Forms of struggle of the partisan movement 1941 1945. The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. Nkvd officer dmitry medvedev

1941 - 1945 - this is part of the Resistance movement, which was designed to destroy the German supply system (undermining provisions, ammunition, roads, etc.). As you know, the fascist invaders were very much afraid of this organization, so they treated its members very cruelly.

RSFSR

The main points of the tasks of the partisan movement were formulated in the directive of 1941. The necessary actions were described in more detail in Stalin's order of 1942.

The backbone of the partisan detachments was made up of ordinary residents, mainly of the occupied territories, that is, they knew life under the Nazi sight and power. Such organizations began to appear from the first days of the war. Old people, women, men, who for some reason were not taken to the front, and even children, pioneers, entered there.

The partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 carried out sabotage activities, were engaged in intelligence (even intelligence), propaganda, provided combat assistance to the USSR army, and directly destroyed the enemy.

On the territory of the RSFSR, there were countless detachments, sabotage groups, formations (about 250 thousand people), each of which was of great benefit to achieve victory. Many names have forever remained in the annals of history.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who became a symbol of heroism, was thrown into the German rear to set fire to the village of Petrishchevo, where the German regiment was located. Naturally, she was not alone, but, by coincidence, their group partially dispersed after the arson of three houses. Zoya decided to go back there alone and finish what she had begun. But the inhabitants were already on their guard and Zoya was captured. She had to go through terrible torture and humiliation (including from her compatriots), but she did not give out a single name. The Nazis hanged the girl, but even during the execution she did not lose her courage and urged the Soviet people to resist the German invaders. She was the first woman to be posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Byelorussian SSR

On the territory of Belarus it lasted from 1941 to 1944. During this time, many strategic tasks were solved, the main one of which was the incapacitation of the German echelons and directly the railway tracks along which they moved.

The partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 provided invaluable assistance in the fight against the invaders. 87 of them were awarded the highest military awards of the Soviet Union. Among them was Marat Kazei, a sixteen-year-old boy whose mother was executed by the Germans. He came to the partisan detachment to defend his right to freedom and a happy life. He performed tasks along with adults.

Marat did not live to see the victory exactly one year. He died in May 1944. Every death in the war is tragic in itself, but when a child dies it becomes a thousand times more painful.

Marat, together with his commander, returned to headquarters. By chance they met the German punishers. The commander was killed immediately, the boy could only be injured. Firing back, he disappeared into the forest, but the Germans pursued him. Until the bullets ran out, Marat left the chase. And then he made an important decision for himself. The boy had two grenades. He immediately threw one into a group of Germans, and the second he held tightly in his hand until he was surrounded. Then he blew it up, taking German soldiers with him to the next world.

Ukrainian SSR

Partisans during the Great Patriotic War on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR united in 53 formations, 2145 detachments and 1807 groups, with a total number of about 220 thousand people.

Among the main command of the partisan movement in Ukraine, one can single out K. I. Pogorelov, M. I. Karnaukhov, S. A. Kovpak, S. V. Rudnev, A. F. Fedorov and others.

Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak, by order of Stalin, was engaged in propaganda in Right-Bank Ukraine, which was practically inactive. It was for the Carpathian raid that he was awarded one of the awards.

Mikhail Karnaukhov led the movement in the Donbass. Subordinates and local residents nicknamed him "baty" for warm human relations. Dad was killed by the Germans in 1943. In secret, the inhabitants of the local occupied villages gathered at night to bury the commander and pay tribute to him.

The heroes-partisans of the Great Patriotic War were later reburied. Karnaukhov rests in Slavyansk, where his remains were transferred in 1944, when the territory was liberated from German invaders.

During the operation of Karnaukhov's detachment, 1304 fascists were destroyed (out of 12 they were officers).

Estonian SSR

Already in July 1941, an order was given to form a partisan detachment in Estonia. His command included B. G. Kumm, N. G. Karotamm, J. H. Lauristin.

The partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 faced an almost insurmountable obstacle in Estonia. A large number of local residents were friendly towards the German occupiers and even rejoiced at such a coincidence of circumstances.

That is why underground organizations and sabotage groups had great power in this territory, which had to think over their moves even more carefully, since betrayal could be expected from anywhere.

Steel Leen Kuhlman (shot by the Germans in 1943 as a Soviet intelligence officer) and Vladimir Fedorov.

