Open lesson on the outside world on the topic "senses". Sense organs Smell is especially important for which animals

Topic: Senses

Lesson objectives: To form in students new concepts about the sense organs, about the structure and role of the organs of hearing, balance, smell, sight, taste, touch; hygiene concepts: hearing hygiene.

During the classes:

1. Organizing time.
2. Problem statement and knowledge actualization.

Teacher: - A person is surrounded by an amazing world, rich in colors, sounds, smells. We perceive it either with admiration or even with apprehension. How do we get information about what is happening in the environment? (Through the senses).

How many of them does a person have? Name them. (Answer: sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch).

brain ).

Problem question: What feeling is called the sixth? To find out what sense is called the sixth, we have to deepen our knowledge of the senses, so I propose to conduct today's lesson in the form of an infotainment game "6th sense"

Teacher: Before you is the sphere of feelings. Each competition has a certain feeling. We will talk about each sense organ according to the following algorithm:

1. The name of the sense organ.
2. What he perceives.
3. How it works.

For each correct answer, the group receives a puzzle token. At the end of the lesson, the group with the highest number of tokens will receive a “Sentiment Experts” diploma.

III. Sharing knowledge.

1st round. Taste.

And now the first round. Attention, task. What sense organ are we talking about? Always in your mouth, not swallowed... (The tongue is the organ of taste).

The tongue is the organ of taste.

• With the help of the tongue, we define sweet, salty, bitter.
• The tongue is covered with small tubercles - papillae (receptors). Thanks to which we distinguish sweet, salty, sour, bitter.
• Dry tongue does not taste.

Assignment: find out to taste.

Pick one person from your team.

/ Children wear tinted glasses over their eyes. Need to know the taste of the juice /

What new have you learned?

2nd round. Smell.

Guess the riddle.

Between two luminaries

Am I in the middle alone? (nose)

The nose is the organ of smell.

• Smell is a person's ability to perceive odors.

Listen to Gaiduk Sasha's story about how we can smell different smells.

When we smell a flower, its scent penetrates through the holes in the nose, nostrils, and rises to a layer lined with tiny hairs. They transmit a signal to the olfactory nerve, which in turn sends it to the brain. The brain recognizes it and tells us: "This is the smell of a flower." The sense of smell increases information about the world around us. The sense of smell is most acute in summer and spring, especially in warm weather. The sense of smell is sharper in the light than in the dark. If a person loses his sense of smell, then for him the food loses its taste and such people are more often poisoned, since they cannot identify malignant food.

• need to temper
• protect the body from colds
• do not smoke, as the sense of smell is impaired in smokers.

And now - attention - competition:Identify the object by smell.

3rd round. Vision.

What organ of the senses are they talking about: windows to the outside world?(The eyes are the organ of vision).

• What do you know about vision?
• Vision - the ability to perceive the size, shape, color of objects and their location.
• Thanks to sight, we receive 80% of information about the world around us.
• The human eye is designed to see in the dark and in bright light.

What is the organ of vision made of?

Eroshevich Vladik will tell us about how a person perceives visual stimuli.

• Light enters the eyeball through the pupil. The lens conducts and focuses light rays onto the retina. In the receptors of the retina, light is converted into nerve impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain - to the visual zone of the cerebral cortex. The analysis of the color, shape, illumination of an object, its details, which began in the retina, ends in the visual zone of the cortex. All information is collected here, it is deciphered and generalized. As a result, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject is formed.

• If the eye is such an important organ, does it need protection?
• If a person has vision problems, which doctor should he see?(To the optometrist).

How should you protect your eyesight?

• read, write in good lighting, but bright light should not enter the eyes.
• When writing, the light should fall from the left.
• When reading, the distance to the book should be 30 - 35 cm.
• You cannot read books on public transport.
• You cannot read lying down, as it is difficult to hold the book at the right distance.
• The distance to the TV is 2 - 3 m and more - you cannot watch TV for a long time.
• Do not rub your eyes with your hands, as you can bring in microbes.
• The eyes need rest.
• Feel free to wear glasses.

