Polish Swedish intervention first and second militia. Swedish intervention. Russia's fight against the Polish-Swedish intervention

In the spring of 1607, False Dmitry II appeared in Russia. His identity has not been established. According to one version, he is the son of a priest, according to the other - a home teacher, according to the third - the son of A.M. Kurbsky, according to the fourth - the son of an Starodub nobleman, according to the fifth - a Jew. On June 12, 1607, residents of Starodub swore allegiance to him. The army of the impostor was commanded by the Polish military leader Mekhovetsky. She occupied Kozelsk, Karachev, Oryol and besieged Bryansk. When government troops delivered food to Bryansk, False Dmitry II lifted the siege.

In April 1608, 4 thousand Poles came to the camp of the impostor under the command of Rozhinsky. They deposed Mekhovetsky and elected Rozhinsky hetman. In June 1608, the army of False Dmitry II approached Moscow and stopped at Tushino, so they began to call him the "Tushino thief." On July 25, 1608, Russia and Poland signed an armistice for three years. On September 23, 1608, the army of the impostor under the command of Y. Sapega laid siege to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. See Solovyov S. M. History of Russia from ancient times. T. 8. Skrynnikov RG Minin and Pozharsky. P. 94 - 119.

In 1609 Vasily Shuisky turned to the Swedish king Charles IX with a request for help in the fight against False Dmitry II. The Swedes captured all the Russian fortresses on the Baltic coast, except for Oreshk. The Polish king Sigismund III used the involvement of Swedish mercenaries in the Russian army to fight False Dmitry II as a pretext for declaring war on Russia. The reasons for the war were Poland's aggressive policy towards Russia and Russia's desire to unite all the East Slavic lands. The aggressiveness of Poland was explained by the fact that the government was supported by the small landed nobility. It sought to preserve its possessions in Ukraine and Belarus and hoped to get new lands in Russia. On September 19, 1609, the Poles laid siege to Smolensk. The defense of the city was led by the boyar M. B. Shein. In the spring and summer of 1609 M.V.Skopin-Shuisky liberated the north of Russia from the Tushins.

On January 12, 1610, Y. Sapega was forced to lift the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The outbreak of open war led to the collapse of the Tushino camp. Most Poles went over to the side of their government. Only Rozhinsky remained with the impostor. He treated False Dmitry II as a prisoner, so in December 1609 the impostor fled to Kaluga and on December 11, 1610 was killed. The nobles who were in the Tushino camp nominated the Polish prince Vladislav as a candidate for the throne. On February 4, 1610, they concluded an agreement with Sigismund III on the election of Vladislav as the Russian tsar.

According to the agreement, Vladislav undertook to accept Orthodoxy and had no right to issue new laws without the consent of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. The treaty prohibited the transfer of peasants from one landowner to another. DI Shuisky tried to free Smolensk from the siege, but on June 24, 1610 was defeated at Klushino. The defeat of the Russian army at Klushino opened the way for the Poles to Moscow. On July 17, 1610, the conspirators led by P. P. Lyapunov overthrew Vasily Shuisky. Power passed to the boyar government, which went down in history under the name of the Seven Boyars.

• On August 17, Moscow residents took the oath to Vladislav. The nobles saw in him a lesser evil compared to False Dmitry II. On September 20, the government let in Moscow a Polish detachment under the command of S. Zholkiewski. On his initiative, the Moscow boyars and nobles sent an embassy to the Polish king headed by V.V. Golitsyn and F.N. Romanov. Sigismund III refused to let his son go to Moscow, as he wanted to take the Russian throne himself and completely subjugate Russia to Poland. Thus, a threat to Russia's independence arose. In January 1611, P.P. Lyapunov organized a people's militia. It was based on noblemen and Cossacks. The closest associates of P.P. Lyapunov were Prince D.T. Trubetskoy and Cossack Ataman I.M.Zarutsky. Prince D. M. Pozharsky was elected commander-in-chief. In March 1611 the militia approached Moscow.
• On March 19, an uprising broke out in the city. The reason for it was the insult by the Poles of Patriarch Hermogenes. The vanguard of the militia under the command of D.M. Pozharsky entered Moscow. The Poles set fire to the city, the rebels were poorly armed, so they were defeated. D. M. Pozharsky was seriously wounded. The militia retreated to the outskirts of Moscow. According to N. I. Kostomarov, the Poles killed about 8 thousand civilians. See NI Kostomarov, The Story of the Liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the Election of Tsar Mikhail. // Kostomarov N.I. Historical monographs and research. M., 1989. S. 75. On July 22, 1611, the Cossacks accused P.P. Lyapunov of intending to destroy the Cossacks and return the fugitive peasants and slaves to their former owners and killed him. According to N. M. Karamzin, P. P. Lyapunov was slandered by I. M. Zarutsky. According to RG Skrynnikov, a forged letter on behalf of P.P. Lyapunov with a call for the destruction of the Cossacks was written by the Polish colonel A. Gonsevsky. See RG Skrynnikov, Minin and Pozharsky. S. 197.

