Safety measures on reservoirs in summer in winter. Summary of the lesson on life safety on the topic: "Features of the state of water bodies at different times of the year." Basic rules of behavior on water bodies in winter

In our country, there are a large number of reservoirs where you can have a great rest in the summer or do winter fishing. Rest on the banks of a river or lake is great, but just a huge number of people die on the water every year. Most often this happens while swimming, especially in those places that are not intended for this.

A quarter of cases are accidents during kayak crossings on mountain rivers. In winter, when the water is covered with ice, some still manage to fall under it. This is why it is so important to know what safe behavior on water is in various conditions.

Rules of conduct on reservoirs in the summer

It is impossible to imagine a summer vacation without a trip to the sea, river or pond. When the sun is hot, you really want to plunge into cool water. In hot weather, there are especially many vacationers near the reservoirs. It is very important that before going on such a vacation you remember about safe behavior on water bodies in various conditions. A document that reflects all the rules of conduct on the water should be in every administration and rescue organizations.

Fresh air and water are excellent hardening factors, but we must not forget about the dangers that can lie in wait for you in open water. There are some guidelines for swimming:

1. Some diseases may be a contraindication to swimming, so consult your doctor before going to a river or sea.
2. The best time to take water treatments is 9-11 am and 5-19 pm.
3. Do not swim, if you have just eaten, an hour and a half should pass.

If you know how to swim, then this is to some extent your guarantee, but there are times when excellent swimmers get in and die.

Therefore, it is especially important to observe safety rules for all categories of citizens.

Rules on the water

Safe behavior on water bodies in various conditions must be strictly observed - this is the guarantor of your excellent holiday without incidents. After you have arrived at a river or lake, having spent a lot of time on the road in a hot car, you should not immediately rush into the water. You need to rest a little, calm down and cool down, only after that you can go swimming.

So that your vacation is not overshadowed by unexpected situations, follow these simple rules:

• Best of all, if you will take water procedures in places that are specially equipped for this.
• If you come to this place for the first time, before a full-fledged bathing, it is necessary to examine the bottom for driftwood, glass and any debris.
• Do not dive in unfamiliar places, otherwise you may bury your head in the ground, driftwood or concrete slab.
• If on the shore of the reservoir you find a sign that swimming in this place is prohibited, then you should not risk your health, it is better to go to another beach.
• At sea, usually the rescue services install buoys for which you cannot swim, you do not need to show your courage and measure your strength with friends, this can be dangerous.
• If you like to arrange games in the water, then be careful: do not grab each other by the arms or legs, you can swallow water in excitement and lose consciousness.
• If you are in the water, you need to call for help.
• Do not go into the water while drunk, it can end tragically.

For some reason, these simple rules are not followed by all, which then leads to accidents.

Behavior during unforeseen situations

An unexpected situation can happen to everyone on the water if safe behavior on water bodies is not observed in various conditions. Your life or your friends will depend on your actions at this moment.

When swimming in rivers, it can happen that you are caught in a whirlpool. You need to throw off panic, draw a lot of air into your lungs, immerse yourself in the water and try, making movements with your arms and legs, to swim away from the funnel.

If you do everything right and, most importantly, calmly, then you can easily get out of it. Another situation that occurs all the time is crossing a river or lake for a bet. You may simply not calculate your strength, it is impossible to predict how your body will behave in conditions of such an overload.

If you know how to relax on the water, lying on your back, then it's not so bad, you may be able to win an argument. The ability to rest can also be helpful if your leg is cramped in the water. This is very dangerous, because no one can help you quickly at a great distance from the coast, you can only rely on yourself.

For such cases, always take a pin with you, they say it is a good remedy for cramps in water.

Child safety in water

On reservoirs at different times of the year are relevant for children. In summer, it is impossible to drag our kids away from the water, all prohibitions do not work, so you must strictly follow the following recommendations:

1. Swimming with children is allowed only in specially equipped places.
2. Do not leave your child unattended, even if he is just playing on the beach.
3. Do not let children dive.
4. After a long stay in the heat, one must enter the water slowly, otherwise breathing may stop from a sharp temperature drop.
5. Try to learn to distinguish your children among a large number of children, believe me, this is not easy at all.
6. The length of time spent in the water depends on the age of the child, but it should be much shorter than for adults.
7. Do not allow children to swim in places where motor boats and boats run, and you should not do this yourself.

Keeping track of children while swimming is difficult, especially if there are a lot of them, such as in camps. Therefore, for safety reasons, bathing is prohibited in many wellness centers to prevent accidents.

