Roald amundsen that he opened briefly. Roald Amundsen - the famous Norwegian traveler, explorer who discovered the South Pole

Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) - Norwegian polar traveler and explorer. Born in the province of Ostfoll (in Borg) in a family of hereditary seafarers. After grammar school, he entered the medical faculty of the University of Christiania, but two years later he left the university and was hired as a sailor on a sailing schooner that went to seal the Greenland Sea. After sailing for two years, he passed the exam for a long-distance navigator. In 1897-1899 he took part in the Belgian Antarctic expedition aboard the Belgica as a navigator. Upon his return, he again took the exam and received a diploma of a sea captain.

Both prudence and caution are equally important: prudence - to notice difficulties in time, and caution - in order to prepare the most carefully for the meeting.

Amundsen Roald

In 1900, Amundsen bought the large sailing schooner Joa. With a crew of seven, for the first time in the history of navigation, he sailed on it in 1903-1906 from Greenland to Alaska along the seas and straits of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, opening the Northwest Passage from east to west, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. During the expedition, he made valuable geomagnetic observations in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Canadian Arctic Archipelago, mapped more than 100 islands.

In 1910-1912 he led an expedition to Antarctica with the aim of discovering the South Pole on the ship Fram, owned by F. Nansen, who was at that time the Norwegian Ambassador to Great Britain. The only non-Norwegian in the Fram's crew was the Russian sailor and oceanographer Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin. In January, Amundsen and his companions landed on the Ross Glacier in Whale Bay, established a base and began to prepare for a campaign to South Pole... In October of the same year, the group, which, in addition to Amundsen, included O. Wisting, S. Hassel, H. Hansen and W. Bjeland, started on four dog sleds and on December 17, 1911, reached the South Pole a month ahead of the expedition of the Englishman R. Scott. In Antarctica, Amundsen discovered the Queen Maud Mountains.

Victory awaits the one who is all right, and this is called luck.

Amundsen Roald

In 1918-1921 he built the ship "Mod" with his own money and sailed on it from west to east along the northern shores of Eurasia, repeating Nansen's drift on the "Fram". With two winter quarters, he passed from Norway to the Bering Strait, which he entered in 1920.

In 1923-1925 he tried to reach the North Pole several times. In May 1926 he headed the first transatlantic flight across the North Pole on the Norway airship. Two years later, Amundsen took off from Tromsø in a French twin-engined seaplane "Latham-47" in search of the expedition of General W. Nobile. This flight was the last in the life of a Norwegian explorer: during a flight from Norway to Spitsbergen, he crashed and died in the Barents Sea. The only thing that was found was a float with the inscription "Latam-47", caught by fishermen near the Bear Island.

Prudence and caution are equally important: prudence in order to notice difficulties in time, and caution in order to thoroughly prepare for their meeting.

Amundsen Roald

A mountain in the eastern part of Antarctica, a bay in the Arctic Ocean, a sea off the coast of the southern continent and the American polar station Amundsen-Scott are named after Amundsen. His works "Flight across the Arctic Ocean", "On the ship" Maud "," Expedition along the northern coast of Asia "," South Pole "and a five-volume collected works have been translated into Russian.

"It will forever occupy a special place in the history of geographical research ... Some kind of explosive force lived in it. In the foggy sky of the Norwegian people, it rose as a shining star. How many times it lit up with bright flashes! And suddenly it went out right away, and we cannot look away from an empty place in the firmament. " F. Nansen.

Nowadays, even a child has a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe polar world: snow-white plains, the amazing natural phenomenon of the northern lights, giant icebergs and amazing sea animals - polar bears or penguins.

How many dangers are concealed by these extraordinary corners of the Earth. Despite all the obstacles travelers and seafarerspulls to the North and South Poles, trying to fill in the "blank spots" on the world map and prove to everyone and to himself that a person is capable of taking risks. One of the first who managed to conduct successful polar voyages were the Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen... One managed to become the first person to visit the North Pole, while the other reached the South Point before anyone else.