The most important thing is that we need to monitor our eyesight and observe hygiene rules for eye care.

Physical minute.

The eyes must be protected, but also looked after. The eyes, like you, need to do physical education. It is called "gymnastics for the eyes." Let's do it all together.

1st exercise

Close your eyes with your palms, without pressing them, completely excluding the access of light (1-2 minutes). Open eyes.

2nd exercise

Close eyes. Slowly move the eyeballs to the extreme left, then to the extreme right position (5-6 times).

4th round. Touch.

Look at the realm of the senses. What sense organ is this picture talking about?(Skin is the organ of touch.)

What do you know about touch?

• a person can feel warmth, cold, touch, pain.
• Thanks to tactile receptors, we perceive mechanical influences on the skin - pressure, touch, etc. - we feel.
• With the help of touch, one can judge the size, shape, density of an object, the state of its surface.

Competition: get to know the object by touch.

5th round. Hearing.

• We have the last sense organ. Which one? (Hearing).
• Let's remember what we know about hearing organs.
• with the help of our ears we hear the speech of other people, the sounds of nature, music.
• The perception of speech is very important for the development of thinking.
• In bright light, hearing is sharpened and therefore, the lights are not extinguished in concert halls.

Listen to a short message from Yegorova Yana about the organs of hearing.

Hearing is the body's ability to perceive sound waves. First, sound waves penetrate the auricle, then through the ear canal they reach the eardrum, which begins to vibrate. These vibrations are transmitted through three ossicles to the so-called fluid-filled cochlea and are converted into signals that are transmitted along the auditory nerve to the brain. The brain decodes them and we hear the sound. Hearing is closely related to speech. The child first hears and understands speech, and then learns to speak. Lack of hearing significantly impoverishes the world, deprives it of the opportunity to communicate.

Teacher: - Thank you! Guys, you know that even people who have lost their hearing can communicate in a special language using facial expressions and gestures.

• What do you need to do to maintain good hearing?(Keep ears clean.)

• Do not pick with sharp objects, as you can damage the eardrum and lose hearing.
• Noise is very harmful to your hearing.
• You need to give rest to your hearing, to be in silence.

What is the most dangerous for your hearing?(Noise, as it spoils hearing and has a bad effect on the whole body).

Wellness minute.

There are many points on the auricle that are connected with all our organs by invisible threads. Therefore, it is good to do self-massage of the auricles. (self-massage of ears - the teacher shows, and all children rub their ears).

6th round. The organ of balance.

To find out what feeling is called the sixth, let's conduct an experiment.

Experiment.

Teacher: - Leave one person from the group. Close your eyes and cover your ears. Walk around the classroom until you meet an obstacle on the way.

What caused the difficulty?

Lacking visual and auditory information, you had to rely on some other sensations in the internal organs. Hearing, sight, smell, touch and taste give us information about the outside world. But there are also sensations responsible for transmitting information from internal organs. This is called the sixth sense.

Where is the organ of balance located?(In the inner ear).

• What is its role? (Thanks to this sense organ, we do not fall).
• Dybley Zhenya will introduce you to this organ in more detail.

The organ of balance is often called the vestibular apparatus. The vestibular apparatus constantly informs the central nervous system about the position of the body and its parts in space. The three semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus are filled with fluid. Three hinges, united by a common capacity (vestibule), are located in different planes. When a person changes the position of the body in space, the liquidmoves. Strong overexcitation of the vestibular apparatus causes nausea, since this apparatus is also associated with internal organs.

Who controls the senses? (brain ).

The senses, all the information they receive, is sent to the brain. The brain analyzes the information received, and then gives the order for execution. Each organ has its own representation in the brain - these are certain centers that are responsible for a particular organ.

IV. Consolidation of the learned... Working in groups.

1. fill the table.

V. Lesson summary.

What are the senses for?

All senses interact with each other. Thanks to this, a person gets a complete and real picture of the world around him.

Awarding of the winning team.

VІ. Homework. P. 46

VІІ Assessments.