After the death of P.P. Lyapunov, the nobles left the militia and waged a partisan war against the Poles in the vicinity of Moscow. On June 3, 1611, the Poles took Smolensk by storm. The surviving defenders of the city, headed by MB Shein, were captured. In the same year, the Swedes occupied Novgorod. Novgorod voivode I.N.Odoevsky concluded a peace treaty with the commander of the Swedish army J. De la Gardie, confirming the terms of the Tyavzin peace. IN Odoevsky recognized the son of Charles IX as the Russian tsar, and J. Delagardie - his governor and pledged to obey him in everything. See NI Kostomarov The Story of the Liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the Election of Tsar Mikhail. P. 75. Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian state. T. 12 // Moscow. 1989. No. 12.P. 142 - 144.

Only the turmoil that reigned in our country at that time saved the Novgorod governor from responsibility for treason - a crime that at all times and among all peoples was considered one of the most serious. In September 1611 KM Minin appealed to the citizens of Nizhny Novgorod with an appeal to create a new militia. KM Minin was born in Balakhna in the family of a small salt industrialist, in his youth he came to Nizhny Novgorod and took up trade. In 1611 he was the zemstvo headman. Letters from K.M. Minin, Patriarch Hermogenes, and the monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery were distributed throughout the country. The formation of the second people's militia began in Nizhny Novgorod. DM Pozharsky was re-elected commander-in-chief. In March 1612, the militia left Nizhny Novgorod and arrived in Yaroslavl. His formation and training continued there. K.M. Minin and D.M. Pozharsky created the Council of All the Earth - a provisional government.

At the same time, the second Council of the Whole Land acted under the leadership of D. T. Trubetskoy and I. M. Zarutsky. A conflict arose between the leaders of the two militias, as I. M. Zarutsky and D. T. Trubetskoy recognized the Pskov impostor. In July 1612 K.M. Minin and D.M. Pozharsky learned that a strong and numerous Polish army under the command of Hetman J. Chodkiewicz was approaching Moscow. D. M. Pozharsky was ahead of J. Khodkevich and, thus, took possession of the strategic initiative. This largely ensured the victory of the Russian army.

• On August 22-24, 1612, a decisive battle took place between the Russian and Polish armies. The militia of K.M. Minin and D.M. Pozharsky numbered 10 thousand people, the army of J. Chodkiewicz - 12 thousand, the Polish garrison in the Kremlin - 3 thousand. Consequently, the Polish army outnumbered the Russian by 1.5 times. D.M. Pozharsky located his army on the western outskirts of Moscow, and not on the east, as suggested by D.T. Trubetskoy. D. M. Pozharsky handed over to D. T. Trubetskoy five hundred horse.
• On August 22, J. Chodkevich launched an offensive. The Russian army recaptured it and launched a counterattack several times. J. Chodkiewicz brought the infantry into battle. The noble cavalry could not withstand the onslaught and retreated. Then DM Pozharsky ordered the nobles to dismount and fight on foot. In the afternoon J. Chodkevich threw all his forces into battle to break through the defenses of the Russian militia on the Arbat and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Tverskiye Vorota. The archers opened deadly fire on the enemy and forced him to stop attacks. At the same time, the Polish garrison made a sortie from the Kremlin. She was repulsed. Hand-to-hand fighting ensued. The troops placed at the disposal of DT Trubetskoy and the Cossacks from the first militia counterattacked the enemy and forced him to retreat. On August 24, the Poles launched an offensive from the direction of Zamoskvorechye. DM Pozharsky sent cavalry against them. DT Trubetskoy launched an offensive from the side of the Kolomenskaya Sloboda. However, he acted hesitantly, which allowed J. Chodkevich to throw his main forces against D. M. Pozharsky. DM Pozharsky brought all his regiments into battle and thus stopped the enemy. Then the Poles intensified their offensive against the army of DM Trubetskoy and captured the Cossack prison.

The Cossacks resisted the enemy, but when the militia of K.M. Minin and D.M. Pozharsky did not come to their aid immediately, they left the battle. The Polish garrison in the Kremlin undertook a second sortie. She was repulsed. Cellarer of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery A.S. Palitsyn persuaded the Cossacks to return to the ranks. The outcome of the battle was again decided by the rapid attack of the Cossacks. They were supported by the cavalry under the command of K.M. Minin, then the infantry under the command of D.M. Pozharsky went on the offensive. The Poles fled. See NI Kostomarov, The Story of the Liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the Election of Tsar Mikhail. P. 81 - 82. Skrynnikov R.G. Minin and Pozharsky. S. 256 - 263.