In the south of Norway in the town of Borg on July 16, 1872 in the family of a shipbuilder Amundsen, was born younger son Roal. Roald dreamed of connecting his life with the sea. In the port city where the boy lived, they also came to watch them, went to the pier in any weather. There he heard stories of experienced sailors about adventures and exploits at sea. Roald hoped that one day he too would go to discover unknown lands. Norwegian Roald Amundsenfrom childhood he dreamed of the Arctic and prepared for future campaigns, training hard and enthusiastically reading all the literature available to him about the development of the North. Amundsen was deeply impressed by the stories of the hardships that the team of John Franklin, an English explorer and notorious polar explorer, had to overcome.

The young man took up ski training. In this sport, he has achieved excellent success. Besides, accustoming yourself to the cold, Amundsenslept with an open window even in the most severe cold.

Roald at the age of 18, obeying his mother's wishes, entered the medical faculty of the university. The young man did not try to prove himself in the field of medical research, so over time he left the university and was drafted into the army. Thanks to diligent training, Amundsen easily overcame this segment in his life. Dreams of upcoming campaigns inspired him in everything.

Amundsen student

In 1894 Amundsenbegan preparations for the upcoming seafaring... By that time, he had read a lot of books available to him about the Arctic. To gain experience as a sailor, he set sail, starting as a sailor. Studying navigation, he gradually rose to the rank of navigator, and then passed the exam for the title of ship captain. With time Amundsenlearned how to steer a ship during a storm and became an experienced mate and an excellent navigator.

maps depicting the Arctic Ocean in Amundsen's time were not at all what they are now

In 1897, twenty-five-year-old Roald Amundsen sailed to Antarctica on a research vessel " Belgica"As the first navigator. The journey turned out to be difficult and not successful. The ship was stuck between the ice for thirteen months. Almost the entire leadership of the expedition fell ill from scurvy, and the command passed to the young navigator. Amundsenthanks to his knowledge in medicine saved most crew. For sailorsmanaged to escape from the ice trap in 1899 and the ship " Belgica"Returned to Europe.

Thanks to the experience gained Amundsensuccessfully passed the exams and in 1900 began organizing his own expedition as a captain. Taking out a loan for his own house, he bought a yacht " Yoah»With a displacement of 47 tons and a length of 21 meters. To hire a team and buy food, he had to ask for help from friends and look for sponsors.

On the night of July 16, 1903, the yacht " Yoah”With a crew of seven left the port of Tromsø and headed for Alaska through Baffin Bay, moving between the islands of the northern coast of Canada. The difficult navigation was nevertheless completed in 1905. This meant that he made a trek to the Northwest Passage, thus the 34-year-old Amundsenaccomplished a feat that his "advisor" John Franklin failed to do.

polar explorer John Franklin

Upon returning home Amundseninstantly became famous and he toured the United States, giving lectures in many cities. The money received allowed him to pay his debts. But this independence was not long. While planning a new expedition, Amundsen soon ran into new debts. Finding money for the expedition was not easy. more than once tried to get to the North Pole, but to no avail. The most famous was Nansen's attempt. He built " Fram", Which was specially adapted for sailing in the Arctic climate, but he failed to reach the goal. Roald Amundsen decided to enlist the support of his famous predecessor. He met with Nansen and he approved his plan. Moreover, the great navigatordonated Amundsenschooner " Fram", Thereby appointing him as his successor. It also helped to solve financial problems - investors believed in the plan.

seafarer Amundsen

polar navigator Amundsen

schooner "Fram"

arrival at the South Pole

sending to an unknown destination

sailing ship "Mod"

Amundsenwent on a campaign in early August 1910. A depressed mood reigned among the members of the expedition. They did not talk about it out loud, but the success of the Piri explorer, who reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909, unpleasantly affected the team's mood. Observing this state of affairs, Amundsensecretly made a decision. Out to sea, the schooner " Fram”Followed an unexpected path. The ship was supposed to move towards the Arctic, but it continued to sail across the Atlantic Ocean. The sailing team was alarmed, but Amundsen, the captain and chief leader of the expedition knew where his schooner was headed. October 12, when the schooner " Fram»Approached the Madeira island off the coast North Africa, the secret was revealed. Amundsen called the team and announced the change of course. He decided, since he did not manage to become the discoverer of the North Pole, he would conquer the South Pole. The information about the change of course delighted the team and breathed excitement.

