2. Territories of regulated recreational use

2.1 Ecological tourism resources (PAs)

The Curonian and Vistula spits occupy a special place on the territory of the Kaliningrad region, not only because of their unique location, but also in terms of their importance for the territory and Russia as a whole. That is why the Curonian Spit has been a state natural national park since 1988. Dune landscapes make it unique - 60-meter sand dunes, pine forests, the proximity of the sea and the bay, animals protected by humans - moose, deer, wild boars. However, this territory is at the same time very ecologically vulnerable - from nature (frequent erosion) and humans (destruction of vegetation cover and, as a result, degradation of dunes). The Baltic (Vistula) spit is not inferior in attractiveness and natural value to the Curonian Spit. Located in the border zone, it remained inaccessible to tourists for a long time. The uniqueness and vulnerability of this territory has led to its classification as protected.

Table 9. Specially protected natural areas

P / p No.	SPNA type	Name	Area, ha	Short description
1.	Reserve	Curonian Spit	6 621	It was formed in order to preserve the unique natural complexes of the Curonian Spit.
2.	Reserve	Vistula spit	520 ha	Formed in order to preserve unique forest complexes
3.	Reserve	Vishtynetsky	330 ha	Reserve in the area of \u200b\u200bVishtynetskoye lake

2.2 Hunting and fishing grounds.

Animals in the region are represented by ungulates, predators, rodents, insectivores, bats. They are distributed mainly in forests, where the living conditions of animals are least changed by humans.

The group of ungulates includes the largest of the region's animals - the elk, as well as other representatives of the deer family - red and sika deer, roe deer and fallow deer.

Most of all in the forests of the region there are roe deer - several thousand. Elk and red deer number in the hundreds. Fallow deer are extremely rare, found in the Polesie region (there are several hundred of them in Russia). Sika deer were introduced to the region quite recently. They were released on the territory of the Novoselovsky fur farm, where they are bred to obtain antlers - a valuable medicinal raw material. There are small herds of wild boars in many forests of the region.

Among the predators, foxes, martens, chorises, ermines and weasels are found. By the 70s, wolves were completely destroyed, but since 1976 they reappeared and they are hunted all year round.

Fish in inland waters are represented by freshwater species (58 species, in the Curonian - 42, in the Kaliningrad - up to 40 species).

Of sea \u200b\u200bfish Baltic herring, sprat, cod, flounder, Baltic salmon are found. Semi-anadromous species (ascending for reproduction in the lower reaches of rivers) are smelt and herring, anadromous (going to spawn up rivers) - whitefish, vimbets, Baltic sturgeon, salmon, eel. Bream, pike perch, roach, smelt, crucian carp, ruff, perch, pike are widespread. The rivers are inhabited not only by such fish typical for lowland rivers as burbot, catfish, chub, ide, but also trout and grayling typical of the foothills.

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2.1.3 Regulated recreational use areas

Specially Protected Natural Areas (SPNA) are designed to preserve

typical and unique natural landscapes, a variety of animals and flora, protection of objects of natural and cultural heritage. Fully or partially withdrawn from economic use, they have a special protection regime, and protection zones or districts with a regulated regime of economic activity can be created on the adjacent land and water areas. Specially protected natural areas belong to the objects of the national heritage. There are the following main categories of these territories:

State nature reserves, including biosphere;

National parks;

Natural parks;

State nature reserves;

Natural monuments;

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

Medical and recreational areas and resorts.

The preservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priority directions of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation.

"right"\u003e Table 4 "right"\u003e Specially protected natural areas

		Name	Area, ha	Short description
	National park	"Curonian Spit"		Curonian Spit - located on the coast Baltic Sea sand spit. The length is 98 kilometers, the width ranges from 400 meters (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Lesnoye) to 3.8 kilometers (in the area of \u200b\u200bCape Bulvikio, just north of Nida). Here, at a very small distance from each other, very different landscapes coexist: sandy-desert, coniferous forests, birch forests of the west of Russia ... Spit resembles a museum of natural zones.
	Sanctuary	"Baltic (Vistula Spit)"		Baltic Spit (Vistula Spit - the name on the territory of Poland) is a unique natural monument. is a narrow strip of land 500-700 m wide and 65 km long (of which 30 belong to the Kaliningrad region, the rest to Poland) with beautiful sandy beaches and dunes, partially covered with forest. The spit is connected to the mainland on the Polish side. On the Russian side, the tip of the spit is separated from the mainland by a canal near the city of Baltiysk.
	Botanical Garden.	"Botanical Garden of the University. I. Kant "		Among the main areas of activity of botanical gardens as specially protected natural areas are: the preservation of biodiversity, the creation and preservation of the gene pool of plants, including rare and endangered species, as well as the study and development of approaches to the protection and rational use of plant resources.

