Anti-aircraft missile systems based on aviation means of lesion. Radar stations of military air defense institutions of NATO countries TTX main military air defense tools for NATO countries

Command NATO Definitely the following purpose of the combined air defense system:

Ø nonsense aviation Tools Possible enemy in NATO's airspace in peaceful time;

Ø maximize the impact of the strikes during hostilities to ensure the functioning of the main political and military-economic centers, drum groups of Sun, RTS, aviation funds, as well as other strategic objects.

To perform these tasks it is necessary:

Ø Provide an advance warning of the command of a possible attack by continuous observation of the airspace and mining intelligence data on the state of the opponent's attack;

Ø cover from air strikes with nuclear forces, most important military-strategic and administrative and economic objects, as well as areas of focusing troops;

Ø Holding high combat readiness of the maximum possible amount of power and air defense tools for immediate reflection of the air attack;

Ø Organization of close interaction of air defense forces and means;

Ø In the event of a war - the destruction of the enemy air attack.

The basis of the creation of the combined air defense system is the following principles:

Ø cover not separate objects, but integers, strips

Ø allocation of sufficient forces and tools for covering the most important areas and objects;

Ø high centralization of control forces and air defense.

The general leadership of the NATO air defense system is carried out by the NATO Supreme Commander-in-Chief in Europe through its deputy for the Air Force (he is the head of NATO Air Force), i.e. commanderAir Force is the air defense commander.

The entire area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility of the United NATO air defense system is divided into 2 air defense zones:

Ø Northern zone;

Ø South zone.

Northern PVA area it occupies the territory of Norway, Belgium, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, and coastal waters of countries and are divided into three air defense areas ("North", "Center", "Northeast").

In each area of \u200b\u200b1-2 air defense sector.

Southern PVA area it covers the territory of Turkey, Greece Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean pool and the Black Seas and is divided into 4 dealers of air defense

Ø "Southeast";

Ø "South Center";

Ø "Southwest;

Air defense areas have 2-3 air defense sectors. In addition, 2 independent sectors of the air defense system were created within the borders of the southern zone:

Ø Cyprus;

Ø Maltese;

For air defense purposes, used:

Ø Fighters - interceptors;

Ø SPC large, medium and low range;

Ø Anti-aircraft artillery (for).

A) in service fighters fighters NATOthe following groups of fighters are:

I. Group - F-104, F-104E (able to attack one goal on medium and large altitudes up to 10,000m from the rear hemisphere);

II. Group - F-15, F-16 (able to destroy one goal from all angles and at all heights),

III. Group - F-14, F-18, Tornado, Mirage-2000 (capable of attacking several goals from various angles and at all heights).

The challenges are assigned to fighters the challenge - interception of air targets at the highest possible heights of strokes from the place of basing over the enemy territory and outside the zone of the SPC.

All fighters are cannon and rocket arms And are all-weather equipped with a combined arms management system designed to detect and attack air targets.

This system usually includes:

Ø radar interception and aiming;

Ø counting and decisive;

Ø Infrared Vizier;

Ø Optical sight.

All BRLS operate in the range λ \u003d 3-3.5 cm in the pulse (F-104) or pulse-doppler mode. All NATO aircraft have a radar transcender from radar operating in the range λ \u003d 3-11.5 cm. Fighters are based on airfields removed from the front line at 120-150km.

B) Tactics of fighters

When performing combat missions, fighters are used three ways of combat operations:

Ø interception from the "duty on a / d" position;

Ø interception from the "duty in the air";

Ø Free attack.

"Duty on a / d"- the main type of combat tasks. Used in the presence of a developed radar and ensures the savings of the forces, the presence of a complete stock of fuel.

Disadvantages: displacement of the stroke of interception to its territory when interception of unauthorized goals

Depending on the threatening position and type of anxiety, the duty forces fighter fighters can be in the following degrees of combat readiness:

1. Goth.№1 - departure after 2min, after the order;

2. Goth.№2 - departure after 5min, after the order;

3. Goth.№3 - departure after 15min, after the order;

4. Goth.№4 - departure after 30min, after the order;

5. Goth.№5 - departure through 60 minutes after the order.

A possible border of the MTC meetings with a fighter from this position is 40-50km from the front line.

"Duty in the air" – it is used to cover the head of troops in the most important objects. At the same time, the band of the Army Group is divided into duty zones, which are fixed by airlines.

Duty produced on medium, small and large altitudes:

-In PMA - group of aircraft to the link;

-On SMU - at night - solitary aircraft, changing the cat. Performed in 45-60min. Depth - 100-150km from the front line.

Disadvantages: -Thability of rapid opponents of duty regions;

Ø are forced to adhere to defense tactics more often;

Ø The ability to create an opponent of superiority in the power.

"Free Hunt" – to destroy air targets in a given area that does not have a continuous cover of the SPC and a solid radar field depth - 200-300km from the front line.

Fighters air defense and ti, equipped in the detection and aiming, armed with air-air, apply 2 ways to attack:

1. Attack from the front hemisphere (under 45-70 0 to the target course). It is used in the case when there is a time and place of interception in advance. This is possible with longitudinal wiring target. It is the fastest, but requires high accuracy of guidance both in time and in time.

2. Attack with the rear hemisphere (in the tits of the course angle sector 110-250 0). It applies against all goals and with all types of weapons. It provides a high probability of targeting target.

Having good weapons and moving from one way of attacking to another, one fighter can perform 6-9 Atak. allowing 5-6 BT aircraft.

Essential disadvantage air defense fighters, and in particular KRMS fighters, is their work based on applying the Doppler effect. The so-called "blind" courses (racurs of rapprochement with the aim) arise, in which the RLS fighter is not able to carry out the selection (selection) of the target against the background of the interfering reflections of the Earth or passive interference. These zones do not depend on the flight speed of the attacker of the fighter, but are determined by the target rate, exchange angles, rapprochement and the minimum radial component of the relative rate of approximation Δvsbl., Set by TTX BRLS.

BRLS is able to allocate only those signals from the target, the cat. Have a definite ƒ min Doppler. Such ƒ MIN is for BRLS ± 2 kHz.

In accordance with the laws of radar
where ƒ 0 is carrier, C-Vset. Such signals come from targets having V 2 \u003d 30-60 m / s. To achieve this V 2, the aircraft must fly in the course angle q \u003d arcos v 2 / v c \u003d 70-80 0, and the Sector of the Blind Currency Angles itself \u003d\u003e 790-110 0, and 250-290 0, respectively.

The main SPK in the unified system air defense system of NATO countries are:

Ø Sprink of high range (D≥60km) - Nike-Gerkules, Patriot;

Ø medium-range SPC (d \u003d from 10-15km to 50-60km) - improved "Hawk" ("U-HOC");

Ø Light range Sprink (d \u003d 10-15km) - "Chaparwel", "Rapra", "Roland", "Indigo", "Crosal", "Javelin", "Avenger", "Adans", "Fog-M", "Stinger", "Bloumaip".

Anti-aircraft agents NATO air defense principle of use divided into:

Ø centralized use, apply according to the plan of the senior boss in zone , district and the air defense sector;

Ø Air defense troops that are part of the land forces and apply according to the plan of their commander.

To the means applied by plans senior bosses these are a great and medium range. Here they work in automatic guidance mode.

The main tactical division of zenith means is division Equivinal parts to him.

A large and medium-range SPC with sufficient quantities are used to create a solid cover zone.

With small numbers, only individual, most important objects are covered.

Light range and for used to cover the ground forces, a / d, etc.

Each anti-aircraft agent has certain combat capabilities of fire and defeat the target.

Combat opportunities - Quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the possibilities of SPC units to perform combat missions at the prescribed time and in specific conditions.

The battery combat capabilities of the SPC are estimated by the following characteristics:

1. The dimensions of the shelling zones and lesions in vertical and horizontal planes;

2. The number of simultaneously shelled goals;

3. System reaction time;

4. Battery ability to conduct long-term fire;

5. Number of starters when shelling this purpose.

These characteristics can be predetermined in advance. only For a non-lawing goal.

Shelling zone - Part of the space, in each point of which it is possible to guide the r.

Zone defeat - Part of the shelling zone within which, is provided with a meeting of p to and its defeat with a given probability.

The position of the lesion zone in the shelling zone may vary depending on the direction of the target of the target.

During the operation of the SPT in mode automatic guidance The damage zone takes such a position in which the bisector of the angle that limits the lesion zone in the horizontal plane always remains the parallel direction of flight to the goal meeting.

Since the goal may be approached from any direction, then the zone of the damage can occupy any position with the bisector of the angle that limits the lesion zone, turns after the turn of the aircraft.

HenceThe turn in the horizontal plane at an angle greater than half the angle that limits the lesion zone is equal to the aircraft outlet from the lesion zone.

The zone of defeat of any SPC has certain boundaries:

Ø n - lower and top;

Ø on d from start. mouth. - Far and neighbor, as well as limitations on the course parameter (P), which defines the side boundaries of the zone.

Lower border of the lesion zone - It is determined by the HMIN shooting at which the specified probability of targeting target is ensured. It is limited by the effect of reflection of the RTS emitted from the Earth and the corners of the closing of positions.