The assault on the Kremlin was unsuccessful, so the Russian army laid siege to it. On October 22, Kitai-Gorod was liberated. On October 26, the Polish garrison in the Kremlin capitulated. The liberation of Moscow was a fundamental turning point in the course of the war. On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov as tsar. Patriarch Hermogenes as early as 1610 nominated him for the throne. The boyar was attracted by the youth and inexperience of Mikhail, his unpreparedness for managing the state, hence the ability to rule on his behalf. Since the father of the new tsar, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, was the patriarch in Tushino and together with Prince V.V. Golitsyn headed the embassy to the Polish king, the boyars who collaborated with the Poles, that is, committed treason, saw Mikhail as the guarantor of their impunity. He was a cousin of Fyodor Ivanovich, the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty, which created the appearance of a continuity of power.

At first, Mikhail renounced the throne and explained this by the disorder in management and the lack of money in the treasury, then he agreed to come to Moscow and accept the throne. The Poles tried to kill the young tsar, but the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin led them into an impenetrable forest. On July 11, 1613, Michael was married to the kingdom. See Solovyov S. M. History of Russia from ancient times. T. 9.M., 1990.S. 7 - 28.

He was elected on the same terms as Vasily Shuisky. The real power belonged to the relatives of the king. They removed D. M. Pozharsky from the command, since he, in their opinion, was not well-known enough, and replaced him with Prince D. M. Cherkassky.

In 1613, the Russian army fought with the Poles near Kaluga and Vyazma. The attempt to free Smolensk was unsuccessful due to the lack of discipline of the nobles. The new government increased taxes and decided to return the fugitive peasants to their former owners. This triggered an uprising led by Mikhail Balovnya. The driving forces of the uprising were the Cossacks and peasants. In 1615 it was suppressed. In the same year, the Polish army under the command of A. Lisovsky invaded Russia. The tsar again appointed D.M. Pozharsky as commander-in-chief.

On June 29, 1615, the Russian army left Moscow. On August 30, the battle of Orel took place. A detachment of I. Pushkin attacked the Polish camp, followed by three attacks of the main forces. S. Islenev's regiment and the Tatars left the battlefield. With DM Pozharsky, 600 people remained. The confrontation lasted three days. The mercenaries who were in the Polish army went over to the Russian army. This decided the outcome of the battle. A. Lisovsky fled. In July 1616, the Russian government sent an army to Smolensk under the command of M.K.Tinbaev and N. Likharev. At the same time, the Lithuanians attacked Starodub, ravaged the outskirts of Karachev and Krom, burned Oskol and approached Belgorod. On October 22, 1616, the voivods stationed near Smolensk announced the impending march on Moscow of the Polish army under the command of A. Gonsevsky. The Russian command sent an army under the command of N. Boryatinsky to Dorogobuzh.

In March 1617, the Russian army defeated the Poles near Dorogobuzh, but the Dorogobuzh voivode surrendered the city to the Poles. In the same year, Vladislav undertook a campaign against Moscow to take the Russian throne. On October 18, the Russian army under the command of D. M. Pozharsky approached Kaluga. The Poles besieged the city and on December 23 tried to take it by storm, but were met with fire and fled. In October 1618, the Poles approached Moscow and tried to take it, but their attack on the White City was repulsed.

On December 1, 1618, Russia and Poland signed the Deulinskoe truce, according to which Smolensk went to Poland. The agreement also provided for the exchange of prisoners. According to the Stolbovo Peace Treaty, concluded on February 27, 1617, Sweden returned Novgorod to Russia, but Russia completely lost access to the Baltic Sea. See Tarle E. V. Northern War and the Swedish invasion of Russia. // Tarle E.V. Selected works. T. 3. Rostov-on-Don, 1994. Since that time, the main foreign policy tasks of Russia have become the return of their ancestral possessions in the Baltic, the return of Smolensk and the reunification of Ukraine and Belarus with Russia.

Open intervention of Poland and Sweden. First militia. In the fall of 1609, the army of Sigismund III appeared near Smolensk, which remained loyal to Tsar Shuisky. The Russian army, which was marching to the rescue, was defeated by the hetman S. Zholkevsky near the village of Klushino. I approached Moscow again.

In a complicated situation in July 1610, a group of Moscow boyars and nobles overthrew Tsar Shuisky from the throne. Power passed into the hands "seven-numbered boyars" led by Prince F. I. Mstislavsky, and they also offered the throne to Vladislav. At their invitation, a detachment of S. Zholkevsky entered the capital. The impostor flees to Kaluga, and here he is soon killed by the Tatar prince Urusov, who served him.