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RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF TOURISM

Department of "Geography of tourist destinations"

INTRODUCTION
NATURAL RECREATION RESOURCES
1. Landscapes
1.1. Relief
1.2. Water objects
1.3. Soil and vegetation cover
2. Territories of regulated recreational use
2.1. Ecological tourism resources (SPNA)
2.2. Hunting and fishing grounds
3. The ecological state of the natural environment
4. Landscape and recreational potential
5. Complex landscape and recreational zoning of the territory
6. Climate and bioclimate
6.1. The main climate-forming factors
6.2. Solar radiation mode
6.3. Atmospheric circulation
6.4. Thermal regime
6.5. Wind regime
6.6. Humidity mode
6.7. Precipitation mode
7. Bioclimatic potential
8. Bioclimatic zoning of the territory
9. Hydromineral resources
9.1. Mineral water
9.2. Healing mud (peloids)
PROBLEMS RESTRAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL-ORIENTED FORMS OF TOURISM IN ORLOV REGION
CONCLUSION
LIST OF USED SOURCES
ANNEXES

INTRODUCTION

purpose of work : analysis of natural recreational potential and identification of prospects for the development of nature-oriented forms of tourism in the Oryol region.

Work tasks :

1. assessment of the landscape and recreational potential and drawing up the landscape and recreational zoning of the territory;
2. characteristics of the territories of regulated recreational use;
3. assessment of bioclimatic potential and preparation of bioclimatic zoning of the territory;
4. characteristics of hydromineral resources;
5. identification of problems and development of recommendations for the development of nature-oriented forms of tourism in the region;

Research methodology.

The main research methods were: observation method, statistical, comparative and cartographic analysis, methods of mapping and zoning of the territory.

Natural recreational resources in term paper were evaluated on a three-point system by factor-integral method. The main assessment criterion is the degree of favorableness of landscape components, bioclimate conditions, objects or factors for various types of nature-oriented tourism (health-improving, sports, ecological, hunting and fishing).

Materials used .

The work is based on educational and local history literature on the natural conditions and resources of the Oryol region, atlases and maps, collections of scientific articles, analytical reports and statistical materials. Data from the Internet were used to a small extent.

Brief information about the territory .

The Oryol region was formed in 1937. It includes 24 administrative districts, 7 cities (3 cities of regional subordination - Oryol, Livny, Mtsensk, and 4 cities of regional subordination - Bolkhov, Dmitrovsk-Orlovsky, Maloarkhangelsk, Novosil), 13 urban-type settlements and more than 3 thousand rural settlements. The administrative center of the region is the city of Orel.

The subjects of the region are the following administrative districts (indicating the regional center): Bolkhovsky (Bolkhov town), Verkhovsky (Verkhovye town), Glazunovsky (Glazunovka town), Dmitrovsky (Dmitrovsk-Orlovsky town), Dolzhansky (Dolgoe town), Zalegoshchensky (town Zalegosch), Znamensky (Znamenskoe village), Kolpnyansky (Kolpny village), Korsakovsky (Korsakovo village), Krasnosorensky (Krasnaya Zorya village), Kromsky (Kromy village), Livensky (Livny town), Maloarkhangelskiy (Maloarkhangelsk town) , Mtsenskiy (Mtsensk), Novoderevenkovsiy (Khomutovo village), Novosilskiy (Novosil town), Orlovskiy (Orel town), Pokrovsiy (Pokrovskoye town), Sverdlovsiy (Zmievka town), Soskovsiy (Soskovo village), Trosnianskiy (from Trosna), Uritskiy (village Naryshkino), Khotynetsky (town Khotynets), Shablykinskiy (town Shablykino) (Fig. 1.).

The territory of the region lies between parallels - 53º30 ’and 51º55'N, and between the meridians - 34º45’ and 38º05'E. The Meso-EGP of the Oryol region is determined by its position in the southwestern part of the European territory of the Russian Federation, in the center of the Central Russian Upland, in the southernmost part of the Central Economic Region.

