Summary of the lesson on life safety on the topic: "Features of the state of water bodies at different times of the year"

The emergence of the state in the Nile Valley

The main features of the nature of the earth

Font and font compositions Four groups of fonts according to Favorsky

Qualitative analysis of cations - document

State formation in the Nile Valley. The emergence of the state in the Nile Valley. Egypt of the Early and Ancient Kingdom. State creation in Ancient Egypt

Agriculture and cattle breeding appear on the territory of Egypt around the X-IX thousand BC. e. It is possible that these occupations, as well as some types of crops and animals, come here from the Eastern Mediterranean: the archaeological culture of Helwan

- the first culture of a manufacturing economy in Egypt - is considered an offshoot of the Natufian culture with a center in Syria and in the southeast of Asia Minor. At this time and later, up to the 5th millennium BC. BC, the climate of Egypt was more humid than in the historical era: the Nile had tributaries, large animals lived in its valley, trees grew and precipitation fell. Accordingly, the economy of the ancient inhabitants of Egypt had not yet become completely dependent on the floods of the Nile and was not irrigated. Along with agriculture, hunting and fishing retained their role as the main, not auxiliary occupations. It is difficult to say which ethnic group the Egyptians belonged to

of that time: the carriers of the Natufian culture with the most

most likely were part of the so-called

nostratic community, back in the XIV-XIII thousand BC.

e. located in Central and Eastern Asia Minor (its further disintegration gave rise to communities that developed further into a number of language families, including Indo-European). However, the connection between the Helwan culture and the Natufian culture does not necessarily mean the migration of the latter from Asia to Africa.

In the VI-V millennium BC. e. the climate of Egypt and North Africa in general becomes drier (the first epoch of aridization in the history of mankind's industrial economy begins - the establishment of a more arid climate): in particular, it begins to turn from the savannah into the Sahara desert, where in the 9th-8th millennia BC e. lived a community of people, which became the basis of all

clans of the Afrasian (Semitic-Hamitic) family. Ras-

the fall of this community (due to the impossibility of preserving its former way of life under conditions of aridization - cattle breeding with developed auxiliary farming) led to the appearance on the territory of Egypt (probably in the 5th millennium BC) of the ancestors of the Egyptians of historical time. The appearance of this people is well known from the numerous images on the monuments of Ancient Egypt: they were people of slender proportions, with a dark complexion (women were depicted lighter, possibly avoiding sunburn). In classification

human races Egyptians belong to Europe

i will. Apparently, this people penetrated into Egypt from the west, from the territory of the future Libyan desert (later the tribes of the Libyans proper, also belonging to the Afrasian family, came here, and they were even closer to the original purely Caucasian appearance of the Afrasians than the darker Egyptians). In the V millennium BC. e. Neolithic settlements first appear in the Fayum oasis, then descend to the Nile Valley (in the areas of modern Merimde-Beni-Salame in the south of the Delta, and later in Tasa and Badari in Central Egypt). In Egypt, therefore, from that time until the emergence of a single state at the end of the 4th millennium BC. e. there is a sequence of archaeological cultures, the continuity and internal interconnection of which allows us to confidently identify the inhabitants of the Fayum oasis of the 5th millennium BC. e. with the Afrasians-Egyptians. At the same time, the lands south of Egypt were inhabited ancestors of the Nubians- peoples kushite groupafrasian family. They belonged to another part of the original Afrasian community, which migrated first to the south (to Lake Chad, where the Afrasian-Chadians settled and assimilated the local Negroids), and then to the east. Here the Kushites separated from the Semites who had gone to Asia through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and through the Ethiopian Highlands descended into the Nile Valley. It is clear that during these migrations

tions across Africa the Kushites, in contrast to the Egyptians and the

more than the Libyans, they adopted a number of racial traits of the Negroids, which they still retain.

At the turn of the V-IV millennium BC. e. the drying up of the tributaries of the Nile forced the Egyptians to finally descend into its very valley, and the decrease in precipitation - to begin the creation of a river irrigation system. She completely folded

went to the so-calledthe first pre-dynastic

riod 13 (or the time of the Amra / Nagada I archaeological culture; 1st half of the 4th millennium BC). During this time, the Egyptians lived in rather numerous rural communities, which, thanks to the success in the development of irrigation technology, became more and more prosperous. These communities already had professional artisans freed from work in the fields, who had long mastered the production of ceramic dishes and now made small tools (needles, fishing tackle) from copper. However, there was no property stratification in society yet.