Open water rules

Water procedures for a child are very good and healthy, but the main thing is that it is safe. Since many rest with their parents on the banks of rivers and lakes, go "savages" to the sea, it is worth considering some universal rules:

1. A child can enter the water if it warms up to 22 degrees, and outside at least 25 degrees.
2. Better to swim in the morning.
3. During the first bath, 2-3 minutes of staying in the water is enough.
4. Do not immerse your child in water with your head.
5. After getting out of the water, you need to wipe the body dry well and rest.

Rest on the banks of the river is a great opportunity to improve your health and get a lot of positive emotions. The main thing is to choose the right bodies of water. The features of the state of water bodies at different times of the year differ, and this must be taken into account.

Behavior on bodies of water in winter

It would seem that winter has come, the ice has bound all rivers and lakes, and you can safely skate and play hockey. But it should be said that the rules of safe behavior on water bodies in winter must also be observed.

Here are some rules that will help you keep your life and health on the pond in the winter:

• Ice with a thickness of at least 7 centimeters can withstand one person.
• Ice, as a rule, is not too hard near various drains.
• Do not test the ice strength with it.
• If you are moving along a frozen body of water, then it is better to follow the already trodden path.
• When walking in a group, the distance between you should be 5-6 meters, especially if the area is unfamiliar.
• It is better to carry a backpack on one shoulder in order to use it as an improvised means in an emergency.
• If this happened, and you fell through the ice, then spread your arms wide and hold on to the edges of the ice so as not to go under it with your head.
• Without panic, slowly get out of the hole, crawling with your chest and taking turns pulling your legs out.

In any unforeseen situation, one must remain calm and cool, and in order to exclude such cases, one must always remember about safe behavior on water bodies in various conditions.

Water and danger are concepts that stand very close, so it depends only on you whether the body of water becomes a place of excellent rest for you or brings misfortune.

Summer is coming. In the summer, most people have a desire to swim in a lake, river, pond. Regardless of the type of reservoir, it is necessary to know and be sure to follow the rules of conduct and safety measures on the water.

You can not swim while drunk, under the influence of alcohol people often overestimate their strengths, and also commit reckless acts towards other swimmers, which often leads to disastrous consequences;

Do not ride on water transport (boats, jet skis, skis, etc.) near the place where people are bathing. this can lead to injury;

Do not swim in dangerous, prohibited places;

It is forbidden to jump into the water in unfamiliar places, to play games in the water related to capture, to swim behind buoys and fences;

It is dangerous to dive in places of unknown depth, since you can hit your head on sand, clay, break your cervical vertebrae, lose consciousness and die. It is no less dangerous to jump headlong into the water from rafts, piers and other floating structures, there may be piles, rails, stones, etc. under water, you can dive only where there is sufficient depth, clear water, and an even bottom;

Do not leave children on the shore of the reservoir unattended by adults who know how to swim and provide first aid;

Do not let children go to water bodies and swim without permission;

Not knowing how to swim, you cannot be in the water on an inflatable mattress or camera. Swimming on inflatable objects is extremely dangerous, and for a person who cannot swim, it often ends tragically,

If you swim too far and are tired, spread your arms and legs, lie down with your head in the water, close your eyes and relax. To keep horizontal, draw air into your lungs, hold it, and exhale slowly.

If during the dive you lose coordination, exhale a little: air bubbles will point the way up.

If your leg is bent while swimming, for a second plunge headlong into the water and, straightening your leg, strongly pull your foot towards you by the big toe.

When a person is drowning in front of your eyes, look around for any life-saving devices nearby (they can be anything that will increase the person's buoyancy and that you are able to throw at him). If you decide to swim to a drowning person, consider water flow, wind, obstacles and distance. As you approach the person, try to calm and encourage him. If he can control his actions, then he should hold on to your shoulders. Otherwise, dive under the drowning person, grab (the easiest way - by the hair) and tow to the shore. If the person is already submerged in the water, do not give up trying to find him in the depths. You can return a drowning person to life if he has been in the water for up to 6 minutes.

After pulling out the victim, inspect him, free the upper respiratory tract from water and foreign bodies. In case of lack of breathing and cardiac activity, immediately proceed to resuscitation measures - do artificial respiration, if possible, turn the person upside down.

Failure to comply with the rules of conduct on the water can lead to a tragic outcome! The safety of each of you depends on you! Have a nice and safe holiday on the beaches and waters!

With the onset of the long-awaited summer, hundreds of people rush to rest to the reservoirs. Water is a good friend and ally of man, helping to get the maximum pleasure from relaxation and improve health. But at the same time, she does not tolerate frivolity and can be a source of increased danger. The consequences of frivolous behavior will be the most dire. To avoid them, everyone should know the basic safety rules on the water.