Latvian SSR

Until 1942, the activities of partisans in Latvia did not go well. This was due to the fact that most of the activists and party leaders were killed at the very beginning of the war, people were poorly prepared both physically and financially. Thanks to the denunciations of local residents, the Nazis destroyed not a single underground organization. Some heroes-partisans of the Great Patriotic War died nameless, so as not to betray and not discredit their comrades.

After 1942, the movement intensified, people began to come to the detachments with a desire to help and free themselves, since the German occupiers sent hundreds of Estonians to Germany for the hardest work.

Among the leaders of the Estonian partisan movement was Artur Sprogis, who trained Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. He is also mentioned in Hemingway's book For Whom the Bell Tolls.

Lithuanian SSR

On the Lithuanian territory, the partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 carried out hundreds of sabotage, as a result of which almost 10 thousand Germans were killed.

With a total number of partisans of 9187 people (only established by name), seven are Heroes of the Soviet Union:

1. Yu. Yu. Aleksonis. An underground radio operator, died in an unequal battle, surrounded by the Germans, in 1944.
2. S.P. Apivala. He personally destroyed seven echelons with enemy ammunition.
3. G.I.Boris. The commander of a special sabotage group, died at the hands of the Gestapo, after being captured in 1944.
4. A. M. Cheponis. A radio operator who died in 1944 in a solo battle against a German unit. He killed 20 fascists.
5. M. I. Melnikayte. She was captured, spent a whole week in torture, without saying a word to the Nazis, but she was able to slap one of the Wehrmacht officers in the face. She was shot in 1943.
6. B. V. Urbanavichus. He headed a subversive group of partisans.
7. Yu. T. Vitas. The leader of the partisan underground in Lithuania. He was captured and shot by the Nazis, after the denunciation of the traitor in 1943.

Hero-partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 fought in Lithuania not only against the fascist invaders, but also against the Lithuanian liberation army, which did not exterminate the Germans, but sought to destroy Soviet and Polish soldiers.

Moldavian SSR

During the four years of the operation of partisan detachments on the territory of Moldova, about 27 thousand fascists and their accomplices were destroyed. They are also responsible for the destruction of a huge amount of military equipment, ammunition, kilometers of communication lines. The heroes-partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 were engaged in the publication of leaflets and information bulletins with the aim of maintaining courage among the population and faith in victory.

Two - Heroes of the Soviet Union - V.I.Timoshchuk (commander of the First Moldovan unit) and N.M. Frolov (under his leadership, 14 German echelons were blown up).

Jewish resistance

70 purely Jewish liberation detachments operated on the territory of the USSR. Their goal was to save the remaining Jewish population.

Unfortunately, Jewish groups had to deal with anti-Semitic sentiments even among the Soviet partisans. Most of them did not want to provide any support to these people and they were reluctant to take Jewish youth into their units.

Most of the Jews were refugees from the ghetto. Children were often found among them.

The partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 did a great job, provided invaluable assistance to the Red Army in the liberation of territories and victory over the German fascists.

The Germans called the Soviet partisan detachments "the second front". The heroes-partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 played an important role in the approach of the Great Victory. Stories have been known for years. The partisan detachments, in general, were spontaneous, but in many of them strict discipline was established, and the soldiers took the partisan oath.

The main tasks of the partisan detachments were the destruction of the enemy's infrastructure in order to prevent a foothold in our territory and the so-called "rail war" (the partisans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 derailed about eighteen thousand trains).

The total number of underground partisans during the war was about one million people. Belarus is a vivid example of partisan warfare. Belarus was the first to fall into the occupation, and the forests and swamps disposed to partisan methods of struggle.

In Belarus, the memory of the war, where partisan detachments played an important role, is honored, the Minsk football club is called Partizan. The forum is where we are also talking about preserving the memory of the war.

The partisan movement was supported and partially coordinated by the authorities, and Marshal Kliment Voroshilov was appointed head of the partisan movement for two months.

Heroes partisans of the Great Patriotic War

Konstantin Chekhovich was born in Odessa, graduated from the Industrial Institute.