The emergence of the early states in the Nile Valley (2nd half of the 4th millennium BC)

A powerful leap in the development of the ancient Egyptian society

13 The pre-dynastic period covers the time preceding the formation in Egypt of a centralized state under the rule of one dynasty.

society occurs with the beginning second pre-dynastic

period (approx. XXXVI-XXXI centuries BC.

cheological cultures Gerze / Nagada II and Semaina / Nagada III). The settlements of people of this time are enlarging, already reaching the size of early cities (the settlements of Ierakonpol, modern Kom el-Akhmar; Nagadi - ancient Koptos, etc.). Burials begin to differ in the richness of the inventory placed in them, which indicates the separation of the property elite in society. On some objects, one can find individual signs, known from the later ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, therefore, the inner life of society has become so complex that it became necessary to record events using writing.

the Mediterranean (and through it - and more

distant countries), caused by the lack of many necessary materials in the Nile Valley. A particularly striking example of how far trade ties could have extended are found in Egypt objects made of lapis lazuli, whose deposits are located in the south of Central Asia.

- 14 nomes were small in size and arose from associations of communities that conducted joint economic activities on a compact territory and gravitated towards a common cult center (at the same time

– the place of storage of general supplies, the location of craft workshops, the center of local trade). Large settlements of the second pre-dynastic period became such centers. The need of the Egyptian communities for unification (as in other countries of the East with

irrigation economy) occurs especially early

due to the need for joint activities to create irrigation systems. It is this activity that begins to lead the emerging state power.

In historical time, Upper Egypt was divided into 22, and Lower - into 20 small provinces-nomes (Egyptian sepat). The rulers of such provinces, who often passed on their powers by inheritance, are designated by the researchers by the Greek term "nomarch". Each nom was economically self-sufficient, had his own system of cults and, with the weakening of the central power, could become independent. It is believed that the nomes of historical time go back to the most ancient states of the second pre-dynastic period. It is unlikely that it could be otherwise, especially since the sacred symbols of the nomes ("standards") are found in the images on the monuments of the end of this period. However, due to the absence of contemporary or at least later written sources or legends, we do not have any more detailed information about the internal structure and history of the nomadic states of Egypt (unlike, for example, Mesopotamia).

For a long time it was believed that as a result of wars between the nomad states of the valley and the Nile Delta during the second pre-dynastic period

two large states were formed - the Upper

petsky, with its capital in Hierakonpolis (Egyptian. Nehen), and Lower Egyptian, with the capital in Butoh (Egyptian. Pe-Dep, probably modern Tell el-Farain15).

Both of these cities were considered the most ancient religious centers in historical times. Earlier it was assumed that by the end of the 4th millennium BC. e. the Upper Egyptian kings conquered the Nile Delta and united the country. However, new archaeological research has shown that the path to unification of Egypt was more difficult.

Apparently, by the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC. e. in Upper Egypt there were several comparatively large states consisting of more than one nome. By about the XXXIII century. BC e. The strongest of them and absorbed the rest were the kingdoms with centers in the cities of Tinis (central and middle parts of Upper Egypt), Hierakonpolis (southern Upper Egypt) and Nagada (the area of \u200b\u200bthe future cities of Koptos and Ombos). The rulers of Tinis took names that connected them with the god Horus, who was revered in the form of a falcon and personified the sky and the solar disk, and buried close

15 In most cases, the names of Egyptian cities and settlements given to them by the ancient Greeks in the 1st millennium BC are most commonly used in modern science. e. Along with them, we indicate in brackets the ancient Egyptian names of the most important of these settlements and their modern names given to them after the Arab conquest of Egypt in

the future important religious center - the city of Abi

dos. In Hierakonpolis, the cult of Horus was also widespread, and the rulers wore a white bottle-shaped crown and placed a rosette sign next to their images. In Nagada, the god Set, the mythological enemy of Horus, was revered, and in the complexes of Nagada of the second pre-dynastic period, the oldest image of a red crown in the form of a wicker basket was found, later - a paired white crown.