The region is landlocked. Neighbors (of the first order) for it are the regions of the Central and Central Chernozem economic regions of the Russian Federation (Fig. 2.): in the north Tula, in the north-west - Kaluga, in the west - Bryansk, in the east - Lipetsk and in the south - Kursk.

From the point of view of micro-EGP for the Oryol region, a particularly favorable factor is the location of sections of its northern, western and southern borders. In the first case, this is access to the dynamically developing capital region, in the next two - to the Slavic countries of the near abroad (Belarus and Ukraine), with which the region can develop close economic and cultural ties.

In terms of the size of the territory (24.7 thousand km 2), the Oryol region is the smallest among all adjacent regions and ranks 67th in this indicator (among 89 subjects) in Russia. Its average length in the meridional direction is just over 150 km, and in the latitudinal direction - over 220 km. The administrative center - the city of Oryol - is close to the geographical center of the region.

NATURAL RECREATION RESOURCES

1. Landscapes

The landscapes of the Oryol region belong to the class of plains. Two touching here natural areas: forest and forest-steppe.

1.1. Relief

The relief as the main component of the landscape is the most important natural recreational resource that determines the landscape diversity of the landscape. When assessing the relief from the standpoint of its suitability for the implementation of recreational activities, one usually takes into account its picturesqueness, mosaicism and the degree of dissection, steepness of slopes, and the presence of focal observation points. It is also taken into account that different types of recreational activities have different requirements for the relief conditions. So, in some cases, preference is given to flat terrain (for agro-recreation), in others - mountainous, highly rugged (alpine skiing, mountaineering, etc.). For recreational purposes, the most favorable is a large-hilly, or ridge, relief, a slightly hilly and undulating terrain is relatively favorable; flat, flat monotonous surfaces are unfavorable from the point of view of aesthetics of landscape perception and due to the functional unsuitability of this type of relief. For medical and health-improving rest, both functionally and aesthetically, the most favorable is rough terrain with insignificant excess.

The formation of the modern topography of the region (Fig. 3.) is closely related to the geological and neotectonic conditions of the development of the territory in the Quaternary time. Orographically the territory of the Oryol region is confined to the Central Russian Upland and only in the extreme northwest - to the Desna-Dnieper trough.

In neotectonic terms, the overwhelming part of the region's territory belongs to the Central Russian anteclise, as a structure of the first order (Fig. 4.). Within the anteclise, uplifts and troughs of the second order and small local structures of higher orders are distinguished. G.I. Raskatov distinguishes the Dmitrovskoe and Novosilskoe uplifts, the Oka and Livenskoe troughs.

The formation of large neotectonic structures here is closely related to the inheritance of the plan and sign of the movements of the strata from the Cretaceous, and possibly from the Jurassic time. The small thickness of the Quaternary deposits and the widespread development of modern denudation processes also indicate a tendency for the continued uplift of these areas. Within the limits of uplifts, small structures are noted - uplifts and troughs of a local plan of higher orders. Between the Dmitrovsky and Novosilsky uplifts, the Oka trough is located, and south of the Novosilsky uplift, the Livensky trough, which is characterized by an increase in the thickness of Quaternary sediments and a lesser development of modern denudation processes.

By hypsometric position the territory of the region can be subdivided into an elevated plain (abs. height more than 240 m) and a relatively low plain (abs. height less than 240 m) with varying degrees of dissection. For elevated plains, the degree of dissection of the relief ranges from 1.7-2.5 km / km 2 with a dissection depth of up to 70-120 meters. The relatively low plains are characterized by a degree of dissection of 50-80 m (mainly in neotectonic troughs). The main type of relief of the region, therefore, is strongly and deeply dissected gently hilly erosion-denudation plain in the non-glacial area (watersheds of the rivers Oka, Sosny, Zushi, Neruchi, Lyubovsha). Glacial sediments are found only in the basin of the river. Desna and its tributaries - r. Nerussa, Navlya, on the territory of Dmitrovsky and Shablykinsky districts.