In Moscow, they swear allegiance to Vladislav. But in other cities and counties they do not want to follow the example "Seven boyars"... Moreover, their inhabitants oppose the invaders. They send letters to each other, agree to act together. Ryazan is ahead. The first militia is formed in it, which came forward to liberate Moscow. It is headed by P. Lyapunov. It is attended by nobles, townspeople, Cossacks from the southern districts. Under the capital, the remnants of the Tushino detachments of DT Trubetskoy and IM Zarutsky join this militia. Together with Lyapunov, they enter Council of All Earth, a kind of interim government. It is recognized by many cities and counties.

Meanwhile, in Moscow, even before the arrival of the militia, an uprising broke out in March 1611 against the Poles A. Gonsevsky (head of the garrison) and his Russian henchmen - boyar Saltykov and merchant Andronov. On Sretenka, the steward Prince D.M. Pozharsky is fighting bravely. Wounded in a hot battle, he was taken to his ancestral patrimony - the village of Mugreevo in the Suzdal district. Up to seven thousand Muscovites died at the hands of the invaders. All of Moscow burned out, set on fire by them on the advice of Andronov.

The detachments of the First Militia that approached the walls of the capital stood at its southeastern, eastern and northern outskirts. Overcoming "Great tightness", the invaders who settled in Moscow, with difficulty procured food supplies in its vicinity. The leaders of the militia restored power throughout the country. By the verdict on June 30, 1611, orders were again created - central government bodies, it said about the functions "Council of All the Earth" led by Trubetskoy, Zarutsky and Lyapunov. He interpreted the verdict and the estate rights of the nobles to land and peasants. Land, estates, salaries were supposed to be given to both the Cossacks and their atamans. But it was forbidden to appoint them to the lucrative posts of bailiffs in cities, black and palace volosts. On this basis, disagreements flared up between the Cossacks and nobles, who received the right to these positions. The clause on the extradition of runaway peasants and slaves to the landowners, and many of them became Cossacks, including in the First Militia, aroused their rage against Lyapunov. She was fueled by the Cossack leader Zarutsky - the struggle for power in the militia sowed enmity between them. Lyapunov was summoned to a Cossack circle, a general meeting, and killed. Soon the militia broke up - individual detachments dispersed to their homes, only Zarutsky's Cossacks remained near Moscow.

On June 3, 1611, after a 20-month siege, Smolensk fell. The triumphant Sigismund III announced that he himself would become tsar in the Moscow state. And in the middle of July, the Swedes of Delagardie captured Novgorod with its lands; the Novgorod metropolitan and voivode recognized their dependence on Sweden and talked about the election of her prince as Russian sovereign.

The Time of Troubles in Russia was marked by a massive foreign intervention in 1598-1613. due to a severe economic and socio-political crisis.

After the death of Ivan IV (the Terrible) in 1584, the ruling dynasty ended. The only legitimate heir to the throne could only be Tsarevich Dmitry, who was killed. But during the years of Troubles, not everyone thought so. Those who disagreed with the leadership spread rumors that the Tsar's son Dmitry was alive. This marked the beginning of the first stage of foreign intervention in the territory of Russia.

At the beginning of 1604, an impostor appeared, posing as the miraculously escaped son of Tsar Dmitry. In history he is known as False Dmitry I. In April 1604 he converted to Catholicism. For the recognition of the right to the Russian throne and assistance from Poland, False Dmitry promised Sigismund to give the Seversky and Smolensk territories after the accession of the Commonwealth. At the same time, the army of the impostor entered Russian lands. Part of the Russian cities (Putivl, Chernigov, Moravsk) surrendered without a fight to False Dmitry. The Moscow militia of F.I. Mstislavsky was defeated at Novgorod-Seversky.

On June 20, 1605, to the festive popular jubilation, False Dmitry entered Moscow. On July 18, Empress Martha, who arrived in the capital, recognized her missing son as an adventurer. On July 30, his wedding to the throne took place.

After accession to the throne, the impostor made attempts at reforms in order to reorient Russian policy towards Poland. But part of the boyars, thanks to the spread of rumors, did not believe him. Thanks to the investigation of Pyotr Basmanov, the conspiracy was discovered and on June 23, 1605, Vasily Shuisky received a death sentence, but was pardoned at the very chopping block. On the night of May 17, 1606, the impostor False Dmitry I was killed by the boyar opposition as a result of an uprising against representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who had arrived in Moscow.

For a while, the boyar Vasily Shuisky was in power. But in the south of the country in 1606-1608. a peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov took place, which gave impetus to the "thieves" movement.

