Safe rest on reservoirs in winter. Summary of the lesson on life safety on the topic: "Features of the state of water bodies at different times of the year." Ways to achieve a high level of health. Factors Determining Individual Human Health

In our country, there are a large number of reservoirs where you can have a great rest in the summer or do winter fishing. Rest on the banks of a river or lake is great, but just a huge number of people die on the water every year.
Most often this happens while swimming, especially in those places that are not intended for this. In winter, when the water is covered with ice, some still manage to fall under it. This is why it is so important to know what safe behavior on water is in various conditions.

Rules of conduct on reservoirs in the summer
It is impossible to imagine a summer vacation without a trip to the sea, river or pond. When the sun is hot, you really want to plunge into cool water. In hot weather, there are especially many vacationers near the reservoirs. It is very important that before going on such a vacation you remember about safe behavior on water bodies in various conditions. A document that reflects all the rules of conduct on the water should be in every administration and rescue organizations. Fresh air and water are excellent hardening factors, but we must not forget about the dangers that can lie in wait for you in open water.

There are some guidelines for swimming:
- Some diseases may be a contraindication to swimming, so consult your doctor before going to the river or sea.
- The best time to take water treatments is 9-11 am and 17-19 pm.
- You shouldn't swim, if you've just eaten, an hour and a half should pass.

If you know how to swim, then this is to some extent a guarantee of your safety on the water, but there are times when excellent swimmers get into extreme situations and die. Therefore, it is especially important to observe safety rules for all categories of citizens.

Safe behavior on the water
Safe behavior on water bodies in various conditions must be strictly observed - this is the guarantor of your excellent holiday without incidents. After you have arrived at a river or lake, having spent a lot of time on the road in a hot car, you should not immediately rush into the water. You need to rest a little, calm down and cool down, only after that you can go swimming.

So that your vacation is not overshadowed by unexpected situations, follow these simple rules:
- It is best if you will take water procedures in places that are specially equipped for this.
- If you come to this place for the first time, before a full-fledged bathing it is necessary to examine the bottom for snags, glasses and any debris.
- Do not dive in unfamiliar places, otherwise you may bury your head in the ground, snag or concrete slab.
- If on the shore of the reservoir you find a sign that swimming in this place is prohibited, then you should not risk your health, it is better to go to another beach.
- At sea, usually the rescue services install buoys, for which you cannot swim, you do not need to show your courage and measure your strength with friends, it can be dangerous.
- If you like to arrange games in the water, then be careful: do not grab each other by the arms or legs, you can swallow water in excitement and lose consciousness.
- If you have a spasm in the water, you need to call for help.
- Do not go into the water while drunk, it can end tragically.

For some reason, these simple rules are not followed by all, which then leads to accidents.

Behavior during unforeseen situations
An unexpected situation can happen to everyone on the water if safe behavior on water bodies is not observed in various conditions. Your life or your friends will depend on your actions at this moment.
When swimming in rivers, it may happen that you caught in a whirlpool ... You need to throw off panic, draw a lot of air into your lungs, immerse yourself in the water and try, making movements with your arms and legs, to swim away from the funnel. If you do everything right and, most importantly, calmly, then you can easily get out of it.
Another situation that occurs all the time is swimming a river or lake on a bet ... You may simply not calculate your strength, it is impossible to predict how your body will behave in conditions of such an overload. If you know how to relax on the water, lying on your back, then it's not so bad, you may be able to win an argument.
The ability to rest can be useful for you even if leg in the water cramped ... This is very dangerous, because no one can help you quickly at a great distance from the coast, you can only rely on yourself. For such cases, always take a pin with you, they say it is a good remedy for cramps in water.

Child safety in water
The rules of safe behavior on water bodies at different times of the year are also relevant for children. In the summer, our kids cannot be dragged away from the water, all prohibitions do not work, so you must strictly follow the following recommendations:
- Swimming with children is allowed only in specially equipped places.
- Do not leave your child unattended, even if he is just playing on the beach.
- Do not let children dive.
- After a long stay in the heat, you must enter the water slowly, otherwise breathing may stop from a sharp temperature drop.
- Try to learn to distinguish your children among a large number of children, believe me, this is not easy at all.
- The length of time spent in the water depends on the age of the child, but it should be much shorter than for adults.
- Do not allow children to swim in places where motor boats and boats run, and you should not do it yourself.