1.3. Soil and vegetation cover

In terms of soil cover, the Oryol region is a zone of transitional soils from sod-podzolic to chernozem soils (Fig. 6.). The variety of soils is determined by different soil formation conditions, which vary from northwest to southeast. Considering this tendency, three soil zones are distinguished on the territory of the region: western, central and southeastern. Western the zone is made up of Bolkhovsky, Khotynetsky, Znamensky, Uritsky, Shablykinsky and Dmitrovsky districts with a predominance of light gray, gray and dark gray forest soils, which occupy 85% of arable land. Part central zone includes Mtsensky, Korsakovsky, Novosilsky, Orlovsky, Zalegoshchensky, Sverdlovsky, Kromsky, Glazunovsky and Trosnyansky districts, where gray forest, dark gray forest soils and podzolized chernozems (86% of arable land) are mainly located. Novoderevenkovsky, Krasnosorensky, Verkhovsky, Pokrovsky, Maloarkhangelsky, Livensky, Kolpnyansky and Dolzhansky districts are included in southeast zone with a clear predominance of podzolized and leached chernozems (3/4 of the arable land area).

The territory of the region is distinguished by high agricultural development - over 80% of the total area, 4/5 of which is plowed up (Fig. 8 (2).). Over the past decades, the area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land has significantly decreased (by almost 10%). Not so noticeably, however, the main means of production in plant growing - arable land. It is characteristic that the share of pure fallow in the composition of arable land accounts for up to 23% (313 thousand hectares) (Fig. 8 (3).). The area of \u200b\u200bperennial plantations over the past 10 years (by 2002) has decreased from 24 to 13 thousand hectares. Fallow land compared to the mid-1990s. increased by almost 7 times. In the structure of sown areas (1.6 million hectares, 2002), grain crops account for 708 thousand hectares (the share of winter crops is 35%), forage crops - 330 thousand hectares, potatoes and vegetable and melon crops - 66 thousand hectares. (4%), for industrial crops - 41 thousand hectares (3%).

2. Territories of regulated recreational use

Category lands of regulated recreational use include territorial objects that have the status of specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance - national parks and reserves, estates and museum-reserves, various types of natural monuments, etc.

2.1. Ecological tourism resources (SPNA)

Under ecotourism we understand one of the forms of recreation directly related to the use of natural potential. This is travel and recreation in nature in a natural, little-changed habitat. This is healing in harmony with the preserved nature. Ultimately, ecological tourism is a vivid example of the combination of nature, sports and ecology with the aim of developing spiritual, physical and cognitive principles in a person (Pozdeev, 2000.).

Despite the right to use the forest for recreation officially enshrined in the Fundamentals of Forestry Legislation, the problem of organizing the latter in Russia in general and in the Oryol Region in particular remains largely unresolved. This is partly due to the lack of an unambiguous definition in the specialized literature of the concept of "recreational forests". Our approach to the definition of this concept presupposes the assignment to the category of recreational areas of the forest in which the recreational function dominates and determines the tasks of economic management. These include parks and forest parks in cities and suburban areas, individual sections of natural national parks intended for the recreation of visitors. The most important quality feature of recreational forests is their readiness for mass recreation (saturation of the road and path network, including asphalt terrenkura mi , sanitary and hygienic facilities, etc.).

***********************************************

As of the beginning of the 2000s, the list of protected natural objects of various status and purposes numbered 134 units (Fig. 10) with a total area of \u200b\u200balmost 640 thousand hectares (a quarter of the regional territory). As part of their area, 84% is represented by hunting reserves. The "Orlovskoe Polesie" (with a relatively strict security regime) accounts for over 13%; the rest of the protected area is represented by natural parks (or natural monuments of local importance) (Table 2.).

Tab. 2. Types of protected natural areas of the region.

	SPNA type	SPNA name
		Arbuzov Arboretum
	Natural monument of local importance	Park "Telegino"
	Natural monument of local importance	Tract "Young"
	Place of interest	Park-estate N. Khitrovo
	Natural monument of local importance	Lake "Red"
	Natural monument of local importance	Fragments of a linden alley and a garden
	Natural monument of local importance	Tract "Landing"
	Natural monument of local importance	Tract "Khotkovskaya dacha"
	Place of interest	N.V. Kireevsky park
	Place of interest	"Khotkovsky Park"
	**************************	Lake "Zvannoe"
	Natural monument of local importance	Old park in the village of Malaya Rakovka
	Natural monument of local importance	Melnik's garden
	Natural monument of local importance	Park in the village of Grunets
	Natural monument of local importance	Long-lived tree standing alone (heart-leaved linden)
	National park federal significance	"Oryol woodland"
	Natural monument of local importance	"Verochkina grove"
	Natural monument of local importance	Arboretum VNIISPK
	Natural monument of local importance	Natural Park "Naryshkinsky"