Correction angle position (α)– it is formed in the presence of exceeding the terrain and local items above the position of the batteries.

Top and Border the lesions zones are determined by the energy resource p.

Middle border The zones of the damage is determined by the time of unmanaged after starting.

Side borders The damage zones are determined by the term parameter (P).

Currency parameter R. - The shortest distance (km) from the battery point of yes projection of the line of the aircraft path.

The number of simultaneously redesigned goals depends on the number of radiation radar (reference) targets in the PRC battery.

The system reaction time is the time passing from the moment of the air target detection until the rocket intake.

The number of possible start-ups on the target depends on the long-range detection of the RLC goal, the rate parameter p, n goals and vtama, the system of responses of the system and the time between the launch of rockets.

Brief information about weapon guidance systems

I. Commands of telecommunications - The flight is carried out using commands generated on PU and transmitted to fighters or rockets.

Depending on the method of obtaining information distinguish:

Ø -comand television management systems of the form (Tu-I);

Ø -comand system of telecommunication systems II (Tu-II);

- a device accompaniment;

Rocket accompaniment device;

Device for generating management commands;

Command Radio Management receiver;

Starts.

II. Unlocking systems -Systems, in which the flight control P is carried out by the management teams formable on board the rocket itself.

In this case, the information necessary for their formation is issued by the on-board device (coordinator).

In such systems, self-controlled P is used in the field of flight control does not take part.

According to the type of energy used to obtain information on the parameters of the movement of the target distinguish systems - active, semi-active, passive.

Active - self-deployment systems in the cat. The source of irradiation of the target is installed on board p. The reflection of the target signals are taken by the onboard coordinator and serve to measure the motion parameters of the target.

Semiactive - The source of irradiation of the target is placed on PU. The signals reflected from the target are used by the onboard coordinator to change the mismatch parameters.

Passive - To measure the motion parameters of the target, the energy emitted is used. It can be a heat (radiant), light, radiotelepal energy.

The component of the homing system includes devices that measure the mismatch parameter: counting and decisive device, autopilot and steering tract

III. Telegoing system - Rocket management systems, cat. Flight control commands are formed on board the rocket. Their magnitude is proportional to the deviation of the rocket from the equivalent control, created by the radar bezers of the control point.

Such systems are called radiolism guidance systems. They are single and two-beam.

IV. Combined guidance systems - Systems, in the cat. The target of the target is carried out consistently by several systems. They can be used in long-range complexes. This may be a combination of a command syst. TV administrations on the initial portion of the rocket trace tracketonia and self-deployment on the finite, or guidance on the radar at the initial site and self-deployment on the final. Such a combination of management systems ensures the guidance of rockets on the target with sufficient accuracy at large shooting ranges.

Consider now combat opportunities individual air defense of NATO countries.

a) high-range SPC

–SPK - "Nike Hercules" - Designed to defeat goals on medium, large altitudes and in the stratosphere. It can be used to defeat the terrestrial targets with nuclear ammunition at D to 185 km. It is in service with the US Army, NATO, France, Japan, Taiwan.

Quantitative indicators

Ø Shelling zone-Korovaya;

Ø D Maxthe limiting zone of the lesion (where the target is still possible, but with a low probability);

Ø The near border of the lesion zone \u003d 11km

Ø Nizhn. The boundary of the pore zone. -500m a d \u003d 12km and to n \u003d 30km with increasing range.

Ø V Max P.-1500m / s;

Ø V Max striking.r.-775-1200m / s;

Ø N Max cancer-7;

Ø T nave (flight) rocket-20-200s;

Ø The shooting rate for 5min → 5 missiles;

Ø T / Roll. Movable VNK -5-10C;

Ø T / folding - it 3h;

Qualitative indicators

Survey control system "N-g" radio commands when separate radar addition for the purpose of the rocket. In addition, by installing on board special preparations can carry out homing to the source of interference.

In the battery control system, pulse radar of the following types are used:

1. 1 radar target designation operating in the range λ \u003d 22-24 cm, such as AN / FRS-37- D Max Rel. \u003d 320km;

2. 1 radar target designation c (λ \u003d 8.5-10cm) with D MAX rel. \u003d 230km;

3. 1 radar tracking (λ \u003d 3.2-3.5 cm) \u003d 185km;

4. 1 radar is defined. range (λ \u003d 1,8 cm).

The battery can simultaneously fire only one goal, since only one target and one rocket and one rocket can be accompanied simultaneously, and such radars in the battery on one can accompany simultaneously.

Ø Mass of the usual BC500kg;

Ø Nuclear BC. (Trot. eq.) -2-30ct;

Ø Starting M Cancer.-4800kg;

Ø Type of explosion- Combined (contact + radar.)

Ø Radius of lesion at large altitudes: - Of the BC 35-60m; Poison. BCH 210-2140m.

Ø Probably. Defeats of Nemnamevrir. Objectives 1 cancer. on efficient. D.–0,6–0,7;

Ø T Recharge Pu-6min.

Strong zones of SP "N-g":

Ø large dams and significant reach of N;

Ø The ability to intercept high-speed goals "

Ø good noise immunity of all radar batteries on corner coordinates;

Burnt of homing to the source of interference.

Weaknesses of the Sprink "N-g":

Ø the impossibility of defeating the goal of flying on N\u003e 1500m;

Ø with increasing d → reduced rocket guidance accuracy;

Ø is strongly susceptible to PLS interference via the range channel;

Ø Reducing efficiency when shooting on a maneuvering target;

Ø Not high rainfall battery and the impossibility of shelling at the same time more than one goal

Ø Low mobility;

SPK "Patriot" - It is an all-weather complex designed to defeat aircraft and ballistic missiles of operational and tactical purposes at low altitudes
In the conditions of a strong radio counter of the enemy.

(In service with the United States, NATO).

The main technical unit is a division of 6 batteries for 6 firewalls in each.

The composition includes:

Ø Multifunctional radar with headlights;

Ø up to 8 PU settings Zur;

Ø Cargo car with generators, power supply for radar and KPU.

Quantitative indicators

Ø Shelling zone - circular;

Ø The lesion zone for a non-lawing target (see Fig.)

Ø Far Border:

on NB-70KM (limited to the vilit and ri rocket);

on nm-20km;

Ø The near border of the lesion (limited. Via T ad. Rocket flight) - 3km;

Ø The upper limit of the area of \u200b\u200bthe prime. (restriction. according to RU rocket \u003d 5 units.) - 24km;

Ø minimal. The boundary of the lesion zone - 60m;

Ø Frak. - 1750m / s;

Ø Vc.- 1200m / s;

Ø t floor. cancer.

Ø Tapol.-60s.;

Ø Namax. cancer. - 30 units;

Ø Trekts. Syst. - 15 seconds;

Ø TEMP Footing:

One PU -1 cancer. After 3 seconds;

Different PU - 1 cancer. After 1sek.

Ø Tserut .. complex -. 30 min.

Qualitative indicators

Survey of Zur Zur "Paryot" combined:

At the initial stage of the Rocket Flight, the control is carried out by the 1st View Command Method, when adjusting the rocket to the target (for 8-9 ° C), a transition from the command method is carried out. Guidance through the rocket (command guidance of the 2nd view).

The guidance system uses RLS from headlights (AN / MPQ-53). It allows you to detect and identify air targets, accompany up to 75-100 goals and provide data for guidance to 9 missiles for 9 goals.

After the start of the rocket on a given program enters the zone of the radar action zone and its command guidance begins, for which, in the process of viewing space, accompaniment of all selected goals and a rocket indoable. At the same time, the command method can enable 6 missiles for 6 purposes. At the same time, the radar operates in a pulse mode in the range L \u003d 6.1-6.7 cm.

In this mode, the review sector QA \u003d + (-) 45º Q) \u003d 1-73º. Width of the beam 1.7 * 1.7º.

The command method of pointing stops when the meeting of R. with C. remains 8-9 seconds. At this point, there is a transition from the command method to the method of guiding through the rocket.

At this stage, under the irradiation of C. and R. RLS, it works in pulse-doppler mode in the range of waves \u003d 5.5-6.1 cm. In the guidance mode through the rocket, the accompaniment sector corresponds to the beam width at the reservoir 3.4 * 3.4º .

D MAX ONN. At \u003d 10 - 190 km

Start Mr - 906 kg

At the Kazan Aviation Plant for August of this year, the first flight of a long-range supersonic bomber-rocket-powered Tu-22m3m is scheduled, RIA Novosti reports. This is a new modification of the Tu-22M3 bomber, adopted in 1989.

The plane has demonstrated its combat consistency in Syria, inflicting strikes on terrorist bases. Used "backfayers", as they called this formidable car in the West, and during the Afghan war.

As senator notes Viktor Bondarev, Ex-Glavkom, VKS Russia, the aircraft has enormous potential for modernization. Actually, this is the entire line of Tu-22 bombers, the creation of which began in Tupolev OKB in the 60s. The first prototype made the starting flight of 1969. The first Tu-22m2 serial car was adopted in 1976.

