichannel radar of the target designation, the complex turned out to be very heavy and large and approached for accommodation only on large ships.

In general, in the 1970-1980th, the development of the SPC went along the way to improve the logistics characteristics of missiles by switching to solid fuel, storage in TPK and the use of vertical starting settings, as well as an increase in reliability and observance of equipment by applying microelectronics and unification achievements.

Modern Prik.

The current development of the SPC, starting from the 1990s, is mainly aimed at increasing the possibilities of lesion of highly melanienic, low-fat and low-interest purposes (performed according to the "Stelc technology"). Most of the modern SPC are also designed, with the calculation of at least limited ability to destroy small-range missiles.

So, the development of the American SPC "Patriot" in new modifications starting with PAC-1 (eng. Patriot Advanced Capabilites.) It was mostly reoriented to the defeat of ballistic, and not aerodynamic purposes. Assuming an axiom of a military campaign The possibility of achieving superiority in the air to sufficiently early stages of conflict, the United States and a number of other countries are considered as the main opponent for SPK not manned airplanes, but the winged and ballistic missiles of the enemy.

In the USSR and later in Russia, the development of the line of anti-aircraft missiles C-300 continued. A number of new complexes were developed, including the ARS C-400 in 2007. The focus on their creation was paid to an increase in the number of simultaneously accompanied and shelled targets, the improvement of the ability to hit low-fat and low-interest goals. The military doctrine of the Russian Federation and a number of other states are distinguished by a more comprehensive approach to high-range SPC, considering them not as the development of anti-aircraft artillery, but as an independent part of the military car, together with aviation, ensuring the conquest and retention of domination in the air. Missile defense from ballistic missiles was given slightly less attention, but in lately The situation changed.

Special development received naval complexes, among which at one of the first places is the Igeis Weapon System with Zur "Standard". MK 41 appearance with a very high pace of launch missiles and a high degree of universality, due to the possibility of accommodating in each cell of the WITH A wide range of managed weapons in each cell (including all kinds of adapted to the vertical launch of the "standard" missiles, Zur of the near radius of the SI Ciparre For further development - ESSM, anti-submarine rocket RUR-5 ASROC and Tomahawk winged missiles) contributed to the widespread complex. At the moment, the Rocket "Standard" is in service with fleets of seventeen states. High dynamic characteristics and versatility of the complex contributed to the development of anti-missile missions and antispatient weapons SM-3, currently constituting the basis of the US [clarify] .

see also

• Anti-aircraft rocket-artillery complex

Links

Literature

• Lenov N., Viktorov V. Anti-aircraft missile systems for air force NATO (Rus.) // Foreign Military Review. - m .: "Red Star", 1975. - № 2. - P. 61-66. - ISSN 0134-921X.
• Demidov V., Kutyiev N. Improving Zuro systems in capitalist countries (Rus.) // Foreign Military Review. - m .: "Red Star", 1975. - № 5. - P. 52-57. - ISSN 0134-921X.
• Dubinkin E., Prydilov S. Development and production of anti-aircraft weapons of the US Army (Rus.) // Foreign Military Review. - m .: "Red Star", 1983. - № 3. - P. 30-34. - ISSN 0134-921X.

Soviet and Russian complexes about, SP, ZSS, ZO and CRKK
Complexes pro
Urm and air defense
Zause land troops of the Russian Federation	Middle Actions (up to 15 km) Head of the Navy Ultra-long range (up to 15 km)

In the Russian army there are two types of anti-aircraft missile systems: "Tor" and "Poles-C". Complexes have the same purpose: the destruction of low-fatty winged rockets and CAPPs.

Pancir-C SPR Armed with 12 anti-aircraft manageable rockets and four automatic guns (two paired 30 mm anti-aircraft guns). The complex is able to detect target targets up to 30 km. The range of lesion of a rocket 20 kilometers. The maximum height of the defeat is 15 km. The minimum height of the lesion is 0-5 meters. The complex ensures the destruction of target rockets with speeds up to 1000 m / s. Anti-aircraft guns ensure the destruction of subsonic purposes. The IPPC is capable of covering industrial objects, general-rich compounds, high-range anti-aircraft complexes, airfields and ports. Radar Station of the SRRK millimeter range with an active phased antenna grid (AFAR).

SPK "TOR" - anti-aircraft missile complex of low-range. The complex is designed to destroy the goals flying at ultra-low altitudes. The complex is effectively struggling with cruise missiles, drones and stealth aircraft. "TOR" is armed with 8 manageable anti-aircraft missiles.

Anti-aircraft missile systems of low-range are indispensable, as they intercept the most dangerous and difficult objectives - winged rockets, anticulate rockets and unmanned vehicles.

Poles-see

Evaluation of the highest efficiency of low-range complexes

IN modern War The high-precision weapon plays an essential role. Low-range air defense systems structurally must be in each battalion, shelf, brigade and divisions. At the level of platforms and mouth should be used by CRK. The motorized rifle battalion structurally must have at least one "shell-s" or "torus" will significantly increase safety when mobile maneuver battalion. Rocket brigades should be in their composition the largest number of zenith low-range zenith complexes.

Polecir-C is able to cover the launchers of tactical missiles being located a few miles of them. This will allow you to run tactical rockets at the same time being safe from the response fire. Take for example the Operational Tactical Rocket Complex "Iskander". The maximum range of its ballistic missiles comes to 500 km. Having not having a cover of the RCCRK-C "Tactical missile complex risks being destroyed by the opponent's aviation. Radars of modern aircraft can damage the launch of the rocket. In general, launch launches are clearly visible in the radar and infrared range. So probably the start will be clearly visible on hundreds of km.