After getting rid of the Polish impostor False Dmitry II, rumors did not subside that the Tsar's son Dmitry was still alive. And another adventurer, who was nicknamed by his contemporaries, took advantage of this "(because False Dmitry set up his camp in Tushino, from where he attacked Moscow in the period 1607-1610). His troops mercilessly ravaged cities that freely accepted the rule of the impostor. The Poles introduced a tax on trade, a tax on land, and accepted the so-called "feeding" in the controlled cities. As a result, by the end of 1608 the people raised a national liberation action. In the course of numerous strikes, the Russian people managed to recapture most of the northwestern regions. The number of troops was growing and on June 17, the Russian-Swedish army of Skopin-Shuisky and De la Gardie of 20 thousand soldiers near Torzhok forced the Polish-Lithuanian detachments of Zborovsky to retreat. On July 11-13, they managed to defeat the Polish army near Tver. After that, Swedish soldiers did not take part in hostilities.

Semboyarshina

After the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky from the throne in 1610 and the establishment of a new government of the "Seven Boyars", an anti-popular treaty was concluded on the recognition of Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund, as the Russian monarch. This automatically opened the way for the Polish troops to the Kremlin. On August 27, 1610, Russia practically lost its independence, since Moscow boyars swore allegiance to Vladislav.

First Militia

In 1611, Prince Lyapunov, Trubetskoy and Zarutsky approached Moscow, who liberated Kitai-Gorod and the White City. A new government was approved, which aimed to eliminate strife in the society of the nobility and collect taxes. But in the end, during the internal strife, Lyapunov was killed, and the remaining troops besieged the Kremlin until the appearance of the 2nd Militia. As a result of the decentralization of power, the Crimean Tatars ruined the Ryazan region, the Poles - Smolensk, the Swedes (former allies) - the northern cities.

Second Militia

In 1612, it was convened under the leadership of the princes Minin and Pozharsky: active opponents of the Polish intervention. They managed to liberate the strategically important Yaroslavl, where the militia held out for 4 months. At this time, there was a conflict between the princes over the collection of taxes, the convocation of the zemstvo council, which never took place, as well as the opportunity to fight together with the Cossacks. But thanks to the wisdom of Archimandrite Dionysius and Avraamy Palitsyn, the princes were reconciled. The agreement was signed on September 22nd. It marked the beginning of a new government consisting of Orders and Ranks. The troops of Hetman Khodkevich were defeated and the siege was lifted from the Moscow Kremlin.

Open Polish intervention

In the course of hostilities against False Dmitry II in 1609 Vasily Shuisky signed a peace treaty with the Swedes, according to which the Swedes supplied their troops to help in the fight against the impostor, and in return received control over the Baltic coast. At that time the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was at war with Sweden and was forced to declare war on Russia.

In the fall of 1609, the joint 12,000th army of King Sigismund III and the 10,000th Cossack army (subjects of Poland) began, which lasted 20 months. Smolensk was at that time the most powerful fortress thanks to its rebuilt towers, installed 170 cannons and walls 6.5 km long, 5-6 m thick and 13-19 m high. On September 24, the Poles tried a night assault. Then, at the beginning of 1610, attempts were made to dig, which were also rendered harmless by the city miners. After such an open intervention, there was no longer a need for False Dmitry II. The troops of the "Tushino thief" were ordered to retreat to Smolensk. The Polish government intended to place Vladislav, the king's son, on the Moscow throne. After the death of Vasily Shuisky in April 1610, the Polish army was sent to Moscow. The Poles defeated the combined army of Dmitry Shuisky and Swedish mercenaries near the village of Klushino in June 1610, which completely opened the road to Moscow. At the same time, Swedish troops plundered the northwestern regions. After almost 2 years of siege, only every tenth out of 80 thousand survived in the city. In the end, on June 3, 1611, after the fifth decisive assault, Smolensk was taken.

Defense of Volokolamsk

In December 1612, Sigismund marched to Moscow with a 5,000-strong army. On the way, the Polish army laid siege to Volokolamsk with a Russian garrison under the command of Karamyshev and Chemesov. The defenders of the city did not agree to surrender, successfully repulsed 3 attempts to storm the city and inflicted significant damage on Sigismund. At the same time, one detachment of Sigismundu went on reconnaissance to Moscow, but was discovered and completely defeated. As a result of these two defeats, the Polish king was forced to abandon his plans for Moscow and return home.

Lisovsky's Raid

In the summer of 1614, a Polish-Lithuanian horse detachment led by Colonel Lisowski (3 thousand people) carried out a deep raid across the Russian lands. As a result of the Polish-Lithuanian intervention near Orel, Vyazma, Mozhaisk, Kaluga and other cities of the Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Murom and Kaluga regions, the Poles managed to inflict great damage on the vanguard of the Russian troops, devastate the environs of large cities. None of the detachments sent into the counter-offensive could inflict significant harm on Lisovsky's detachment, which showed the crisis state of the army. Immediately after the raid, Lisovsky returned home with the detachment.