Causes of water accidents

A drowning person can be identified by the following criteria:

1. The head is deep in the water, the mouth periodically disappears and appears above the surface. A drowning man cannot call for help, only sigh and exhale.
2. The mouth is half-open or open, the head is strongly thrown back.
3. The eyes become glazed and unable to focus.
4. Vertical position of the body.
5. Difficulty and rapid breathing.
6. A man flounders in place, not sailing anywhere.
7. Attempts to roll over onto his back and take a horizontal position are unsuccessful, while the drowning man tries to climb out of the water like a rope ladder.

If at least one of the listed signs is present, you need to ask the person if everything is in order. If he doesn't answer, it most likely means that the person needs help. The main thing in this case is not to waste time.

Rescue of a drowning man

Safety on the water says that the most correct thing is to call rescuers or people who know how to swim for help. But if the situation is such that you will have to save the person in distress alone, these recommendations will help you do everything right:

1. First of all, you should try to calm the drowning person, let him know that help is close. Sometimes this is enough for a person to stop panicking and swam to the shore himself.
2. The most effective way of rescue is from a boat or from the shore to extend a long pole or rope to a drowning person, by which he can grab and swim out. If there is a lifebuoy, you need to throw it.
3. It is best to swim up to a person in distress from behind, since a drowning person instinctively grabs his rescuer and fetters his movements, he can even involuntarily stun him with a strong blow.
4. It is necessary to turn the person on his back and swim with him to the shore. If he resists and thereby pulls the rescuer to the bottom, you can plunge with him into the water for a few seconds, this will help to get rid of the convulsive grips of the drowning person.
5. If a drowning person has gone to the bottom, the rescuer must dive, take the drowning person under the armpits or by the hair under the water and, pushing himself hard from the bottom, float to the surface with him.

First aid

First aid should be provided to a drowned person directly on the shore and as quickly as possible, since death from drowning usually occurs within 5-6 minutes. The first aid method depends on the condition of the drowned person.

If the victim is conscious, you need to remove all clothing from him, wipe and wrap him in something dry and warm. In order for all the water to come out of the lungs, it is required to induce vomiting by irritating the root of the tongue. After the lungs are free of water, it is advisable to give the victim a warm drink.

If the drowned person is unconscious, but breathes on his own, they give him a sniff of ammonia, then vigorously rub the whole body. After the return of consciousness, the lungs are freed from water through vomiting. The victim must be taken to the hospital, especially if there is cyanosis of the skin.

If a person taken out of the water does not show signs of life, first of all he needs to cleanse the oral cavity. Then the rescuer must turn the victim onto his stomach over his bent leg at the knee so that the victim's head is below the stomach and lungs. After that, the rescuer rhythmically presses on the back until the water flows out of the mouth and nose. Manipulations to remove water should take no more than 10-15 seconds, then immediately you need to start removing fluid from the respiratory tract.

To remove water from the lungs, the victim is turned over onto his stomach and mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration is performed in combination with a closed heart massage. After a person regains consciousness, he must be warmed up and immediately taken to the hospital for subsequent intensive care.

Signs of the effectiveness of resuscitation measures

A set of measures to revitalize a drowned person can be considered effective if his skin turns pink, his pupils narrowed, and with massage shocks a pulse is clearly felt on the carotid artery. The revival of the victim should last until the person can breathe on their own. It can last several minutes, and sometimes several hours, before the arrival of the ambulance team.

Swimming in an open pond or pool is an excellent wellness procedure, from which, with the right approach, you can get a lot of positive emotions for both children and adults. But safety rules on the water must be strictly observed, because your own life or the life of a loved one can become a payback.

Water bodies are dangerous at any time of the year. In summer, they are dangerous when swimming and using watercraft. The danger is most often represented by a strong current (including underwater), deep pools and underwater cold springs. In spring, autumn and winter, low water temperature is added to these factors. In winter, most water bodies are covered with ice, which is a source of serious danger, especially after the first frosts and during thaws. At this time, the risk of falling through the ice is very high.

It is important to follow the rules of safe behavior in winter waters. The main of these rules are as follows: ice that has a greenish or bluish tint is reliable, and yellowish ice is dangerous; dangerous areas of ice at the confluence of rivers and streams, at steep banks, on steep bends of the channel; places where water appears on top of the ice are very dangerous, since they usually indicate the presence of a gully; to overcome the pond on ice should be during daylight hours and with good visibility; when moving on ice for a group of people, it is necessary to maintain a distance of about 5 m;

If you have a backpack, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of quick release from it (it is better to carry it on one shoulder). Having fallen through, you need to lean on the ice, transfer one leg to it, then pull out the other, roll onto the ice and carefully move away from the dangerous place. Before that, it is better to get rid of shoes.

