Message about the importance of speech culture. Report: Culture of speech as a component of the general culture of a person. Ethics of speech communication

Language is an instrument of folk culture. But for it to work for good, it must be organically, beautifully and competently used.

The culture of speech is not only the actual staging of stress and the correct use of words, but also the virtuoso handling of the richest set of expressive means.

Clean speech is the key to public health

When we meet a person who is beautiful from all sides, we are fascinated by his even posture, pleasant face, neat clothes, open smile, modest disposition, purity of soul and kindness of heart.

But, it happens, as soon as he opens his mouth, the magic disappears: instead of a beautiful speech, we are showered with “agreements” and “kartals”, constantly intending to “lie” something and “ring” someone.

Still others give out such intricate "three-story" illogical constructions that even a philosopher with a defended candidate's thesis cannot understand the meaning of the sentence.

Someone enriches their speech with uninvited paronyms. Others torture the language with tautologies and monotony, not trying to give the story a drop of color.

At business meetings, jargon sounds from the stands, and the Internet is replenished with ridiculous illiterate quotes from the capital's politicians.

All this linguistic chaos occurs for one single reason - an insufficient level of speech culture.

Culture of speech - what is it?

The personal culture of an individual's speech is characterized by how well he speaks the norms of the language.

This means his ability to express himself accurately, concretely, succinctly, accessible, clean, competently, expressively and clearly.

The culture of a person's speech is directly related to the spiritual wealth and integral inner culture of the individual, with his outlook, aesthetic perception and views of the world.

In a general sense, this is a section of linguistics aimed at improving the main social tool - communication.

He investigates language problems, establishes the rules of word use, defines the strict boundaries of cultural communicative behavior and promotes language norms.

In addition to cultural vocabulary, the section of speech culture explores colloquial forms, everyday simplified words, jargon, youth slang and borrowings.

Speech culture rests on oral and written standards and implies adequate literary mastery of them. Globally, the culture of speech is a love for the native language and a reverent attitude towards dogmas.

It is an important requirement for defining a person as developed, highly educated, cultured and noble.

Culture of speech and its features

The level of speech culture can characterize both the lifestyle of a single individual and education, upbringing of an entire generation.

Criteria for the culture of speech:

1. Compliance with the rules... You can speak incorrectly in different ways - confusing the stress ("rings"), incorrectly pronouncing letter combinations ("egg" instead of "egg") and choosing the wrong word forms ("lodges" instead of "luggage").

2. Accuracy of statements... This refers to the concreteness of the reflection of thoughts. Due to vague constructions ("somewhere someone once") and stylistic mistakes, your phrase may no longer be intelligible.

4. Consistency of the narrative... Some individuals manage to start talking about one thing, and end the thought with a completely different opera.

For example, breaks in causal relationships ("because gladiolus") are considered logical speech disorders.

The use of different-colored sets and categories in one phrase is also disastrous (“I read two books - the Primer and the blue one,“ two comrades went, one went to school, the other in boots ”).

5. Clarity of presentation... The ability to say nothing after two hours of chatting is highly prized in politics and marketing. However, in other communication situations, confusing and ambiguous constructions interfere with mutual understanding.

6. Variety of expressive means and the volume of vocabulary. Speech is considered beautiful and rich if it is saturated with synonyms and bright turns.

7. Aesthetics... The use of euphemisms is a “soft” alternative to describe the gross aspects of reality.

8. Reasonableness and appropriateness of using means of expression in a given situation.

Communication is a widely demanded tool in modern society, and those who know the culture of speech achieve great success.

In many different professions, the ability to express yourself vividly, accurately and meaningfully, to choose “speaking” metaphors and to influence the masses in one word is useful.

The culture of speech is at the heart of oratory, literature and other major disciplines. Do not hesitate, always - both at a young and in old age - it makes sense to improve your native language!

Language and speech. Speech culture.

Plan:

Pedagogical rhetoric as a science.

The concept of language in modern linguistics.

Language and speech.

Speech culture.

Pedagogical rhetoric as a science

The revival of pedagogical rhetoric began in the 80s. XX century, when it became clear that people need not just knowledge of the language, but also knowledge oriented towards effective communication, including professional one.

The training of a teacher as a rhetorician, although it is associated with the entire cycle of sciences, is still a separate subject of teaching. This axiom unites all modern approaches to understanding pedagogical rhetoric.

In the 90s. XX century. in science and the pedagogical environment, there was an awareness of the need for such an academic subject that would not only explain the structure of the studied language, but also familiarize students with its social functions, i.e. to professional rhetoric (to pedagogical rhetoric). Thus, the study of pedagogical rhetoric is inseparable from such disciplines as linguistics, speech culture, and is closely related to the concepts: language, speech, speech technique, speech logic, speech normalization.

The concept of language in modern linguistics

Linguistics, or linguistics, is the study of language. This means that the object of observation and the subject of study of linguistics is language. Language is the most important thing that accompanies a person, without which he cannot be called a person. Language arises from the need of people to communicate. There is no language of an individual person, language exists only in society. Without society, language dies. It follows from this that language is a system of discrete (articulate) signs that has spontaneously arisen in human society and is used for communication purposes (communication and communication) and is capable of expressing the entire body of human knowledge and ideas about the world.

Why learn a language? Learning the language is necessary in order to understand how people communicate with each other, according to what laws this communication takes place, how people express their thoughts, feelings and will, how they pass on the accumulated experience from generation to generation.

Linguistic activity refers to social phenomena that are studied by the humanities - philology, logic, psychology, social science, history and other sciences. Each science forms its own idea of \u200b\u200blanguage as the subject of its observation and study. Linguistics as a part of philology has its own idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject.

In this regard, there are a large number of language definitions. Many authors point to the social nature of language. In their opinion, the main property of language is that it is the most important means of human communication. The existence of human society is impossible without language. Thus, society is the habitat of the language, but, on the other hand, the language itself becomes the main and necessary condition for the existence and functioning of society.

Language is a necessary condition for the existence and development of human society. If there is no language, there will be no society; if there is no society, there will be no opportunities for the existence and development of language. This explains the fact that, once outside of people, outside the existence of human society, a person stops speaking, using language: there is simply no need for this. The language itself arose only as a natural need for one person to explain something to another, to communicate something. This means that language and society are closely interacting and interdependent concepts.

Other scientists pay attention to the symbolic nature of language: language is a system of signs consisting of two sides: sound and thought. Some scientists, in particular I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure, called language a purely mental entity. Sound as a physical phenomenon does not belong to language, but is something extraneous, used only for convenience. However, none of the proposed definitions is able to cover all the essential aspects of the language.

The German scientist Wilhelm Humboldt and after him A.A. Potebnya focused their attention on language as an activity. W. Humboldt wrote: “... language is something constant and at the same time changing at any given moment ... Language is not a product of activity, but an activity ... Language is a constantly renewed work of the spirit aimed at making articulatory sound suitable for expressing thoughts ".

All scientists agree with the understanding of language as an activity. The phenomenon of language is formed as a result of the combination of two opposite elements - sound and thought. Sound as an undivided sounding stream is a person's reaction to external or internal irritation. Thought, as an undivided thought stream, is formed in a person's head under the influence of perceived reality. In this form, sound and thought existed before language, but did not belong to language. Their mechanical union does not form a language. The emergence of language required their synthesis and radical transformation in this synthesis. The sound in the language must become articulate, articulated and processed by thought.

Thought, isolated from the stream by means of language, must correspond to the isolated fact of reality. Such a unity of articulate sound and discrete (dismembered) thought makes it possible to single out “pieces” of reality and operate with them. Thus, language is both a social and a natural phenomenon. The nature of language, its mechanisms are as complex and diverse as the person himself. Therefore, the essence of language can be revealed only in the process of human speech ontogenesis (ontogeny is development from the very beginning to the end - S.V. Razzhivina).

According to recent discussions in the theory of linguistics, humans have an innate language ability that is embedded in the anatomy and functioning of the human brain. Language appears as a means of expressing cognitive functions of the brain (for example, combining homogeneous phenomena into large classes) and processing information.