The Hierakonpolian kingdom tried to subjugate the regions of Nubia bordering on it from the south, and the Tinis kingdom - the regions of Lower Egypt. At the same time, they maintained closer ties with each other than with the state of Nagada, which separated them, most likely, bypassing it, along caravan routes outside the Nile Valley.

themes and their unions, from the very beginning generated author-

the container power of the rulers and the high rates of unification of the entire region, then in Lower Egypt, decentralized due to the presence of several branches of the Nile, in the pre-dynastic time neither a strong royal power nor a single state took shape.

The rulers of Tinis and Hierakonpolis, known from a number of monuments of that time, are conventionally combined by modern researchers into the "0th" dynasty. The names of these rulers are associated with Horus and, apparently, meant that the kings are earthly manifestations of this god, and at the same time often represented the designation of some fierce animal or an aggressive epithet. On the monuments, they were depicted as gaining or celebrating military victories, or performing important rituals. For example, on the top of the mace of the Hierakonpolian king named Scorpio, he is depicted paving the first furrow at the beginning of agricultural work. Gradually, the scenes of the military triumph of the rulers are replacing the previously widespread scenes of collective hunting or battles involving an entire army.

By the totality of these signs, one can judge that the kings of the end of the second pre-dynastic period in Egypt are military rulers who do not experience any restrictions on their power from the communal and nominal governing bodies - the councils of old

tires and meetings of full-fledged communal warriors.

According to the general laws of development of nomadic states at the dawn of their existence, power in them should have belonged to just such institutions. However, in Upper Egypt, due to the intensity of its political development and unification, this initial stage very quickly gave way to the sole power of the military leaders who subjugated the nominal authorities. These rulers, in addition to military powers, also acquired the functions of high priests - the rulers of the ritual and the leaders of the state and temple farms who govern the economic life of their states. They passed on their power by inheritance, and its connection with the ritual, through which vital contact with the gods was established (in the era under consideration, this quality of the rulers was designated by their Choral names), led to its sacralization and the birth of the king.

cult.

It was the attitude towards the cult associated with the Choir that seemed to become the most important criterion for identifying

in the structure of society of the uniting Egypt of several social strata. At a later time

in monuments and texts of a religious nature, the terms “pat "(" know "with a tinge of a privileged position in the religious sphere)," rehit "(" people "is a word transmitted in writing

me the characteristic image of a bird with a broken

with wings, which symbolized the infringement of this category in the cult sense) and "henmemet" ("solar people" - in mythological texts, the companions of the sun god in his boat, sailing across the sky).

The word "pat" is an integral part of the word "repat" or "irripat" (lit. "mouth of the nobility" or "referring to the nobility") - in fact, the only Egyptian term for power, which suggests that it does not belong to the ruler inherently, but provided to him by some group of people. Perhaps, initially, the term "stalemate" was supposed to denote a full-fledged free population (by analogy with other early societies, obviously communes) of the state, which, under the banner of its primordial cult of the god Horus, led successful conquests and ultimately united the country (i.e., the Tinis kingdom ). The word "Rehit" was probably used to refer to the inhabitants of the regions attached to it, at least at first who did not receive equal rights with its original subjects (first of all, access to Egyptian cults that were alien to them).

The term "henmemet", according to the interpretation of the domestic Egyptologist of the XX century. O.D.Berleva, belonged to the warriors - the real entourage of the tsar, who accompanied him like mythological companions

the sun (in the IV - early III millennium BC. the god Horus, is

wandering, by the way, and in the form of a falcon floating in a boat in the sky), that is, people who were associated with the state and its cults through the ruler, regardless of their primordial affiliation to stalemate or rehit.

Note that such a structure of a society that is undergoing the formation of statehood is characteristic not only of Egypt - it is no coincidence that the first interpreters of the terms "stalemate" and "rehit" immediately recalled the terms of the early Roman republic "patricians" and "plebeians".