total area national park "Oryol Polesie" is over 84 thousand hectares. Its boundaries include lands of other owners and users without withdrawing them from economic exploitation (49 thousand hectares). The main value of the national park is represented by forests (40% of the territory), which have preserved unique complexes southern taiga groupings, in which a large number of rare plants and animals are concentrated; 12% of the territory is represented by meadow phytocenoses (Appendix 1.). The value of the plant communities of the park lies in the fact that they are located on the border of two botanical-geographical zones (European broadleaf and Eurasian steppe), very susceptible to any anthropogenic interference.

According to the existing classification, natural monuments are divided into 7 types: forest (45), garden and park (44), hydrological (15), botanical (10), dendrological (9), geological and botanical and landscape (1 each). total area natural monuments regional significance region (130 natural objects) is almost 13 thousand hectares. Analysis of the peculiarities of their location (Fig. 11.) and functioning allows us to draw the following conclusions:

*********************************************************

The recreational comfort of the region's water bodies is rather low, including due to significant anthropogenic pressure. For example, in one of the main objects of recreational water use - Oka - an excess of the MPC for biological oxygen demand (BOD 5) with a maximum indicator of up to 4.52 mg / l was noted, for biogenic pollutants the excess of MPC ranges from 1.5 to 5.3 ( Report ..., 2000). The beach digression of river NTC is also significant, especially near residential areas.

A negative factor in reducing the quality of the region's climatic resources is a significant anthropogenic pollution of the atmospheric air, which is especially strong in the areas of the cities of Orel, Livny, Mtsensk. The structure of gas emissions by various enterprises is very diverse, but in terms of the impact on humans and environment deserve attention in the first place: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, hydrofluoric acid salts, lead and dust.

Table 4. Factor-based integral assessment of the ecological state of the natural environment.

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The components of the natural environment on the territory of the Oryol region are experiencing noticeable anthropogenic pressure, which manifests itself in poorly controlled emissions into the air basin, discharges wastewater into water bodies and soil degradation. However, in last years anthropogenic impact on ecosystems has significantly decreased. The environmental situation in the Oryol region is generally favorable for the development of recreational activities.

Fig. 15. Bioclimatic zoning of the Oryol region.

PROBLEMS RESTRAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL-ORIENTED FORMS OF TOURISM IN ORLOVSK REGION

The main constraints on the use of recreational resources in the Oryol region are as follows.

Poor development of most of the components of the natural resource potential.

De facto, ecological tourism, in the direct sense of this term (if you do not include amateurs of hunting and sport fishing), is not developed in the region. This is confirmed by the lack of a stable flow of visitors (local or from other regions) to most of the protected natural sites. There is no so-called rural tourism in the region, which is explained by the unwillingness of the local rural population to receive guests on a commercial basis, to provide them with specialized recreational services.

Lack of assessment of the socio-ecological potential of the territory and natural recreational resources of the region, insufficient knowledge of the real and potential needs of the population in recreation and in the amount of recreational services.

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CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. Avakyan A.B. Reservoirs, their economic importance, problems of creation and integrated use // Influence of reservoirs on surface and underground runoff. M., 1972.

2. Aleksandrov I. Geography of the Oryol region. - Tula, Priokskoe book publishing house, 1972

3. Atlas of the Oryol region. Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. - Moscow, 2000.

4. Barteneva O.D., Polyakova E.A., Rusin N.P. Natural light mode on the territory of the USSR. L., 1971.

5. Belinsky V.A. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun and sky. M., 1968.

6. Report on the state of the environment in the Oryol region. 1997-2000

7. Behind the pages of the textbook of geography of the Oryol region. Brief essays on local history. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 2004.

8. Ivanov V.V., Nevraev G.A., Fomichev M.M. Map of curative mud of the USSR. M., 1968.

9. Studying the geography of the Oryol region at school. Physical geography: Teaching aid for teachers of geography / Under. ed. IN AND. Quiet. - Eagle, 1997.