Astrakhan campaign

As a result of failures, detachments of Cossacks walked throughout the country who did not recognize the power of the new tsar. Among these Cossacks, the strongest was the ataman Ivan Zarutsky, who was supported by his son. From 1612 he tried to kill Pozharsky. He managed to capture Astrakhan. In this city, Zarutsky dreamed of creating his own state under the leadership of the Iranian Shah. But the Yaik Cossacks betrayed him, giving him over to the government. Zarutsky was hanged and sent into exile in Kolomna, where she quickly died. The end of the war and the liberation of Astrakhan destroyed the last serious source of internal turmoil.

Vladislav's Moscow campaign

In the fall of 1618, the last military campaign against Moscow of the Polish prince Vladislav was carried out. His army included 20 thousand Ukrainian Cossacks and 10 thousand Polish soldiers. Again, in the famous Tushino, the Polish army camped on September 20. In the night events on October 1, an assault on Moscow was undertaken, which was repulsed. The decisive battles took place at the Arbat Gate, which was defended by a detachment of archers (487 people) by Nikita Godunov. The Poles were forced to retreat completely.

Stolbovo truce

After several skirmishes with the Swedes, in 1617 the Russians and the Swedes concluded the Stolbovsky Peace, according to which the Novgorod region returned to Russia, and Sweden left control of the Baltic coast and received monetary compensation from the Moscow government. Thus ended the Swedish intervention.

Deulinskoe truce

After the unsuccessful campaign against Moscow by the Polish prince Vladislav, and also because of the impossibility of the Poles to wage a simultaneous war with Turkey, Sweden and Russia, in 1618 in the village of Deulino, the Russians and Poles concluded the Deulino truce for 14.5 years, according to which the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth left behind the Smolensk and Chernigov lands, an exchange of prisoners was carried out.

Results of the Polish and Swedish intervention

• After the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich, the stabilization of the political situation, the cohesion of the army that liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders, the territorial integrity of Russia was restored.
• Although part of the Russian regions were under the rule of Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the role of foreign states remained, the struggle against external expansion ended.
• In the domestic political sphere, significant changes took place after foreign intervention:
• the role of the nobility and the political elite of the posad increased;
• the ways of development of the state were outlined, autocracy was recognized as the optimal form of government;
• centrifugal sentiments soared in society, the people wanted to rally under the rule of the Russian tsar;
• individualistic aspirations were replaced by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "common good";

Serfdom was declared the basis of the economy, and Orthodoxy was the ideology; social structure - the estate system.

Early 17th century was marked by a general political crisis, social contradictions intensified. All strata of society were dissatisfied with the board of Boris Godunov. Taking advantage of the weakening of statehood, Rzeczpospolita and Sweden made an attempt to seize Russian lands and include it in the sphere of influence of the Catholic Church.

In 1601 a man appeared, posing as a miracle of the escaped Tsarevich Dmitry. It turned out to be a fugitive monk, deacon-defrocked Chudov Monastery Grigory Otrepiev. The pretext for the beginning of the intervention was the appearance of False Dmitry in 1601-1602. in the Polish possessions in Ukraine, where he announced his claims to the royal throne in Russia. In Poland, False Dmitry turned to the Polish gentry and King Sigismund III for help. For rapprochement with the Polish elite, False Dmitry converted to Catholicism and promised, if successful, to make this religion the state religion in Russia, as well as to give Poland the western Russian lands.

In October 1604 False Dmitry invaded Russia. The army, which was joined by fugitive peasants, Cossacks, servicemen, quickly advanced to Moscow. In April 1605, Boris Godunov died, and his warriors went over to the side of the claimant. Fyodor, Godunov's 16-year-old son, was unable to hold on to power. Moscow went over to the side of False Dmitry. The young tsar and his mother were killed, and on June 20, a new "autocrat" entered the capital.

False Dmitry I turned out to be an active and energetic ruler, but he did not justify the hopes of those forces that brought him to the throne, namely: he did not give the outskirts of Russia to the Poles and did not convert the Russians to Catholicism. He aroused the discontent of Moscow citizens by non-observance of ancient customs and rituals, rumors about his Catholicism were spread. In May 1606, an uprising broke out in Moscow, False Dmitry I was overthrown and killed. The boyar Vasily Shuisky was “shouted out” to be tsars on Red Square. In 1607, a new impostor appeared in Starodub, posing as Tsarevich Dmitry. He gathered an army from representatives of the oppressed lower classes, Cossacks, servicemen and detachments of Polish adventurers. False Dmitry II approached Moscow and camped in Tushino (hence the nickname "Tushinsky thief"). A large number of Moscow boyars and princes went over to his side.

In the spring of 1609, M.V. Skopin-Shuisky (the tsar's nephew), having gathered detachments of the people's militia from Smolensk, the Volga region, the Moscow region, lifted the 16-thousandth siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. The army of False Dmitry II was defeated, he himself fled to Kaluga, where he was killed.