In 1981, Tu-22m3 began to act in the system units, which became a deep modernization of the previous modification. But he was adopted only in 1989, which was associated with the adjustment of a number of systems and the introduction of missiles of a new generation. The bombarder has new NK-25 engines, more powerful and economical, with an electronic control system. Significant equipment is largely replaced - from the power supply system to the RLS and the armament control complex. Significantly increased complex of defense of the aircraft.

As a result, an airplane appeared with a variable wing sweep with the following characteristics: Length - 42.5 m. Wing span - from 23.3 m to 34.3 m. Height - 11 m. Empty aircraft weight - 68 tons, maximum takeoff - 126 t . Traction engines - 2 × 14500 kgf, traction on the forples - 2 × 25000 kgf. The maximum speed of the Earth is 1050 km / h, at an altitude - 2300 km / h. Flight range - 6800 km. Ceiling - 13300 m. Maximum rocket-bomb load - 24 tons.

The main result of the modernization was the armament of the bomber rockets X-15 (up to six rockets in the fuselage plus four on the outer suspension) and X-22 (two on the suspension under the wings).

For reference: X-15 is a supersonic aerobalistic rocket. With a length of 4.87 m, it fited into the fuselage. The combat part had a mass of 150 kg. There was a 300 CT nuclear option. The rocket, rising to a height of up to 40 km, when diving, on the target on the final section of the route accelerated to a speed of 5 meters. The range of X-15 was equal to 300 km.

A X-22 - a supersonic winged rocket, which reaches 600 km, and the maximum speed is 3,5m-4.6 M. Flight height is 25 km. The rocket also has two combat parts - nuclear (up to 1 mt) and a fugas-cumulative mass of 960 kg. In this connection, it was conventionally called the "killer of aircraft carriers".

But last year, an even more perfect winged rocket X-32 was adopted, which is a deep modernization of X-22. The range has increased to 1000 km. But the main thing - noise immunity increased significantly, the ability to overcome the zones of the active action of the electronic anti-enemy complexes. At the same time, dimensions and weight as well combat part remained the same.

And this is good. It is bad that in connection with the cessation of the production of rockets X-15, they began to gradually remove with weapons since 2000 due to the aging of the solid fuel mixture. At the same time, the replacement of the old rocket was not prepared. In this connection, now the Tu-22m3 bomb is loaded only by bombs - both free-free and corrected.

What are the main disadvantages of a new weapon option? First, to high-precision arms Listed bombs do not belong. Secondly, the aircraft for complete "unloading" of ammunition should produce a bombing in the Beggars Beggars itself.

Previously, this problem was solved optimally - at the beginning of X-15 missiles (among which there was an anti-radar modification) a blow to the radars of air defense systems / pro, thereby clearing the path for its main shock force - pairs of X-22. Now the battle tickets of the bombarder are associated with increased danger, unless, of course, a clash occurs with a serious opponent who owns modern SPC.

There is also another unpleasant moment, due to which the beautiful rocket maker is significantly inferior, if possible, its fellows on the far aviation of the Russian Air Force - Tu-95 MS and Tu-160. With the "Twenty Second" on the basis of the AUC-2 Treaty, equipment for refueling in the air was removed. In connection with which the combat radius of rocket mines does not exceed 2400 km. And then only if you fly a light, with a half rocket-bomb load.

At the same time, Tu-22m3 has no missiles that could significantly increase the shock range of the aircraft. The Tu-95 MC and Tu-160 are there such a dosage winged rocket X-101, which has a range of 5,500 km.

So, work on the modernization of the bombarder to the level of Tu-22m3m is in parallel with significantly more secret work on the creation of a winged rocket, which will restore the fighting efficiency of this machine.

In the KB "Raduga" from the beginning of zero years, a promising winged rocket is being developed, which was very limited was declassified only last year. And then only in terms of the design and characteristics. This is "product 715", which is intended primarily for Tu-22M3M, but will be able to be used on Tu-95ms, Tu-160m and Tu-160m2. American military technical editions argue that this is almost a copy of their dialing and the longest air-surface missile AGM-158 Jassm. However, it would be very good. Since these, according to the characteristics of Trump, "smart rockets", as recently, it turned out - smart to a matter of peculiarity. Some of them, during the last world famous for the whole world, the unsuccessful shelling by the Western allies of Syrian objects, contrary to the will owners actually flew to beat Kurds. Yes, and the range at AGM-158 Jassm on modern standards is modest - 980 km.

Improved Russian analogue of this oven rocket - X-101. By the way, she is also made in the Rainbow CB. Designers managed to significantly reduce dimensions - the length decreased from 7.5 m to 5 m or even less. The diameter is reduced by 30%, "loss" up to 50 cm. This turned out to be sufficient to accommodate the "product 715" inside the bomb new Tu-22m3m. Moreover, immediately in the amount of six missiles. That is, now, in finally, in terms of tactics of combat use, we again have everything the same as it was and when operating with weapons of rockets X-15.

Inside the fuselage of the upgraded bomber, the rocket will be placed in the launcher of the revolving type, similar to the drum with the cartridges from the revolver. During the launch of missiles, the drum turns step by step, and the rockets are consistently sent to the target. Such accommodation does not impair the aerodynamic qualities of the aircraft and, therefore, allows economically to spend fuel, as well as maximize the possibility of supersonic flight. What, as mentioned above, is especially important for "one-controlled" Tu-22M3M.

Of course, the designs of the "Products 715" could not even theoretically, while at the same time increasing the range of flight and reducing the dimensions, achieve a supersonic speed. Actually, x-101 - the rocket is not high-speed. At the marching area, it flies at a speed of about 0.65 m, the finish is accelerated to 0.85 meters. It is the main advantage (in addition to the distance) in another. The rocket has a whole set of powerful means, allowing to break through the opponent's anti-missile defense. Here and low-speed - EPR about 0.01 sq.m. And a combined flight profile - from the deposit to a height of 10 km. And an effective complex of radio-electronic struggle. At the same time, the circular probable deviation from the target at a complete distance of 5,500 km is 5 meters. Such high accuracy is achieved due to the combined guidance system. At the final site, the optical-electronic head of the homing head, which leads a rocket on the map laid down in memory.

Experts suggest that by the range and other characteristics "Product 715" if the X-101 will give up, then slightly. Estimates lie in the range from 3000 km to 4000 km. But, of course, the impact power will be different. X-101 has a mass of combat part of 400 kilograms. So much in a new rocket "will not fit."

As a result of the adoption of the "Products 715", the high-precision bombarder ammunition will not only increase, but also will be balanced. So, the Tu-22m3m will have the opportunity, not approaching the air defense zone, the radars and SPC are predetermined by the "baby". And then, coming to a closer, apply shocks on strategic objects with powerful supersonic X-32 missiles.

Said Aminov, chief Editor Internet site "Bulletin air defense" (PVA.RF)

Basic provisions:

Today, a number of companies are actively developing and promoting new air defense complexes, the basis of which is used from ground-based installation plants of air-air rockets applicable;

Given the large number of aviation missiles in service of different countries, the creation of such SPC can be very promising.

The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating anti-aircraft missile systems on the basis of aviation means of defeat is not Nova. Back in the 1960s. The United States has created self-propelled short-range SIPARRAL SPEA with Sidewinder Aviation Rocket and SEA SPARROW Male SPARROW AIM-7E-2 Sparrow Aviation Rocket Sprink. These complexes were widespread and applied in hostilities. At the same time, a terrestrial SPADA SPADA Sprink (and its ship variant Albatros) was created in Italy, which uses anti-aircraft controlled ASPIDE rockets to sparrow.

Nowadays, the United States returned to the design of "hybrid" air defense systems on the basis of the Raytheon AIM-120 AMRAAM Aviation Rocket. Slamraam Slamraam Created for a long time, designed to complement in the land forces and the US Marine Corps of the United States, the Avenger complex, theoretically can become one of the best-selling in foreign markets, given the number of countries that are in service with AIM-120 aviation missiles. An example of the American-Norwegian NASAMS SPC, which was also created on the basis of Rockets AIM-120, can be used as an example.

The European Group MBDA promotes the Vertical Start based on the French Aviation Rocket MICA, and the German company Diehl BGT Defence is based on the IRIS-T missile.

Russia also does not stand aside - in 2005, the Corporation "Tactical Rocket Arms" (CTRV) presented at the airline Max information on the Aviation RVV-AE Aviation Rocket Aviation Rocket. This rocket with an active radar guidance system is intended for use with fourth-generation aircraft, has a range of 80 km of lesion and exported in large quantities as part of the SU-30MK family fighters and MiG-29 in China, Algeria, India and other countries. True, information on the development of the zenith version of the RVV-AE has not been received recently.

Chaparral (USA)

Self-propelled all-weather SPC Chaparral was developed by Ford based on the SIDEWINDER 1C (AIM-9D) aviation missile base. The complex was adopted by the American army in 1969, and since then has been repeatedly upgraded. In combat conditions, Chaparral was first applied by the Israeli army at the Golan altitudes in 1973, and subsequently was used by Israel in 1982 during the Israeli Occupation of Lebanon. However, by the beginning of the 1990s. SPK Chaparral is hopelessly outdated and was removed from the US weapon, and then Israel. Now he remained in operation only in Egypt, Colombia, Morocco, Portugal, Tunisia and Taiwan.