The later mythological tradition of the struggle of Horus and Set and the victory of the first, the combination of the white and red crowns in the symbols of the power of the kings of a single Egypt, while the "primacy" in this single crown was clearly given to the white, suggest the opposition of the alliance of Tinis and Hierakonpole with Nagada, ending in her defeat. Already in the images on the top of the mace of the king of Scorpio, there are symbols of the power of both Hierakonpolis and Nagada. Apparently, the next stage was the unification of Thinis and Hierakonpolis and the formation of a strong single state within the borders of the entire Upper Egypt. This should have happened around the XXXI century. BC e. under the Tinis king Narmer ("The Fierce Catfish"), who unites in the images on his monuments the symbols of power already from all the former Upper Egyptian states. After that-

go Narmer could with renewed vigor begin to conquer

the Delta and the Libyan regions to the west of it. Triumphal scenes and pictographic recordings of his famous monumental palette tell about this.

Unification of Egypt

(c. XXXI century BC)

The victorious wars in Lower Egypt were fought not only by Narmer, but also by some of his predecessors from the "0th" dynasty. However, the Egyptians themselves considered the founder of the 1st common Egyptian dynasty (and, therefore, the real unifier of the country) to be the son of Narmer Menes (or Aha - Egyptian "Warrior"; approx. 2nd half of the XXXI century BC. 16, supplementing this dating by indicating the belonging of this or that king to one of the thirty dynasties in the sequence recorded by Manetho).

It was Menes who built the fortified city of Memphis at a strategically important point on the border of Upper and Lower Egypt (Egyptian. Ineb-hedzh - "White Wall", later Mennefer, literally "Good stay",

16 Dating events in Egyptian history at the end of the 4th – 3rd millennia BC. e. accurate to the year is almost impossible, so we give the dates of the most important events of this time with an accuracy of half or at best a quarter of a century.

in connection with the construction near this city of pyramids-

d of the king of the VI dynasty Pepi I). The surrounding population began to flock here. Although the area of \u200b\u200bTinis, where Menes was from, retained its importance (according to tradition, his successors built their tombs there), the real center of the country moved to Memphis. According to the legend told by the Egyptian priest Manetho, Menes fought a lot outside of Egypt (the monuments speak of his wars in Nubia), and

in at the end of his life he was abducted by a god who took the form of a hippo. The legends about Menes are very similar to the epic tradition that usually arises in the community environment. This serves as an important indicator that in the era of the unification of Egypt, the rural community existed, although, most likely, it was already under state control.

The strong unification of the valley and the Nile Delta is already in

late IV millennium BC e. allows us to call Egypt the earliest state that developed on the scale of an entire region, in the Ancient East and in the history of mankind as a whole. The transience of wars between the most ancient states of Egypt and comparative ease

in the establishment of a single power over its entire territory was predetermined by the narrowness of its natural borders and the concentration of the population along the only source of irrigation - the Nile.

However, already under Menes, a military, violent

The emergence of the early states in the Nile Valley (2nd half of the 4th millennium BC)

A powerful leap in the development of ancient Egyptian society occurs with the beginning second pre-dynastic period (approx. XXXVI – XXXI centuries BC; the time of the archaeological cultures of Gerze / Nagada II and Semaina / Nagada III). The settlements of people of this time are enlarging, already reaching the size of early cities (the settlements of Ierakonpol, modern Kom el-Akhmar; Nagadi - ancient Koptos, etc.). Burials begin to differ in the richness of the inventory placed in them, which indicates the separation of the property elite in society. On some objects, one can find individual signs, known from the later ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, therefore, the inner life of society has become so complex that it became necessary to record events using writing.

Many finds of this period (cylindrical seals, ceramic vessels with wavy handles, images of a special type of boats) have such clear analogies in the archaeological complexes of Asia that some researchers were inclined to think about the conquest of Egypt by a more developed people invading from the East (the so-called dynastic race, allegedly creating the Egyptian state). In fact, these analogies are explained by the similar (convergent) evolution of the material culture of different regions, as well as by intensive trade contacts and exchange of experience between Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean (and through it - and more distant countries), caused by the lack of many necessary materials in the Nile Valley. A particularly striking example of how far trade ties could have extended are found in Egypt objects made of lapis lazuli, whose deposits are located in the south of Central Asia.