10. Information bulletin on the state of the geological environment in the Oryol region for 1998 - Orel, 1999.

11. Pozdeev VB Ecological tourism in context regional development / Sat. Problems and prospects of tourism development in countries with economies in transition. - Smolensk, 2000.

12. Natural resources of the Oryol region. - Eagle, 1997.

13. Raskatov G.I. The most important features of the tectonic structure of the northwestern part of the Voronezh anteclise / Problems of geology and minerals of the Voronezh anteclise. - Voronezh, Voronezh State University, 1970.

14. Recreational resources of the USSR: problems of rational use / V.N. Kozlov, L.S. Filippovich, I.P. Chalaya et al. M., 1990.

15. Tikhiy V.I. Economic and social geography Oryol region. - Eagle, 2000.

EGP - economic and geographical location.

The degree of dissection is understood as the length of the valley-girder network, referred to 1 km 2 of the area.

For the Central Russian Upland, it is accepted: weak dissection (less than 1.2 km / km 2), medium (1.2-1.6 km / km 2), strong (more than 1.6 km / km 2).

May have exclusively federal significance.

Terrenkur ( it .) - a specially equipped track for dosed therapeutic walking.

ts and animals that settled as the glacier retreated to the plains of the European part of the USSR and Western Siberia... True, today most scientists believe that Siberia and the plains of the European part of the USSR were the centers of settlement of terrestrial vertebrates, from which the Urals were settled, which, by the way, was not a significant obstacle to the movement of these animals.

The fauna of the Basegi reserve is typical for the taiga zone. There are many species of animals and birds in common with the fauna of the forests of the more western European plains, but Siberian forms also play a significant role. The European fauna includes the bank vole, wood mouse, common vole, marten, European mink, and most bird species; to representatives of the Siberian fauna of Siberian weasels, sable, red-backed vole, red-gray vole, Siberian subspecies of roe deer; from birds bunting-peremez, blue-tailed, ruby-necked nightingale, black-throated thrush.

Many animals are represented in the reserve by specific Ural subspecies that are not found outside this mountainous country... E.M. Vorontsov considers such species as the mole, common shrew, forest mouse, red vole, root vole, dark vole (South Ural subspecies), and from birds of capercaillie, goshawk, long-tailed owl, whisk, common and reed bunting, forest Accentor, Dipper. He also refers to endemics as the Basseg three-toed woodpecker, Krestyannikov's brisket, Belousov's accentor, Vlasov's Ural bunting-Remeza (the names of the subspecies were given in honor of biology students who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War).

Among mammals in the reserve, the most numerous are small insectivores (8 species) and rodents (19 species), as well as carnivores (14 species).

The common mole is found in meadows and on the edges of spruce and fir forests; it is quite common in the reserve, but its number is small here.

The shrew is one of the most numerous groups of animals in the reserve. Despite the tiny size of the animals, in some years their total weight in forest landscapes can be more than 70% of the total weight of all vertebrates. There are 6 species in this group. The most numerous of them are the common and middle shrews, which live in almost all natural complexes of the reserve. Small shrew inhabits various forest areas and meadows, especially along the banks of rivers and streams, and is also quite numerous. The even-toothed shrew, which is quite rare in the flat part of the Perm region, also turned out to be common in the reserve.

The white hare is almost ubiquitous, especially in forest-meadow areas and in sparse forests.

Rodents are very diverse on the territory of the reserve. The flying squirrel is rarely found in the high-stemmed coniferous and deciduous forests of the reserve. Chipmunk in the reserve is very rare and lives in river valleys in areas with cedar. The squirrel, one of the main fur-bearing game animals of the Perm region, is common in all forests, with the exception of pure deciduous ones. In some years, squirrels are very numerous, in others, when the seeds of coniferous trees fail, the animals make massive migrations, leaving the territory of the reserve. In the forests of the Basegi ridge, squirrels also make local migrations, periodically moving in different years and seasons to forest areas with a sufficient yield of cones. In addition to the seeds of coniferous trees in summer time squirrels feed on mushrooms, berries, sometimes juicy parts of herbaceous plants and large seeds. The number of birch mice on the Basega Ridge is quite high.