In February 1911, when summer ended in the Southern Hemisphere, schooner« Fram»Reached the shores of Antarctica. Firstly sailorsorganized a base and equipped several warehouses. With the onset of winter, the main part of the expedition remained to wait it out in the camp. The rest of the group, consisting of four people, on October 19, 1911, left the base in dog sleds, rushing into the interior of the continent. The team covered up to 40 km a day and on December 14, 1911 reached its goal - the South Pole. After three days of observations carried out at this point of the planet, a group of researchers led by Amundsenreturned to camp. The Norwegian public was jubilant. Everyone congratulated Amundsen on the feat. The government encouraged seafarerand discoverera generous reward.

But the scientist was not satisfied with the collected materials, so on June 7, 1916 on the ship "Mod", built for his own money Amundsenset off on a second voyage. This vessel had many new devices at that time, which made it possible to better maneuver in ice. Roald Amundsen invested almost all his funds in it, undertaking another polar feat. His goal was again the North Pole. To visit the northernmost point of the Earth remained the most visible dream of the navigator. Amundsen decided to first open the Northeast Passage along the northern coast of Russia. On July 16, 1918, Roald Amundsen sailed on the Maud along the northern coast of Russia to the Bering Strait. With great difficulty, he reached Alaska in 1920. The polar explorer broke his arm and was forced to change course to Seattle to provide medical assistance and ship requiring repair. So the second ended amundsen expedition.

Amundsenconducted brilliant expeditions, visited the Arctic and Antarctica. He became the most famous polar explorer, but it was the Arctic, so beloved by the explorer, that ultimately destroyed him.

A certain Italian aeronaut Umberto Nobile in 1928 decided to conquer the North Pole by getting there by airship. However, after takeoff, Nobile suffered an accident. Several rescue groups rushed to his aid at once, one of them was and Amundsen... They had known each other earlier - together they took part in a joint expedition aboard the airship "Norway" in 1926. However, later, the relationship between them suddenly turned into hostile. Nevertheless, Amundsen made the decision to participate in the rescue of the Italian expedition without delay.

The crew of a large seaplane " Latam-47”Consisted of Norwegians and French. It includes Amundsentook off in an unknown direction. I must say, he carefully concealed his intentions. He did not inform anyone about the chosen route, which subsequently made the search extremely difficult. Did not leave Amundsenand recordings, with reporters was brief and reserved. The great traveler seemed to be preparing for the tragedy in advance - he sold his property, paid off his creditors. Eyewitnesses claim that the visionary Amundsendidn't even take emergency rations, just a few sandwiches. Norway has long refused to believe in the death of its national hero. Death Amundsenofficially recognized only six months after the disappearance of the seaplane. The country honored the memory of the famous polar explorer with a few minutes of silence. And General Nobile - Amundsen's rival, having learned about the death of the Norwegian, found the courage to say out loud: “ He defeated me».

In honor of the Norwegian navigator and explorer Roald Amundsennamed a mountain in East Antarctica, the Gulf of the Arctic Ocean near the coast of Canada, a depression in the Arctic Ocean located between the Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges and the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Antarctica. A history museum dedicated to the great polar explorers has been created in Norway.

monument on the island of Spitsbergen. From here Amundsen went on an expedition

museum in Oslo, Norway

polar station Amundsen-Scott at the South Pole

Name ten famous Norwegians, Nansen will immediately appear - a tall, blue-eyed blonde, a polar explorer, Nobeliat as the savior of nations, a politician, a person who is difficult to reproach for anything. The list will certainly be supplemented by Amundsen, a traveler and polar explorer who continued Nansen's endeavors and was the first to conquer the South Pole, flew in an airship over the North Pole and made a sea passage both in the North-East and North-West ways.

Passion for travel in Norwegians was awakened by the Viking forefathers. An ingenious interweaving of legends and sagas carried the glory of these brave men through the centuries, and since then, almost every Norwegian has a desire to explore something mysterious, unapproachable, complex ... Geographical position Norway initially envisioned sea travel in a northern direction, where the most attractive - especially in late XIX - early XX century. - saw the frozen expanses of the North Pole.