The characteristic features of the monuments of the second pre-dynastic period (the size of settlements, differences in the quality of burials, the probable origin of writing) indicate that by its very beginning Egyptian society had reached the level of early statehood. At this stage, there is a need for a special wide layer of people professionally engaged in management affairs. As is known from the examples of many early societies, the first states - nomes were small in size and arose from associations of communities that conducted joint economic activities on a compact territory and gravitated towards a common cult center (at the same time, a place for storing general supplies, locating craft workshops, and a center for local trade). Large settlements of the second pre-dynastic period became such centers. The need of the Egyptian communities for unification (as in other countries of the East with an irrigation economy) arises especially early due to the need for joint activities to create irrigation systems. It is precisely this activity that the emerging state power begins to lead.

For a long time it was believed that as a result of the wars between the nomadic states of the valley and the Nile Delta during the second pre-dynastic period, two large states were formed - the Upper Egyptian, with the capital in Hierakonpolis (Egyptian Nehen), and the Lower Egyptian, with the capital in Buto (Egyptian Pe-Dep probably modern-day Tell el-Farain).

Apparently, by the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC. e. in Upper Egypt there were several relatively large states, consisting of more than one nome. By about the XXXIII century. BC e. The strongest of them and absorbed the rest were the kingdoms with centers in the cities of Tinis (central and middle parts of Upper Egypt), Hierakonpolis (southern Upper Egypt) and Nagada (the area of \u200b\u200bthe future cities of Koptos and Ombos). The rulers of Thinis took names that connected them with the god Horus, who was revered in the form of a falcon and personified the sky and the solar disk, and were buried near the future important religious center - the city of Abydos. In Hierakonpolis, the cult of Horus was also widespread, and the rulers wore a white bottle-shaped crown and placed a rosette sign next to their images. In Nagada, the god Set, the mythological enemy of Horus, was revered, and in the complexes of Nagada of the second pre-dynastic period, the oldest image of a red crown in the form of a wicker basket was found, later - a paired white crown.

It is difficult to say which states existed at this time in Lower Egypt due to the paucity of archaeological data. Probably, the interest for the Upper Egyptian rulers was primarily the areas along the two main channels of the Delta, giving access to the sea trade routes of the Mediterranean (the center of one of these areas in the west of the Delta could indeed be Butoh). It was suggested that if the conditions of Upper Egypt, with the narrowness of the river valley along its entire length and the high interdependence of the irrigation systems of individual nomes, and then their alliances, from the very beginning gave rise to the authoritarian rule of the rulers and high rates of unification of the entire region, then in Lower Egypt, decentralized due to the presence of several branches of the Nile, in pre-dynastic times neither a strong royal power nor a single state took shape.

The rulers of Tinis and Hierakonpolis, known from a number of monuments of that time, are conventionally combined by modern researchers into “ 0th» dynasty... The names of these rulers are associated with Horus and, apparently, meant that the kings are earthly manifestations of this god, and at the same time often represented the designation of some fierce animal or an aggressive epithet. On the monuments, they were depicted as gaining or celebrating military victories, or performing important rituals. For example, on the top of the mace of the Hierakonpolian king named Scorpio, he is depicted paving the first furrow at the beginning of agricultural work. Gradually, scenes of military triumph of the rulers are replacing the previously widespread scenes of collective hunting or battles involving an entire army.

By the totality of these signs, it can be judged that the kings of the end of the second pre-dynastic period in Egypt are military rulers who do not experience any restrictions on their power from the communal and nominal governing bodies - councils of elders and assemblies of full-fledged communal warriors. According to the general laws of development of nomadic states at the dawn of their existence, power in them should have belonged to just such institutions. However, in Upper Egypt, due to the intensity of its political development and unification, this initial stage very quickly gave way to the sole power of the military leaders who subjugated the nominal authorities. These rulers, in addition to military powers, also acquired the functions of high priests - the rulers of the ritual and the heads of the state-temple farms, who govern the economic life of their states. They passed on their power by inheritance, and its connection with the ritual, through which vital contact with the gods was established (in the era under consideration, this quality of the rulers was designated by their Choral names), led to her sacralization and the birth royal cult.

It is the attitude to the cult associated with the Choir that seems to have become the most important criterion for distinguishing several social strata in the structure of society of the uniting Egypt. At a later time, in monuments and texts of a religious nature, the terms “ stalemate"(" Know "with a touch of a privileged position in the religious sphere)," reheat"(" People "is a word transmitted in writing by a characteristic image of a bird with broken wings, which symbolized the infringement of this category in the cult sense) and" henmeth"(" Solar people "- in mythological texts, the companions of the sun god in his boat sailing across the sky).