Keeping track of children while swimming is difficult, especially if there are a lot of them, such as in camps. Therefore, for safety reasons, bathing is prohibited in many wellness centers to prevent accidents.

Bathing rules for children in open water
Water procedures for a child are very good and healthy, but the main thing is that it is safe. Since many rest with their parents on the banks of rivers and lakes, go "savages" to the sea, it is worth considering some universal rules:
- A child can enter the water if it warms up to 22 degrees, and outside at least 25 degrees.
- Better to swim in the morning.
- During the first bath, 2-3 minutes of staying in the water is enough.
- Do not immerse your child in water with your head.
- After getting out of the water, you need to wipe the body dry well and rest.

Rest on the banks of the river is a great opportunity to improve your health and get a lot of positive emotions. The main thing is to choose the right bodies of water. Features of the state of water bodies at different times of the year are different, and this must be taken into account.

Behavior on bodies of water in winter
It would seem that winter has come, the ice has bound all rivers and lakes, and you can safely skate and play hockey. But it should be said that the rules of safe behavior on water bodies in winter must also be observed.
Here are some rules that will help you keep your life and health on the pond in the winter:
- One person can withstand ice with a thickness of at least 7 centimeters.
- As a rule, ice is not too hard near various drains.
- Do not test the ice strength by hitting it with your feet.
- If you are moving along a frozen reservoir, then it is better to follow the already trodden path.
- When walking in a group, the distance between you should be 5-6 meters, especially if the area is unfamiliar.
- It is better to carry a backpack on one shoulder in order to use it as an improvised means in an emergency.
- If this happened, and you fell through the ice, then spread your arms wide and hold on to the edges of the ice so as not to go under it with your head. Without panic, slowly get out of the hole, crawling with your chest and taking turns pulling your legs out.

In any unforeseen situation gotta keep calm and composure, and in order to exclude such cases, you must always remember about safe behavior on water bodies in various conditions.

Water and danger are concepts that stand very close, so it depends only on you whether the body of water becomes a place of excellent rest for you or brings misfortune.

Dear residents!

Be careful on bodies of water in winter! Failure to comply with safety rules on water bodies in the autumn-winter period often causes death and injury of people.

Autumn ice is fragile before the onset of stable frosts. Bonded by the evening or night cold, it is still able to withstand a slight load, but in the daytime, quickly heating up from seeping melt water, it becomes porous and very weak, although it retains its thickness. The main condition for a person's safe stay on ice is that the thickness of the ice corresponds to the applied load.

Safe ice thickness:

• for one person - at least 7 cm;
• for the construction of a skating rink - at least 12 cm;
• for crossing on foot - at least 15 cm;
• for the passage of cars - at least 30 cm.

Time of safe stay of a person in water:

• at a water temperature of 24 ° C, the safe stay time is 7-9 hours,
• at a water temperature of 5-15 ° C - from 3.5 to 4.5 hours;
• the water temperature of 2-3 ° C turns out to be fatal for a person after 10-15 minutes;
• at a water temperature of minus 2 ° C - death can occur in 5-8 minutes.

Rules of conduct on ice

1. You must not go out on the ice at night and in poor visibility (fog, snowfall, rain).
2. Use the ice crossing when crossing the river.
3. Do not test the ice strength with a kick. If, after the first strong blow with a log or a ski pole, even a little water appears, this means that the ice is thin, you cannot walk on it. In this case, you should immediately retreat along your own trail to the shore, with sliding steps, without lifting your feet from the ice and spreading them shoulder-width apart so that the load is distributed over a large area. The same is done with the warning crackling of ice and the formation of cracks in it.
4. In case of a forced crossing of a reservoir, it is safest to stick to the beaten path or walk along an already laid track. But if they are not there, then before descending onto the ice, you need to carefully look around and outline the upcoming route.
5. When crossing a pond as a group, it is necessary to keep the distance from each other (5-6 m).
6. It is better to cross a frozen river (lake) on skis, while unfastening the ski mounts in order to quickly drop them if necessary; Hold ski poles in your hands without putting loops on your hands, so that in case of danger you immediately throw them away.
7. If you have a backpack, hang it on one shoulder, this will make it easy to get rid of the load in case the ice falls under you.
8. It is necessary to take a strong cord 20-25 meters long with a large blind loop at the end and a load on a frozen reservoir. The load will help to throw the cord to a friend who has fallen into the water; the loop is needed so that the victim can hold on more securely by passing it through his armpits.
9. Do not let your children go out on the ice (fishing, skiing and skating) unattended.
10. One of the most common causes of tragedies on water bodies is alcohol intoxication. Drunk people react inadequately to danger and become helpless in the event of an emergency.