40. Assignment. Sign the names of the senses indicated in the figure with numbers.

1. The organ of hearing (ear)

2. Organ of vision (eye)

3. Organ of smell (nose)

4. The organ of taste (tongue)

5. Organ of touch (skin)

Task 41. Write down the shades of red and blue.

42. Assignment. Give examples of items of light green, lemon, cherry, pink, burgundy, brown.

Light green - salad;

Lemon - lemon;

Cherry - cherry;

Burgundy - beets;

Brown is wood.

Task 43. Explain why the sense of smell is better developed in predatory animals than in herbivores?

Answer. In order to get food for themselves, predators have to either find it on the trail, or are in ambush. Therefore, the sense of smell becomes the most important of the senses. In herbivores, the organ of vision comes first.

Practical work

Blindfolded and try to walk around the classroom. What do you feel? Is it difficult for you to navigate? Give your guess: how do blind people find their bearings in the world around them?

I feel great difficulty in getting around, as I come across permanent objects on my way. It is very difficult to navigate.

With the help of hearing, a person who is blind from birth receives the largest amount of information about the world. While living, he does not pay attention to forms, but he can recognize a friend by his steps, by the sounds of his voice. He learns about what he has to deal with with the help of sounds.

Example. A man stopped in front of the blind man. With the help of his hearing, he determines that he sat down on a chair, settled down on it more comfortably, sighed, moved his legs. Here he hears how the seated man began to pour water into a glass: the blind person recognizes its fullness by the sound of the liquid being poured over.

He has an amazingly developed memory for sounds. He finds in voices an infinite variety of shades. And every sound, every intonation is of great importance to him!

The blind-born is familiar with objects only through touch. Touching objects with his hands, he cannot imagine how they look - he can only understand whether it is soft or prickly, dry or wet. With the help of his fingers, he notes all the irregularities of the object, roughness, remembers them. Therefore, among all the cups of the tea service, he unmistakably defines his own.

The world of a person who has been blind from birth consists of sounds, smells and hints of outlines. Without going up to the bouquet, without touching it with his hands, a blind man can determine by smell what flowers it is made of. The scent gives the name to the flowers: he calls the scent of a rose as a rose, and the scent of chamomile as chamomile.

Sitting at the dinner table, a blind person can tell exactly what dishes are in front of him: his sense of smell is developed as exclusively as his hearing, as well as his touch.

Due to the fact that it is difficult for the blind to find lost things, they become friends of order. A blind person has a highly developed memory.

The blind man sees with his skin. This shell has exceptional sensitivity in him. A blind man judges the proximity of fire by the degree of warmth; about the proximity of bodies - by the action of air on his face.

Task 44. Write down how these foods taste.

Lemon is sour;

Horseradish - bitter and pungent;

Apple is sweet;

Mustard is bitter;

Sauerkraut - sour;

Sugar is sweet;

Herring - salted;

The grapes are sweet;

Chocolate is sweet;

Garlic is bitter.

Practical work

1. Take half a teaspoon of the sugar solution and hold it in your mouth for a while. Is there a difference in your feelings at the beginning and at the end of the experience?

For a few seconds, blindfold, pinch your nose and taste some food you know. Do you recognize the taste of this product? Describe and explain your feelings.

Answer. There is a difference. The taste is much sharper at first, then less acute. This happens because the nerve signals begin to weaken, and the organs of taste seem to "get used" to the new sensation.

I recognize the taste of the subject. But with a pinched nose, it is more difficult to do this, because usually a person remembers several sensations at once - taste, smell, color and others. And when a person uses a limited number of senses, then recognition is slower.

2. We recognize the object by touch. Close your eyes, take an object in your hand. Determine what it is, what material this item is made of.

Answer. I recognize objects by touch by their surface, volume, shape - everything that the organs of touch perceive.

Task 45. Write down what sounds these objects produce.

The door creaks;

It thunders;

Rain - knocks;

Children scream;

Mouse - squeaks;

The baby is crying;

The wind whistles;

The cat meows.

Task 46. Mark the correct statement.

Noise leads to rapid fatigue, disrupts sleep and worsens well-being.

Task 47. Make a memo "How to protect the senses."

Answer. To preserve the senses, the following rules must be observed.