The term "henmemet", according to the interpretation of the domestic Egyptologist of the XX century. O.D.Berlev, belonged to the warriors - the real entourage of the tsar, who accompanied him like the mythological companions of the sun (in the 4th - early 3rd millennium BC, the god Horus, who was depicted, by the way, as a falcon floating in a boat across the sky) , that is, people who were associated with the state and its cults through the ruler, regardless of their original affiliation with pat or rehit.

The later mythological tradition of the struggle between Horus and Set and the victory of the first, the combination of the white and red crowns in the symbols of the power of the kings of a single Egypt, while the "primacy" in this single crown was clearly given to the white, suggest the opposition of the alliance of Tinis and Hierakonpole with Nagada ending in her defeat. Already in the images on the top of the mace of the king of Scorpio there are symbols of the power of both Hierakonpolis and Nagada. Apparently, the next stage was the unification of Thinis and Hierakonpolis and the formation of a strong single state within the borders of the entire Upper Egypt. This should have happened around the XXXI century. BC e. under the king of Tinys Narmere ("Ferocious Catfish"), which unites in the images on its monuments the symbols of power of all the former Upper Egyptian states. After that, Narmer could with renewed vigor begin the conquest of the Delta and the Libyan regions to the west of it. Triumphal scenes and pictographic recordings of his famous monumental palette tell about this.

Hymn to God Hapi

Praying for prosperity for both banks, Prosper, prosper, Hapi, Prosper, Revives people and cattle with the gifts of the fields. Prosper, prosper, Hapi, Prosper, prosper, you, beautiful with gifts.

North Africa, with its negligible rainfall, is almost uninhabitable, but it was here that the Egyptian one originated. The basis of this civilization was the Nile, which carries its waters from the Ethiopian Highlands and Central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Thanks to the great river of ancient Egypt, back in the III millennium BC. e. became a prosperous state in the Eastern Mediterranean and remained so until the Roman conquest in 30 BC. e.

More than ten millennia ago, the climate of North Africa was less arid. Hunter-gatherer nomadic tribes inhabited the areas that are now swallowed up by the desert. The valley and delta of the Nile River with swampy, flooded lands were considered an insidious place.

Centuries passed, the climate of the Sahara desert became drier and by the II millennium BC. e. almost did not differ from the weather conditions of the XXI century. n. e. With the intensification of drought and the onset of the desert, people settled around water sources, making more intensive use of natural resources in the oases and near the Nile. This is where their transition to agriculture took place in the 7th-5th millennia BC. e.

Gradually, with the expansion of arable land, the population of the Nile Valley and Delta grew. By the IV millennium BC. e. with different types of economy and rates of development. They developed in dissimilar historical and climatic zones: the Merimd zone in the delta region and the Badari zone in Upper Egypt. The Merimd culture developed faster, contacts with other countries were closer, and it was in the Nile Delta that the first cities appeared. In subsequent centuries, numerous cities with a district (nome, as the ancient Greeks called it) and their own rulers (nomarchs) arose along the entire course of the great river. And only by about 3000 BC. e. in the Nile basin, a single centralized state was formed, which included the entire Nile valley - from the delta in the north to the first rapids in the south.

The political unity of the country was favored by Egypt's attachment to the Nile Valley. This valley, the unchanging core of the state, changed little in its size. Its growth depended not so much on the military successes of Egyptian weapons as on progress in conquering the river itself: the ancestral lands of Egypt gradually included the Nile Valley to the second, and then the third and fourth rapids in the south. The country also grew due to the development of sections of the desert in the west and east of the river bed. But, one way or another, the increments of territories were insignificant. A narrow strip of land along the banks of the great river, sandwiched by deserts - this is the "ridge" of the Egyptian. The framework, determined by nature itself, became the basis for the stability of a great power for three millennia. They determined all the features of this magnificent civilization, which can rightfully be called the civilization of the river.

Nile Valley

The warm climate of this state and the fertile soil of the Nile Valley predetermined. But the Nile is a wayward river. A feature of the Nile's water regime is its regular spills. Floods are caused by melting snow in the Abyssinian mountains, where the Blue Nile is located, and tropical rainfall in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa, where the White Nile originates.