Fishing Tips

1. It is necessary to know well the reservoir chosen for fishing in order to remember where the depth on it is not higher than the height of a person, or where from a deep place you can quickly go to a sandbank going to the shore.
2. It is necessary to know about the conditions of formation and properties of ice in different periods of winter, to distinguish the signs of dangerous ice, to know the precautions and to observe them constantly.
3. Determine the route from the shore.
4. Carefully descend from the shore: ice may not be tightly connected to land; there may be cracks; there may be air under the ice.
5. Do not go to dark areas of ice - they warm up faster in the sun and, naturally, melt faster.
6. If you are walking in a group, the distance between skiers (or pedestrians) must be at least 5 meters.
7. If you are skiing, check for a nearby ski track. If not, and you need to lay it, unfasten the ski mounts (in order to get rid of them quickly), carry the ski poles in your hands, do not put the loop of the poles on your hands.
8. Hang the backpack on one shoulder, or even better - drag on a rope 2-3 meters behind.
9. Check every step on the ice with a pointed paw, but do not hit the ice in front of you - better from the side. If after the first blow the ice breaks through, immediately return to the place from which you came.
10. Do not come closer than 3 meters to other anglers.
11. Do not approach those places where there are frozen driftwood, algae, air bubbles in the ice.
12. Do not walk near a crack or on an area of \u200b\u200bice separated from the main body by several cracks.
13. Quickly leave the dangerous place if water starts gushing out of the punctured hole.
14. Be sure to have a means of rescue with you: a cord with a load at the end, a long pole, a wide board.
15. Have something sharp with you that could secure the ice in case you fail, and there is no way to get out without support (knife, hook, large nails)
16. Do not make many holes near you, do not make holes on ferries (paths).

Helping someone who fell through the ice

Self-rescue:

• Don't panic.
• There is no need to flounder and lean with the whole body on the thin edge of the ice - under the weight of the body it will break off.
• Spread your arms wide so as not to dive headlong into the water
• Lean your elbows on the ice and, bringing your body to a horizontal position, try to throw the leg that is closest to its edge onto the ice, pull out the other leg by turning the body and quickly roll out onto the ice.
• Without sudden movements, crawl as far from the dangerous place as possible in the direction from which you came;
• Call for help;
• Keeping yourself on the surface of the water, try to spend a minimum of physical effort on this. (One of the reasons for the rapid decrease in body temperature is the movement of the layer of water that is warmed up by the body and replacing it with a new, cold one. In addition, during movements, the additional insulation created by the water soaked in the clothes is disturbed).
• While afloat, you should keep your head as high as possible above the water. It is known that more than 50% of all heat loss in the body, and according to some reports, even 75% falls on its share.
• You can actively swim to the shore, raft or boat if they are at a distance that will take no more than 40 minutes to overcome.
• Having reached the watercraft, you must immediately undress, squeeze out wet clothes and put on again.

If you are helping:

• Approach the hole very carefully, it is better to crawl on your bellies.
• Tell the victim by shouting that you are going to help him, this will give him strength, confidence.
• Stretch a rope, pole, board, scarf or any other means at hand for 3-4 meters.
• It is unsafe to give the victim a hand, since approaching the ice hole, you will increase the load on the ice and not only will not help, but you yourself risk falling through.

First aid for drowning:

• Move the victim to a safe place, warm.
• Turn the drowned man face down and lower his head below the pelvis.
• Clear mucus from your mouth. When vomiting and cough reflexes appear, achieve complete removal of water from the respiratory tract and stomach (you cannot waste time removing water from the lungs and stomach in the absence of a pulse on the carotid artery).
• If there is no pulse on the carotid artery, perform external heart massage and artificial respiration.
• Take the victim to a medical facility.

Warming up the victim:

• The victim should be covered in a place protected from the wind, well wrapped in any available clothing, blanket.
• If he is conscious, give him hot tea, coffee. Heating pads, bottles, flasks filled with hot water, or stones heated in a fire and wrapped in cloth are very effective, they are applied to the lateral surfaces of the chest, to the head, to the groin, and under the arms.
• You cannot rub the body, give alcohol, this can cause serious harm to the body. So, when rubbing, chilled blood from peripheral vessels will begin to actively flow to the "core" of the body, which will lead to a further decrease in its temperature. Alcohol, on the other hand, will have a depressing effect on the central nervous system.