The most capacious definition of this phenomenon is given by O.S. Akhmanova: “Language is an original sign system, individual for each nation, serving as a tool for shaping thinking, a means of expressing thoughts and transmitting cultural values \u200b\u200bfrom generation to generation”.

Language and speech

The connection between language and speech is no less interesting and indicative for the knowledge of language. We can say that these are two sides of the same coin, but they are still different concepts, which also cannot be confused or not differentiated. Speech and language form a single phenomenon of human language in general and of each specific language in particular. It is difficult to understand the relationship between language and speech from a proper linguistic point of view. Many scientists and philosophers devoted their scientific research to this particular problem - the problem of the connection between language and speech, on the one hand, and on the other, the problem of differentiating these concepts. The eminent German philosopher and linguist Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt is one such scientist. He wrote: "Language as a mass of everything produced by speech is not the same thing as speech itself in the mouth of the people." This position was developed and deepened by the Swiss scientist Ferdinand de Saussure, who argued that “the study of linguistic activity is divided into two parts: one of them, the main one, has as its subject language, that is, something social in essence and independent of the individual ... secondary, has the subject of the individual side of speech activity, that is, speech, including speaking. "

It follows from this that language is a tool (means) of communication, and speech is a type (method) of communication produced by this tool.

Language – it is a system of objectively existing, socially fixed signs; it is a system of rules for the use and compatibility of such signs according to the laws of the development and existence of a given language. Speech is concrete speaking, flowing in time and clothed in a sound (oral) or written form of its realization.

Thus, speech is the embodiment, the realization of language. Speech is the life of language. Speech is language in action.

Speech is specific and unique (although it is built on the basis of the laws and rules established in this language). Language is abstract and we reproduce it in each specific speech act.

The speech is relevantbecause it is the actualization of the language; language is potentialbecause it exists as a potential possibility of a specific speech implementation.

The speech is endless and is created in each specific case and in each specific unit of time by each specific individual, therefore it is impossible even to imagine some kind of regulation or some clearly defined boundaries here. Language is finite... The list can represent the number of basic sounds existing in each specific language, morphemes that make up words (root, prefix, suffix, ending), parts of speech (noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, service parts of speech - preposition, union, particle).

Speech is material, it is intended and possible for sensory perception, i.e. e. for perception through the corresponding senses. Language is abstract, because it is intended to generalize and typify the basic units, methods, properties and means of human communication.

Thus, the most essential characteristics of language and speech are as follows:

1. Speech is an individual phenomenon. Language is a common phenomenon... Language is always mutated in single speech manifestations, but within the boundaries that are established by the language itself.

2... Speech is a mental phenomenon, and language is social... Each speech act is subject to all mental factors - sensations, perceptions, emotions. But in the language is reflected only that which has social significance.

3. Speech is mobile, dynamic. Language strives for generalization, stability... Language is a balanced system of internal relations, and any balance tends to stability, counteracting attempts to disturb this balance emanating from speech.

4. Materiality is inherent in speech. It can perform its functions only in the form of units with real material qualities. Language strives to appear as an abstract system.

Speech culture

The culture of speech is the ability, firstly, to speak and write correctly and, secondly, to use linguistic means in accordance with the goals and conditions of communication.

This means that the concept of speech culture includes the following constituents:

knowledge of the norms of the literary language;

selection of certain linguistic units and their combinations from them;

their compliance: the communicative situation, ethical norms accepted in society, and the communicative intention of the speaker.

The culture of speech is, secondly, such a body of knowledge and skills of a person, which provides the most expedient and uncomplicated use of language in a particular communicative situation. A simpler definition: Speech culture is a skill, firstly,correctly speak and write and, secondly, use linguistic means in accordance with the goals and conditions of communication.

Components of speech culture

The culture of speech presupposes above all correct speech... The correctness of speech is its compliance with the current language norms. It is the correctness of speech that ensures its mutual understanding, the success of achieving its communicative goals, and its unity. Consequently, the correctness of speech is associated with strict adherence to the norms of the literary language adopted in this linguistic community at the moment of its development.

The norm is considered a set of the most stable traditional uses, selected in the process of verbal communication and serving the most successful and effective implementation of communication.

However, speech culture is not limited only to the concept of correctness of speech and cannot be reduced to a list of prohibitions and the dogmatic definition of "right - wrong".

The communicative aspect of the culture of speech, associated with the appropriateness of word use, primarily comes from such a concept as the accuracy of speech.

Accuracy - this is the property of speech to adequately express the author's thought. The accuracy of speech is determined by the ability to think clearly and clearly, knowledge of the subject of speech and the laws of the Russian language. Accuracy of speech is most often associated with the accuracy of word use, the correct use of polysemous words, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms. The accuracy of word usage depends on how much the speaker knows the subject of speech, how erudite he is, whether he can think logically, whether he knows the laws of the Russian language and its rules.

An equally important property of the culture of speech, understood in the communicative aspect, is its consistency... All linguistic elements from which the text is built must be a logical sequence, be understandable and intelligible. Fragments of the text should be logically connected, so that it does not work out the way it is demonstrated in the well-known expression: "There is an elder in the garden, but there is an uncle in Kiev."

People's Artist Arkady Raikin created on the stage a parody image of Fedya the propagandist, whose speech is devoid of elementary logic:

The new boss is twenty-four years old, he was born in forty-two, the old one was also twenty-four, but he was born in thirty-six ... In a sponsored collective farm, two of ours reaped the best results: they loaded manure. One engineer took monastic vows and goes to work like that ... People need to be taken to the museum and, using the example of a primitive man, show how far we have come ... I turn to sports.

Of course, this is a parody-hyperbole, but in real life there are no less anecdotal examples of the organization of speech, which is called "you can't imagine it on purpose!"

Compare these excerpts from school essays:

At the age of eighteen, Onegin learned the social life. Pechorin was also bored with secular life (but after all, the author did not say a word about the fact that this very “secular life” bored Onegin! To know is not to be fed up);

Katerina passed away, justified the trust placed in her by God and by love itself (did God trust her, allowing her to commit suicide?);

Nilovna did not see happiness in life, except for the beating of her husband;

Classical music is associated with the most important events in our life. Such events include weddings and funerals;

A. Blok recalls the best moments of his life. Among these moments was the death of his wife.

An equally important component of the culture of speech is ethicscommunication. Etiquette is a set of rules of good manners accepted in a given society and establishing norms of behavior and communication of people in certain situations.

The word etiquette entered into international use in the 17th century. During the reign of the French king Louis XIV, at one court reception, guests were given cards listing some of the rules of conduct. From the French name of these cards, the word "etiquette" came from, which entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Etiquette is a French word, in Russian speech it corresponds to a combination of rules of conduct.

Under intelligibility (clarity) of speech is understood as its accessibility to the understanding of the listener or the reader. “Speak so that you cannot fail to be understood,” said the Roman teacher of eloquence Quintilian.

Wealth speech is the variety of means used in it. “The tasks that you set yourself inevitably and urgently require a greater richness of words, a greater abundance and variety of them,” said A. M. Gorky.

Purity speech is the absence in it of dialectal, jargon, vernacular, vulgar words, as well as words of a foreign language origin, if there is no need to use them. “To use a foreign word when there is a Russian word equivalent to it is to offend both common sense and common taste,” said VG Belinsky.

Expressiveness speech is liveliness, imagery, emotionality of speech. “Language must be alive,” AN Tolstoy warned. MV Lomonosov, a brilliant orator of his time, wrote: "Eloquence is the art of speaking about any given matter and thus incline others to your opinion about it." Therefore, to say “red”, that is, expressively (figuratively, emotionally), is important in order to more forcefully influence the listeners.

1. Language and speech. Speech activity

   Abstract \u003e\u003e Culture and art

   Theme: " Language and speech. Speech activity "by discipline: english language and culture speeches Moscow 2010 Introduction Speech and language play ... position, respecting speech and ethical and psychological rules of conduct. Concept of language and speeches The words " language" and " speech " polysemantic, ...