This is how the ancients described the flooding of the Nile. Within four days, the bed of the "Green Nile" swells, filling with mud and mud, and then for another 15 days the "Red Nile" flows, full of fertile silt. By the beginning of August, the entire earth is flooded with water, and only cities and towns, like islands, rise from a huge, boundless swamp.

The peculiarities of the culture and worldview of the Egyptians owe much to the Nile. Their picture of the world, unlike most other peoples, was oriented not to the north, but to the south, towards the sources of the river. The calendar was determined by the Nile and the stars. The New Year came in mid-July, when the water rose before the flood. The river also dictated three seasons. Each of them consisted of four months: spill (July - October); revival (November - February) - water left the fields, and they began to process them; hot season (March - June) - the period of harvest and the lowest water level. Flood of the Nile - Hapi became a god who bestows abundance. Pharaohs and local nobility compared themselves to Hapi in their wealth and power. He was portrayed as a fat man bringing the gifts of the Earth to the gods. No temples were erected for him, and only once a year, at the beginning of the flood, where the ancient border of the state lay in the south and where the river came close to the mountains, they organized the Hapi holiday, brought gifts to God and sang it in hymns.

The spill was the source of life, but without artificial structures, the Nile Valley would remain a swampy swamp in the middle of the sand. The development of the river, that is, digging irrigation canals and canals, making embankments, maintaining irrigation facilities, began with the inception of agriculture with the help of simple tools - hoes and baskets for carrying the earth.

Crossed by irrigation structures, Egypt was already in the pre-dynastic period, in the IV millennium BC. e., became a country of exceptional fertility. The word "region" ("nom") in the letter corresponded to a sign depicting the Earth, divided by an irrigation network into quadrangles.

But only large groups of people could pacify the river - it was beyond the power of individual communities. The conquest of the Nile became the primary cause of the birth of the state in the valley.

State formation in the Nile Valley Grade 5

1.The nature of ancient Egypt

In northeastern Africa, the deep Nile River flows from south to north. The most ancient state of the world - Ancient Egypt was located on its banks.
About 10 thousand years ago, people settled in the valley and the Nile delta.
The territory on which Ancient Egypt was located was well protected from external enemies. So, in the south there were mountain ranges and rapids of the Nile.

1.The nature of ancient Egypt

In the Nile Valley, papyrus and acacia were of great economic importance. Papyrus is a perennial aquatic plant; ropes, mats, baskets were woven from its fibers.
Fishing flourished in the Nile, with large animals inhabited by crocodiles and hippos. The river was a means of transportation.
Predators lived on the border with the desert: lions, hyenas, cheetahs. Herbivores are buffaloes. There were many poisonous snakes.
Ancient Egypt was rich in building materials: sandstone, pink granite, limestone. Copper and gold were mined here.

2.Establishment of the state

Gradually, a community of people living in a certain area and associated with a specific irrigation system arose. They had an administrative center - a city surrounded by walls. It housed the ruler and his entourage, as well as the temple of the local deity. Such associations are called “nomes” in science. By the time the Egyptian state was formed, there were about forty such nomes.

By the time the Egyptian state was formed, there were about forty such nomes.
There were two states, Northern and Southern Egypt. As a result of the struggle in 3000 BC. King Mina (Menes) conquered Northern Egypt and united the whole country, building the capital - the city of Memphis.

Mysteries of history

Scientists, speaking about dates in the history of the Ancient East, often use the words "approximately", "probably", "approximately". This is due to the fact that each ancient people had its own time, its own ways of measuring it, and it was counted from different sources. So, the ancient Egyptians counted their dates from the time of the accession to the throne of the new ruler. They wrote, for example, that such and such an event happened in the eighth year of the reign of Ramses II.

● The main wealth of Ancient Egypt was water and fertile silt, which gave the Nile. But only people created conditions favorable for their living in these places.

● Around 3000 BC. e. a single Egyptian kingdom arose.

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The purpose of the lesson. Why do people unite into states? Why is it needed? Is it a necessity or not? What role did the Nile play in the formation of the state?