In February 1609 Shuisky signed an agreement with Sweden. This gave rise to the Polish king, who was at war with Sweden, to declare war on Russia. The Polish army under the command of hetman Zholkevsky moved to Moscow, and near the village of Klushino it won a victory over the troops of Shuisky. The tsar finally lost the trust of his subjects and in July 1610 was dethroned from the throne. The Moscow boyars invited Vladislav, the son of Sigismund III, to the throne, and surrendered Moscow to the Polish troops.

The "great devastation" of the Russian land caused a wide upsurge of the patriotic movement in the country. In the winter of 1611, the first people's militia was formed in Ryazan, led by Procopius Lyapunov. In March, the militia approached Moscow and began a siege of the capital. However, the split between the nobles and peasants with the Cossacks did not give the opportunity to achieve victory.

In the fall of 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, the zemstvo head Kuzma Minin organized a second militia. Prince D.M. Pozharsky is invited to lead the zemstvo army. At the end of August 1612, the army of Minin and Pozharsky approached Moscow and began its siege; On October 27, 1612, the Poles surrendered. Thanks to the heroism of the Russian people, Moscow was liberated, and the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov as the Russian Tsar.

In 1617, the Stolbovo Peace was concluded between Russia and Sweden. Russia returned Novgorod, but lost the coast of the Gulf of Finland. In 1618, the Deulinsky truce was concluded with Poland, which received the Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands. Despite the dire consequences of the Swedish-Polish intervention, Russia retained the most important thing - its statehood.

The position of the Shuisky government was still very unstable due to the ongoing struggle between various layers of the feudal class, which was actively invaded by foreign forces. The Polish-Lithuanian magnates and the gentry, as well as the Catholic Church, did not give up hope of taking advantage of the aggravation of contradictions in Russia. The failure of the imposter "Demetrius" adventure did not stop them. In the summer of 1607, another "Dimitry" appeared in the city of Starodub, "miraculously escaped" in 1606 in Moscow. A part of the Polish gentry gathered to him, rebelling against their own king and hoping by participating in the campaign of False Dmitry II (as he is called in literature) to make amends to the king. Discontent with the Shuisky government pushed to False Dmitry II (whose identity remained unidentified) the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, the remnants of Bolotnikov's troops. In Seversk Ukraine, in the Ryazan district, in Pskov, Astrakhan and other places, riots continued.
In the spring of 1608, a number of cities of Seversk Ukraine swore allegiance to False Dmitry. In early June, he found himself near Moscow, but in the battles near Khimki and Presnya he was stopped and founded his camp in Tushino, soon receiving the nickname "Tushinsky thief". Almost simultaneously, a detachment of the gentry under the command of Sapieha began an unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, behind the walls of which the peasants who had gathered from the surrounding villages and villages bravely defended.
In an effort to free up forces to fight the False Dmitry, the Shuisky government concluded in July 1608 an armistice with Poland, according to which both sides released prisoners captured during the adventure of the first impostor. Under this agreement, Marina Mnishek and her father were released from Moscow, but they ended up in Tushino. After promising them 300 thousand gold rubles and the entire Seversk land with 14 cities after accession to Moscow, False Dmitry II was "recognized" by Marina as her husband and "Tsarevich Dimitri". False Dmitry received an order from the Catholic Church - to introduce in Russia the union of the Catholic Church with the Orthodox, similar to how it was done in Ukraine and Belarus, and also to move the capital of the Russian state from Moscow to one of the cities closer to Poland. While False Dmitry stood in Tushino, the troops of the interventionists
scattered throughout the country, plundering, raping, oppressing the inhabitants. In response, popular uprisings broke out more and more often. Militias were created, which soon drove the invaders out of Kostroma and Galich. Successfully withstood the siege and repulsed the attacks of Yaroslavl, uprisings arose in Murom and Vladimir. During 1609, the liberation movement covered a significant part of the country to the north and northeast of Moscow.
While the masses of the people launched a struggle against the interventionists, many servicemen and even representatives of the nobility, dissatisfied with the government of Shuisky, moved to Tushino. False Dmitry willingly accepted them, gave them land and peasants as a reward, and raised them in ranks. Some then returned back to Shuisky and received even higher ranks and new estates for this. The people called these deserters "Tushino flights".
A state apparatus was created in Tushino. Metropolitan Filaret, who suffered under Godunov, was brought from Rostov, captured by the Tushinites, and was "named" the patriarch. So the father of the future Tsar Mikhail Romanov received the highest ecclesiastical dignity in the camp of adventurers and traitors.