Lesson topic: "Features of the state of water bodies at different times of the year" grade 5

The purpose of the lesson. To give knowledge to students about the state of water bodies at different times of the year.

Studied issues

The state of water bodies in your city and the necessary safety measures.

Personal safety rules for frozen water bodies.

Presentation of educational material

1. Water bodies are dangerous at any time of the year. Describe the bodies of water available in your city, drawing the students' attention to the fact that not all bodies of water can be bathed; near it, downstream water in rivers is not drinkable, and in some places it is even dangerous for swimming. If a sign "Swimming is prohibited" is installed on the shore, you should not violate this prohibition, no matter how great the desire to swim.

Emphasize that the first rule of safe human behavior on the water is to know the place where the water in reservoirs is tested and does not pose a danger to human health.

2. To draw the attention of students to the need to comply with general rules of conduct on the water in order to reduce the possibility of accidents.

Reassure students that the best way to feel confident in the water is to learn how to swim and to maintain water safety skills at all times. If your leg is cramped in the water, you need to draw air into the lungs, bend over to the leg, take it by the fingers with both hands and pull them strongly towards you. Then immediately swim to the shore. In addition, it is necessary to learn how to relax on the water, not to lose self-control and to act correctly in a critical situation, do not hesitate to call for help.

3. Emphasize that it is equally important to know the rules of safe behavior on frozen water bodies. It is recommended to cross the body of water only in proven places, marked with special warning signs. If no safe locations are indicated, the ice should be carefully inspected.

For single pedestrians, ice is considered strong when its thickness is at least 7 cm, for a group of people - 12 cm.

Draw the students' attention to the fact that ice strength can be determined by a number of signs:

the strongest is pure, transparent ice, muddy ice is unreliable;

in areas covered with snow, the ice is thin and weak;

in places where streams and rivers flow into the lake (river), the thinnest ice is usually formed.

In summer, they are dangerous when swimming and using watercraft. The danger is most often represented by a strong current (including underwater), deep pools and underwater cold springs. In spring and summer, these factors are added to the low water temperature. In winter, most of the water bodies are covered with ice, which is a source of serious danger, especially after the first frosts and during thaws. At this time, the risk of falling through the ice is very high. Therefore, it is important to follow the rules of safe behavior on winter waters. The main of these rules are as follows:
- ice with a greenish or bluish tint is reliable, while yellowish ice is dangerous;

- dangerous areas of ice at the confluence of rivers and streams, at steep banks, on steep bends of the channel;

- places where water appears on top of the ice are very dangerous, since they usually indicate the presence of a gully;

- to overcome the reservoir on ice should be during daylight hours and with good visibility;
- when moving on ice a group of people must maintain a distance of about 5 m;
- if you have a backpack, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of quick release from it (it is better to carry it on one shoulder).
Having fallen through, you need to lean on the ice, transfer one leg to it, then pull out the other, roll onto the ice and carefully move away from the dangerous place. Before that, it is better to get rid of shoes.

RULES FOR SAFE BEHAVIOR ON WATER

The ability to swim well is one of the most important guarantees for safe water recreation, but remember that even a good swimmer must maintain constant caution, discipline and strictly adhere to the rules of behavior on the water.

It is best to swim in specially equipped places: beaches, pools, baths; be sure to pre-pass a medical examination and familiarize yourself with the rules of the internal order of places for swimming.

When hiking, a place for swimming should be chosen where there is clear water, an even sandy or gravel bottom, a shallow depth (up to 2 m), there is no strong current (up to 0.5 m / s).

With hypothermia of the swimmer's body in the water, cramps may appear that bring the arm, and more often the leg or both legs. In case of convulsions, you must immediately get out of the water. If this is not possible, then you must act as follows:

1. Change your swimming style - backstroke.

2.When a feeling of tightening of the fingers of the hand, it is necessary to quickly, forcefully squeeze the hand into a fist, make a sharp throwing movement with the hand to the outside, unclench the fist.

3.In case of a spasm of the gastrocnemius muscle, it is necessary to bend, grab the foot of the injured leg with both hands and forcefully pull the foot towards you.

4. In case of cramps of the thigh muscles, it is necessary to grasp the leg with your hand from the outside below the lower leg at the ankle (for the instep) and, bending it at the knee, pull your hand with force back to the back.