In the first months of the war, Constantine was sent to the rear of the enemy as part of a sabotage group. The group was ambushed, Chekhovich survived, but was captured by the Germans, from where he fled, two weeks later. Immediately after his escape, he contacted the partisans. Having received the assignment to carry out sabotage work, Konstantin got a job as an administrator at a local cinema. As a result of the explosion, the building of the local cinema buried more than seven hundred German soldiers and officers. The "administrator" - Konstantin Chekhovich - set the explosives in such a way that the entire structure with columns collapsed like a house of cards. This was a unique case of mass destruction of the enemy by partisans.

Before the war, Minai Shmyrev was the director of a cardboard factory in the village of Pudot in Belarus.

At the same time, Shmyrev had a significant military past - during the Civil War he fought with bandits, and for his participation in the First World War he was awarded three St. George's crosses.

At the very beginning of the war, Minai Shmyrev created a partisan detachment, which included factory workers. The partisans destroyed German cars, fuel tanks, blew up bridges and buildings that were strategically occupied by the Nazis. And in 1942, after the unification of three large partisan detachments in Belarus, the First Partisan Brigade was created, and Minai Shmyrev was appointed to command it. The actions of the brigade liberated fifteen Belarusian villages, established and maintained a forty-kilometer zone for supplying and maintaining communication with numerous partisan detachments on the territory of Belarus.

Minaj Shmyrev received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1944. At the same time, all the relatives of the partisan commander, including four small children, were shot by the Nazis.

Before the war, Vladimir Molodtsov worked at a coal mine, having worked his way up from a worker to deputy director of the mine. In 1934 he graduated from the Central School of the NKVD. At the beginning of the war, in July 1941, he was sent to Odessa to carry out reconnaissance and sabotage actions. He worked under a pseudonym - Badayev. The partisan detachment of Molodtsov-Badaev was stationed in the catacombs at. Destruction of enemy lines of communication, echelons, reconnaissance, sabotage in the port, battles with the Romanians - this made Badayev's partisan detachment famous. The Nazis threw huge forces to eliminate the detachment, they let gas into the catacombs, mined entrances and exits, and poisoned the water.

In February 1942, Molodtsov was captured by the Germans, and in July of the same 1942, he was shot by the Nazis. Vladimir Molodtsov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

On February 2, 1943, the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" was instituted, later it was taught a lesson by one and a half hundred heroes. Hero of the Soviet Union Matvey Kuzmin is the oldest recipient of a medal posthumously awarded to him. The future partisan of the war was born in 1858 in the Pskov province (serfdom was abolished three years after his birth). Before the war, Matvey Kuzmin led an isolated life, was not a member of a collective farm, was engaged in fishing, hunting. The Germans came to the village where the peasant lived and occupied his house. Well, then - a feat, the beginning of which was given by Ivan Susanin. The Germans, in exchange for unlimited food, asked Kuzmin to be a guide and lead the German unit to the village where the Red Army units were stationed. Matvey first sent his grandson along the route to warn the Soviet troops. The peasant himself took the Germans for a long time through the forest, and in the morning he led them to the ambush of the Red Army. Eighty Germans were killed, wounded and taken prisoner. The guide Matvey Kuzmin died in this battle.

The partisan detachment of Dmitry Medvedev was very famous. Dmitry Medvedev was born at the very end of the 19th century in the Oryol Province. During the Civil War he served on various fronts. Since 1920 he has been working in the Cheka (hereinafter referred to as the NKVD). He volunteered for the front at the very beginning of the war, created and led a group of partisans - volunteers. Already in August 1941, Medvedev's group crossed the front line and ended up in the occupied territory. The detachment operated in the Bryansk region for about six months, during this time there were absolutely five dozen real military operations: the detonation of enemy trains, ambushes and shelling of convoys on the highway. At the same time, every day the detachment went on the air with reports to Moscow about the movement of German troops. The high command regarded Medvedev's partisan detachment as the core of the partisans on the Bryansk land and as an important unit behind enemy lines. In 1942, Medvedev's detachment, the backbone of which was partisans trained by him for sabotage work, became the center of resistance on the territory of occupied Ukraine (Rovno, Lutsk, Vinnitsa). For a year and ten months, Medvedev's detachment performed the most important tasks. Among the achievements of the scouts - partisans - transmitted messages about Hitler's headquarters in the Vinnitsa region, about the impending German offensive on the Kursk Bulge, about the preparation of an attempt on the members of the conference in Tehran (Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill). Medvedev's partisan unit conducted more than eighty military operations in Ukraine, destroyed and captured hundreds of German soldiers and officers, among whom were the highest Nazi officials.