Fixing the launch of the rocket, the opponent's aviation will fly to the start place. The cruising speed of the supersonic aircraft is 700-1000 km / h. The aircraft is also capable of turning on the floors and accelerate to the rates of large 1500 km / h. Overcome the distance of 50-300 km for the aircraft in a short time (a few minutes) will not be labor.

The operative tactical complex will not have time to prepare for a marching position and go to the distance at least more than 5-10 km. Topping time and deployment of Кразиндддеде "Iskander" for a few minutes. Going 10 km at a maximum speed of about 60 km will need about 8 minutes. Although it will not be possible to accelerate up to 60 km on the battlefield, an average speed will be 10-30 km, given the irregularities of the road, dirt, etc. As a result, the PCC will not have any chance to leave in order not to get under the aircraft.

For this reason, the SRRK "Pancir-C" could protect the launchers from the rocket attacks of aviation as well as their air bombs. By the way, a very slight amount of anti-aircraft missile systems can intercept aviation. Their number includes "Poles-C".

AGM-65 "Meiverik"

AGM-65 "Meiverik" against low-range air defense complexes

NATO Tactical Aviation Rocket Rocket "Maiverik" (English Meiverik) up to 30 km. Rocket speed dosage. The rocket attacks the goal planning to it. Our anti-aircraft rocket complex is able to fix the launch of rockets on the distances of up to 30 km (given the millimeter range of the Radar Radar "Poles-C" and the lack of stealth protection at the Maivoric missile) and will be able to attack it already from 20 km (maximum starting distance Rocket SRRK). At a distance of 3 to 20 km, the aviation rocket will be an excellent target for the zenith complex.

With 3000 m rockets will begin to install automatic guns 2A38. Automatic guns have a 30 mm caliber and are designed to destroy subsonic purposes, which is the Maivoric rocket. High density of fire (several thousand shots in min) will allow destroying a goal with a high probability.

SPK "TOR-M1"

If Czander would cover the "torus", then there would be a slightly different situation. Firstly, the rag of the complex has a centimeter range, which slightly reduces the possibilities for detecting goals. Secondly, the radar, unlike the "shell-s", does not have an active antenna lattice, which also worsens the detection of small-sized purposes. SPK would notice an aircraft rocket to 8-20 km. From the range from 15 km to 0.5 km "Thor" could effectively fire the Maivaryik missile (effective shelling range is approximate, based on tactical and technical characteristics Radar and its capabilities of the shelling of goals with a similar effective scattering area).

According to the results of the comparison of the RCRK "Pancir-C" and the "TOR" SPE, the first one exceeds a competitor. Main advantages: The presence of Afar-radar, a millimeter range of the radar operation and rocket-cannon weapons, having certain advantages over rocket (rocket and cannon weapons, it allows you to install much more goals due to the fact that the guns are additional weapons that can be used when rockets are completed).

If you compare the capabilities of two complexes to combat supersonic goals, they are approximately equal. "Panciro-C" will not be able to use its guns (they intercept only subsonic targets).

Poles-C1 leads fire

Advantage "Pancir - C" - automatic guns

The significant advantage of the PCRK "Pancir-C" is that its automatic guns, if necessary, are capable of shooting under ground targets. Cannons can affect the lively enemy strength, leggiled and unarmed targets. Also considering the very high density of fire and a decent range (approximately the same as for air targets) of the SRAP is able to fire the calculation of the FMR (portable anti-tank missile complex), protecting itself and protected launchers of operational-tactical missiles.

Conventional large-caliber machine guns located on tanks and fine-caliber automatic BMP guns do not have such a huge speed and density of fire, because of this, there are few chances of fireing the calculation of the FEDRs from a distance of more than 500 m and are often destroyed in such "duels". Also, the "shell-C" is capable of fireing an enemy tank having damaged him external devices, a gun and knocking off the caterpillar. Also, the SRAP is almost guaranteed to destroy any easily-fertilized technique in confrontation, which is not equipped with long-range anti-tank controlled rockets (PTS).

"TOR" in terms of self-defense from the ground technology cannot offer anything, with the exception of desperate attempts to launch a controlled anti-aircraft missile in an attacking target (it is purely theoretically possible, I actually heard only one case during the war in South Ossetia, the Russian small missile ship "Mirage" launched The anti-aircraft missile complex "OSA-M" to the attacker of the Georgian boat, after which the fire began on it, in general, who can be interested in the Internet).

Pancier-C1, automatic guns

Cover options armored vehicles and fire support

SRRK "Pancir-C" can cover the upcoming tanks and BMP at a safe distance (3-10 km) for armored vehicles. Moreover, such a distance will allow to intercept aviation rockets, helicopters, UAVs at a safe distance from the upcoming tanks and BMP (5-10 km).

One SRRK "Pancir-C" will be able to protect the tank number (12 tanks) within a radius of 15-20 km. This on the one hand will dispersed the tanks on a large area (one SRRC will still cover from air attacks), on the other hand, it will not take a significant amount of Pancir-C "to protect the tank company. Also, Radar "Pentesier-C" with an active phased antenna grille will allow to detect targets up to 30 km (10 km to the limit range of defeat) and report armored vehicles about the upcoming or possible attack. Tankists will be able to put a smoke veil of aerosols imperative guidance in the infrared, radar and optical range.

You can also try to hide the technique for any elevation, shelter, turn the frontal tank (the most protected) to the attacking air target. It is also possible to try to independently confuse the enemy aircraft or a low-speed aircraft managed anti-tank rocket Or firing their large-caliber machine gun. Also, the SRAP will be able to give a target designation to other anti-aircraft complexes, which have a greater range of defeat or closer to the goal. SRRK "Poles-C" is also able to support tanks and BMP fire from automatic guns. Probably in the "duels" between BMP and SRRK the winner will be released last due to much more rapid stems.

/Alexander Zagigin/