SEA SPARROW (USA)

SEA SPARROW is one of the most massive ship-free SPC NATO NATO countries. The complex was created on the basis of the RIM-7 rocket - the modified version of the air-air rocket AIM-7F Sparrow. Tests began 1967, and since 1971 the complex began to enter the US Navy.

In 1968, Denmark, Italy and Norway came to an agreement with the US Navy on joint work on the modernization of SEA SPARROW SPARROW in the framework of international cooperation. As a result, a unified air defense system of NATO NATO NSSMS (NATO SEA SPARROW Missile System) was developed, the serial production of which is conducted since 1973.

Now for SEA SPARROW SPRW offers a new RIM-162 ESSM anti-aircraft missile (Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles), the development of which began in 1995 by the international consortium led by the American company Raytheon. The consortium includes companies from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Spain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Turkey. The new rocket can start both with inclined and vertical starting plants. The RIM-162 ESSM anti-aircraft missile is in service with 2004. The final anti-aircraft missile RIM-162 ESSM is also planned to be used in the American Land Slamraam ER Sprink (see below).

RVV-AE-SPC (Russia)

In our country, research works (NIR) on the use of aviation missiles in SPC began in the mid-1980s. In Nir "Kleenka", the Vympel Statebook Specialists (today is included in the CTRV) confirmed the possibility and feasibility of use as part of the R-27P Rocket Rocket, and in the early 1990s. Nir "Yelnik" showed the possibility of using the air-air air-air rocket type of RVV-AE (P-77) in a VERC with a vertical start. The layout of the modified rocket under the designation of the RVV-AE-SPC was demonstrated in 1996 at the international show in Athens at the Vympel State Class Stand. However, until 2005, new references to the zenith version of the RVV-AE did not appear.

Possible starting installation of promising SPC on the artpotion of the anti-aircraft gun C-60 GosMKB "Vympel"

During the aircraft, Max-2005, the Corporation "Tactical Rocket Arms" presented the anti-aircraft version of the RVV-AE missile without external changes from the aviation rocket. The RVV-AE rocket was placed in a transport and launch container (TPK) and had a vertical start. According to the developer, the rocket is proposed to apply for air targets from ground-based starting plants that are part of anti-aircraft missile or anti-aircraft artillery complexes. In particular, the schemes for the placement of four TPKs with RVV-AE were distributed on the wagon of the C-60 anti-aircraft gun, and also suggested to modernize the SQADAT Sprink (the export version of the Cube Sprink) by placing the TPK with RVV-AE on the start-up setting.

RVV-AE anti-aircraft rocket in a transport and starting container in the exposure of Vympel State Corporation (Corporation "Tactical Rocket Arms") at the MAKS-2005 Said Amina exhibition

Due to the fact that, according to the composition of the equipment, the zenith version of the RVV-AE is almost no different from the aviation and there is no starting accelerator, the start is performed using a marching engine from the transport and starting container. Because of this, the maximum start range dropped from 80 to 12 km. The RVV-AE anti-aircraft version was created in collaboration with the Almaz-Antea air defense concern.

After the max-2005 reports on the implementation of this project from open sources were not received. Now the Aviation version of the RVV-AE consists in service Algeria, India, China, Vietnam, Malaysia and other countries, in a number of which also have Soviet artillery and rocket complexes Air defense.

PRACKA (Yugoslavia)

The first examples of using aviation rockets in the role of zenith in Yugoslavia belong to the mid-1990s, when the Army of Bosnian Serbs created a SPC on the TAM-150 truck chassis with two guides for rockets soviet Development R-13 with infrared guidance. It was a "handicraft" modification and, it seems, has never had an official designation.

Self-propelled anti-aircraft installation based on R-3 missiles (AA-2 "Atoll") was first shown in public in 1995 (source of Vojske Krajine)

Another simplified system, known as Pracka ("Prachant"), was a R-60 rocket with infrared guidance on an improvised start-up installation on the basis of a boom of a towed 20-mm anti-aircraft gun M55. The real combat effectiveness of such a system seemed to be low, given such a deficiency, as a very small launch range.

Towed handicraft "ROSTAR" with a rocket based on air-air rockets with IR Head of the self-impeding R-60

The beginning of the NATO Air Campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999 pushed the engineers of this country to create anti-aircraft missile systems. Specialists of the VTI Military Institute and the VTO Air Testing Center promptly developed PRACKA RL-2 and RL-4 SPACE Sprink, armed with two-stage rockets. Prototypes of both systems were created on the basis of the chassis of self-propelled anti-aircraft installation With a 30-mm double-rich gun of Czech production type M53 / 59, more than 100 of which were in service with Yugoslavia.

New options for the Praft SPC with two-stage rockets based on the R-73 and R-60 aircraft missiles at the exhibition in Belgrade in December 2004 VUKASIN MILOSEVIC, 2004

The RL-2 system was created on the basis of the Soviet R-60 MC Rocket with the first step in the form of an accelerator of a similar caliber. The accelerator appears to be created by a combination of a 128-mm rocket engine reactive system volley fire and large tail stabilizers installed crosswise.

VUKASIN MILOSEVIC, 2004

The RL-4 rocket was created on the basis of the Soviet R-73 missile, also equipped with an accelerator. It is possible that accelerators for RL-4

created on the basis of the Soviet 57-mm aviation unmanaged aircraft missiles of type C-5 (a package of six missiles in a single case). The unnamed Serbian source in a conversation with a representative of the Western press stated that this SPC was successful. R-73 rockets are significantly superior to the R-60 on the sensitivity of the head of homing and reaching the range and altitude, representing a significant threat to NATO aircraft.

VUKASIN MILOSEVIC, 2004

It is unlikely that RL-2 and RL-4 had large chances to independently carry out successful firing on suddenly appearing targets. These SPK depend on the air defense points or an advanced point of observation in order to have at least some idea of \u200b\u200bthe direction on the target and the approximate time of its appearance.

VUKASIN MILOSEVIC, 2004

Both prototypes were created by VTO and VTI staff, and in open sources there is no information about how many test launches were carried out (and whether they were held at all). The prototypes remained in service throughout the NATO bombardment campaign in 1999. Informal reports suggest that RL-4 could be applied in hostilities, but there are no confirmation of the fact that RL-2 missiles launched on NATO aircraft. After the completion of the conflict, both systems were removed from weapons and returned to VTI.

Spyder (Israel)

Israeli Rafael and IAI companies have developed and promote in the foreign markets of the SPYDER small range on the basis of Rafael Python 4 or 5 and Derby aircraft missiles, respectively with infrared and active radar guidance. For the first time, the new complex was introduced in 2004 at the Indian Arms Exhibition Defexpo.

Experimental PU SPYDER, on which Rafael worked out the Jane complex "S

SPYDER SPC is able to hit air targets to 15 km and at altitudes up to 9 km. In service Spyder - four Python and Derby missiles in TPK on the chassis of the TATRA-815 chassis with the 8x8 wheel formula. Start missile inclined.

Indian version of SPYDER SPYDER at the airplane in Bourget in 2007 Said Aminov

Derby Rockets, Python-5 and Iron Dome at Defexpo-2012

The main export customer of the SPYDER small range of SPYDER is India. In 2005, Rafael won in the appropriate tender of the Indian Air Force, while companies from Russia and South Africa were competitors. In 2006, Four Starting Installations SPYDER SPYDER were sent to India to test the tests that were successfully completed in 2007. The final contract for the supply of 18 Spyder complexes totaling $ 1 billion was signed in 2008. It is planned that the systems will be Posted in 2011-2012. Also, SPYDER SPY was purchased by Singapore.

Singapore Air Force Spyder SPYDER

At the end of hostilities in Georgia in August 2008, evidence of the SPYDER SPYDER SPYDER battery has evidence of the Georgian military, as well as their uses against Russian aviation. So, for example, in September 2008, a photo of the head part of Python 4 missile with serial number 11219 was published. Later there were two photos, dated August 19, 2008, captured by Russian or South Ossetian military installation SPYDER SPYDER Four Rockets on the chassis Romanian production Roman 6x6. On one of the rockets is visible serial number 11219.

Georgian SPYDER SPC

VL MICA (Europe)

The European Concern MBDA since 2000 promotes VL MICA SPK, the basis of the weapon of which is MICA's aircraft missiles. The first demonstration of the new complex took place in February 2000 at the ASIAN AEROSPACE exhibition in Singapore. And already in 2001, the tests on the French landfill in Landakh began. In December 2005, the MBDA concern was a contract for the creation of a VL MICA VL for the Armed Forces of France. It was planned that these complexes would provide facilities air defense air defense bases, parts in the combat order of land forces and used as a ship air defense. However, so far the procurement of the complex by the Armed Forces of France has not begun. The Aviation version of the MICA missile consists in the arms of the French Air Force and the Navy (they are equipped with Rafale and Mirage 2000 fighters), in addition MICA are in service with the UAE Air Force, Greece and Taiwan (Mirage 2000).