Of the two great Norwegian ice explorers, Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen, the latter is the more controversial figure. When Amundsen learned that Robert Scott was going to conquer the South Pole, he, contrary to the guild ethics, rushed in front of the Scotsman and became the first person to reach the absolute south. Scott arrived at the goal a little later and died in the snow, shaken by the loss. Scientific world condemned the Norwegian and decided to consider Scott and Amundsen as pioneers. Indeed, compared to eternity, the difference of 36 days is insignificant.

For Nansen, things were not so dramatic. He was well-behaved, pleased those around him. Born in 1861, studied to be a zoologist. While still studying at the university, Nansen made his first trip to the Arctic Ocean. Then there will be several more polar expeditions. Sports training came in handy for the future scientist and politician. Several times Nansen became the champion of Norway in cross-country skiing.

In 1888, before leading an expedition to Greenland, he became a doctor of sciences. And from the expedition he returned famous, having made a walk with five companions from the east coast of Greenland to the west. In the 1890s he continued dangerous ice campaigns. Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Jackson Island - for contemporaries this was equal to the first flights of astronauts. In the north and now there is no sugar, but in those years without modern technology it was really hard. When Nansen sailed on his ship "Fram", a project which he specially developed for Arctic expeditions, he was seen off as on a scaffold. But these expeditions, which ended with the miraculous return of the heroes, laid the foundations for a new science, physical oceanography, and seriously raised the actions of Nansen personally. The hero-sailor won worldwide recognition and reputation, which he later had a chance to use for the benefit of hundreds of thousands of our compatriots. In 1922 he received the Nobel Peace Prize. Nansen died on May 13, 1930 at his estate near Oslo. According to the will, his body was cremated, and the ashes were scattered over the Oslofjord.

Roald Amundsen was born in 1872 into a family of a ship owner and from his youth dreamed of polar exploration. Nevertheless, yielding to his mother's insistence, he entered the medical faculty of the university, which he dropped out in 1893, immediately after her death. After joining a ship as a sailor, Amundsen sailed on various ships for several years and gradually grew to a navigator. In 1897-1899, he took part in the Belgian Antarctic expedition, the participants of which, due to mistakes in preparation and during its conduct, were forced to spend a 13-month winter. This hard lesson came in handy for Amundsen in the preparation of his own Arctic expedition. In 1903 - 1906, on a small yacht "Joa" Amundsen with six satellites explored the Northwest Route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. However, this was only a prelude to the main goal - the South Pole.

Launched in the summer of 1910 on the famous ship Fram, the expedition arrived in Antarctica on January 13, 1911. Having built a base and carefully prepared for the transition, in October 1911, five people, led by Amundsen, set off on dog sleds to the South Pole and reached it on December 14, 1911. Later, Amundsen made several more trips to the north and died while participating in the rescue of the expedition of Umberto Nobile on June 18, 1928. He was never found.

Initially, Amundsen planned to reach the North Pole, but having received news of the conquest of the pole by Frederick Cook, and later by Robert Peary, decided to reach the South Pole. When Scott arrived in Melbourne on October 12, 1910, a telegram from Madeira was awaiting him. It was short and to the point: “Let me tell you, the Fram is on its way to Antarctica. Amundsen. " Amundsen's expedition landed in Antarctica simultaneously with the expedition of the English explorer Robert Scott, but managed to reach the South Pole 36 days earlier.

The Norwegian set off on the decisive trip to the South Pole on October 20. And Scott only on November 2, 1911. Amundsen's path was shorter, although somewhat more difficult in terms of relief. The ascent to the ridge turned out to be difficult. But on the flat terrain, the dogs easily dragged the sled, and people only held onto the ropes tied to them, sliding on skis. Before storming the pole, both expeditions prepared for wintering. Scott could boast of more expensive equipment, but Amundsen took into account every little detail in his equipment. The English and Norwegian units were equal in number of people - five people each. The motor sledges of the British quickly went out of order, long before the Pole they had to shoot the exhausted ponies. The people themselves dragged the sled. It turned out that the British even neglected skiing, while for the Norwegians it was a familiar means of transportation. Scott's expedition was left without fuel: it leaked from the iron vessels through poorly soldered seams.