Rules of conduct on water bodies and safety measures in winter

Students of grade 9 G

Zhukova Irina

Do not walk on ice in winter:
Can you get into trouble -
In a hole or in a wormwood -
And you will ruin your life.

It is especially dangerous to be in icy water. Our body loses heat if the water temperature is below 33 degrees.

A person in the icy water catches their breath, an iron hoop seems to squeeze his head, his heart pounds madly. To protect itself from the deadly cold, the body turns on the reserve heat production system - a strong shiver begins. Due to muscle contraction, the body warms up, but after a while this heat becomes too little. When the temperature of the skin drops to 30 degrees, the trembling stops and the body rapidly cools. Breathing becomes less frequent, the pulse slows down, the pressure drops.

The death of a person who suddenly finds himself in cold water occurs most often due to shock that develops within the first 5-15 minutes after immersion in water or breathing problems.

For example, when going for winter fishing, it is worth remembering the basic rules of behavior on the pond. First of all, you need to learn how to determine the strength of ice by its appearance, thickness and various signs. Fragile ice can be near bushes, reeds, under piers and bridges, as well as where springs gush or a stream flows into a reservoir. Pure transparent ice with a thickness of at least 5 cm is considered strong. It can withstand a person, and ice 15 cm thick can already withstand a passenger car. The strength of ice depends on its structure, but since it is often covered with snow, it is not always easy to determine its quality and thickness. The most reliable way is to make test holes with an ice-pick: if the ice is broken by one blow of a light ice-pick, it is dangerous to go out on it! In no case should you check the strength of the ice with a kick, otherwise you can immediately fail. When fishing on the first ice, you must observe basic precautions:
* do not go out on the ice alone;
* have an ice pick and a strong rope 10-15 m long for a group of three to five people;
* take with you two special ice awls - "rescue" (instead of them you can use large nails, a knife);
* do not punch holes on the rifts;
* do not accumulate in groups in one place;
* do not punch many holes nearby.

How to act in an emergency

If you do fall through the ice, then act decisively and confidently, not letting fear and panic take over you. Remember that thousands of people fell through before you and were saved.
* Spread your arms wide on the edge of the ice and try to keep from diving head-on. Dry clothes will give you buoyancy for a while, you should get out until they are completely wet.
* Without making any sudden movements, lean your chest on the ice and drive the ice awl-"rescue" into it away from you. Hooking on the ice, pull yourself up and lie down on it with your chest, alternately pulling your legs to the surface. If there were no “rescuers”, then you can get out on the ice as follows: roll over from your chest to your back and spread your arms on the ice; trying to push off with your feet from the opposite edge of the ice or making swimming movements with your feet, gradually crawl out of the water onto the ice.
* After getting to the surface of the ice, roll back, and then crawl towards the coast (where you came from) - here the strength of the ice has already been tested. Once on firmer ice, do not run, as your weight with wet clothes has increased significantly and the likelihood of re-failing is very high. When you get to the coast, first of all assess the situation and decide whether to run to the first settlement (if it is nearby), where there is warmth and help, or to light a fire and try to keep warm on your own.

How to save someone who fell through the ice

Hearing a cry for help, the rescuer must immediately respond, making it clear that the signal has been received and help is coming. First of all, you need to keep the person who has fallen under the ice on the surface by giving him a stick, a rope, an ice pick with a strap, tied trouser belts or scarves, etc. At the same time, the rescuer crawls to the hole, placing boards, plywood, skis, etc. under him, if possible, thereby increasing the support area.

Crawling to the very edge of the hole is unacceptable!
Having given the victim the means of rescue at hand, one must try to pull him out onto the ice and crawl out of the danger zone. You can get on your feet only 10-15 m from the ice hole, where, in your opinion, there is already reliable ice. When you are on the shore, you should immediately take the victim to a warm room or help him to keep warm.