2. Language - the main element in culture

   Abstract \u003e\u003e Culture and art

   Events, actions, subjective education. Language - the main element in culture Culture can be considered as a symbolic ... norms in cases of prestigious, reference speech usage: cf. mistakes in speeches radio and television announcers ...

3. Culture speeches as an academic discipline

   Abstract \u003e\u003e Culture and art

   Work " Culture Russian language "... V.V. Vinogradov in the article "Russian speech, its study and questions speech culture " ("... rationing language, propaganda speech culture investigated in the works of B.N. Golovin "How to Speak Correctly. Notes on culture speech " ...

Introduction

Nowadays, communication is one of the main factors of mutual understanding between people, therefore the culture of verbal behavior is important to all people whose activities, in one way or another, are connected with communication. By the way a person speaks or writes, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his inner culture.

The culture of speech is a concept that combines the knowledge of the linguistic norm of the oral and written literary language, as well as the ability to use expressive language means in different communication conditions.

In addition, in the modern world, conditions have developed when the demand for a specialist in the labor market, his competitiveness largely depend on the availability of literate speech (both oral and written), the ability to communicate effectively, from knowledge of speech techniques, persuasion. The success of any professional activity depends on how skillfully speech activity is carried out.

Thus, the relevance of this topic is beyond doubt.

The purpose of the work is to consider the features of speech culture and its impact on the ethics of communication.

consider the history of the issue;

characterize the concept of "culture of speech";

analyze the features of a person's speech culture;

to reveal the process of interaction between the culture of speech and ethics of communication.

1. History of the culture of speech

communication culture speech psychological

The culture of speech as a special area of \u200b\u200blinguistics took shape gradually. The norms of the Russian language of the most ancient times were formed in Kievan Rus under the influence of oral poetry and the Church Slavonic language. Ancient handwritten and subsequent printed books kept and consolidated the traditions of written speech, but already the code of laws "Russian Truth", formed orally and written down under Yaroslav the Wise in 1016, reflected living speech.

The first attempts to consciously form the norms of written speech date back to the 18th century, when Russian society realized that the lack of unity in the spellings made communication difficult and created many inconveniences.

The work of V.K. Trediakovsky "A Conversation Between a Stranger and a Russian About Spelling Old and New" (1748) is the first attempt to substantiate the rules of Russian spelling.

The theoretical normalization of the Russian language is associated with the compilation of the first grammars, rhetoric and dictionaries, with a description for educational purposes of the literary, exemplary language, its norms and styles.

M.V. Lomonosov - the creator of the first scientific grammar of the Russian language "Russian grammar" (1755) and "Rhetoric" (short - 1743 and "lengthy" - 1748) - laid the foundations of the normative grammar and stylistics of the Russian language.

In the 19th century, works on the rhetoric of N.F. Koshanskiy, A.F. Merzlyakova, A.I. Galich, K. Zelenetsky and others.

One of the main tasks of the culture of speech is the protection of the literary language, its norms. It should be emphasized that such protection is a matter of national importance, since the literary language is precisely what, linguistically, unites the nation.

One of the most important functions of a literary language is to be the language of the entire nation, to rise above individual local or social limited language formations. The literary language is what creates, naturally, along with economic, political and other factors, the unity of the nation. It is difficult to imagine a full-fledged nation without a developed literary language.

The famous modern linguist M.V. Panov, among the main features of the literary language, names such as the language of culture, the language of the educated part of the people, a consciously codified language, i.e. such norms that all native speakers of the literary language must follow.

Any grammar of the modern Russian literary language, any of its vocabulary is nothing more than its modification. However, the culture of speech begins where language, as it were, offers a choice for codification, and this choice is far from unambiguous. This indicates that the modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as a language from Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. He constantly needs rationing. If you follow the established norms once and for all, then there is a danger that society will simply cease to reckon with them and will spontaneously establish its own norms. Spontaneity in such a matter is far from good, therefore, constant monitoring of the development and change of norms is one of the main tasks of the linguistic science of the culture of speech.

This was well understood by the Russian linguists of the pre-revolutionary period, as evidenced by the analysis of the norms of the Russian language in the book of V.I. Chernysheva “Purity and Correctness of Russian Speech. Experience of Russian stylistic grammar "(1911), which, according to V.V. Vinogradov, is a remarkable phenomenon in Russian philological literature and retains its significance to this day. He proposed a scientifically grounded view of the literary language as a complex interaction of whole categories of synonymous, but at the same time, stylistically heterogeneous grammatical forms and syntactic turns of speech.

The main sources of the best speech in the specified work are recognized: common modern use; works of exemplary Russian writers; better grammar and grammar studies. The book was awarded the Academy of Sciences Prize.

After 1917, the preservation of the norms of the literary language became especially relevant, since people who did not speak it were involved in social activities. A stream of vernacular, dialectal and slang vocabulary poured into the literary language. Naturally, there was a threat of undermining the literary norm.

However, the concept of “culture of speech” and the concept of “culture of language”, close to it, emerged only in the 1920s in connection with the emergence of a new Soviet intelligentsia and with the general post-revolutionary attitude that the “masses” should “master the worker-peasant (proletarian) culture. ”, An important part of which was the struggle for“ the purity of the Russian language ”(usually based on the corresponding statements of Lenin).

The post-war years became a new stage in the development of the culture of speech as a scientific discipline. The largest figure of this period was S.I. Ozhegov, who has gained widespread fame as the author of the most popular one-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language", which has become a reference book for more than one generation of people. In 1948 the book by E.S. Istrina "Norms of the Russian literary language and the culture of speech."

In the 50-60s, the scientific principles of the culture of speech were refined: an objective and normative point of view on language, the distinction between codification (as a normalizing activity) and norms (an objective historical phenomenon). The "Grammar of the Russian Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1953-54) is published, the "Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language" is published in 17 volumes, which received the Lenin Prize, the collections "Questions of the Culture of Speech" are periodically published

In 1952, the sector of speech culture of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was created and headed by S.I. Ozhegov, under the editorship of which from 1955 to 1968 the collections "Questions of the culture of speech" were published.

The theoretical works of V.V. Vinogradov of the 1960s, D.E. Rosenthal and L.I. Skvortsov 1960-1970s; at the same time, there are attempts to distinguish it from the term "culture of language" (by which it is proposed to understand, first of all, the properties of exemplary literary texts).

The culture of speech has become an independent discipline since the 70s of the twentieth century: it has its own subject and object of research, goals and objectives, methods and techniques of scientific research of the material. The following theoretical directions are being developed:

variability of norms;

functionality in regulatory assessments;

the ratio of outside - and intra-linguistic factors;

the place and role of literary normalized elements in modern Russian;

changes in norms.

Cultural and speech activity turns from “prohibition” into a positive program of linguistic education, development of linguistic flair, the ability to use language in the best way, its expressive means in accordance with speech tasks and the laws of the functioning of language in society.

The communicative component of the culture of speech received some development (works by B.N. Golovin, A.N. Vasilieva and others) only in the 60s. 20th century in connection with the needs of teaching the culture of speech in higher education.

The normalizing activity of linguists has not weakened in the 90s. 20th century: works by D.E. Rosenthal, T.G. Vinokur, L.K. Graudina, L.I. Skvortsova, K.S. Gorbachevich, N.A. Eskova, V.L. Vorontsova, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Krysina, B.S. Schwarzkopf, N.I. Formanovskaya and others.

The communicative component of speech culture is also receiving more and more attention.

The modern approach to the problems of speech culture establishes internal links between the improvement of the speech culture of society with the development of national culture; scientifically analyzes the processes occurring in modern speech practice; contributes to the improvement of the modern Russian literary language, taking into account the diverse social functions.

... Characteristics of the concept of "culture of speech"

Speech is the activity of communication - expression, impact, communication - through language, a form of existence of consciousness (thoughts, feelings, experiences) for another, serving as a means of communication with him, a form of generalized reflection of reality.

The culture of speech is such a set and such organization of linguistic means, which in a certain communication situation, subject to modern linguistic norms and communication ethics, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communication tasks.