Smell is a person's sense that enables him to sense various smells. It allows you to perceive more than 10 thousand different flavors that are capable of improving appetite, and raising your mood, and allowing you to recognize the danger in time. The importance of the nose, as the most important organ of smell, cannot be underestimated. But, unfortunately, we remember about him only during his defeat by infections, when severe congestion does not allow us to enjoy our favorite scents. Below we will consider what is the biological role of smell, how to maintain and improve it.

What role does the sense of smell play in our lives?

Smell, touch and other senses are a kind of tools that allow us to receive information from the outside and learn about the world around us. Without them, life will not be so colorful and interesting, and a sense of smell, disturbed from childhood, moreover, can seriously distort the general idea of \u200b\u200bthe world.

The sense of smell is especially important for warning us of danger.to create mood and influence other feelings. For example, the smell of baked goods immediately increases appetite, the sour smell of lemon provokes the activation of the salivary glands, and the sound of the surf calms our nerves and sets us in a good mood.

Smell is an important sense

In general, the recognition of aromas is one of the highest functions of the work of our nervous system, its impulses trigger the work of other organs and systems of our body, which leads to the appearance of certain emotions.

Having lost the ability to recognize smells, a person becomes irritable and angry, because this is tantamount to loss of sight or hearing and, accordingly, can lead to deep depression. Below we will look at how this sense system works and what needs to be done to prevent its dysfunction.

How our sense of smell works

The nose is considered to be the main organ of smell. One of its functions is the perception of irritants hovering around us. It will not be possible without the presence and normal operation of such bodies as:

• The mucous membrane of the nasal passages;
• Olfactory bulb and filaments;
• Cortex;
• Olfactory nerves;
• Receptor cells.

The place where the olfactory receptors are located is at the intersection of the upper nasal passage and the nasal septum from the back of the nasal region. It is covered with the olfactory epithelium, which occupies an area of \u200b\u200b4 square cm. These receptors provide the transmission of all received signals to the brain, which are recognized in its cortex.

Smell receptors are closely related to the processes of the trigeminal and olfactory nerves, namely:

• With dendrites, which they look like sticks, framed by olfactory cilia;
• With axons, which are very similar in appearance to threads.

Axons are considered to be the central processes of nerve cells. They, through the cells of the ethmoid bone, which is located in the nasal cavity, penetrate into the skull in order to join the olfactory bulb located at its base. It makes up a separate part of the brain.

Thus, the question of where the olfactory organ is located is impossible to answer unequivocally.

Initially, the function of receiving a signal of a particular smell is taken over by the nose and the receptors in it, but our brain, or rather a separate part of its cortex, called the visceral brain, where the olfactory analyzers are located, which regulates food, emotional, defensive and any a friend's innate human activity.

Its other functions include regulating hemostasis, supporting vegetation, and ensuring the normal development of emotions, memory and volitional behavior in children.

Since the nose is a human's organ of smell, it means its functions include regulation of the pace of thinking, since all the components of its analyzer of smells are involved, and in the behavioral response to this or that event, and in the process of memorization, and in arousal and other activity emanating from the cerebral cortex. During the formation of the sense of smell in the brain, a person's breathing and pulse become more frequent, and blood pressure also rises.

Normal nose sensitivity distinguishes a couple of thousand shades of different smells, while an animal's scent distinguishes more than a hundred thousand of them. But at the same time, the acuity of smell directly depends on what physiological form a person is in and at what time of day his analyzers are checked. It has been scientifically proven that people get a sense of smell after waking up and when they are hungry.

Reasons for the deterioration of smell

We have already figured out what the sense of smell and touch are, now let's move on to how to exclude a possible decrease in the acuity of these necessary sense organs throughout our life.

The sense of smell is developed in humans from birth. Moreover, it is believed that a baby under one year old perceives more information with the help of this particular sense organ. But after a year, the baby's nose significantly loses its sensitivity., since the work of processing information includes other organs - sight, hearing, speech, etc.

According to medical research, a person's sense of smell slowly but steadily decreases throughout his life. And this is due to the irreversible atrophy of their receptors.