Layout of Ship PU SERSK VL MICA at Lima-2013

The VL MICA land version includes a command post, a three-coordinate detection radar and from three to six launchers with four transport and starting containers. VL MICA components can be installed on standard high-pass vehicles. Anti-aircraft missiles of the complex can be with infrared or active radar head Attachment, fully identical to aviation options. The TPK for the VL MICA land version is identical to the TPK for the VL MICA ship modification. In the basic configuration of the ship's VL MICA, the launcher is eight TPK with MICA missiles in a different combination of homing heads.

Mockup self-propelled PU VL MICA at Lima-2013 exhibition

In December 2007, the VL MICA SPC was ordered by Oman (for the three Khareef project Corvettes under construction under construction), subsequently these complexes purchased Morocco Navy (for the three Corvette Corvettes under construction) and the United Arab Emirates (for two small rocket corvettes Project Falaj 2). In 2009, the Paris Aviasalon Romania announced the acquisition of VL MICA and Mistral complex at the MBDA Concern for the country's Air Force, although to the present delivery to Romanians began.

IRIS-T (Europe)

Within the framework of the European Initiative to create a promising AIM-9 Sidewinder, a consortium of countries, headed by Germany, created an IRIS-T rocket to a lesion to 25 km. Development and production is carried out by Diehl BGT Defence in partnership with enterprises of Italy, Sweden, Greece, Norway and Spain. The rocket member countries was adopted in December 2005. The IRIS-T rocket can be applied from a wide range of fighter aircraft, including Typhoon, Tornado, Gripen, F-16, F-18 aircraft. The first export customer IRIS-T was made by Austria, a later rocket was ordered by South Africa and Saudi Arabia.

Iris-T self-propelled start-up layout on the exhibition in Bourges-2007

In 2004, Diehl BGT Defense began to develop promising SPC using the IRIS-T Aviation Rocket. Since 2008, IRIS-T SLS complex has been undergoing polygon tests, mainly on the South African Overberg polygon. The IRIS-T rocket starts vertically from the start-up installation mounted on the chassis of a low-tonnage truck of increased passability. The detection of air targets provides the RLS of the Circular Review of Giraffe AMB Development of the Swedish SAAB. The maximum lesion range exceeds 10 km.

In 2008, an upgraded Pu was demointed at ILA in Berlin

In 2009, Diehl BGT Defence introduced upgraded option IRIS-T SL SL with a new rocket, the maximum lesion range of which should be 25 km. The rocket is equipped with an enhanced rocket engine, as well as automatic data and GPS navigation systems. The tests of the improved complex were carried out at the end of 2009 at the South African landfill.

Starting Installation of German IRIS-T SL SP 25.6.2011 at Dubendorf Miroslav Gyürösi Air Base

In accordance with the decision of the German authorities, the new version of the SPC was planned to integrate into promising MEADS SPCs (created jointly with the US and Italy), as well as to ensure interaction with Patriot PAC-3 SPC. However, the declared US and Germany exit in 2011 from the MEADS Program makes extremely uncertain prospects for both MEADS itself and the anti-aircraft version of the IRIS-T missile that has been planned to integrate into its composition. The complex may be offered to IRIS-T aircraft operators.

NASAMS (USA, NORWAY)

The concept of the SPK using AIM-120 aviation missile was proposed in the early 1990s. The American company Hughes Aircraft (now enters Raytheon) when creating a promising SPC on the AdSAMS program. In 1992, the Adsams complex was released, but in the future this project was not developed. In 1994, Hughes Aircraft concluded a contract for the development of NASAMS Sprink (Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System), whose architecture has largely repeated the ADSAMS project. The development of the NASAMS complex in conjunction with Norsk Forsvarteknologia (is now included in the Kongsberg Defence group) was successfully completed, and in 1995 its production for Norway Air Force was launched.

The NASAMS SPC consists of a command item, the Raytheon AN / TPQ-36A and three triggered installations. On the starting setting there are six AIM-120 missiles.

In 2005, Kongsberg received a contract for the complete integration of NASAMS's Norwegian SPC in the United NATO air defense system. Modernized SPC under the designation of Nasams II entered the Norwegian Air Force in 2007.

SPK NASAMS II of the Ministry of Defense of Norway

For the Ground Forces of Spain in 2003, four NASAMS SPC were delivered, as well as one SPC was transferred to the United States. In December 2006, the Netherlands Ground Troops ordered six modernized NASAMS II SPCs, the supply began in 2009. In April 2009, Finland decided to replace the three divisions of the Russian SPC "Beech-M1" on Nasams II. The estimated cost of the Finnish contract - 500 million euros.

Now Raytheon and Kongsberg are jointly developing the Hawk-Amraam Sprink, using AIM-120 AIM-120 Aviation Rockets on Universal Starting Installations and Sentinel Detection Raps.

LET HIGH MOBILITY LAUNCHER Nasams Amraam on FMTV Raytheon chassis

Claws / Slamraam (USA)

From the beginning of the 2000s. In the United States, a promising mobile SPC is developed on the basis of AIM-120 AMRAAM Aviation Rocket, similar to its characteristics with the Russian RVV-AE (R-77) medium rocket. Raytheon Corporation is a head developer and manufacturer. Boeing company acts as a subcontractor and is responsible for the development and production of the command item to control the Fire SPC.

In 2001, the US Marine Corps concluded a contract with Raytheon to create CLAWS SPC (Complemenary Low-Altitude Weapon System, also known as Humraam). This SPC was a mobile air defense system, which was based on a start-up installation on the basis of an HMMWV army car with four AIM-120 AMRAAM aircraft missiles, launched from inclined guides. The development of the complex is extremely delayed due to repeated coagulation of financing and the absence of clear looks at the pentagon on the need for its acquisition.

In 2004, the US Army ordered Raytheon Corporation to develop Slamraam Surface-Launched Amraam. Since 2008, Slamraam SLAMRAM tests began on polygons, during which the interaction with Patriot and Avenger SPK was also carried out. At the same time, the army as a result refused to use the Easy HMMWV chassis, and the last version of Slamraam was already worked out on the FMTV truck chassis. In general, the development of the system was also sluggish, although it was expected that the new complex will be sent in 2012.

In September 2008, information appeared that the UAE was applied for the purchase of a certain number of Slamraam Slamraam. In addition, this SPC was planned to acquire Egypt.

In 2007, Raytheon offered to significantly improve the combat capabilities of Slamraam Slamraam, adding the composition of its weapons with two new rockets - a low-range aircraft rocket with an AIM-9X infrared guidance and a longer rocket Slamraam-Er. Thus, the upgraded complex was to be able to apply two types of low-range missiles from one launcher: Amraam (up to 25 km) and AIM-9X (up to 10 km). By using the Slamraam-Er missile, the maximum range of lesion of the complex increased to 40 km. The Slamraam-ER missile is developed by Raytheon in an initiative order and is a finalized ESSM ship-off-airing rocket with an amraam aircraft control system. The first tests of the new SL-Amraam-ER missile were held in Norway in 2008.

Meanwhile, in January 2011, there was information that the Pentagon finally decided not to acquire Slamraam Slamraam or for the army or for maritime infantry due to the reduction of budget expenditures, despite the lack of prospects for the modernization of AVENGER SPC. This, apparently, means the completion of the program and makes it difficult to export prospects.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the SPC on the basis of aviation missiles

Name of SP	Company-Developer	Anti-aircraft rocket	Type of homing head	Distance to the defeat of the SPC, km	Location of the aviation complex, km
Chaparral	Lockheed Martin (USA)	SIDEWINDER 1C (AIM-9D) - MIM-72A	IR AN / DAW-2 Otset Scanning Rosette Scan Seeker - MIM-72G	From 0.5 to 9.0 (MIM-72G)	Up to 18 (AIM-9D)
RVV-AE SPK	KTRV (Russia)	RVV-AE	Arl	From 1.2 to 12	From 0.3 to 80
PRACKA - RL-2	Yugoslavia	R-60MK	IK	n / D.	Up to 8.
PRACKA - RL-4		P-73.	IK	n / D.	Up to 20.
Spyder	Rafael, Iai (Israel)	Python 5.	IK	From 1 to 15 (Spyder-SR)	Up to 15
		Derby	Arl GSN	From 1 to 35 (up to 50) (Spyder-MR)	Up to 63.
VL MICA.	MBDA (Europe)	IR MICA.	IR GSN	To 10	From 0.5 to 60
		RF Mica.	Arl GSN
SL-Amraam / Claws / Nasams	RAYTHEON (USA), KONGSBERG (Norway)	AIM-120 Amraam	Arl GSN	From 2.5 to 25	Up to 48.
		AIM-9X SIDEWINDER	IR GSN	To 10	Up to 18,2
		SL-Amraam ER	Arl GSN	Up to 40.	No analog
Sea Sparrow	Raytheon (USA)	AIM-7F Sparrow	Parl GSN	Until 19.	50
		ESSM.	Parl GSN	Up to 50	No analog
IRIS - T SL	Diehl BGT Defence (Germany)	IRIS - T.	IR GSN	Up to 15 km (estimated)	25

The development of the situation in Europe recently (Balkan events) is very dynamic in both political and military fields. As a result of the implementation of the principles of new thinking, a reduction in the NATO armed forces in Europe was possible, with the simultaneous increase in the qualitative state of the NATO system as well as the beginning of the reorganization of the system itself.