Key indicators of speech culture:

vocabulary (excluding offensive (obscene), slang words, dialectisms).

vocabulary (the richer it is, the brighter, more expressive, more diverse speech, the less it tires the listeners, the more it impresses, is remembered and captivates);

pronunciation (the old Moscow dialect is the norm of modern pronunciation in Russian);

grammar (business speech requires compliance with the general rules of grammar);

stylistics (such requirements as inadmissibility of unnecessary words, correct word order, consistency, accuracy, absence of standard, hackneyed expressions are imposed on a good style of speech).

The normative aspect of speech culture presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its native speakers as a model.

The linguistic norm is the central concept of speech culture, and the normative aspect of the culture of speech is considered one of the most important.

This is a necessary, but insufficient regulator, the culture of speech cannot be reduced to a list of prohibitions and definitions "right-wrong".

The concept of "speech culture" is associated with the patterns and features of the functioning of the language, as well as with speech activity in all its diversity. You can cite a large number of texts of the most varied content, impeccable from the point of view of literary norms, but not reaching the goal. This is ensured by the fact that the norm regulates to a greater extent the purely structural, symbolic, linguistic side of speech, without affecting the most important relations of speech to reality, society, consciousness, and people's behavior.

The culture of speech develops the skills of selecting and using language means in the process of verbal communication, helps to form a conscious attitude to their use in speech practice in accordance with communicative tasks. The choice of language means necessary for this purpose - the basis of the communicative aspect of speech culture. As G.O. Vinokur, a well-known philologist, a major specialist in the culture of speech: "For each goal its own means, this should be the slogan of a linguistically cultural society." Therefore, the second important quality of speech culture is communicative expediency - the ability to find an adequate language form in the language system for expressing specific content in every real situation of speech communication. The choice of language means necessary for a given purpose and in a given situation is the basis of the communicative aspect of speech.

The communicative qualities of speech are, first of all, the accuracy of speech, intelligibility, purity, consistency of presentation, expressiveness, aesthetics and relevance. The clarity of wording, the skillful use of terms, foreign words, the successful use of the figurative and expressive means of the language, proverbs and sayings, winged words, phraseological expressions, of course, increase the level of professional communication of people.

The third, ethical aspect of speech culture is closely connected with communicative expediency. The rules of speech behavior, ethical standards of speech culture are one of the most important components of professional communication.

Ethical norms of communication are understood as speech etiquette: speech formulas for greetings, requests, questions, gratitude, congratulations, etc .; appeal to "you" and "you"; choice of full or abbreviated name, form of address, etc.

Communicative expediency as a criterion for the culture of speech concerns both the form of expression of thought and its content. The ethical aspect of the culture of speech prescribes the knowledge and application of the rules of linguistic behavior in specific situations so as not to humiliate the dignity of the participants in communication. Ethical norms of communication provide for adherence to speech etiquette. Speech etiquette is a system of means and ways of expressing the attitude of those communicating to each other.

The ethical component of the culture of speech imposes a strict prohibition on foul language in the process of communication and other forms that offend the dignity of participants in communication or people around them.

In this way, culture of speech is the observance in speech of the prevailing in society:

norms of the literary language (correct pronunciation, form formation, sentence structures, the use of words in their accepted meaning and accepted compatibility). Literary language is the highest form of the national language and the basis of the culture of speech. It serves various spheres of human activity: politics, culture, office work, legislation, verbal art, everyday communication, international communication;

norms of speech behavior, etiquette (say hello, say goodbye, apologize, be polite, do not be rude, do not insult, be tactful);

norms related to the ability to achieve the greatest efficiency of one's speech (rhetorical literacy);

norms related to the ability to switch from one sphere of communication to another, take into account who the speech is addressed to and who is present at the same time, in what conditions, in what setting and for what purpose the speech is being conducted (stylistic and stylistic norms).

All of the above allows us to accept the proposed by E.N. Shiryaev definition of the culture of speech: "The culture of speech is such a choice and organization of linguistic means, which in a certain communication situation, subject to modern linguistic norms and communication ethics, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communication tasks."

3. Human speech culture

A high level of speech culture is an integral feature of a cultured person. By speech, they judge the level of culture of the individual and the whole society.

Human speech culture is an attitude a person to knowledge of the language (and knowledge in general), the desire (or lack thereof) to expand them, the ability (or inability) to use the acquired knowledge .

The culture of speech affects not only the process of creating speech (speaking, writing), but also its perception (listening, reading). In order for the structure of speech to take the necessary communicative perfection, the author of the speech must possess a set of necessary skills and knowledge; at the same time, in order to acquire these skills and knowledge, you need to have samples of communicatively perfect speech, you need to know its signs and patterns of its construction.

Thus, speech culture reflects the degree of assimilation and observance of cultural norms in the process of transmission and perception of a speech message, the application of knowledge that contributes to the effectiveness of this process in situations of everyday communication. In the content aspect, it includes knowledge of perfect speech samples, knowledge of speech etiquette, knowledge of the psychological foundations of speech communication.

The culture of speech presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers as a model, therefore the concept of the type of speech culture seems to be extremely important for the modern state of society and its culture. Types of speech cultures (according to O.B.Sirotinina):

Fully functional (elite) - the native speaker uses the language capabilities as fully and expediently as possible, depending on the situation and the recipient of the speech, he freely moves from one style to another, always observes all types of norms of speech culture.

Incomplete - the carrier does not know how to use all functional styles, but they clearly distinguish two or three styles depending on the situation and their profession, and makes more mistakes than a representative of an elite culture.

The average literary speaker is “self-confidently illiterate”: speakers of this type, making a large number of mistakes, do not doubt their knowledge, are confident in the correctness of their speech, never check themselves in dictionaries and even “correct” specialists.

Literary slang - the carrier deliberately reduces and coarsens speech.

Everyday - the carrier always uses everyday literary speech, without switching from one stylistic register to another, depending on the communication situation.

Colloquial - the native speaker is not familiar with the style varieties of the language and makes a large number of gross errors.

In Russia, the majority of the population is carriers of types of speech culture, occupying different parts of the transition zone between the two poles: fully functional and everyday.

In recent years, a special direction has emerged within the framework of speech culture - linguistics of good speech (ameliorative linguistics), associated with the study of the qualities of "good speech", which, in turn, depend on the communicative qualities of speech. These qualities are revealed on the basis of the ratio of speech with such "non-speech structures" as language itself as a device that generates speech, as well as the speaker's thinking and consciousness, the reality surrounding him, the person - the addressee of speech, the conditions of communication. Taking into account these “non-speech structures” determines the following essential qualities of good speech: correctness, purity, accuracy, consistency, expressiveness, imagery, accessibility, and relevance.

4. Ethics of speech communication

The culture of speech has a certain impact on the ethics of communication. Ethics prescribes the rules of moral behavior (including communication), etiquette presupposes certain manners of behavior and requires the use of external formulas of politeness expressed in specific speech actions. Compliance with the requirements of etiquette in violation of ethical standards is hypocrisy and deception of others. On the other hand, completely ethical behavior, not accompanied by observance of the norms of etiquette, will inevitably make an unpleasant impression and cause people to doubt the moral qualities of the individual. When communicating, first of all, the peculiarities of speech etiquette are taken into account. The ethical component of the culture of speech manifests itself in speech acts - purposeful speech actions, such as the expression of a request, a question, gratitude, friendliness, congratulations, etc.

Thus, the ethics of communication, or speech etiquette, requires compliance with certain rules of linguistic behavior in certain situations.

In verbal communication, it is also necessary to observe a number of ethical and etiquette norms that are closely related to each other. Speech etiquette begins with compliance with the conditions for successful speech communication.

First, you need to be respectful and kind to your interlocutor. It is forbidden to insult the interlocutor with his speech, insult, express disdain. Direct negative assessments of the personality of the communication partner should be avoided; only specific actions can be assessed, while observing the necessary tact. Rude words, a cheeky form of speech, an arrogant tone are unacceptable in an intelligent communication. And from the practical point of view, such features of speech behavior are inappropriate, since never contribute to the achievement of the desired result in communication. Politeness in communication involves understanding the situation, taking into account the age, gender, official and social status of the communication partner. These factors determine the degree of formality of communication, the choice of etiquette formulas, the range of topics suitable for discussion.