First aid

Cold water, wind, frost, wet clothes and shoes on the victim can lead to severe hypothermia and frostbite. With any degree of frostbite, the rescued person must be urgently taken to a medical center. If rescuers help the victim, then their first aid actions are reduced to the following:
* It is necessary to build a barrier from the wind from plowshares, brace and cloak or branches stuck into the snow.
* Light a hot fire in a place protected from the wind.
* Spread warm clothes near the fire and help the victim change into dry clothes.
* The hypothermic extremities are rubbed and massaged with hands, wrapping them with dry and clean woolen clothes. Grinding frostbitten areas with snow is not recommended due to the danger of damaging the skin and introducing microbes!
* In a place sheltered from the wind or indoors, you can grind the frostbitten area with vodka (but not with alcohol, since it greatly cools the skin surface during evaporation!) Or warm it up in warm water. To do this, water heated in a bucket (on a fire, stove) to room temperature is lowered the frostbitten arm or leg and the limb is gently rubbed in water with clean hands. Warmer water is poured into the bucket, and gradually, within 20-30 minutes, the water temperature is brought to + 35-37 ° С, continuing rubbing in water until the skin turns red. Then a sterile bandage is applied to the affected area. When bubbles appear on the frostbitten area, rubbing the skin is not recommended. In this case, first aid consists in applying a sterile bandage to the frostbitten site and delivering the victim to a medical facility.
* When a person loses consciousness, it is necessary, if possible, to take off or cut the frozen clothes and start rubbing with vodka. Rub until the skin is reddened, normal temperature appears and limb mobility is restored. If, after intensive rubbing, the frozen person does not regain consciousness, you need to give him a sniff of ammonia. You can not water the victim until he regains consciousness. When a person regains consciousness, one should give him a warm drink (tea, coffee), ensure peace and seek medical help.

Helpful advice and first aid.

Rules of conduct on reservoirs in winter.

The following water bodies are considered the most dangerous during the period of autumn freeze-up (November - January) and spring floods (March - mid-April).

Security measures.

• Avoid solo walks near dangerous bodies of water;
• Downhill slides (on skis, soles, snow scooters) to the surface of the river, as well as ride in unfamiliar places on snowmobiles;
• Do not ride on ice floes, avoid rifts, ice holes, ice holes, ice edges;
• Do not kick the ice with your foot.

Rules of conduct for emergencies on ice.

• Do not come close to the failed one;
• Urgently inform about emergency situations (place, time, reasons of emergency).
• Call adults;
• Give the failed one support (ski, stick, crossbar, etc.);

Remember, the time of critical hypothermia in the water in winter occurs within 10 minutes.

• Try to drag the victim using a scarf, rope, belts and other available means;
• Provide assistance after removing a person from the water (exercise for warming up, running);
• It is forbidden to come close to the edge, give a hand to the victim.

If you fell into the water, you must: do not panic, try to get out on the ice surface on your own and crawl to the shore, call for help, go ashore to prevent yourself from freezing.

How not to fall through the ice?

Practically in any part of Central European and northern Russia there are large or small reservoirs, which are covered with ice in frosty times. Any hunter, fisherman, hiker or just a person walking in the park can get into an emergency related to ice. An ice-covered reservoir is dangerous due to warm underwater currents, sudden changes in air temperatures - a temporary thaw or any other reason. The ice may not be strong enough, and, being on it, a person runs the risk of falling into cold water at any time. Observe the rules of behavior on the ice, learn the main ways to save a person who fell through the ice. Then, if necessary, you can save yourself from trouble and help save the life of another.

Choosing the path and checking the ice strength.

If the ice is not covered with a layer of snow, you can determine its strength by color. Ice that has a bluish or greenish tint, without bubbles, is the strongest. If the ice is milky and breaks without crackling, it is about half as weak. Such ice appears after heavy snowfall. In addition, the ice cover on any body of water is uneven - somewhere there are strong places, and somewhere the ice is weaker.

To make sure that you can walk on the ice, you need to carefully step on it and see if cracks form on its surface. Small radial cracks and crunching ice indicate that it is already possible to walk on the ice. At the same time, remember, you need to walk carefully, constantly checking the shape of the cracks formed under your feet. If ring cracks form, the ice is not strong enough, and it is better to abandon the further path along it. During the spring thaw, porous ice, after rain or drizzle, gets a matte white or yellowish tint. He's very unreliable. The spongy ice formed during heavy snowfall can also be dangerous. Remember that safety on ice can only be guaranteed by the absence of cracks at all, only in this case the ice is stable and strong.

You need to be very careful when going down to the ice and leaving it ashore when crossing a fast river, such ice is usually multi-layered and has a lot of air bubbles that make it quite fragile. On winding rivers with fast currents, the weakest points are located near the banks, called solder, and in the middle, the ice has a more uniform and strong structure. It is better to go down to the river or approach the bank where there is no snow. The thinnest river ice is under snowdrifts, near rocks and steep banks, near trees, snags, thickets of reeds or cattails, as well as at the confluence of different water streams - the confluence of streams and tributaries or their outflow from the river. The danger is also posed by a hole or an ice-hole, powdered with snow or slightly covered with a thin layer of ice. Such a wormwood is quite difficult to notice, especially after a snowfall.