Elderly people hear the smells around them much worse than their grandchildren. Nevertheless, this decrease is physiological, that is, the norm.

Loss of smell

But sometimes this feeling decreases sharply for reasons independent of age, which most often are diseases localized where the olfactory organ is located. Namely:

• In the presence of acute and chronic inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx;
• For seasonal allergies that affect many of the senses;
• With polyps and other neoplasms on the mucous membrane of the nasal passages;
• For dental problems;
• While taking certain medications;
• With vitamin deficiency;
• With intoxication of the body;
• After the acute course of viral hepatitis.

In addition, the functionality of receptors and some serious diseases, including those associated with disturbances in the functioning of the brain and central nervous system (Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, etc.), decrease the functionality of the receptors.

Ways to improve your sense of smell

Normal blood supply to the olfactory organ makes it possible to prolong the life of its receptors, which are responsible for the preservation of this feeling in humans. However, its atrophy occurs when it is little or no use. You need to train this feeling constantly, especially at the first "bells" indicating its decrease.

• Training;
• Special exercises;
• Physiotherapy procedures;
• Taking vitamins;
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle;
• Timely treatment of allergies and ENT diseases;
• Creating a favorable living environment for yourself.

A visit to a perfume shop or a spice shop gives a good workout. The smell of fresh baked goods, herbs, essential oils develops well.

Another way to improve your sense of smell will be to train it by incorporating generously flavored aromatic foods into your diet. The smell of freshly brewed coffee develops and stimulates the receptors. A saucer with coffee beans should always be in your kitchen - this will not only stimulate your appetite, but also save you from a bad mood in the morning.

It is important to train your sense of smell constantly.

As for physical exercise, they include daily facial gymnastics, which will improve blood circulation in the nasal region and warming it up with a blue lamp. Physiotherapy procedures will include rinsing the nose with a warm sea salt solution. The elimination of possible congestion in the nasal passages will be the hygiene of smell.

It is believed that a decrease in the functions of olfactory receptors occurs with hypo- and avitaminosis, and also with a lack of zinc in the body... That is why you need to enrich your diet with red meat, lentils, spinach, nuts and other foods containing this useful mineral. Do not forget about the regular intake of vitamin preparations and nutritional supplements. In addition, it is recommended to lead a healthy lifestyle, try not to stay too long in stuffy rooms with dry air, catch colds less often, and promptly eliminate all inflammatory processes in the nose.

One of the last to develop. The baby practically does not smell and reaches for the mother's nipple instinctively, feeling its warmth. It is argued that the baby's posture plays an equally important role. All this has a very indirect relation to the sense of smell. Only by the age of 4 does the child begin to differentiate odors, distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant odors, etc. With age, the sense of smell improves, although until the end of life it remains rather weak, unlike, for example, some animals. In everyday life, a person does not use his sense of smell very actively. Other sources of information give the most complete picture of what is happening. However, there are people for whom the olfactory analyzer remains the only distant way to obtain information. These are people deprived of both sight and hearing. There are unique cases, described both in the art and in the scientific, when, with complete blindness and deafness, a person freely navigated only by smells and vibrations around. Such people, of course, have a more trained sense of smell, although psychologists say that sophistication does not occur.
Often a person notices that he has begun to perceive smells worse, far from immediately. The reasons for the decrease can be both mechanical (fracture or crack of the nasal septum), and chemical: a burn of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses, work with harmful substances that emit a pungent, unpleasant odor. In addition, a decrease in olfactory capabilities is observed after certain diseases: sinusitis, eutmoiditis, inflammation of the middle ear, etc.
What to do: If we are talking about a burn of the mucous membrane, then it is treated quite successfully with a mixture of olive and corn oil. 2 times a day it is necessary to insert cotton filaments, abundantly moistened with this solution, into the nose. Sometimes you can find honey as a recommended remedy. It is impossible to apply honey on erosive mucous membranes.