Dmitry Medvedev was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union at the end of the war, and in 1946 he retired. He became the author of the books "On the banks of the Southern Bug", "It was near Rovno" about the military actions of the patriots behind enemy lines.

Good day to all the regulars of the site! The most important regular on the line is Andrey Puchkov 🙂 (just kidding). Today we will reveal a new extremely useful topic for preparing for the exam in history: we will talk about the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. At the end of the article, you will find a test on this topic.

What is a partisan movement and how was it formed in the USSR?

A guerrilla movement is a type of actions by military formations behind enemy lines to strike at enemy communications, infrastructure and rear enemy formations to disorganize enemy military formations.

In the Soviet Union in the 1920s, the partisan movement began to form on the basis of the concept of waging war on its territory. Therefore, shelters and secret strongholds were created in the border zones for the future deployment of a partisan movement in them.

In the 1930s, this strategy was revised. According to the position of I.V. Stalin, the Soviet army will conduct military operations in a future war in enemy territory with little blood. Therefore, the creation of secret supporting partisan bases was suspended.

Only in July 1941, when the enemy was rapidly advancing and the battle of Smolensk was in full swing, the Central Committee of the Party (VKP (b)) issued detailed instructions for the creation of a partisan movement for local party organizations in the already occupied territory. In fact, at first, the partisan movement consisted of local residents and units of the Soviet army that got out of the "boilers".

In parallel with this, the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) began to form destroyer battalions. These battalions were supposed to cover parts of the red army during the retreat, to thwart attacks by saboteurs and military parachute forces of the enemy. Also, these battalions joined the partisan movement in the occupied territories.

In July 1941, the NKVD also organized a Special Motorized Rifle Brigade for Special Purpose (OMBSON). These brigades were recruited from first-class military personnel with excellent physical training capable of conducting effective combat operations in enemy territory in the most difficult conditions with a minimum amount of food and ammunition.

However, initially the OMBSON brigades were supposed to defend the capital.

Stages of the formation of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War

1. June 1941 - May 1942 - the spontaneous formation of the partisan movement. Mainly in the territories of Ukraine and Belarus occupied by the enemy.
2. May 1942 — July — August 1943 — from the creation of the General Staff of the Partisan Movement in Moscow on May 30, 1942 to the systematic large-scale operations of the Soviet partisans.
3. September 1943-July 1944 - the final stage of the partisan movement, when the main part of the partisans merged with the advancing Soviet army. On July 17, 1944, partisan units parade across liberated Minsk. Partisan units formed from local residents begin to demobilize, and their fighters are drafted into the Red Army.

Functions of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War

• Collection of intelligence data about the deployment of Nazi military formations, about the military equipment and military contingent at their disposal, etc.
• Commit sabotage: disrupt the transfer of enemy units, kill the most important commanders and officers, cause irreparable damage to enemy infrastructure, etc.
• Form new guerrilla units.
• To work with the local population in the occupied territories: to convince of the assistance of the Red Army, to convince that the Red Army will soon liberate their territories from the Nazi occupiers, etc.
• Disorganize the enemy's economy by buying goods with counterfeit German money.

The main figures and heroes of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War

Despite the fact that there were a lot of partisan detachments and each had its own commander, we will list only those that can be found in the USE tests. Meanwhile, the rest of the commanders deserve no less attention.

People's memory, because they gave their lives for our relatively serene life.

Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev (1898 - 1954)

He was one of the key figures in the formation of the Soviet partisan movement during the war. Before the war he served in the Kharkov branch of the NKVD. In 1937 he was fired for keeping in touch with his older brother, who became an enemy of the people. Miraculously escaped being shot. When the war began, the NKVD remembered this man and sent him to Smolensk to form a partisan movement. The group of partisans headed by Medvedev was called "Mitya". Later the detachment was renamed "Winners". From 1942 to 1944, Medvedev's detachment carried out about 120 operations.

Dmitry Nikolaevich himself was an extremely charismatic and ambitious commander. The discipline in his unit was the highest. Requirements for soldiers exceeded those of the NKVD. So at the beginning of 1942, the NKVD sent 480 volunteers from the OMBSON units to the Pobediteli detachment. And only 80 of them were selected.