Rules of safe behavior on ice.

Correct behavior on ice will help you avoid potential risks and prevent danger to other people during walks or forced crossing of an ice-covered body of water. You should remember and follow the rules of safe ice behavior.

• Do not cross a frozen body of water in areas where it is prohibited.
• Do not go out on recently frozen and not yet strengthened ice. If necessary, check the ability to cross the ice using the above method.
• Do not gather in large groups on one piece of ice. If you need to cross the reservoir in a group, spread out and walk a short distance one after another.
• Do not approach ice holes and ice holes.
• Do not slide on sleds, ice-floes, skis from the shore onto thin, not yet strong ice and categorically forbid children to do this without supervision
• Do not go out on the ice in poor light or visibility, especially at night.
• Do not drive a car on the ice outside of specially organized crossings.

The procedure for crossing the reservoir on ice.

Before going out on the ice, you should make sure that it is strong and reliable. After that, carefully move on the ice with a sliding step, leaning on the entire foot. Be prepared to turn back towards the shore in case of danger or in doubt. If you are skiing across a pond and are unsure of the strength of the ice, you should unfasten the bindings on your skis to quickly release them in an emergency. You should not completely remove your skis when crossing the reservoir, as they reduce the pressure on the ice and reduce the risk of breaking it. If you have a backpack, you need to remove one strap from the shoulder in advance, as well as remove your arms from the lanyards of the ski poles in order to quickly discard unnecessary ballast in case of danger.

A group of people is transported in a chain with a distance of at least 5 meters between people. The first is the most experienced and prepared member of the group, who analyzes the state of the ice along the way. When crossing in a group, you need to secure yourself with a long rope or use a pole for this purpose, you can also wear a life jacket. Walk on ice slowly. Walking slowly will not break the ice instantly. It will crack and sag. By changing its appearance, the shape of cracks and the emergence of water, it will be possible to conclude about the reliability of the ice and the degree of risk of such a transition. For any alarming sign, you need to go back immediately. You should return in your own footsteps, gliding smoothly on the ice, without lifting your legs or making sudden movements.

Being on an ice-covered body of water can be dangerous at any time of the year and in any weather. The most dangerous are the periods of autumn freeze-up (late autumn - early winter), since the ice is not yet strong and stable enough, and spring floods (early and mid-spring), when the ice becomes loose and weak under the influence of the sun and freezing temperatures. The most common emergencies on ice are general hypothermia, various injuries, and drowning. Knowing the rules of saving people and yourself, the ability to act quickly and organize a rescue operation can help you cope with an emergency situation and save the life of yourself or others.

If ice breaks under you.

If ice breaks beneath you, stay calm. Try to throw off your backpack and other things that get in your way. Lie on your back or stomach with your arms and legs wide apart. If you were skiing, then try to lie down on them and crawl in the direction where you came from. The ski poles should be held in the middle, used to secure your position and belay. If you find yourself in the water, throw all heavy things aside. Try to stay on the surface and get out onto the ice. To do this, stick a ski pole or knife into the edge of the ice and, leaning on them, get out to the surface. In a narrow hole, it is better to lie horizontally in order to rest your feet on the ice, or just do swimming movements. If you managed to put your feet and hands on the ice, roll to the side and crawl away from the ice hole. As a rule, the ice edge is rather weak at the place of the dip. Therefore, you will first have to break the ice with your hands or with improvised means until you get to a hard surface. At the same time, you should loudly call for help.

Salvation of a person if he falls through the ice.

If you decide to help a person who has fallen under the ice, carefully crawl on your stomach to the place of the break, with your arms and legs spread wide. It is advisable to lean on a board or ski. Do not come close to the place of the breach, it is enough to crawl to it at such a distance, which is enough to provide assistance. Throw the end of a rope or strap to the victim, stretch a board or ski pole. You can only pull the victim out of the hole while lying down. Only one, maximum two people can provide help, a whole group of people trying to help, the ice will definitely not stand it. If absolutely necessary, several people can lie on the ice in a chain, holding each other by the legs, and crawl forward into the ice hole.

Actions on a floating ice floe.