Secondly, the speaker is instructed to be modest in self-assessments, not to impose his own opinions, and to avoid being overly categorical in speech. Moreover, it is necessary to put the communication partner in the center of attention, to show interest in his personality, opinion, to take into account his interest in this or that topic. It is also necessary to take into account the listener's ability to perceive the meaning of your statements, it is advisable to give him time to rest and concentrate. For the sake of this, it is worth avoiding too long sentences, it is useful to make small pauses, to use speech formulas for maintaining contact: you certainly know ...; you will probably be interested to know ...; as you can see ...; note…; it should be noted ... etc.

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. Any act of communication has a beginning, a main part and a final one. The main ethical principle of verbal communication - the observance of parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with goodbye throughout the conversation.

Greetings and addresses set the tone for the entire conversation. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good form, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Allow (those) to get acquainted with you (with you).

Let (those) get to know you (you).

Let's get to know each other.

It would be nice to meet you.

The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly - this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor and attention to his words.

Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you are chosen-communication or you-communication and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, fireworks, greetings, etc. The communication situation also plays an important role.

Etiquette also determines the norm of behavior. It is customary to represent a man to a woman, the youngest to the older, and the employee to the boss.

Formal and informal meetings begin with a greeting. In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It goes back to the Old Church Slavonic verb to be healthy, which means "to be healthy", i.e. healthy. In addition, there are greetings indicating the time of the meeting:

Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening!

Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component, which manifests itself throughout the communication, is an integral part of it, and, at the same time, the norm of use and the very form of the term have not been finally established. It's about conversion.

From time immemorial, conversion has served several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. In addition, the appeal indicates a corresponding sign, it can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment. Thus, a distinctive feature of officially adopted appeals in Russia was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature of it as reverence for rank. In Russia, until the twentieth century, the division of people into classes persisted: nobles, clergy, commoners, merchants, bourgeois, etc. Hence the appeal “ master "," mistress "- to people of privileged groups; "Sir", "madam"- for the middle class and the lack of a uniform appeal to the representatives of the lower class.

In the languages \u200b\u200bof other civilized countries, there were appeals that were used both to a person in high position and to an ordinary citizen: Mr., Mrs., Miss; senor, senora, senorita, etc.

After the October Revolution in Russia, a special decree abolished all old ranks and titles. Instead, the appeals "comrade" and "citizen" are spread. With the growth of the revolutionary movement, the word comrade acquires a social and political meaning: "like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people." In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main circulation in the new Russia. After World War II, the word comrade gradually begins to leave the everyday unofficial address of people to each other.

A problem arises: how to address a stranger? On the street, in a store, in public transport, one can hear more often the address of a man, woman, grandfather, father, grandmother, boyfriend, aunty, etc. Such messages are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as disrespect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. The words man Woman violate the norm of speech etiquette, indicate insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without calls, using etiquette formulas: be kind, be kind, sorry, forgive. Thus, the problem of common treatment in an informal setting remains open.

Etiquette formulas. In each language, the ways are fixed, the expression of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when making a request in forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry).

When making a request, it is customary to represent one's "interests" in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one's interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an action; eg: Could you go to the store now ?; Aren't you going to the store now? When asked How to get through.? Where is.? you should also preface your question with a request, could you tell ?; You will not say.?

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, the reason is indicated, then the wishes, then the assurances of the sincerity of feelings, the signature. Oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is conditioned not only by speech canons, but also by the “rules” of life, which takes place in a multi-aspect, human “dimension”. This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, gratitude, condolences, congratulations, invitations. Etiquette formulas, phrases for the case are an important part of communicative competence; their knowledge is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

Euphemization of speech. Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, do not. cause a discomfort - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of peripheral nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are paraphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shakhetjanyan's book “1001 questions about it” about intimate relationships. Softening methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect informing, allusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for this form of expression. In addition, the mitigation of refusal or reprimand can be implemented by the "change of addressee" technique, in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto the third participant in the conversation.

In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one "observed" deictic space of the speech situation "I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW". This shows a respectful attitude towards all participants in the communication.

Interruption. Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes to listen to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, a high degree of emotionality of participants in communication, a demonstration of their solidarity, agreement, the introduction of their assessments "in the course" of a partner's speech is an ordinary phenomenon of dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the researchers' observations, interruptions are typical for men, more correct in a woman's conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when communicative interest is lost.

You are communication and You are communication. A feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns you and you, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular (Table 1). In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of the interlocutors:

the degree of acquaintance of partners ( you - to a friend, You - to a stranger);

the formal setting of communication ( you - unofficial, You - official);

the nature of the relationship ( you - friendly, "warm", You - emphatically polite or tense, aloof, "cold");

equality or inequality of role relationships (by age, position: you - equal and subordinate, You - equal and higher).

Table 1 - Choice of form You and you

VYTY1 To an unfamiliar, unfamiliar addressee1 To a well-known addressee 2 In a formal setting of communication 2 In an informal setting 3 With an emphatically polite, restrained attitude to the addressee 3 With a friendly, familiar, intimate relationship to the addressee 4 To an equal and older (in position, age) addressee4 To equal and younger ( by position, age) to the addressee

The choice of the form depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, from the official-informal setting. So, in an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends even with a well-known person with whom friendly relations and everyday life are established to you, to go to you.

In the Russian language, you-communication in informal speech is widespread. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and long-term long-term relationships of old acquaintances in others are shown by the use of a polite "you". In addition, you-communication indicates the respect of the participants in the dialogue; so, you-communication is typical for long-term, girlfriends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you-communication with a long acquaintance or friendship is observed among women. Men of different social strata are "more inclined" to You-communication.

It is generally accepted that you-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to you-communication is an attempt to intimize relations (compare Pushkin's lines: “ You are empty with a heart You she, saying a word, replaced... ". But with Thou-communication, the feeling of the uniqueness of the personality and the phenomenality of interpersonal relations is often lost.

Parity relations as the main component of communication do not negate the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication, depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances. The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns "you" and "you" in an informal setting.

Speech taboos - a ban on the use of certain words due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors. Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime. They may relate to the names of some organizations, the mention of some persons objectionable to the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), certain phenomena of public life officially recognized as non-existent in a given society. Cultural and ethical taboos exist in any society. It is clear that the use of obscene vocabulary, the mention of some physiological phenomena and body parts is prohibited. Disregard for ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law.

The norms of ethics and etiquette also apply to writing. An important issue in business letter etiquette is the choice of address. For standard letters on formal or minor occasions, the appeal “ Dear Mr. Petrov! "For a letter to a superior manager, letter of invitation or any other letter on an important issue, it is advisable to use the word dear and call the addressee by name and patronymic. In business documents, it is necessary to skillfully use the capabilities of the grammatical system of the Russian language. In business correspondence, there is a tendency to avoid the pronoun "I".

Compliments. The culture of criticism in speech communication. An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and timely said, it cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards his opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. Tactfully and on time said, the compliment raises the addressee's mood, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, to his proposals, to the common cause. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, when meeting, meeting, parting, or during a conversation. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere or overly enthusiastic compliment is dangerous.

A compliment can refer to appearance, excellent professional abilities, high morality, ability to communicate, contain an overall positive assessment:

You look good (great, great, great, great).

You are so (very) charming (smart, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, wonderful, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur).

You are good (excellent, wonderful, excellent) running (your) economy (business, trade, construction).

You know how to manage (manage) people well (perfectly), organize them.

It is pleasant (good, excellent) to do business with you (work, cooperate).

The culture of criticism is needed so that critical statements do not spoil the relationship with the interlocutor and would allow him to explain his mistake. For this, it is not the personality and qualities of the interlocutor that should be criticized, but specific mistakes in his work, the shortcomings of his proposals, the inaccuracy of conclusions.

In order for criticism not to affect the feelings of the interlocutor, it is advisable to formulate comments in the form of reasoning, drawing attention to the discrepancy between the tasks of the work and the results obtained. It is useful to build a critical discussion of work as a joint search for solutions to complex problems.