On December 14, 1911, Amundsen reached the South Pole. The British were still walking with miracles of fortitude, but very slowly. Only on January 18, 1912, they arrived at the pole and were no longer surprised when they saw the flag of Norway there. The return journey was beyond the power of Scott and his comrades. Terrible frosts and wind did their job. They often went astray and starved. On March 29, 20 km from the grocery store, Robert Scott made the last entry in his diary: “Death is near. For God's sake, take care of our loved ones! " The bodies of three polar explorers, including Robert Scott, were discovered in November 1912. On the site of Scott's first wintering, a cross was erected with the words "Fight and seek, find and not give up."

In 1936, a museum dedicated to the history of Norwegian polar expeditions was opened in Oslo, on the Bygdoy peninsula. Its main exhibit is the ship "Fram", completely restored, on board and inside which tourists from all over the world climb!

Welcome to Norway , a country of pioneers and travelers!

• B - studied at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of St.
• He sailed as a sailor and navigator on different ships. Since then, he has made a number of expeditions that have become widely known.
• Passed for the first time (-) on a small fishing vessel "Joa" Northwest passage from East to West from k.
• On the ship "Fram" went to; landed at Whale Bay and on dogs reached the South Pole, a month ahead of the English expedition.
• In the summer, the expedition left on the ship "Mod" and reached.
• He headed the 1st transarctic flight on the airship "Norway" along the route: - -.
• During an attempt to find the Italian expedition U. Nobile, which crashed in the Arctic Ocean on the Italia airship, and to help her, Amundsen, who took off on the Latam seaplane, died c.

Youth and first expeditions

Amundsen was born in 1872 in Borge, near the town of Sarpsborg, in the southeast, into a family of sailors and shipbuilders. When he was 14 years old, his father died and the family moved to the capital of Norway, Christiania (since 1924 -). The older brothers tied their fate with the sea, and the youngest, Roald, at the request of his mother, entered the university's medical faculty. But he always dreamed of traveling, and his favorite reading was books by the English navigator John Franklin about research. At the age of 21, after the death of his mother, Roald left the university. He later wrote:

"With inexpressible relief, I left the university to devote my whole soul to the only dream of my life".

Amundsen devotes himself entirely to the study of maritime affairs. He is hired on cargo and fishing boats that sail. Likewise, Roald devotes a lot of time to training and developing his body.

Northwest Sea Route

Returning from Antarctica, the young Norwegian captain decided to conquer the Northwest Passage, that is, to sail the shortest route from to around the Arctic coasts. For four centuries sailors and geographers struggled with this problem to no avail.

He bought a pretty used 47-ton motor-sailing "Gjøa", thoroughly repaired it, tested it on several test voyages and Amundsen with six companions set off from Norway aboard the Gjøa on his first Arctic expedition. The schooner crossed the North Atlantic, entered Baffin Bay, then overcame the Lancaster, Barrow, Peel, Franklin, James Ross Straits and in early September was put to winter off the southeastern coast of King William Island. Amundsen made friends with, who had never seen white people before, bought jackets with reindeer fur and bear mittens from them, learned how to build an igloo, prepare (food from dried and crushed seal meat), and also handle riding husky huskies.

The wintering went well, but the bay in which the schooner was stationed did not free itself of ice in the summer of the year, and "Joa" remained for the second winter, at which time the whole world considered him missing. Only Mr. the ship was able to escape from the ice captivity, and the Norwegians went further west. After three months of tension and anxious waiting, the expedition found a ship on the horizon, which had sailed from - the North-Western route had been passed. But soon after that, the ship froze into the ice, where it remained all winter.

Seeking to inform the world of the expedition's achievement, Amundsen, along with the captain of the American ship, in October embarks on a 500-trip to Eagle City, where the closest connection with the outside world was. He traveled this difficult path on dog sleds, and, having crossed the mountains of almost 3 kilometers in height, reached the city, from where he announced his feat to the world. Amundsen later recalled:

"Upon my return, everyone determined my age between 59 and 75 years, although I was only 33".

The scientific materials he brought were processed for many years, and, and scientific societies different countries accepted him as an honorary member.