If you find yourself in the sea on a breakaway floating ice floe, first of all you should not panic and try to calm the rest. Distribute the load on the ice floe so that it does not roll over and break in the middle. Check the direction of the wind and its strength. The direction of movement of the floe can be determined by the compass, stars, landmarks on the shore. Try to attract attention to yourself: shout, burn torches or fire a rocket launcher. Check the availability of food and distribute it over several meals. Assess the condition of each person, provide first aid to the wounded. You cannot even take off wet clothes, they can still slow down the cooling process. Get rid of unnecessary ballast that will not be useful at all during your forced travel. Save food, use incendiary resources sparingly and try to maintain a warm, friendly atmosphere of mutual assistance while waiting for rescuers.

Rules of conduct in cold water.

Being in cold water at any time of the year is extremely dangerous. Being in it, in a matter of minutes the human body can be completely hypothermic and die. Not every experienced and healthy person is able to stay in ice water for long enough. However, some guidelines will help you hold out as long as possible while waiting for help. If you get into the water, try to hold onto any floating objects, including the ice itself. To reduce heat loss, keep your head and neck above water. If several people have fallen into the water, it is better to stick together. Take care of the weak and injured - give them random floaters to make it easier for them to stay on the water, or use them in turn.

You should get out of the water immediately, despite the fact that in a strong wind the illusion is created that the water is much warmer. Move as little as possible while in the water waiting for help. Active movement increases sweating, which accelerates the hypothermia process. You can start active movement only when you reach hard ice to come to its surface or help other people. You should swim calmly, with small strokes under water, without sudden movements. If your limbs are numb or have cramps, don't panic. Do not be alarmed, severe chills, and the sensation of pain in the limbs are local in nature and do not threaten a person's life. Only general hypothermia can lead to death.

Cold protection.

Cold is the main enemy of a person trapped in icy water. Once ashore or hard ice, wring out wet clothes first. If there is no way to keep warm in any structure, find a place protected from the wind and take shelter there. To keep warm, you should actively move and preferably eat something sweet. Spread out wet matches to dry. Build a temporary shelter or screen of twigs, rocks, or ice to protect yourself from wind and rain. On the shore, you can light a fire and try to keep warm. Do not sleep or remain motionless. Better to keep yourself busy and thinking about further actions.

How to swim and behave near the water in summer?

The experience of rescue stations shows that bathing accidents can happen to almost anyone, but children, drunk people, and those who consider themselves to be unsurpassed swimmers are most at risk.

So, how to behave near water bodies, here are some simple recommendations.

You should go into cold water gradually. This is necessary so that the muscles are able to adapt to the temperature, and there are no cramps. For the same purpose, before taking water procedures, it is highly recommended to do light exercises, stretch your muscles - this will improve blood circulation.

It is not recommended to swim in unequipped reservoirs and where there are no rescue stations. And in the equipped rivers and lakes, you should not swim behind the water area of \u200b\u200bthe swimming pool indicated by the buoys. To avoid electric shock, do not swim during a thunderstorm.

Try to avoid dangerous long-distance swims unnecessarily. And if such a swim happens, you should calculate your capabilities, including on the way back. So, if you have swum across a wide river, and on the other side you feel that you have no strength left to swim back. DO NOT FLY! The risk can cost you your life. Get back by boat or over the bridge. As a last resort, have a good rest - give the body a proper recovery.

Do not swim while intoxicated. In this state, certain physical and mental changes are observed in the body. The intoxicated tend to overestimate their capabilities, at the same time the level of their physical strength and skills decreases. In addition, drunk bathing can lead to complete cardiac arrest, and there will be no one to help on the water.

Don't go swimming alone. While relaxing in the company, observe other bathers, especially children. Keep in mind that drowning people only scream in movies. In real life, when water enters the throat, a choking person is not able to give sound signals.

If you feel that you are starting to drown, then try not to panic, save the rest of your strength and breath, give signs to the rescuers and other people. Having given a signal to stay on the water, it is recommended to lie on your back so that only your face (respiratory organs) remains on the surface, and to carry out light movements of your legs and arms under the water. In such a state, a person can spend a minimum of strength on the surface for a long time. Keep in mind that the entire body must be underwater, including ears and hair. The more part of the body we immerse in water, the more the saving buoyancy force of water will act on us. This technique must be mastered by every bather, and must be learned in advance.

What not to do when swimming. Safety rules on the water.