A significant place in these plans for reorganization is allocated to the issues of combat and rear security of hostilities, as well as the creation of a reliable anti-heart defense (Air Defense), without which, according to foreign experts, it is impossible to expect success in battle in modern conditions. One of the manifestations of NATO's efforts in this direction and the combined air defense system created by Europe, which includes the active forces and means allocated by NATO countries, as well as the automated NeJSC system.

1. Organization of the United NATO air defense system

Command NATO Definitely the following purpose of the combined air defense system:

prevent the invasion of aviation means of a possible enemy into the airspace of NATO countries in peacetime;

maximize the impact of the strikes during hostilities to ensure the functioning of the main political and military-economic centers, drum groups of Sun, RTS, aviation funds, as well as other strategic objects.

To perform these tasks it is necessary:

provide an advance warning of the command of a possible attack by continuously monitor the airspace and producing intelligence data on the state of the opponent's attack;

covering from air strikes with nuclear forces, most important military-strategic and administrative and economic objects, as well as areas of focusing of troops;

holding a high combat readiness of the highest possible amount of power and air defense for the immediate reflection of the air attack;

organization of close interaction of power and air defense;

in the event of the war - the destruction of the enemy air attack.

The basis of the creation of the combined air defense system is the following principles:

cover not separate objects, but integers, strips

allocation of sufficient forces and tools for covering the most important areas and objects;

high centralization of control forces and air defense.

The general leadership of the NATO air defense system is carried out by the NATO Supreme Commander-in-Chief in Europe through its deputy for the Air Force (he is the head of NATO Air Force), i.e. commanderAir Force is the air defense commander.

The entire area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility of the United NATO air defense system is divided into 2 air defense zones:

northern zone;

southern zone.

Northern PVA area it occupies the territory of Norway, Belgium, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, and coastal waters of countries and are divided into three air defense areas ("North", "Center", "Northeast").

In each area of \u200b\u200b1-2 air defense sector.

Southern PVA area It covers the territory of Turkey, Greece Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean pool and the Black Seas and is divided into 4 dealers of air defense

"Southeast";

"South Center";

"Southwest;

Air defense areas have 2-3 air defense sectors. In addition, 2 independent sectors of the air defense system were created within the borders of the southern zone:

cypriot;

maltese;

For air defense purposes, used:

fighters - interceptors;

ARC large, medium and low range;

anti-aircraft artillery (for).

A) in service fighters fighters NATOthe following groups of fighters are:

group - F-104, F-104E (able to attack one goal on medium and large altitudes up to 10,000m from the rear hemisphere);

group - F-15, F-16 (able to destroy one goal from all angles and at all heights),

group - F-14, F-18, Tornado, Mirage-2000 (capable of attacking several goals from various angles and at all heights).

The challenges are assigned to fighters the challenge - interception of air targets at the highest possible heights of strokes from the place of basing over the enemy territory and outside the zone of the SPC.

All fighters have cannon and rocket weapons and are all-weather, equipped with a combined weapon control system designed to detect and attack air targets.

This system usually includes:

Radar interception and aiming;

counting and decisive device;

infrared Vizier;

optical sight.

All BRLS operate in the range λ \u003d 3-3.5 cm in the pulse (F-104) or pulse-doppler mode. All NATO aircraft have a radar transcender from radar operating in the range λ \u003d 3-11.5 cm. Fighters are based on airfields removed from the front line at 120-150km.

B)Tactics of fighters

When performing combat missions, fighters are used three ways of combat operations:

interception from the "duty on a / d" position;

interception from the "duty in the air" position;

free attack.

"Duty on a / d"- the main type of combat tasks. Used in the presence of a developed radar and ensures the savings of the forces, the presence of a complete stock of fuel.

Disadvantages: displacement of the stroke of interception to its territory when interception of unauthorized goals

Depending on the threatening position and type of anxiety, the duty forces fighter fighters can be in the following degrees of combat readiness:

Goth.№1 - departure after 2min, after the order;

Goth.№2 - departure through 5min, after the order;

Goth.№3 - departure after 15min, after the order;

Goth.№4 - departure after 30min, after the order;

Goth.№5 - departure through 60 minutes after the order.

A possible border of the MTC meetings with a fighter from this position is 40-50km from the front line.

"Duty in the air" – it is used to cover the head of troops in the most important objects. At the same time, the band of the Army Group is divided into duty zones, which are fixed by airlines.

Duty produced on medium, small and large altitudes:

-In PMA - group of aircraft to the link;

-On SMU - at night - solitary aircraft, changing the cat. Performed in 45-60min. Depth - 100-150km from the front line.

Disadvantages: - the ability to quickly detect the opponent of duty regimens;

forced to adhere to defense tactics more often;

the ability to create an opponent of superiority in the forces.

"Free Hunt" – to destroy air targets in a given area that does not have a continuous cover of the SPC and a solid radar field depth - 200-300km from the front line.

Air defense fighters, equipped with a detection and aiming, armed with air-to-air, apply 2 ways to attack:

Attack from the front hemisphere (under 45-70 0 to the course of the target). It is used in the case when there is a time and place of interception in advance. This is possible with longitudinal wiring target. It is the fastest, but requires high accuracy of guidance both in time and in time.

Attack from the rear hemisphere (in the tits of the course angle sector 110-250 0). It applies against all goals and with all types of weapons. It provides a high probability of targeting target.

Having good weapons and moving from one way of attacking to another, one fighter can perform 6-9 Atak allowing 5-6 BT aircraft.

Essential disadvantage air defense fighters, and in particular KRMS fighters, is their work based on applying the Doppler effect. The so-called "blind" courses (racurs of rapprochement with the aim) arise, in which the RLS fighter is not able to carry out the selection (selection) of the target against the background of the interfering reflections of the Earth or passive interference. These zones do not depend on the flight speed of the attacker of the fighter, but are determined by the target rate, exchange angles, rapprochement and the minimum radial component of the relative rate of approximation Δvsbl., Set by TTX BRLS.

BRLS is capable of allocating only those signals from the target that have a certain ƒ min doparre. Such ƒ MIN is for BRLS ± 2 kHz.

In accordance with the laws of radar ƒ \u003d 2 V.2 ƒ 0

where ƒ 0 is carrier, C-Vset. Such signals come from targets having V 2 \u003d 30-60 m / s. To achieve this V 2, the aircraft must fly in the course angle q \u003d arcos v 2 / v c \u003d 70-80 0, and the Sector of the Blind Currency Angles itself \u003d\u003e 790-110 0, and 250-290 0, respectively.

The main SPK in the unified system air defense system of NATO countries are:

Large range (d≥60km) - "Nike-Hercules", "Patriot";

The medium-range SPC (d \u003d from 10-15km to 50-60km) is an improved "HOC" ("U-HOC");

A Little Rate Sprink (d \u003d 10-15km) - "Chaparal", "Rapira", "Roland", "Indigo", "Crod", "Javelin", "Avenger", "Adans", "Fog-M", " Stinger "," Blupupaya ".

Anti-aircraft agents NATO air defense principle of use divided into:

Centralized use, applied according to the plan of the senior boss in zone , District and the air defense sector;

Military air defense agents included in the state of ground forces and apply according to the plan of their commander.

To the means applied by plans senior bosses these are a great and medium range. Here they work in automatic guidance mode.

The main tactical division of anti-aircraft drugs is the division of or essential parts to it.

A large and medium-range SPC with sufficient quantities are used to create a solid cover zone.

With small numbers, only individual, most important objects are covered.

Light range and for Used to cover the ground forces, a / d, etc.

Each anti-aircraft agent has certain combat capabilities of fire and defeat the target.

Combat opportunities - Quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the possibilities of SPC units to perform combat missions at the prescribed time and in specific conditions.

The battery combat capabilities of the SPC are estimated by the following characteristics:

The dimensions of the shelling zones and lesions in vertical and horizontal planes;

The number of simultaneously shelled goals;

System reaction time;

The ability of the battery to keep a long fire;

The number of starters when shelling this goal.

These characteristics can be defined in advance only for a non-lawing target.

Shelling zone - Part of the space, in every point of which the rocket is possible.

Zone defeat - Part of the shelling zone within which, the meeting of the rocket is ensured with the aim of its defeat with a given probability.

The position of the lesion zone in the shelling zone may vary depending on the direction of the target of the target.

During the operation of the SPT in mode automatic guidance The damage zone takes such a position in which the bisector of the angle that limits the lesion zone in the horizontal plane always remains the parallel direction of flight to the goal meeting.

Since the goal may be approached from any direction, then the zone of the damage can occupy any position with the bisector of the angle that limits the lesion zone, turns after the turn of the aircraft.

HenceThe turn in the horizontal plane at an angle greater than half the angle that limits the lesion zone is equal to the aircraft outlet from the lesion zone.

The zone of defeat of any SPC has certain boundaries:

on n - bottom and top;

on d from start. mouth. - Far and neighbor, as well as limitations on the course parameter (P), which defines the side boundaries of the zone.

Lower border of the lesion zone - It is determined by the HMIN shooting at which the specified probability of targeting target is ensured. It is limited by the effect of reflection of the RTS emitted from the Earth and the corners of the closing of positions.