Conquest of the South Pole

Amundsen is 40 years old, he reads lectures in and around, his travel notes have become a bestseller. But a new daring polar project is brewing in his head - conquest. The explorer's plan was to get to the North Pole on a ship frozen in. The vessel required for this has already been built. Amundsen struck up a relationship with and asked him to provide for the event "Fram" ("forward"), where Nansen and the team spent 3 years - drifting with ice to the North Pole.

But Amundsen's plans were thwarted when news comes that two Americans - Frederic Cook in April and Robert Peary in April - have conquered the North Pole. Amundsen changes the purpose of his expedition. Preparations continue, but destination changes to. Everyone knew at the time that the Englishman was also preparing for his second attempt to reach the South Pole. Amundsen, driven by his ambitions to be the first, decided to get there before him. However, the Norwegian polar explorer carefully concealed the purpose of the upcoming expedition. Even the Norwegian government was not aware of this, as Amundsen feared that he would be prohibited from going to the South Pole. Such conditions were dictated by the fact that it was strongly dependent on economically, and most importantly - politically.

“Death is at hand. For God's sake, take care of our loved ones! "

The remains of Scott and his companions were not found until the following summer. They died just 20 kilometers from the nearest food camp.

This tragedy excited the whole world and greatly overshadowed the success of Amundsen, in February he circulated a statement containing the following words:

"I would sacrifice fame, absolutely everything, to bring him back to life ... My triumph is clouded by the thought of his tragedy, it haunts me."

Northeastern sea route

On his return from Antarctica, Amundsen began organizing a long-planned expedition to the Arctic Ocean, but the one that had begun prevented him. Still, by the summer of the year the expedition was equipped and in July left the coast of Norway on a new, purpose-built vessel "Maud". Amundsen intended to go along the coast of Siberia, which in the west is commonly called the Northeast Passage, and then freeze the ship into ice and turn it into a drifting scientific station. The expedition was loaded with tools for exploration, study of terrestrial magnetism and was at that time the most equipped of all that ever went on polar exploration.

Ice conditions in the summer of 1918 were very difficult, the ship moved slowly, now and then getting stuck in the ice. For, which went around, the ice finally stopped the ship, and had to prepare for wintering. Only a year later, Mr., "Maud" was able to continue her journey east, but this voyage lasted only 11 days. The second wintering off the island of Ayon took ten months. In the summer, Amundsen brought the ship to a village in Alaska.

Transarctic flights

As a polar explorer, Amundsen took an interest in. When the world record for the duration of a flight (a Junkers design machine) of 27 hours was set in the city, Amundsen had the idea of \u200b\u200ban air flight across the Arctic. With the financial support of American millionaire Lincoln Ellsworth, Amundsen buys two large ones, capable of taking off from water and from ice.

Last years and death

Returning to his home in Bunne, near Oslo, the great traveler healed as a gloomy hermit, more and more withdrawn into himself. He was never married and had no long-term relationship with any woman. At first, his old nanny ran the household, and after her death he began to take care of himself. It did not require much effort: he lived like a Spartan, as if he were still aboard the Yoa, the Fram, or the Maud.

Amundsen was getting weird. He sold all the orders honorary awards and openly quarreled with many former associates. wrote to one of my friends a year

"I get the impression that Amundsen has completely lost his peace of mind and is not fully responsible for his actions."

Amundsen's main enemy was Umberto Nobile, whom he called "an arrogant, childish, selfish upstart", "a ridiculous officer", "a man of a wild, semi-tropical race."

Essays

• R. Amundsen's stories in Russian Biography, Roald Amundsen and St. Petersburg.

2.3 Conquest of the South Pole

2.4 North-eastern sea route

2.5 Transarctic flights

2.6 Last years and death

1. Objects named after the traveler.
2. List of used literature.

Norwegian polar traveler and explorer. First person to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). The first person (together with Oscar Wisting) to visit both geographic poles of the planet. The first explorer to make a sea passage both by the North-East (along the coast of Siberia) and by the North-West sea route (along the straits of the Canadian archipelago). He died in 1928 while searching for the expedition of Umberto Nobile. He has received awards from many countries of the world, including the highest award of the United States - the Gold Medal of the Congress.

Brief chronology

In 1890-1892 he studied at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Christiania.

From 1894 to 1899 he sailed as a sailor and navigator on various ships. Beginning in 1903, he made a number of widely known expeditions.