Criticism of the arguments of the opponent in the dispute should be a comparison of these arguments with general provisions that do not cause doubts in the interlocutor, reliable facts, experimentally verified conclusions, reliable statistical data.

Criticism of the opponent's statements should not relate to his personal qualities, abilities, character. Criticism of joint work by one of its participants should contain constructive suggestions, criticism of the same work by an outsider can be reduced to an indication of shortcomings, since the development of solutions is the business of specialists, and the assessment of the state of affairs, the effectiveness of the organization's work is the right of any citizen.

So, not only the culture of speech itself as a system of means, but also the culture of linguistic communication, communication belongs to the field of speech culture.

Among the phenomena designated by the term "culture of speech", one should distinguish, firstly, care for the language, its culture and the level of communication, and, secondly, this level itself, i.e. elaboration of language or linguistic communication, individual acts and results.

The culture of language communication is distinguished by the following features:

it concerns statements (texts) and their perception and interpretation;

it connects the linguistic structure with the content-thematic side and style-forming factors, the situation, the personalities of the communicators, etc .;

the asymmetry between the culture of speech and the culture of communication lies in the fact that communication uses the entire national language as a whole.

Thus, the culture of speech acts as a part of the broader concept of "culture of communication", which includes both the culture of thinking and the psychological culture of influence and interaction.

Conclusion

Concluding our work, we note the following.

The culture of speech is the mastery of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form, in which the choice and organization of language means is carried out, allowing in a certain communication situation and subject to the ethics of communication to provide the necessary effect in achieving the set communication goals.

When characterizing the totality of knowledge, skills and speech abilities of a person, the culture of his speech is defined as follows: it is such a choice and such an organization of linguistic means that in a certain communication situation, subject to modern linguistic norms and communication ethics, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communication tasks.

The definition emphasizes three aspects of speech culture: normative; ethical; communicative.

The ethics of verbal communication requires the speaker and listener to create a favorable tone of conversation, which leads to agreement and a successful dialogue.

The culture of speech is, first of all, its real signs and properties, the totality and systems of which speak of its communicative perfection:

accuracy of speech ("Who thinks clearly, clearly expresses");

consistency, mastery of the logic of reasoning;

purity, i.e. the absence of elements alien to the literary language and rejected by moral norms;

expressiveness - features of the structure of speech that maintain attention and interest in the listener or reader;

wealth - a variety of speech, the absence of the same signs and chains of signs;

the relevance of speech - such a selection, such an organization of language means that make speech meet the goals and conditions of communication. Appropriate speech corresponds to the topic of the message, its logical and emotional content, the composition of listeners or readers, informational, educational, aesthetic and other tasks of the speeches.

Thus, the correctness of speech, the richness of the individual vocabulary increases the effectiveness of communication, enhances the effectiveness of the spoken word.

Human speech activity is the most complex and most common. It forms the basis of any other human activity: industrial, commercial, scientific and others.

It is important to master the culture of speech for everyone who, by the nature of their activities, is associated with people, organizes and directs their work, conducts business negotiations, educates, takes care of health, provides people with various services.

So, the culture of speech is the most important condition for communication. And mastering the basics of speech culture for each person is not only a necessity, but also a duty. Communicating culturally, people make the right choice in the direction of achieving communicative tasks.

Bibliography

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Vasilyeva D.N. Foundations of the culture of speech. M .: OLMA-PRESS, 2006.

3. Valgina N.S. Modern Russian language / N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomina. - M .: Logos, 2005 .-- 527 p.

4. Golovin B.N. Foundations of the culture of speech. - M .: YUNITI Publishing House, 2008.

Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Secrets of good speech. - M., 2003.

6. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech. Study guide / I.B. Golub. - M .: Logos, 2002 .-- 432 p.

Dantsev A.A. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities / A.A. Dantsev, N.V. Nefedova. - Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, 2004 .-- 320 p.

The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication / Under. ed. L.K. Graudina, E.N. Shiryaev. - M .: Norma, 2000 .-- 560 p.

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Shiryaev E.N. The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. - M .: Bustard, 2006.

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Beautiful speech attracts attention and helps to convey the speaker's thought in accessible words. In the communicative process, an important place is given to linguistic norms and communication ethics. A person who is actually familiar with the concept of speech culture has an abundant vocabulary, his speech is distinguished by purity, expressiveness, clarity and correctness.

• Content:

The culture of speech cannot be talked about in isolation from culture of language, although there is a terminological distinction between them. The richer and more multifaceted the culture of the language, the better it will be speech impact... There will be more options for building speech structures. Let's clarify these two concepts a little. Let's consider what is language and speech in order to better understand their relationship.

Culture of speech and language

Concept a culture of speech quite versatile and directly related to tongue... We convey our thoughts and feelings to the interlocutor using familiar words to both. In this case, the language is iconic mechanism to express the essence of the transmitted information.

In another sense, language also appears way of thinking... If you think about it, you will understand that a person has no other thoughts than those formed with the help of familiar words of one or several languages.

The implementation of mental activity is carried out through speecheswhich is language in action. This can be oral communication, recording on paper or other media.

Two definitions of speech culture

1. A set of linguistic means and qualities that allow you to effectively influence the addressee in order to solve communication problems.
2. The ability to best influence the interlocutor or a group of people in a certain situation, demonstrating good command of the literary language.

Sound culture of speech and its development

The sound component of speech at all times has been relevant, its practical importance is undeniable today.

Exploring aspects sound culture of speech at the physical, physiological and linguistic levels, it promotes the disclosure of the natural principles of its formation and development. Each language has its own set of sounds and has a number of features. For example, the Russian language has the following distinctive qualities:

• melodiousness of vowel sounds;
• consonants have a peculiar pronunciation and are often pronounced softly;
• variety of intonation.

Sound culture of speech provides for the correct selection and pronunciation of sounds, training for clear diction and expressiveness. She obeys all phonetic and orthoepic rules. The following main sections are distinguished in its structure:

1. Culture of speech pronunciation - competent reproduction of sounds and clear articulation, which is formed on the basis of delivered speech breathing and training of the vocal apparatus;
2. Speech hearing is a complex of phonemic, rhythmic and pitch-hearing.

Proceeding from this, in the sound culture of speech, effective work should be carried out in 2 directions: the development of speech perception and the speech motor apparatus. In the educational process, special attention should be paid to the formulation of orthoepically correct speech, its distinctness and expressiveness. In general, the culture of verbal communication should be considered part of etiquette.

For a normal existence, a person needs communication. It permeates the spiritual world, provides material activities and social adaptation. Spending a long time in solitude or confinement is a real test. Communication is the main need of humanity. It gives rise to the reproduction, organization and expression of personality. Communication hunger is deadly for babies.

Built on the basis of the following principles:

1. Instrumental principle - possession of skills, forms and methods of communication for expressing thoughts and establishing the communication process;
2. The principle of expediency - the ability to build communication in such a way as to achieve the maximum effect in accordance with personal and social goals;
3. The ethical principle is the ability to share views, respect the interests of the interlocutor, and not only adhere to your own opinion and defend exclusively your position;
4. The aesthetic principle is the ability to focus on communication as an important process that needs constant improvement and mastering new forms.

This is an important element of the general culture of a person, which must be instilled from an early age, properly educated and improved all the time. Each person in the subconscious should form an ideal image, in accordance with which there will be a desire to express himself beautifully, build speech correctly, and communicate culturally.

Key aspects of speech culture

The culture of speech has its own aspects that help to reveal its essence. The fundamental ones are:

1. Regulatory aspect;
2. Ethical aspect;
3. The communicative aspect.

The centerpiece is regulatory aspect... It is customary to understand the norm as a set of correct language means that act as ideal samples. It is binding and affects the language comprehensively. It prescribes the rules enshrined in the language system as a whole.

Ethical component gives a justification for the word in a moral and ethical context. rules of communication are established in accordance with moral norms and cultural traditions. Requirements such as clarity, clarity and intelligibility are prescribed for the expression of thoughts.