One of such operations was the elimination of the Reichskommissar of Ukraine Erich Koch. To complete the assignment, Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov arrived in the detachment from Moscow. However, a little later it became clear that it was impossible to liquidate the Reichskommissar. Therefore, Moscow revised the task: it was instructed to destroy the head of the Reichskommissariat Paul Dargel. This was done only on the second attempt.

Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov himself conducted numerous operations and died on March 9, 1944 in a shootout with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Nikolai Kuznetsov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak (1887 - 1967)

Sidor Artemyevich went through several wars. Participated in the Brusilov Breakthrough in 1916. Before the beginning he lived in Putivl, was an active politician. At the start of the war, Sidor Kovpak was already 55 years old. In the very first clashes, Kovpak's partisans managed to capture 3 German tanks. Kovpak's partisans lived in the Spadshchansky forest. On December 1, the Nazis launched an offensive on this forest with the support of artillery and aviation. However, all enemy attacks were repulsed. In this battle, the Nazis lost 200 soldiers.

In the spring of 1942, Sidor Kovpak was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, as well as a personal audience with Stalin.

However, there were also setbacks.

So in 1943 the operation "Carpathian raid" ended with the loss of about 400 partisans.

In January 1944, Kovpak was awarded the second title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1944

The reorganized troops of S. Kovpak were renamed into the 1st Ukrainian Partisan Division named after

twice Hero of the Soviet Union S.A. Kovpaka

Later we will post the biographies of several more legendary commanders of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. So that subscribe to new articles site.

Despite the fact that numerous operations were carried out by Soviet partisans during the war years, only the two largest of them appear in the tests.

Operation "Rail War". The order to start this operation was given on June 14, 1943. It was supposed to paralyze the railway traffic in enemy territory during the Kursk offensive operation. For this, significant ammunition was transferred to the partisans. About 100 thousand partisans were involved in the participation. As a result, traffic on enemy railways was reduced by 30-40%.

Operation "Concert" was carried out from September 19 to November 1, 1943 on the territory of occupied Karelia, Belarus, Leningrad region, Kalinin region, Latvia, Estonia and Crimea.

The goal was the same: destruction of enemy cargo and blocking of railway transport.

I think from all of the above, the role of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War becomes clear. It became an integral part of the conduct of military operations by units of the Red Army. The partisans performed their functions admirably. Meanwhile, in real life there were a lot of difficulties: from how Moscow can determine which units are partisan and which are pseudo-partisan, and ending with how to transfer weapons and ammunition to enemy territory.

Every year we celebrate Victory Day. Fireworks are thundering, people with gray hair on their temples and only orders on their chests are walking along the streets of cities - mute witnesses of what they had to endure. Every year there are fewer of them - veterans of the Great Patriotic War. And yet they are alive, and with them are the memories of that most terrible in the history of world bloodshed. Each such anniversary is a new immersion in history, in memory.

The most important component of the struggle of the Soviet people against Hitlerite Germany was the partisan movement, which developed in the occupied territories and became truly universal.

By its nature, scale and losses inflicted on the invaders, the struggle of the Soviet people in the enemy rear had no equal in history. By the spring of 1942, it covered a huge territory - from the forests of Karelia to the Crimea and Moldova. By the end of 1943, there were over a million armed partisans and underground fighters. The composition of the partisan detachments clearly reflected the national character of the partisan movement: more than 30% were workers, about 41% were collective farmers, and over 29% were employees. Representatives of all nationalities of the Soviet Union fought in partisan formations. Firmly believing in victory over the enemy, millions of people who found themselves in the occupied territory showed selflessness and will in the struggle to drive out the invaders. The scale of the popular movement, the exploits and self-sacrifice in the name of a great victory, performed by ordinary people, the willingness to sacrifice oneself for the sake of the freedom of other people, delighted and amazed me. This was the reason for choosing the topic of my essay.

In my work, I set myself the goal of studying the history and nature of the partisan movement and investigating the problem of the effectiveness of popular struggle.

The question of the effectiveness of movement interested me because it is usually not covered in reference books and textbooks. Could a guerrilla movement have been more effective? Why was so little attention paid to the struggle of the people in the rear in the early stages of the war? Why were not all reserves involved? I will try to answer these questions in Chapter IV of the abstract.