If a decrease in the sense of smell is associated with a previous illness, then aromatherapy is considered effective. For training, it is best to take odors that are sharp and easily recognizable: lemon, garlic, coffee, pepper, ammonia. These odors need to irritate the olfactory channels, bringing the source to the nose at a distance of 15 cm. In the early days, nothing may work, but over time, the brain will begin to receive a signal from the receptors and process it. Unless, of course, the olfactory nerves are interrupted.

Rinsing the nose with salt water. A good prophylactic agent for various viral epidemics. In addition, it helps to improve blood circulation in the vessels.

Useful advice

Smell treatment is a lengthy and not always effective process. To avoid problems with the perception of odors, one should try not to expose the mucous membrane of the nasal openings (choanas) to prolonged adverse effects of temperature, chemical and physical factors.

Sources:

• Effective methods on how to restore taste and smell with a cold

Humans and animals perceive odors using the olfactory analyzer, which includes receptors in the nasal mucosa, as well as the olfactory nerves and brain structures.

Instructions

The molecules of the substances irritate the olfactory receptors, and the nerve fibers of the olfactory nerve conduct impulses to the brain, in which the strength and quality of the smell is analyzed.

Most animals perceive odors through specialized olfactory organs located in the upper part of the respiratory tract. The nose consists of the outer nose and the nasal cavity with the paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity communicates with the frontal sinus, maxillary cavity and air cells of the ethmoid bone of the facial skeleton.

The outer nose forms a bone-cartilaginous skeleton, covered with muscles and skin. The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves. With the external environment, this cavity communicates through the nostrils, and with the nasopharynx through the posterior openings, which are called choanas.

The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is covered by the ciliated epithelium, and it also contains receptors of the olfactory nerve. In the nasal cavity of mammals, the area of \u200b\u200bthe olfactory epithelium is increased due to the nasal olfactory concha, which have an openwork interlacing of the ethmoid bone. The tissues of the nose are abundantly supplied with blood.

Smell is the process of smelling. In fact, smell is information. Moreover, information that reaches the brain extremely quickly and is analyzed by it. The impulse that the nose sends to the brain "gets" to the target faster than the painful one.

In this regard, the sense of smell is an irreplaceable and most important channel of the relationship between living beings and the surrounding world.

The nose is a unique device that can almost instantly identify any substance, even in such negligible concentrations that sometimes high-precision equipment is powerless. Each person's nose perceives smells in a slightly different way, and in this the sense of smell differs from the perception of taste, color or sound.

Sixty million receptor cells allow humans to identify odors. The nerve cells responsible for the sense of smell are located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nasal septum and at the upper passage of the nose. Receptor cells are the only type of human nerve cells that are renewed continuously throughout the life of an individual.

These cells are so sensitive that some scientists call them "naked".
The molecules that carry the smell enter the nasal cavity, irritating the olfactory cells.

Already from them, information goes first to the brain, and then to the limbic system, which is responsible for human emotions, memory, sexuality.

Smells are directly involved in the functioning of the body - breathing, hormone release, blood circulation, etc.
Smells are of tremendous importance in mind. instant action... For example, if a person feels bad, they give him a sniff of ammonia. The information immediately reaches the brain and activates physiological and psychological responses.

It is on this principle that all kinds of beneficial effects are based, designed to restore the harmony of the body.

Decreased sense of smell it is associated with damage to the nasal mucosa in diseases such as rhinitis or polyposis.

Sometimes there is a disease such as parosmia, or perversion of smell... This is a kind of hallucination of smells: it seems to a person that the room smells of something (as a rule, something unpleasant).

In the modern world, a person is sometimes trapped by dangers of a purely domestic nature: leaks of pesticides, faulty ones, fires, etc. Many cases have been described when the sense of smell saved a person's life.

Remember how the wizard Gandalf from the cult book "The Lord of the Rings" spoke? "If you don't know where to go, go where it smells best."

Moreover, for a long time there are professions for which you cannot do without good nose sensitivity. For example, a specialist in odors (or, in a simpler way, sniffer).

Snifters work for perfume corporations, concentratedly sniffing at all sorts of liquids in test tubes. They evaluate the composition of the scent, its intensity. These people literally make their living by smell.