Passed for the first time (1903-1906) on a small fishing vessel "Joa" Northwest Passage from East to West from Greenland to Alaska.

On the ship "Fram" went to Antarctica; landed in Whale Bay and on December 14, 1911, on dogs, reached the South Pole, a month ahead of the English expedition of R. Scott.

In the summer of 1918 the expedition left Norway on the Maud and in 1920 reached the Bering Strait.

In 1926 he headed the 1st transarctic flight on the airship "Norway" on the route: Spitsbergen - North Pole - Alaska.

In 1928, during an attempt to find the Italian expedition Umberto Nobile, which suffered a disaster in the Arctic Ocean on the Italia airship, and to help her, Amundsen, who took off on June 18 on the Latam seaplane, died in the Barents Sea.

A life

2.1 Youth and first expeditions

Roald was born in 1872 in the south-east of Norway (Borge, near Sarpsborg) into a family of sailors and shipbuilders. When he was 14 years old, his father died and the family moved to Christiania (since 1924 - Oslo). Roald went to study at the medical faculty of the university, but when he was 21 years old, his mother dies, and Roald leaves the university. He later wrote:

« With inexpressible relief, I left the university to devote my whole soul to the only dream of my life. »

In 1897-1899. In the role of navigator, he took part in the Belgian Antarctic expedition aboard the Belgica under the command of the Belgian polar explorer Adrien de Gerlache.

2.2 Northwest Sea Route

Figure 1. Map of Amundsen's Arctic expeditions

In 1903 he buys a used 47-ton motor sailing yacht "Joa" ("Gjøa"), "the same age" as Amundsen himself (built in 1872) and goes on an Arctic expedition. The schooner was equipped with a 13 hp diesel engine.

The personnel of the expedition included:

• Roald Amundsen - head of the expedition, glaciologist, specialist in terrestrial magnetism, ethnographer.
• Godfried Hansen, Danish by nationality - navigator, astronomer, geologist and photographer of the expedition. Senior Lieutenant of the Danish Navy, participated in expeditions to Iceland and the Faroe Islands.
• Anton Lund is a skipper and harpooner.
• Peder Riestvedt is a senior machinist and meteorologist.
• Helmer Hansen is the second navigator.
• Gustav Yul Wik - second machinist, assistant for magnetic observations. Died from an unexplained disease on March 30, 1906.
• Adolf Henrik Lindström - cook and food master. Member of the Sverdrup expedition in 1898-1902.

Amundsen passed through the North Atlantic, Baffin Bay, Lancaster, Barrow, Peel, Franklin, James Ross Straits and in early September stopped for the winter off the southeastern coast of King William Island. In the summer of 1904, the bay was not free of ice, and "Joa" remained for the second winter.

On August 13, 1905, the ship continues to sail and practically completes the North-West Route, but still freezes into the ice. Amundsen dog sleds to Eagle City, Alaska.

He later recalled:

« Upon my return, everyone determined my age between 59 and 75 years, although I was only 33 ”.

2.3 Conquest of the South Pole

Figure 2. Map of Amundsen's Antarctic Expedition

2.4 Conquest of the South Pole

In 1910, Amundsen planned a transpolar drift across the Arctic, which was to begin off the coast of Chukotka. Amundsen hoped to be the first to reach the North Pole, for which he won support from Fridtjof Nansen in 1907. By an Act of Parliament the vessel "Fram" (Norwegian Fram, "Forward") was provided for the expedition. The budget was very modest, amounting to about 250 thousand crowns (for comparison: Nansen in 1893 had 450 thousand crowns). Amundsen's plans were unexpectedly destroyed by Cook's announcement of the conquest of the North Pole in April 1908. Soon Robert Peary also announced the conquest of the pole. They no longer had to count on sponsorship, and then Roald decided to conquer the South Pole, for the achievement of which the race also began to unfold.