There are few mouse-like rodents in the reserve. It is field and wood mouse... In river valleys and on lawns, you can find a tiny mouse, the smallest rodent of our fauna. The animal prefers thickets of tall grasses, while living not only in shelters underground, but sometimes weaves a spherical nest from dry blades of grass, firmly attaching it to the stems of herbaceous plants, sometimes at a height of up to 1.5 m. Baby mice weigh 6-7 g , very rarely come across "giants" weighing up to 9 g. In the 40s, there was a gray rat, which practically disappeared with the destruction of permanent human dwellings.

The most diverse among rodents are hamsters (9 species), some of them are very numerous. Finds of forest lemming in the Kama region are rare, but in the reserve this northern taiga animal is quite abundant in mossy dark coniferous forests.

On the other hand, the more southerly common and plowed voles are relatively rare and live mainly in meadow biotopes. In more wet places there is a root vole. Numerous in the reserve forest volesthat are found in all forest communities. This bank vole is a species of European mixed and deciduous forests, as well as Siberian taiga species of red and red-gray voles. All three species are common in forests and woodlands, and in summer they can also be found in meadows. Red and red-gray voles go higher into the mountains than red voles, penetrating to the outliers on the ridge tops, populating stony placers and mountain tundra. The water rat is also common in near-water biotopes, but in summer it can also live in subalpine meadows. This large vole is quite common in the reserve. Muskrat is rare in the Vilva Valley.

Among ungulates in the reserve there are elk, roe deer and reindeer... Elk annually in late autumn or early winter migrates from the foothills of the Perm region to the eastern slopes of the Urals. Even for such a huge animal, the snow cover of the ridge turns out to be too deep, so only a few moose winter in the reserve. Summer density of elk is 2-3 individuals per 1000 ha. Reindeer in some years in winter comes to Basegi from the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the northern regions of the Perm Region, but large herds have not appeared in the last decade. In summer, roe deer can migrate to the reserve from the eastern regions of the Urals. It is as rare as the reindeer. In 1985 a wild boar was recorded for the first time.

The pine marten is a typical predator of the old dark coniferous forests of the reserve, mostly littered with hollow trees. Its number in the reserve is significant.

Weasels and ermine are common and are ubiquitous in various biotopes. Column, mink and otter are numerous. Badger is rare and prefers open dry areas, forest edges. In winter, a wolverine is noted in the reserve, wolves occasionally enter. A fox lives in meadows and crooked forests. Brown bear and the lynx are common in the forest belt.

Birds are the richest vertebrate group in the Basegi Reserve in terms of species diversity, but they are still rather poorly studied. Almost every year, since 1978, when the staff of Perm University began to study the fauna of this territory, the list of birds is supplemented with new species, most often Siberian.

There are 150 bird species of 13 orders in the reserve. The most diverse are passerine birds, represented by 19 families and more than 70 species.

All corvids, known in the Kama region, are quite numerous in the reserve: the hooded crow, raven, jackdaw, magpie, nutcracker, jay, kiksha. Only the rook almost disappeared from the vicinity of the reserve by the middle of this century, which is probably due to the disappearance of villages. This can also explain the absence of the house sparrow in the area, which was quite common here in the 40s. Only field sparrows live at the foot of the Southern Baseg and on the site of the former village of Korostelevka.

Dipper lives on the banks of rapidly flowing rivers and streams. This small bird is not afraid of cold weather, it migrates to the south only after the reservoirs are completely frozen.

In various types of forest there are wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, woodpeckers, woodpeckers, three-toed and great-spotted woodpeckers, common cuckoo, gingerbread buntings, common and reed, lentils, yurok, willow warblers and chiffchaff, garden warbler, garden warbler, meadow chick, song thrush, fieldfare, accentor, bullfinch, waxwing, nuthatch, pika, forest pipit, spruce crossbill, great tit, sparrowhawk and goshawk.

On mountain-meadow tall-grass glades with areas of forest and willow bushes, there are buzzards, hobbies, kestrels, corncrake, great snipe, forest pipit, white and yellow wagtails, lentils, garden warbler, gray warbler, meadow chaffinch, chaffinch, warbler, willow warbler hoodie.

In the mountain moss-lichen crooked forest there are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, common cuckoo, yurok, chaffinch, common bunting, Dubrovnik, crumb and pemmez, siskin, puff, pika, willow warbler, green warbler and chiffchaff, forest accent, redstart, gray and Warblers, Robin, Schur, Blackbirds and Fieldfare.