Start of Swedish intervention

Shuisky's government also took the path of collusion with foreign forces. It turned for help to the Swedish king Charles IX, who had long hatched plans to seize the Novgorod land and Karelia from Russia and even earlier offered assistance in protecting these lands from the Commonwealth. The Shuisky government did not dare to rely on the mass popular movement against the interventionists developing in the country. The agreement with Sweden was reached at a heavy price - Shuisky renounced the conditions of the Tyavzin peace and, in general, claims to the Baltic coast, gave the city of Korel with the county and allowed free circulation of Swedish coins in Russia. Thus, the Swedish intervention was actually unleashed.
This caused great excitement among the population of the northwestern Russian lands, in Novgorod and Karelia, and the Pskovites in this situation preferred to swear allegiance to the impostor, but not to obey the government of Shuisky, who let the Swedish invaders into the country.
In the spring of 1609, the young commander, Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky, using the help of the Swedish detachment under the command of Delagardie, struck the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists and, relying on the militia of the northern cities, liberated the north of the country. However, the Swedes soon refused to continue to take part in hostilities, demanding that they be paid the promised salary, and also immediately transferred Korela to their possession. Shuisky had no money, and he imposed heavy taxes on the people. In turn, this led to new unrest and uprisings against the feudal lords. In the Ryazan district, the Volga region, near Moscow and other places, new detachments of the rebels appeared.

Open intervention of Polish-Lithuanian feudal lords

The appearance of Swedish troops on the territory of Russia made it possible for the Polish-Lithuanian rulers to launch an open invasion of Russia, because the Rzeczpospolita and Sweden were at war. In the summer of 1609, the Polish king Sigismund III, at the head of a large army, moved directly to Smolensk. There were very few troops in it, because Shuisky was withdrawing them to fight Tushin.
Shuisky's government, afraid of the popular movement and striving to liquidate it, opened the way for both Swedish and open Polish intervention. But again the high patriotism of the masses was revealed with all its might. This was shown by the heroic defense of Smolensk, which did not surrender to the enemy and was held almost exclusively by the forces of the townspeople and the peasant population gathered in the city. The defense of Smolensk, led by voivode Mikhail Borisovich Shein, delayed the advance of the Polish troops for a long time. The Tushino camp soon disintegrated, False Dmitry II with a handful of adherents fled to Kaluga.
Remaining in a difficult situation after the flight of False Dmitry II, the "Russian Tushins" sent an embassy to King Sigismund III, headed by the boyar MG Saltykov. The treaty, concluded on behalf of the Boyar Duma with the king in February 1610, provided for the accession of Vladislav, an alliance with the Commonwealth, the preservation of the privileges of the boyars in Russia and the strengthening of serfdom.
MV Skopin-Shuisky at the head of the troops in March 1610 solemnly entered Moscow. The increased authority of M.V.Skopin-Shuisky tried to use the nobles to overthrow Vasily Shuisky. But the young commander died unexpectedly - perhaps he was poisoned by Shuisky. The talentless and cowardly brother of the tsar Dmitry Shuisky was placed at the head of the government troops. With a 40,000-strong army, D. Shuisky moved towards the Polish troops of Hetman Stanislav Zholkevsky moving from Smolensk. In June 1610, Shuisky's troops were completely defeated in the battle of Klushino. In this battle, mercenary detachments were changed, one part of which went over to the side of the enemy, and the other, led by De la Gardie, went north to consolidate the Russian lands that were passing under the rule of Sweden. Taking advantage of the general dissatisfaction with Shuisky's government, False Dmitry II again intensified his actions. He captured Serpukhov, temporarily captured Kolomna, approached Moscow and stood in Kolomenskoye. Zholkevsky's troops approached Moscow from the west. The fate of the government of Vasily Shuisky was decided. On July 17, 1610, the nobles led by Zakhar Lyapunov, with the support of the townspeople of Moscow, Vasily Shuisky, was deposed from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk.
But the results of the coup were used by the boyars, headed by F.I.Mstislavsky. In an effort to preserve the privileged position of the Moscow boyars and prevent the rise of the anti-feudal movement in the country, F. I. Mstislavsky called on Hetman Zholkevsky to come out of Mozhaisk to defend Moscow from False Dmitry 11 and then began negotiations with Zholkevsky regarding the recognition of the prince Vladislav on the Russian throne.
On August 17, 1610, in the Polish camp near Moscow, the Moscow boyars signed an agreement on the recognition of the prince Vladislav as the Russian tsar, and on the night of September 21, 1610, the boyars secretly let Polish troops into Moscow. The most difficult time for foreign intervention has come. As a result of the treacherous policy of the boyars, a significant part of the country, including the capital, was seized by foreign invaders, power in Moscow actually belonged to the Polish voivode Gonsevsky, the boyar government, the so-called "seven-boyars", headed by F. I. Mstislavsky, had no role in government played. The calculations of some representatives of the boyars that Vladislav's calling would help get rid of both False Dmitry II and Sigismund turned out to be untenable. The king refused to let Vladislav go and demanded an end to resistance in Smolensk. Attempts by some members of the embassy to persuade the defenders of Smolensk to lay down their arms before the Polish king were unsuccessful.