Parity, being the most important ethical principle, is present at different stages of the conversation. At the same time, great importance is attached to the look, facial expressions, gestures and a smile. Attention signals can also be manifested through regulatory cues. A good interlocutor can not only keep the conversation going, he can suggest an interesting topic and set the right tone for the conversation. He knows how to win over from the first minutes of communication.

Communicative aspectbeing in close connection with the function of the language, imposes its own requirements on the quality of speech interaction. A high culture of speech is a set of communicative qualities that are reflected in the field of communication. Compliance with language norms is important, but not sufficient. You need to be able to find accurate means for expressing thoughts. At the same time, they must be expressive, logical and appropriate for the effective implementation of the assigned communication tasks. Communicative expediency is an important theoretical category of speech culture.

The norms of the culture of speech

The culture of speech obliges each individual to adhere to certain norms. They are needed in order to preserve the integrity of the literary language and its intelligibility for all native speakers.

The main norms of speech culture are:

• Lexical norms - correct word usage without going beyond the literary language. The difference between words that are close in meaning can be clarified by referring to dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with such rules will exclude lexical errors;
• Grammar norms - word formation, morphology and syntax. They are described in textbooks and grammar references;
• Stylistic norms - are prescribed by genre laws and follow from the features of the functional style. These norms can be found in the explanatory dictionary, textbooks on stylistics and speech culture. Examples of stylistic mistakes: lexical insufficiency and redundancy, stylistic irrelevance, ambiguity.

Spelling and punctuation norms apply to written speech. The norms of pronunciation, intonation and stress are established separately for oral speech. Compliance with key or minor norms has a great impact on the quality of speech culture in general. The slightest violation of them can form an unpleasant impression on the addressee. The listener is easily distracted and speech “flies deaf ear”.

Writing can be viewed as an independent system of the communicative process. Written speech encompasses statistical space, not temporal space. This allows the writer to think over his speech, return to what was written, correct and rebuild the text, and make the necessary clarifications. Finding a form of presentation and effective expression of thoughts can take a long time.

Reflects the thoughts of a person using graphic signs. The presentation of the text is carried out through the use of the literary language. If necessary, technical terms, business vocabulary, or colloquial expressions can be used.

As a rule, such a culture of speech provides for a high level of human education. He must skillfully use words to:

• building complex structures;
• reporting the subtlest mood;
• reproduction of speech intonation;
• expressions of emotional shades of transmitted information.

Having these qualities and abilities, you can convey the essence, convey the desired mood and feelings to any listener. The masters of this craft are able to describe the sound of music, display shades of colors, outline natural phenomena and plunge the reader into a world of fantasy.

The culture of speech of modern children

The cultural image of a modern child is far from ideal. The reason for the violation of the speech culture of children is non-observance of literary norms and the influence of distorted language forms. The Russian language in the information age is under serious pressure, changing beyond recognition.

The culture of speech of modern children is a rather flexible environment that instantly reacts to all changes, including unfavorable ones. That is why the state of speech culture is under close scrutiny today. Measures are being taken to prevent clogging of speech coming from the mouth of children. Unfortunately, now it is “not fashionable” to speak a normal language among young people.

Formation and education of the culture of speech

The most important intellectual indicator of a person and his culture is speech. In general, it is valuable for society that each person strives to improve it. The richer and more figurative speech, the more significant a person looks and feels.

Alas, not all families pay enough attention to cultural communication. Each child needs to be informed that speech culture is a reflection of a person's spiritual culture. The beauty and greatness of the native word ennoble the senses and put thoughts in order.

The work of educators and speech therapists in kindergarten and school is focused on correcting the pronunciation of sounds and the correct word stress. It's not enough for formation of beautiful and correct speech... Sound culture is only part of the general culture of speech. Sound pronunciation classes are important, but this is only a small part of the vast science. The school program is a continuation of the formation of a culture of speech in children. Here a large number of hours are devoted to both oral speech and writing.

The educational process is always the most fruitful when children are taught not only at school, but also at home. Parents by their own example should show that the culture of verbal communication beautifies interpersonal relationships and facilitates mutual understanding. The treasures of the richest treasury of the Russian language can be found with the help of a living word that children should hear from adults every day.

Plan

INTRODUCTION

1. SPEECH CULTURE

1.1 The task of speech culture

1.2 Types of speech culture

2.1 Main directions

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED LITERATURE SOURCES

Introduction

As a branch of the science of language, the culture of speech was formed relatively recently. The reason for its occurrence can be considered the social changes that have taken place and are taking place in the country. The participation of the masses in the public activities of the state demanded increased attention to the level of their speech culture.

1. Culture of speech

There are 2 levels of speech culture - lower and higher. For the lower level, it is sufficient to comply with the norms of the Russian literary language. There are lexical, phonetic, grammatical, morphological and syntactic norms. Lexical norms, that is, the meanings of words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, other norms are explained in various textbooks on grammar, spelling, etc.

Speech is called correct if the speaker pronounces words correctly, uses word forms correctly, and builds sentences correctly. Although this may not be enough. Speech may be correct, but not consistent with communication goals. Good speech contains at least the following attributes: variety, richness, expressiveness, and accuracy in the use of words. The richness of speech is characterized by the use of a huge vocabulary, various morphological forms. The use of complex syntactic structures also indicates the diversity of speech. The expressiveness of speech is achieved by searching and selecting language means that correspond to the goals and conditions of communication. The choice of means that help to best reflect the content of the utterance, which reveal its main idea, characterize the accuracy of speech. A cultured person is distinguished by a high level of speech culture. You need to improve your speech. Nowadays the mass media are gaining immense popularity. For many, this is the primary source of information. Radio announcers, TV presenters should be a kind of example, since to some extent they are responsible for the cultural level of the broad masses. The spiritual component of human culture is associated with speech in its various forms. The inner world of an individual is manifested in speech: it is intellect, feelings, emotions, imagination, and fantasy, and moral attitude, faith. All diversity is associated with internal and external speech, with the culture of speech. The leading position in speech has always been occupied by language material. The choice of words and phrases, grammatically and logically correct construction of sentences, a variety of linguistic means and techniques are characteristic both for the orator's speech and for scientific reports. The main indicator of the level of education and culture was correct speech.

1.1 The task of speech culture

Currently, the ability to speak correctly, clearly and beautifully express your thoughts is important for various spheres of social life. That is why we can talk about the connection between the literary language and the concept of speech culture. There are 3 main aspects of the concept of speech culture: communicative, normative, ethical. The culture of speech is, first of all, correct speech, it is compliance with the norms of the literary language. The task of the culture of speech is to ensure that these norms are fixed and monitored in order to monitor their changes in the future. One of the most important components of speech culture is the normative component. However, the definition of "correctness" or "incorrectness" of speech culture is not basic. Another function of the culture of speech is the definition of the communicative tasks of the language. The importance of the communicative side can be considered the main category of speech culture. Here you can consider such qualities of speech as its diversity, richness, accuracy and intelligibility of speech, expressiveness. Another aspect of speech culture is etiquette as the outer shell of the utterance. Etiquette implies the correct use of lexical units and compliance with a particular style. Emotionally colored vocabulary does not go well with scientific or formal business style. When choosing a particular word, it is necessary to take into account not only its lexical meaning, but also its stylistic fixation, as well as expressive coloration. People of different age and professional categories perceive and use the ethical side of speech culture in different ways. Etiquette also monitors the use of specific vocabulary (for example, obscene language). It is unacceptable that certain, special lexical units of one style are mixed with units of another style. The normativity of the culture of speech connects the communicative function and the ethical component of the culture of speech. Language is a constantly changing system. The vocabulary that was offensive can change its position over time, becoming more or less used in accordance with the norms of the literary language. Thus, the task of the theory of speech culture is to record any changes in the language. Also, the culture of speech should draw attention to the use of words that are partly incomprehensible to the general public. These include the use of foreign words, professionalism.

The correctness of speech, its richness, clarity and accuracy of expression of thought, the use of various techniques make the spoken word more effective and efficient.