In the mountain tundra and on stony placers, the fauna of birds is very poor. Here you can find peregrine falcon, common wheatear, meadow chisel, meadow pipit, mountain wagtail. During the ripening period of blueberries, wood grouses, black grouses, hazel grouses migrate here.

On rivers and floodplain bogs, there are mallards, teals, cracker and whistle, as well as sandpipers and a carrier, a large merganser, and a garden warbler.

Sedge-sphagnum and sedge upland bogs are inhabited by the gray warbler, white wagtail, warbler, reed bunting and reed buntings, and some waders.

Of the species listed in the Red Book of the USSR, the white-tailed eagle and the peregrine falcon nest in the reserve, and the osprey and golden eagle can be found on migration. EM Vorontsov (1949) indicated a black stork for the Basegi ridge.

On the territory of the reserve, only two species of reptiles were recorded: viviparous lizard and common viper. The latter is found in the reserve only at the foot of the mountains, in the driest and warmest areas. The viviparous lizard is much more widely dispersed. It is found along the edges of forests in the mountain-taiga belt, in meadows, it is quite numerous in the strip of open woodlands and crooked forests, it penetrates into rocky placers and into the tundra.

The reserve is inhabited by 3 species of amphibians - the gray toad, grass and sharp-faced frogs. Gray toads were found at the foot of the ridge, i.e., on the outskirts of the reserve. At the same time, their number is higher in the extensive clearings adjacent to the reserve. Grass and sharp-faced frogs inhabit

TRRI - territories in which recreational activities are allowed under certain restrictions, form hunting and fishing grounds, as well as specially protected natural complexes (territories).

When evaluating hunting grounds for the development of this popular type of tourism, two main factors are taken into account: the type of natural complexes and the diversity of fauna. The first factor indicates the degree of favorableness of the landscape for hunting, the second - about the abundance of animal species and the presence of rare animals. The richest hunting grounds in Russia are located in Kamchatka, Siberia, and the Russian North.

To specially protected natural areas (SPNA) include: nature reserves, natural monuments, protected areas of forests, national parks, reserves. The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects: botanical, zoological, hydrological, landscape, complex.

The strict nature conservation function of PAs determines the regulation of the use of these territories for other types of economic development. At the same time, the uniqueness of these natural objects determines their high value for educational tourism, which makes it possible to consider protected areas as important natural recreational resources, the use of which in tourism should be strictly regulated. The permissible type of recreational activity in protected areas is recorded in the passport of a specific protected object.

All over the world, national parks are actively involved in the tourism industry, performing, in addition to recreational functions, tasks environmental education population. In Russia, national parks developed with a great delay, however, in recent years, interest in them has grown sharply. Currently, 35 national parks function on the territory of our country, and 40 more are planned.

Bioclimate

Among natural resources climatic occupies a special place. A person cannot be isolated from the surrounding air environment.

The impact of climate on the human body is called bioclimate. In accordance with this, bioclimatic parameters differ from normal meteorological characteristics, since they represent a complex effect of meteorological characteristics air masses on the human body: temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure.

The climate is formed under the influence of three main climate-forming factors:

Solar radiation, providing light, heat and ultraviolet radiation to the earth;

Atmospheric circulation, which is associated with the transfer of air masses in atmospheric vortices (cyclones and anticyclones) and the presence of zones of separation of air masses ( atmospheric fronts);

The underlying surface, which determines the redistribution of solar radiation and atmospheric circulation, depending on the nature of the earth's surface (meso- and microclimatic features of the area).

In recent years, an assessment of the bioclimate has been used, developed at the Central Institute of Balneology (now the Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy) in 1988 by IF Butyeva. All bioclimatic parameters were evaluated according to the degree of their favorable effect on the human body. At the same time, unfavorable factors that exert an increased load on the adaptive systems of the human body are called irritating. The meteorological conditions leading to a less pronounced tension of the adaptive mechanisms in the human body are called coaching. In general, they are relatively favorable, and for most people who do not suffer from serious illnesses, they are beneficial conditions that have a training effect. Sparing climatic conditions are favorable for all people without exception, including for weakened patients who are on medical rest in a sanatorium or at a resort.

The categorization of medical and climatic conditions provides scientifically substantiated criteria for recommendations to the population when developing new territories, choosing a place of residence, planning and designing a profile of resort zones, organizing a spa process, increasing the effectiveness of spa treatment and organizing health recreation.