• DO NOT swim behind the fence signs;
• DO NOT swim in prohibited areas;
• DO NOT leave bathing children unattended;
• DO NOT give false signals;
• DO NOT swim close to passing boats, steamers or boats;
• DO NOT jump into the water from bridges, dams, piers, boats or boats;
• DO NOT dive in an unfamiliar area.

Safety rules on the water in the boat.

• DO NOT use abandoned or technically damaged boats;
• DO NOT sail without life-saving and drainage equipment;
• DO NOT overload floating equipment with passengers and cargo in excess of the carrying capacity indicated in the data sheet;
• DO NOT ride while intoxicated;
• DO NOT board the side and bow of the boat;
• DO NOT transfer from one place to another, as well as from one boat to another afloat;
• DO NOT dive from boats;
• DO NOT use floating equipment after dark.

Children under 14 years old are not allowed to use watercraft unaccompanied by adults!

After strong overheating in the sun, do not rush to plunge into cold water. The rapid temperature drop causes the blood vessels to shrink rapidly, which can lead to fainting.

First aid to the victim in the water.

• Remember! The victim can return to life no later than 6 minutes after the cessation of breathing.
• Turn the victim's head to one side and clear the mouth of sand and silt.
• Remove water from the respiratory tract and stomach. This should not take more than 15 seconds.
• Establish: whether the victim has breathing and pulse. If there is no pulse, start mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration.
• Simultaneously with artificial respiration, an external heart massage is performed.

First aid for seizures.

Fingers: quickly, with force clench the hand into a fist, make a sharp throwing motion with your hand to the side and unclench your fist.
Gastrocnemius muscle: bend, grasp the foot of the flattened leg with your hand, and pull firmly towards you.
Thigh muscles: Grab the leg from the outside of the ankle (by the instep) and, bending it at the knee, pull it back towards the back.
If the cramp persists, repeat the technique!

If you are caught in a whirlpool.

Take in more air, plunge into the water and, making a strong dash with the current, float to the surface.

Summer is coming. In the summer, most people have a desire to swim in a lake, river, pond. Regardless of the type of reservoir, you must know and be sure to follow the rules of conduct and safety measures on the water.

You can not swim while drunk, under the influence of alcohol, people often overestimate their strengths, and also commit reckless actions in relation to other swimmers, which often leads to disastrous consequences;

Do not ride on water vehicles (boats, jet skis, skis, etc.) near the place where people are bathing. this can lead to injury;

Do not swim in dangerous, prohibited places;

It is forbidden to jump into the water in unfamiliar places, to play games in the water related to capture, to swim behind buoys and fences;

It is dangerous to dive in places of unknown depth, as you can hit your head on the sand, clay, break your cervical vertebrae, lose consciousness and die. It is no less dangerous to jump headlong into the water from rafts, piers and other floating structures, there may be piles, rails, stones, etc. under water, you can dive only where there is sufficient depth, clear water, and an even bottom;

Do not leave children on the shore of the reservoir unattended by adults who know how to swim and provide first aid;

Do not let children go to water bodies and swim without permission;

Not knowing how to swim, you cannot be in the water on an air mattress or camera. Swimming on inflatable objects is extremely dangerous, and for a person who cannot swim, it often ends tragically,

If you swam too far and are tired, spread your arms and legs, lie with your head in the water, close your eyes and relax. To keep horizontal, draw air into your lungs, hold it, and exhale slowly.

If during diving you lose coordination, exhale a little: air bubbles will point the way up.

If your leg is bent while swimming, for a second plunge headlong into the water and, straightening your leg, strongly pull your foot towards you by the big toe.

When a person is drowning in front of your eyes, look around for any life-saving devices nearby (they can be anything that will increase the person's buoyancy and that you are able to throw at him). If you decide to swim to a drowning person, consider water flow, wind, obstacles and distance. As you approach the person, try to calm and encourage him. If he can control his actions, then he should hold on to your shoulders. Otherwise, dive under the drowning person, grab (the easiest way - by the hair) and tow to the shore. If the person is already submerged in the water, do not give up trying to find him in the depths. You can bring a drowning person back to life if he has been in the water for up to 6 minutes.

After pulling out the victim, inspect him, free the upper respiratory tract from water and foreign bodies. In case of lack of breathing and cardiac activity, immediately proceed to resuscitation measures - do artificial respiration, if possible, turn the person upside down.

Failure to comply with the rules of conduct on the water can lead to a tragic outcome! The safety of each of you depends on you! We wish you good and safe rest on the beaches and waters!