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What mainland is Egypt on? What part of it? AFRICA N W E S NE Egypt is located in northeastern Africa. Working with the atlas

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NW E S Libyan Nile Desert ISTOK 1 threshold - Mouth 12 - 15 km In June - July, heavy rains fell in Central Africa and snow melted on the mountain tops. Streams of water rushed into the river. The Nile started to flood (19 July). The river turned dull green and then red. The water was increasing every day, filling the entire valley up to the most mountain cliffs. Only in November the Nile returned to its banks and the water became blue and transparent. The lifeless desert turned into a blooming paradise.

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How is Egypt protected from the west? N W E S Libyan Desert West of Egypt is the Libyan Desert. Which sea washes the coast of Egypt in the east? From the east, Egypt is washed by the waters of the Red Sea. What river is the document referring to? Where does it originate and where does it flow? The Nile is the second (after the Amazon - 6992 km) longest river in the world: its length is 6670 km. The river originates in the south on the East African Plateau and flows into the Mediterranean Sea in the north. Neil Istok What are rapids? The Nile Rapids are rocky barriers at the bottom of the river. Threshold 1 - What is the Nile Delta? Delta - forking at the mouth of a river when it flows into the sea, lake. Mouth What happens to the river when the summer solstice begins? During the summer solstice, the Nile began to flood.

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N W E S Libyan Nile Desert ORIGIN 1 threshold - Mouth Describe the natural and climatic features of Egypt. Narrow Nile Valley (fertile soil). Stony barren deserts. Lack of rain. Sand storms. Average annual temperature: + 25-30 ˚С (+ 40-52 ˚С in summer). What is an oasis? An oasis is a place in the desert where there is water and vegetation. 12 - 15 km

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N W E S Libyan Nile Desert SOURCE 1 threshold - Mouth Average annual t: + 25-30 ˚C Describe the flora and fauna of Egypt. Plant kingdom: Date palms. Acacia. Papyrus (reed). Fauna: Crocodiles. Hippos. Wild cats. Birds: geese, ducks, pelicans. Fish.

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Student task Bring the concepts and definitions into line: A. Oasis B. Source C. Rapids D. Mouth D. Delta 1. The place where the river originates. 2. Rocky barriers on the river. 3. Forking in the lower reaches of the river when it flows into the sea, lake. 4. A place in the desert where there is water and vegetation. 5. The place where the river flows into the sea, lake, etc. A B C D E A B C D E 4 1 2 5 3

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Glory to you, Nile coming to revive Egypt. He who irrigates the wilderness far from water, lord of fish and birds, and grasses for livestock, bringing all food and bread. If he hesitates, life stops and people die. When he comes, the earth rejoices and all living things are in joy. Food appears after spilling it. All live thanks to him and acquire wealth at his will.

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Student task 1. What natural conditions in Egypt were favorable for farming? Than? 2. What difficulties did nature create for the first inhabitants of the Nile Valley?

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The irrigation system of gardens and vegetable gardens included special devices - shadufs. They were two pillars with a crossbar. Attached to the bar was a swinging pole, with a stone at one end and a leather bucket at the other. They drew water from the well with a bucket and watered the fields.

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Irrigation, or irrigation, is the artificial attraction of water to certain lands in order to accelerate the growth and maturation of plants. Over time, large canals were diverted from the Nile bed, from which there were grooves that cut through all sections of the fields.

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Narrow dams made of clay and reed ran along the large canals. Dams fenced off the fields on all sides and trapped water. And so that the water does not stagnate in the field, the surplus was lowered into the river through special "gates" in the embankments.

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In the Valley and Delta, nomes are formed - communities associated with local irrigation systems. Nome consisted of several villages, united around a fortified city, in which there was a temple of the patron god and the residence of the priest-ruler.

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Many years ago, about forty kingdoms arose in the Nile Valley. The rulers of the Egyptian kingdoms were constantly at war with each other. 1 threshold -

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Why is the state needed? Is unification into a state a necessity or a voluntary choice?

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1 threshold - Around 3000 BC e. the king of southern Egypt (Mina or Menes) managed to conquer Northern Egypt - a single Egyptian state was formed, whose territory now stretched from the first rapids of the Nile to the delta. What happened in Egypt around 3000 BC e.? The state always has a certain territory. 3000 BC e. Northern Egypt Southern Egypt

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