Position closing angle ( α ) – it is formed in the presence of exceeding the terrain and local items above the position of the batteries.

Top and Border the lesions zones are determined by the energy resource p.

Middle border The zones of the damage is determined by the time of unmanaged after starting.

Side borders The damage zones are determined by the term parameter (P).

Currency parameter R. - The shortest distance (km) from the battery point of yes projection of the line of the aircraft path.

The number of simultaneously shelled target depends on the number of radiation radar (reference) targets in the PRC battery.

The system reaction time is the time passing from the moment of the air target detection until the rocket intake.

The number of possible start-ups on the target depends on the long-range detection of the RLC goal, the rate parameter p, n goals and vtama, the system of responses of the system and the time between the launch of rockets.

Materials provided: S.V. Gurov (Russia, Tula)

A promising MEDIUM Extended Air Defense System (Medium Extended Air Defense System) is intended for defense of troops and important objects from operational-tactical ballistic missiles with a range of up to 1000km, winged rockets, airplanes and unmanned aerial aircraft.

The development of the system is carried out by the joint venture in Orlando (US) by the Joint Enterprise Meads International, which includes the Italian division of the MBDA, German LFK and the American company Lockheed Martin. The management, production and support of the SPC is carried out by the NATO structure of NAMEADSMO (Nato Medium Extended Air Defence System Design and Development, Production and Logistics Management Organization). The United States finances 58% of the costs under the program. Germany and Italy provide 25% and 17%, respectively. According to the initial plans, the United States intended to purchase 48 MEADS, Germany - 24 and Italy - 9.

Conceptual development of a new SPC began in October 1996. In early 1999, a contract worth $ 300 million was signed on the development of the prototype of the MEADS SPC.

According to the statement of the first deputy inspector of the German Air Force, the Lieutenant General of Norbert Finister, MEADS will become one of the main elements of the country's missile defense system and NATO.

The MEADS complex is the main candidate for German Taktisches Luftverteidigungssystem (TLVS) - the system of anti-airflow and missile defense of a new generation with flexible network architecture. It is possible that the MEADS complex will be the basis of the national air defense system / pro in Italy. In December 2014, the Polish armed inspection informed that the Meads International project would participate in the competition for the NAREW air defense complex of a small radius of action intended for defense from airplanes, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles and winged rockets.

Structure

Meads system has a modular architecture, which allows you to increase the flexibility of its application, to produce in various configurations, ensure high fire power When reducing the service personnel and reduce the cost of material support.

Complex composition:

• startup (photo1, photo2, photo3, photo4 Thomas Schulz, Poland);
• rocket-interceptor;
• point of combat management (PBU);
• multifunctional radar station;
• Radar detection.

All components of the complex are placed on the automotive chassis of increased passability. For the Italian version of the complex, an Aris Italian tractor with an armored cabin is used, for the German - MAN tractor. C-130 Hercules and Airbus A400M aircraft can be used for transporting SPC Meads.

Mobile Startup (PU) MEADS SPC is equipped with a package of eight transport and starting containers (TPK) intended for transportation, storage and running controlled interceptor missiles. PU Provides the so-called. Batch charging (see photo1, photo2) and is distinguished by a small transformation time to combat position and recharging.

As a means of defeat as part of the MEADS SPC, it is supposed to use the Lockheed Martin PAC-3MSE interceptor missile. RAS-3MSE differs from its prototype - anticircles increased by one and a half times the damage zone and the possibility of use as part of other air defense systems, including ship. Ras-3MSE is equipped with a new Marsh Engine of two-time inclusion with a diameter of 292 mm of Aerojet, a two-way rocket system with PBU. To increase the efficiency of damage to maneuvering aerodynamic purposes, in addition to the use of the kinetic combat part, it is possible to equip the rocket of the fragmentation-fugasal BC of aimed action. The first test of Ras-3MSE was attended May 21, 2008

Research and development work has been reported on the use of managed missiles and air-air class mEADs, upgraded for ground start.

PBU is designed to control the sectocentric air defense system of the open architecture and ensures the joint work of any combination of means of detection and launchers combined into a single system of anti-aircraft and missile defense. In accordance with the concept, "I connected and fight" means of detection, management and combat system systems interact with each other as unified network nodes. Thanks to the capabilities of the control point, the system commander can promptly connect or disable such nodes depending on the combat situation without turning off the entire system, providing a quick maneuver and concentration of combat capacity in threatened directions.

The use of standardized interfaces and an open network architecture provides PBU with the ability to control the detection tools and start-up installations from various air defense systems, incl. not included in the MEADS SPC. If necessary, the MEADS SPC can interact with complexes, and other PBUs are compatible with modern and promising management systems, in particular, with the NATO air command and control system (NATO "S Air Command and Control System).

MICS communication equipment kit (Meads Internal Communications Subsystem) is designed to organize collaboration of JC Meads nodes. MICS provides a protected tactical connection between radar, start-up installations and PBUs of the complex through a high-speed network built on the basis of the IP protocol stack.

The multifunctional three-coordinate impulse-Doppler X-band radar provides detection, classification, determination of state affiliation and maintenance of air targets, as well as guidance missiles. The radar is equipped with an active phased antenna grille (see). The speed of circular rotation of the antenna is 0, 15 and 30 revolutions / min. The station provides the transmission of the correction commands on the board of the interceptor missile through the data exchange channel of Link 16, which allows the transfer of the rocket to the trajectory, as well as the choice of the most optimal PU from the system to reflect the attack.

According to developers, the multifunctional radar complex of the complex is characterized by high reliability and efficiency. During tests, the radar provided a search, classification and maintenance of objectives with the issuance of targeting, suppressing active and passive interference. The MEADS SPC can simultaneously fire up to 10 air targets in a complex interference.

The multifunctional radar system includes a system for determining the state affiliation "His Alien", developed by the Italian company Selex Sistemi Integrati. Antenna of the System "His Alien" (see) is located at the top of the main antenna lattice. The MEADS SPC became the first American complex that allows for the use of criptographic funds of other states.

Mobile detection radar is developed for Meads by Lockheed-Martin and is a pulse-doppler station with active headlights operating both in a fixed position and at a rotational speed of 7.5 rpm. To search for aerodynamic purposes in the radar, the mode of a circular survey of airspace is implemented. The design features of the radar also include a high-performance processor for processing signals, a programmable sensing signal generator and a digital adaptive device forming a radiation chart.

In MEADS, there is an autonomous power supply system, which includes a diesel generator and a distribution and converter unit for connecting to an industrial network (50 Hz / 60 Hz frequency). The system was developed by Lechmotoren (Altenstadt, Germany).

The main tactical unit of the MEADS SPC is an anti-aircraft missile division, which is planned to include three fire and one pile battery. As part of the MEADS battery - radar discovery, multifunctional radar, PBU, up to six starting installations. The minimum system configuration includes one instance of the radar, start-up and PBU.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Testing and operation

01.09.2004 Nameadsmo signed with a joint venture of Meads International contract worth 2 billion dollars and 1.4 billion euros (1.8 billion dollars) on the implementation of the stage of research and development on the MEADS SPC creation program.

01.09.2006 The PAC-3MSE interceptor rocket is selected as the main means of defeating the Meads complex.

05.08.2009 Completed sketching design of all major components of the complex.

01.06.2010 When discussing the US defense budget for 2011 F.G. The Senate Commission on Sun (SASC) expressed concern about the cost of the Meads program, which exceeds the estimate by $ 1 mm and is implemented with a delay of 18 months. The Commission recommended that the United States stop financing the MEADS development in case the program does not pass a stage of protection of a working draft. The response of US Defense Minister Robert Gates, aimed at the Commission, it was reported that the program schedule was agreed, the cost of the development, production and deployment of Meads was evaluated.

01.07.2010 Raytheon offered a package of modernization of the Bundeswehr Patriot Bundeswehr, which provides an increase in their characteristics to the level of MEADS SPP up to 2014. According to Raytheon, the phased process of modernization would save from 1 to 2 billion euros without reducing combat readiness armed Forces FRG. The German Ministry of Defense decided to continue developing the MEADS SPC.

16.09.2010 The developing program of the MEADS SPC successfully passed the stage of protection of the work project. The project was recognized as relevant to all requirements. The protection results are sent to the program participants. The valuation of the program was $ 19 billion.

22.09.2010 Within the framework of the MEADS program, a plan for reducing the cost of the life cycle of the complex is presented.

27.09.2010 Successfully demonstrated the possibility of collaboration of the MEADS PBU with the Command Complex and the NATO air defense system. The unification of NATO echelonized missile defense funds was carried out at a special test stand.

20.12.2010 At Fusaro Air Base (Italy), PBU was first demonstrated by PBU, located on the ARIS Italian tractor. Five PBUs scheduled for use at the test stages and certification of the complex are under production.

14.01.2011 LFK (LENKFLUGKORSYTEME, MBDA Doychland) announced the delivery of the first launcher of the MEADS MEADS first launcher.

31.01.2011 As part of work on the creation of the MEADS complex, tests of the first multifunctional radar station were successfully completed.