By 1909, "Fram" (Figure 3) was overhauled, but was already intended for a new expedition. All preparations were kept in secret: except for himself, his brother-lawyer Leon Amundsen and the commander of the Fram, Lieutenant Thorvald Nielsen, knew about Amundsen's plans. We had to go for non-standard solutions: a significant part of the provisions for the expedition was supplied by the Norwegian army (a new Arctic diet was to be tested), ski suits for the members of the expedition were sewn from decommissioned army blankets, the army provided tents, etc. The only sponsor was found in Argentina: at the expense of the magnate of Norwegian origin, Don Pedro Christophersen, kerosene and many supplies were purchased. His generosity made Buenos Aires the main base of the Fram. Later, a mountain was named in his honor as part of the Transantarctic Range.

Before sailing, Amundsen sent letters to Nansen and the King of Norway explaining his motives. According to legend, Nansen, having received the letter, cried out: “Fool! I would give him all my calculations ”(Nansen in 1905 was going to make an expedition to Antarctica, but his wife's illness forced him to abandon his plans).

The personnel of the expedition was divided into two groups: ship and coastal. The list is as of January 1912.

Figure 3. "Fram" under sail

Coastal detachment:

• Roald Amundsen - head of the expedition, head of the toboggan party in the campaign to the South Pole.
• Olaf Bjoland - participant of the trip to the Pole.
• Oscar Wisting is a participant in the trip to the Pole.
• Jorgen Stubberud - a participant in the campaign to the Land of King Edward VII.
• Christian Prestrud is the chief of the sleigh party to the Land of King Edward VII.
• Frederik Hjalmar Johansen - a member of the Nansen expedition in 1893-1896, because of the conflict with Amundsen did not enter the pole squad.
• Helmer Hansen is a participant in the trip to the Pole.
• Sverre Hassel - participant of the trip to the Pole.
• Adolf Henrik Lindström - cook and food master.

Crew "Fram" (ship party):

• Thorvald Nielsen - Fram commander
• Steller is a sailor, German by nationality.
• Ludwig Hansen is a sailor.
• Adolf Ohlsen is a sailor.
• Karenius Olsen - cook, cabin boy (the youngest member of the expedition, in 1910 he was 18 years old).
• Martin Richard Rönne is a sailing master.
• Christensen is the navigator.
• Halvorsen.
• Knut Sundbek is a Swede by nationality, a ship mechanic (engineer who created a diesel engine for the "Fram"), an employee of the Rudolf Diesel firm.
• Frederick Hjalmar Ertsen - First Assistant Commander, Lieutenant of the Norwegian Navy. He also served as a ship doctor.

The twentieth member of the expedition was biologist Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin, but in early 1912 he returned to Russia from Buenos Aires. For some time, Fram's minder was Jakob Nedtvedt, but he was replaced by Sundbeck.

In the summer of 1910, "Fram" carried out oceanographic surveys in the North Atlantic, and it turned out that the ship mechanic Jacob Nedtvedt was not doing his job. He was decommissioned ashore, and instead he was taken by the designer of the marine diesel engine Knut Sundbeck. Amundsen wrote that this Swede had great courage if he decided to go on such a long journey with the Norwegians.

On January 13, 1911, Amundsen sailed to the Ross Ice Barrier in Antarctica. At the same time, Robert Scott's British expedition set up camp in McMurdo Sound, 650 kilometers from Amundsen.

Before the trip to the South Pole, both expeditions prepared for wintering, placed warehouses along the route. The Norwegians built the Framheim base, 4 km from the coast, consisting of a wooden house with an area of \u200b\u200b32 sq.m. and numerous ancillary structures and warehouses built of snow and ice and buried in the Antarctic glacier. The first attempt to march to the Pole was made back in August 1911, but extremely low temperatures prevented this (at −56 ° C, the skis and sled runners did not slip, and the dogs could not sleep).

Amundsen's plan was worked out in detail in Norway, in particular, a timetable was drawn up, which modern researchers compare with a musical score. The pole team returned to Fram on the day prescribed by the schedule 2 years earlier.

On October 19, 1911, five people, led by Amundsen, went to the South Pole on four dog sleds. On December 14, the expedition reached the South Pole, having traveled 1,500 km, hoisted the flag of Norway. Expedition members: Oscar Wisting, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Olav Bjaaland, Roald Amundsen. The entire trip to a distance of 3000 km under extreme conditions (ascent and descent to a plateau with a height of 3000 m at a constant temperature above −40 ° and strong winds) took 99 days.