5. Make pricking with any sharp improvised object (pin, needle, etc.)

6. A tired swimmer should remember that the best way to relax on the water is to "supine".

Don't swim behind the buoys - there may be a sharp bottom break, cold spring, algae thickets, etc.

Do not play grappling games in the water - in the heat of excitement, you can cause your partner to breathe in water instead of air and lose consciousness.

Drowning Assistance Rules

1. Turn the victim face down, lower the head below the pelvis.

2. Cleanse the mouth.

3. Press hard on the root of the tongue.

4. With the appearance of vomiting and cough reflexes, achieve complete removal of water from the respiratory tract and stomach.

5. If there is no gagging or pulse, put it on your back and start resuscitation (artificial respiration, chest compressions). When signs of life appear, turn face down, remove water from lungs and stomach.

6. Call an ambulance.

If a person has already plunged into the water, do not give up trying to find him at depth, and then bring him back to life.This can be done if the drowned person has been in the water for no more than 6 minutes.

CAN'T

LEAVE THE INVOKED UNDER ATTENTION (cardiac arrest may occur at any time)

TO CARRY THE SUFFICIENT YOURSELF IF IT IS POSSIBLE TO CALL THE RESCUE SERVICE.

To get rid of the water that has got into the respiratory tract and interferes with breathing, you need to immediately stop, with vigorous movements of your arms and legs, keep on the surface of the water and, raising your head as high as possible, cough strongly. To avoid drowning in the water, the swimmer must maintain the correct breathing rhythm. When swimming in the waves, you need to be careful about taking a breath when you are between the crests of the waves. When swimming against the waves, you should calmly rise on the wave and roll off it. If there is a wave with a crest, then it is best to dive under it slightly below the crest.

Once in a fast current, one should not fight against it; it is necessary, without breaking your breath, to swim with the current to the shore.

Once in a whirlpool, one should not succumb to fear, lose a sense of self-control. It is necessary to draw more air into the lungs, plunge into the water and, making a strong dash to the side downstream, float to the surface.

When entangled in algae, do not make sudden movements and jerks. It is necessary to lie on your back, trying to swim out with soft, calm movements in the direction from which you swam. If, nevertheless, it is not possible to get rid of the plants, then, having freed your hands, you need to raise your legs and try to carefully get rid of the plants with your hands.

Do not swim close to ships in progress in order to swing on the waves. A current arises in the vicinity of a moving motor ship, which can tighten under the propeller. It is dangerous to jump (dive) into the water in an unknown place - you can hit your head on the ground, snag, pile, etc., break your cervical vertebrae, lose consciousness and die.

It is no less dangerous to dive from rafts, boats, boats, marinas and other floating structures. There can be logs under the water - logs, piles, rails, reinforced concrete, etc. You can dive only in places specially equipped for this. You cannot swim on the steep, steep and overgrown shores. Here the bottom slope can be very clogged with roots and vegetation. Sometimes the sandy bottom is shaky, which is dangerous for those who cannot swim.

An important condition for safety on the water is strict adherence to the rules of boating. You cannot set sail on a malfunctioning and completely unequipped boat. Before boarding the boat, you need to inspect it and make sure that there are oars, a rudder, oarlocks, a lifebuoy, life jackets for the number of passengers, and a scoop to drain water. To board the boat, step carefully in the middle of the deck. You need to sit on the beams (benches) evenly. In no case should you board the boat, change from one place to another, as well as move from one boat to another, rock the boat and dive from it.

It is forbidden for children under 16 years of age to ride a boat unaccompanied by adults, to overload the boat in excess of the established norm for this type of boat, to cross the course of motor boats, to be close to them and to move along the ship's course. It is dangerous to expose the side of the boat parallel to the running wave. The wave should be "cut" with the bow of the boat across or at an angle.

If the boat capsizes, the first step is to provide assistance to the one who needs it. It is better for all passengers to hold on to the boat and jointly push it towards the shore or in shallow water.

For those who do not know how to swim and who do not swim well, various inflatable watercraft are especially dangerous: cameras, belts, rubber mattresses, etc.

Control questions

Can you drink raw water from open reservoirs and rivers?

Why can't you dive into the water in unfamiliar places?

Where is the ice safest to move around?

What distance must be observed when moving a group of people on the ice?

What color is ice safe?

Where is the ice thin and dangerous?

What time of day should you move on the ice?

What is the evidence of a gully?

Homework

Study § 3.2 of the textbook.

In your safety diary, write down the water bodies that are allowed to swim in your city.