11.02.2011 The US Department of Defense reported on the intention to stop financing the MEADS project after 2013 FG The reason was the proposal of the consortium to increase the timing of the development of a complex for 30 months over the initially stated 110. The extension of the deadlines will require an increase in the amount of financing the project by $ 974 million. According to the Pentagon, the total financing will increase to $ 1.16mld, and the beginning of production will be postponed for 2018. Nevertheless, the United States decided to continue the development and testing stage in the framework of the budget established in 2004 without exiting production phase.

15.02.2011 In a letter directed by MO FRG to the Bundestag Budget Committee, it was noted that due to the possible termination of the joint development of the complex, the acquisition of MEADS SPC in the foreseeable future is not planned. The results of the program can be used within the framework of national defense programs for air defense systems / pro.

18.02.2011 Germany will not continue to implement the FFA / Meads system creation program after the development phase is completed. According to the representative of the Defense Ministry of Germany, it will not be able to finance the following stage of the project in the event of an exit of the United States. It is noted that the official decision on closing the Meads program has not yet been accepted.

01.04.2011 Director for Commercial Development Meads International Marty Koin announced his meetings with representatives of a number of Europe and the Middle East, which expressed their intention to take part in the project. Among the potential participants of the project, Poland and Turkey are named, who are interested in purchasing modern air defense systems / pro and gaining access to technologies for the production of such systems. This would complete the development program of the Meads system, which was threatened by the closure after the refusal of the US military department from participation in the production stage.

15.06.2011 Lockheed Martin has delivered the first MICS communication equipment kit (Meads Internal Communications Subsystem), designed to organize joint work of the MEADS SPC units.

16.08.2011 Testing software for combat command, management, control, communication and intelligence complex in Huntsville (Alabama, USA) has been completed.

13.09.2011 With the help of an integrated simulatory complex, a simulation launch of a rocket jammer MEADS is performed.

12.10.2011 Meads International began comprehensive tests of the first MEADS PBU on the test facility in Orlando (Florida, USA).

17.10.2011 The Lockheed Martin Corporation has completed the delivery of MICS communication equipment sets intended for use in the MEADS complex.

24.10.2011 The first launcher of the MEADS SPC arrived on the White Sands missile landfill for comprehensive testing and preparation for flight tests scheduled for November.

30.10.2011 The USA signed amendment No. 26 to the basic memorandum involving the restructuring of the Meads program. In accordance with this amendment, before the completion of the design and development of Meads in 2014, two test starts are envisaged in order to determine the characteristics of the system. According to the statement of representatives of the United States, the approved completion of the development of Meads will allow the American Defense Office to use the technology created within the framework of the Development Programs promising systems Weapons.

03.11.2011 The National Arms Directors of Germany, Italy and the United States approved amendment to the contract, providing for the financing of two tests for intercepting goals for the Meads system.

10.11.2011 At Pratica Di Mare Air Base, a successful virtual imitation of the defeat of aerodynamic and ballistic goals is performed using the MEADS SPC. During the tests, the combat management point of the Complex demonstrated the possibilities for organizing an arbitrary combination of commissioning installations, combat management, command, control, communications and intelligence in a single sectocentric aircraft and missile defense system.

17.11.2011 On the WHITE SANDS missile polygon, the first flight test of the Meads system is successfully performed as part of the PAC-3 MSE interceptor missile, a lightweight launcher and a combat control point. During the test, a launch of a missile on the interception of the target attacked in the rear half-space was performed. After completing the task, the interceptor rocket is self-collected.

17.11.2011 Published information on the start of the negotiations on the entry of Qatar to the program of development of the MEADS SPP. Qatar expressed interest in using the complex to ensure the security of the World Cup of 2022.

08.02.2012 Berlin and Rome put pressure on Washington in order to continue financing the United States Meads Development Program. On January 17, 2012, participants in the international Meads consortium received a new offer from the United States, which actually provided for the termination of the program's financing already in 2012.

22.02.2012 Lockheed Martin Corporation announced the beginning of the completion tests of the third PBU Meads system in Huntsville (PC. Alabama, USA). PBU tests are scheduled for the entire 2012. Two PBUs are already involved in the tests of the Meads system at Pratica Di Mare air bases (Italy) and Orlando (Florida, USA).

19.04.2012 The beginning of integrated tests of the first eczema of the multifunctional radar MEADS PRC in the Pratica Di Mare airbase. Earlier it was reported about the completion of the first stage of the station testing at the SELEX SISTEMI INTEGRATI SPA facility in Rome.

12.06.2012 Receptionable tests of the autonomous electricity supply unit and communication of the MEADS SPC designed for the upcoming complex tests of the multifunctional radar station of the complex at Pratica Di Mare airbase. The second eccene of the block is tested in the technical center of self-propelled and armored vehicles of the German Armed Forces in Trier (Germany).

09.07.2012 The first Mobile test set of MEADS SPC is delivered to the White Sands missile polygon. The test equipment kit provides real-time virtual tests of the MEADS complex to intercept the goals without starting the interceptor missile for various air attack scenarios.

14.08.2012 On the territory of the Pratica di Mare airbase, the first complex tests of the multifunctional radar, together with the battle control point and start-up installations of the MEADS, are held. It is reported that the radar demonstrated key functionality, incl. The possibility of a circular survey of airspace, capture the goals and its maintenance with various scenarios of the combat situation.

29.08.2012 The PAC-3 interceptor rocket on the territory of the WHITE SANDS rocket landfill successfully destroyed the target, imitating the tactical ballistic missile. As part of the test, two targets simulate tactical ballistic missiles were involved, and an unmanned MQM-107 aircraft. The volley launch of two PAC-3 interceptor missiles ensured the task to intercept the second goal-tactical ballistic rocket. According to published data, all tasks of tests were performed.

22.10.2012 On the territory of the Pratica di Mare airbase, the next stage of testing system for determining the state affiliation of the MEADS complex is successfully completed. All system scenarios were tested in conjunction with american system Identification "Your Alien" Mark XII / XIIA MODE 5 ATCBRBS Airspace Radar Aer Traffic Control (Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System). The total amount of certification tests amounted to 160 experiments. After the integration of the system with a multifunctional radar radar MEADS, additional tests are performed.

29.11.2012 The MEADS SPC provided detection, support and interception of the MQM-107 target with an air-reactive motor on the territory of the WHITE SANDS rocket landfill (USA). During the tests, the complex was involved: a martial control point, a light launcher for PAC-3 MSE interceptor missiles and multifunctional radar.

06.12.2012 The Senate of the US Congress, despite the request of the US President and the Ministry of Defense, decided not to allocate funds for the creation program of the MEADS Program in the next fiscal year. In the Senate Approved, the defense budget did not include $ 400.8ln necessary to complete the program.

01.04.2013 The US Congress decided to continue financing the development program of the MEADS SPC. As Reuters reported, Congress approved a bill that guarantees the allocation of funds to cover current financial needs until September 30, 2013. This draft law provides for the allocation of $ 380 million on completing the development and testing phase of the complex, which will avoid cancellation of contracts and negative consequences on an international scale.

19.04.2013 Upgraded detection radar is tested under collaboration in the composition of the Unified Funds Complex MEADS Funds. During the tests, RLS ensured the detection and maintenance of a small aircraft, the transfer of information to the MEADS PBU. After its processing, PBU issued these target designations on the Multifunctional RRS of the Meads complex, which carried out the Pesta, recognition and further support of the target. The tests were carried out in a circular review mode in the area of \u200b\u200bHancock Airport (Sirakus, pcs. New York, USA), the distance between the radar was more than 10 miles.

19.06.2013 The press release of Lockheed Martin is reported on the successful tests of the MEADS SPC as part of a unified air defense system with other anti-aircraft complexes consisting of NATO countries.

10.09.2013 The first launcher of the MEADS SPC on the German cargo chassis was delivered to the USA for testing. For 2013, the tests of two starting plants are scheduled.

21.10.2013 During the tests on the territory of the WHITE SANDS rocket landfill, the MEADS Multifunctional radars successfully completed the capture and maintenance of a target imitating a tactical ballistic missile.

06.11.2013 During the tests of the MEADS SPC to assess the capabilities of a complex for the provision of circular defense, there was interception of two goals at the same time attacked from opposite directions. The tests were held on the territory of the WHITE SANDS missile polygon (New Mexico, USA). One of the targets imitated a ballistic class rocket, the target QF-4 - a warded rocket.

21.05.2014 The system of determining the state affiliation "His Alien" complex MEADS has received an operational certificate from controlling the control of airspace of the US Department of Defense.

24.07.2014 The demonstration tests of the MEADS SPC on the territory of the Pratica di Mare airbase is completed. During the two-week tests, the possibility of a complex for work in various architecture incl. Under the control of higher management systems, they were demonstrated for German and Italian delegations.

23.09.2014 The six-week operational tests of the multifunctional RRS from the MEADS SPC on the territory of the Pratica Di Mare airbase (Italy) and on the territory of the German center of the MBDA concern in Freinhausen is completed.

07.01.2015 The MEADS SPC is considered as a candidate for compliance with the requirements for emergency and missile defense systems of the new generation in Germany and Poland.