Of course, the sense of smell is not as important for humans as it is for most animal species. But smells sometimes have a strong effect on people. A person can get a headache from a pungent smell, and a light pleasant smell will cause positive emotions.

Since ancient times, French perfumers have taken into account the ability of a smell to influence a person's emotional state, and perfume tasters could distinguish up to three hundred different smells. However, there were among the "sniffer" and real geniuses of their craft, able to recognize up to seven thousand different smells!

The smells that surround us are of colossal variety. That is why it is rather difficult to classify them and, by and large, the classification will inevitably be based on subjective assessment.

The assessment will largely depend on upbringing, emotional insistence and even on the social status of a person. Still, attempts to classify odors have been made for a long time.

For example, in 1756 the naturalist Karl Linnaeus distributed odors over six major groups: balsamic, aromatic, caprylic, garlic, ambromous, intoxicating.

Of course, Linnaeus could not take into account the smells that appeared with the onset of scientific and technological progress, and the classification had to be significantly expanded.
Later studies in the field of odors proved that the smell does not always depend on the chemical structure of the substance.

Aromatherapists try to put the findings into practice. For example, it has been observed that the effect of aromas on a person directly depends on the rate of evaporation of a substance.
Until now, medicine does not have a complete classification of odors, and in this area scientists still have to work hard.

The human brain is designed in such a way that the cells responsible for identifying odors occupy only one twentieth of it. For comparison, the dog's sense of smell is "sharpened" one third of the brain. Of course, a person's weak sense of smell is compensated by a better development of other senses, as well as by the presence of unusual capabilities and abilities.

The human nose is able to distinguish five types of smells: floral, spicy (for example, the smell of lemon), putrid, burnt (coffee or cocoa), essential (alcohol, camphor, etc.)... The influence of smells is not limited only to the emotional level, but can cause quite a physical manifestation: for example, the smell of good food increases the secretion of gastric juice, and a disgusting smell can cause vomiting.

When a person lacks his olfactory abilities, he uses animals. For example, dogs. The sense of smell of this wonderful creature is about twelve thousand times sharper than that of a person. Since ancient times, people and dogs have been walking hand in hand.

The dog helped a person to hunt, found game by smell, looked for a trail of people lost in the forest, or escaped criminals. Today, dogs are used in this capacity in the police, and in addition, in special services dealing with drug trafficking and terrorism.

The nose of a trained dog is capable of finding explosives and drugs, literally saving lives.

But the sense of smell is especially important for wild animals. For example, moose and deer dozens of miles away smell salt springs, which they need to maintain the balance of trace elements in the body. Smell helps many animals to navigate the territory.

With the help of their nose, wild animals determine migration routes and paths, including those occupied by other animals. Arctic foxes, when wandering, move according to the smell left by other polar foxes. The tiger, having first appeared in a particular territory, examines it with the help of smell for a long time. Other animals behave similarly.

If a wild animal has lost its scent for some reason, it is, in fact, sentenced to death. Herbivores, devoid of smell, will not sense the approach of a predator. The predator will not be able to hunt or will accidentally stumble upon another predator and he will have to engage in a deadly battle.

Some scientists say with confidence that it is the scent that is in the first place in animals, and only then hearing and sight go in importance.
By smell, animals find sexual partners, lost blind cubs find parents using their nose. With the help of its sense of smell, the beast is able to determine whether another member of the pack is healthy and in what condition.

The fact is that fear, severe pain or excitement in animals is accompanied by a change in body odor.
It has long been noted that the fox unmistakably determines whether food can be eaten, or it is poisoned. It is arranged by nature so that animals retain a sharp scent until old age.

By studying animals, scientists have come to an interesting conclusion.

It turns out that the stronger the smell of an animal, the less sharp its scent.

And one more pattern, which can even be called sensational: animals with a stronger sense of smell are much higher intellectually than their counterparts, deprived of a sensitive nose.

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Many people know that to identify an animal that has a good sense of smell, you can feel its nose. If the nose is wet, the animal has an excellent scent. The fact is that a wet nose helps an animal determine where the wind brought a particular smell from.

Video on the topic "Sense of smell in animals"