1.2 Types of speech culture

Various types of speech, types of eloquence arose gradually. Speech types can be classified according to the field of activity of the speaker and audience of listeners. There are eight to ten types of speech.

1. The political type of speech includes slogans, appeals, propaganda and propaganda speeches, reports of party leaders at meetings, media genres.

2. The military type of communication (or military eloquence) implies orders, appeals, memoirs. This type of speech can also include letters from the commander to the relatives of the dead soldiers, radio communications.

3. Communication of diplomats is based on diplomatic etiquette in compliance with the norms. This type of speech includes negotiations, correspondence. For this type, the ability to properly, legally correct the preparation of documents, the ability to smooth out the situation is mandatory.

4. Business meetings, business documents (financial statements, legal acts, plans and programs), telephone contacts refer to business speech.

5. The eloquence of university lecturers, professors and academicians is found in lectures, seminars, conferences. It is also used when writing creative works, research, abstracts, when defending term papers and theses.

6. The sphere of jurisprudence and court case includes the texts of various laws, statutes, codes. This type of speech includes legal advice, interrogation of witnesses, speech of the defense and prosecution, trial.

7. The pedagogical type of communication is various explanations, conversations, teacher comments, students' answers, compositions, presentations and essays as literary creativity, stages of the lesson.

8. The type of speech associated with the spiritual and moral side of life is various sermons, confessions, prayers.

9. Everyday communication is manifested in the conversations of friends, acquaintances, relatives, discussion of the problem of interest by parents and children, correspondence.

10. Inner speech (or speech to oneself) represents memories, reasoning, argument, dreams and fantasies, mental planning of the statement.

These types of speech require comprehension, control, which is directly the culture of speech. Some types of speech, eloquence have developed over many years and even centuries. Some types, such as inner speech, have appeared recently. It should be noted that a dialogue with oneself is of great importance in a person's life, the culture of inner speech, a mental appeal to one's second "I" is a guarantee of successful external speech, that is, sounding or writing.

1.3 Oral and written variety of the Russian language

Any language, including Russian, exists in two forms - oral and written. To build a written text, you must follow two types of rules:

1) the rules of reference;

2) predication rules.

Oral speech is sounding speech, it is created in the process of conversation. For her

Verbal improvisation and some linguistic features are characteristic:

1) freedom in the choice of vocabulary;

2) using simple sentences;

3) the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences of various kinds;

4) repetitions;

5) incomplete expression of thought.

The oral form is presented in two of its varieties, such as:

1) colloquial speech;

2) codified speech. Spoken language allows for ease of communication; informality of relations between speakers; unprepared speech; the use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures and facial expressions); the ability to change the roles of speaker and listener. Codified speech is used in official spheres of communication (at conferences, meetings, etc.).

Written speech is a graphically fixed speech, thought out and corrected in advance. It is characterized by the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, strict adherence to linguistic norms, the absence of extra-linguistic elements. Written speech is usually directed towards visual perception. The design of predicativeness and reference is associated with the actual division of the sentence, with the allocation of a "theme" or "new" in the message. The first two differences in the oral form combine it with written speech spoken aloud. The third difference characterizes speech produced orally. Oral speech is divided into spoken and non-spoken. Conversational is divided into scientific, journalistic, business, and artistic. Oral speech has its own specifics. It takes place in conditions of territorial and temporal proximity of the interlocutors. Therefore, in oral speech, not only language means play an important role, but also intonation, gestures, facial expressions. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the place of logical stress, its strength, the degree of pronunciation, the presence or absence of pauses. Written speech is not able to convey intonation.

1.4 Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of speaking and writing

“High culture of speech is not only about following the norms of the language. It also consists in the ability to find not only the exact means for expressing one's thoughts, but also the most intelligible (ie, the most expressive) and the most appropriate (ie, the most suitable for a given case and, therefore, stylistically justified) ”, - wrote Professor S. I. Ozhegov.

The norm is the assessment by the native speakers of certain facts as right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable, appropriate or inappropriate. The system of norms of the literary language is generally binding, codified (fixed).

This system includes private norms:

1) pronunciation;

2) word usage;

3) writing;

4) shaping;

At the same time, literary norms are recognized as mandatory.

The generally accepted communication rules are determined by the very nature of human society and constitute a set of conditions without which human life ceases to be normal.

One of the theorists of the culture of speech, Professor B. N. Golovin, distinguishes five levels of the communicative circle.

The first level is from reality to the consciousness of the author. Here the intention of the statement arises, the communicative task manifests itself.

At the second level, the intention of the utterances is combined with the linguistic data of the author.

At the third level, the "speech execution" of the concept takes place.

At the fourth level, the addressee perceives the utterance. The addressee is required to understand the transmitted information.

At the fifth level, the recipient correlates the information received during perception with reality, with previously accumulated knowledge and draws appropriate conclusions. According to linguists, the main units of the communicative circle in the transition of language to speech are the word and utterance

1.5 Features of oral public speech

Public speech is at the heart of oratory. The speaker must have the following knowledge and skills:

1) self-confidence during public speaking;

2) the ability to continuously speak on a specific topic;

3) the ability to clearly express their thoughts and build them in an exact sequence;

4) the ability to attract the attention of the audience;

5) expressiveness and brightness during performances;

6) artistry;

7) the ability to persuade, etc .;

The speaker's ability to answer any question asked, to demonstrate his personal interest in this issue is also important. It is important to remember some basic points while giving a speech.

2. Improving the skills of literate writing and speaking

It is no secret that if a person can speak correctly, speak beautifully, write competently, he is considered educated. Language as an independent system lives, develops and changes under the influence of time. The structure of language has been the object of attention of scientists for a long time. In language, everything obeys laws. Learning them allows linguists to create grammar rules, including spelling and pronunciation rules. It is not always possible to express thoughts clearly, clearly, figuratively. This skill must be learned patiently and persistently. A.N. Tolstoy said: "To handle the language somehow means, and to think somehow: inaccurate, approximately, incorrect."

2.1 Main directions

What is meant by the ability to "write competently" and "speak competently"? Competent spelling is not only knowledge of the rules for the use of consonants and vowels, knowledge of syntactic structures and their correct use, but also knowledge of the use of the necessary lexical units, compliance with stylistic norms. It must be remembered that when choosing a word, not only its lexical meaning is taken into account, but also its stylistic "fixedness", expressive coloring.

The question of correct speaking is also important. In the literary language, pronunciation is subject to certain rules and regulations, as well as the choice of words or the use of certain grammatical forms. For example, in Russian, the sound [o] is not pronounced in an unstressed position. After solid consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, as well as at the beginning of the word, instead of the letter o, [a] is pronounced: k [a] zA - k [O] zy. Or, in some combinations of consonants stn, zdn a sound falls out, although the letter is written in the letter: ladder, rider, feeling. In foreign words, double consonants are often written: cash, chord, gram. It is necessary to correctly emphasize the words: belt, briefcase, part.

In any case, correct writing is based on literate speech skills, adherence to the norms of the literary language. Speaking correctly is a skill. First of all, you need to determine what you want to say. The ability to accurately and clearly formulate your thoughts needs to be improved. Indeed, before thoughts, ideas are expressed on paper, it is necessary to think over and formulate what will be discussed in the head.

Conclusion

The word is the most important unit of language. The Russian language has a huge vocabulary. With the help of words, one can name not only various phenomena, objects, actions, but also signs, various shades of meanings. The word has a certain meaning. The more vocabulary, the more educated and erudite a person is, the richer and more interesting his language becomes, the freer his speech becomes.

List of used literature sources

1. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Otv. ed. L.K. Graudin and E.N. Shiryaev. - M .: NORMA - INFRA. M, 1999 .-- 560 p.

2. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. IN AND. Maximova. - M .: Gardariki, 2002 .-- 411 p .; Russian language and culture of speech: Workshop / Ed. IN AND. Maksimova, Moscow: Gardariki, 2002, 412 p.

3. Vvedenskaya A.N., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000.

4. Russian language and culture of speech: A textbook for university students studying in pedagogical specialties / Ed. ON. Ippolitova. M .: TK Welby, publishing house Prospect, 2004.