The significant contribution of the partisans to the Great Victory over a cruel enemy has long been recognized. Studying this issue, I came across different points of view, sometimes opposite to many facts of partisan warfare. So in the historical, memoir documentation of the 70s, 80s, there is an undeniable point of view that interprets the unequivocally positive role of partisans during the war years. The role of the party in the organization of partisan detachments and their activities is emphasized. More historically reliable, in my opinion, are the sources of information of the 90s, where the history of the front behind enemy lines is revealed in many ways, where a person with his sometimes dramatic fate is not lost behind festivity and heroism. For myself, I first learned about the shadowy, sometimes unpleasant aspects of the life of partisans, about some facts of the preparation of the partisan movement before the war, which are usually not mentioned in textbooks.

The main source for writing my abstract was the book by M.A. Drobova "Small war (partisanship and sabotage)", from which I learned about the nature of the activities of partisans, the composition of partisan detachments, the first decrees on the organization of war behind enemy lines. Among the literature that has become the subject of my study, I would especially like to mention the "Dictionary of the Great Patriotic War" edited by V.V. Karpov, who served as a source of information for me about the partisan lands and the names of prominent and famous partisans. A valuable source was the book by A.I. Balashov, G.P. Rudakov. "History of the Great Patriotic War", which told me about the first partisan detachments, their basing areas and major operations. Interesting information about the measures taken by the Germans against the partisans was provided to me by the book of A.N. Mertsalov. "WWII in the historiography of the FRG". The material for the 4th chapter of the abstract was taken by me from articles authored by the candidates of historical sciences A.S. Knyazkov, V. Boyarsky and K. Kolontaev, published in the newspapers "Nezavisimaya Gazeta" and "Duel", in which the authors note some miscalculations and failures in organizing the struggle, analyze mistakes and give their assessment of the effectiveness of partisan warfare.

a type of people's struggle for the freedom and independence of the Motherland or for social transformations, which is waged on the territory occupied by the enemy, while the armed nucleus relies on the support of the local population. Regular units operating behind enemy lines can take part in P.D. It manifests itself in the form of warfare, as well as sabotage and sabotage. It was especially clearly manifested for the first time in 1812 in the Patriotic War against Napoleon's troops. Detachments of the Russian army operating in the rear (D. Davydova, I. Dorokhova, A. Seslavine, A. Figner, and others), as well as peasant detachments of G. Kurin, V. Kozhina, E. Chetvertakov, and others took part in the hostilities. P. D. during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. unfolded on the territory of the USSR occupied by the Nazis. Strategic leadership was carried out by the Stavka through the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement, republican and regional headquarters. The partisan detachments and formations numbered over 1 million people. The partisans liberated entire areas, carried out raids, and carried out major operations to disrupt enemy communications.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

GUERRILLA MOVEMENT

national-will release. wrestling bunks. masses on the territory occupied by the enemy, including weapons. actions of groups, detachments and armies, as well as vsenar. uprising. F. Engels wrote that P. D. - "... this elusive, now ceasing, now re-emerging, but always creating obstacles to the enemy, the uprising of the people" (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 17, p. 203). However, there have been cases in history when the form of partisan action was used by reactionary forces that managed to win over the population, primarily the peasantry (for example, it was in the Vendée - see the Vendée Wars). National-will release. P. d. Is directed against foreign invaders and their minions, in defense of the nat. independence, freedom and democracy, or in defense of the sovereignty of the socialist homeland, its territory and revolution. achievements. In the form of P. d. Civil. the war of the oppressed against the oppressors, the revolutionary struggle of the masses to overthrow the power of the dominions. exploiting classes. Marxism-Leninism recognizes the legitimacy and legitimacy of the political movement, seeing in it one of the manifestations of the decisive role of the people in history. process, highly appreciates the military creativity of the masses. Historical experience shows that P. d. Can include the actions of entire armies. On the other hand, operations by regular troops often include partisan warfare. "Partisan struggle," wrote V. I. Lenin, "is an inevitable form of struggle at a time when the mass movement has already reached the point of insurrection and when there are more or less large gaps between" big battles "in the civil war" (Poln. collection of works, 5th ed., vol. 14, p. 7 (vol. 11, p. 191)). As a rule, P. d. Are characterized by: patriotism, revolutionary spirit, intransigence to foreign domination and oppression, voluntariness of its participants, their high morale and fighting spirit, which makes it possible to endure great difficulties of the struggle, all-round support of the partisans by the population. The driving forces of P. d. Depend on the ist. conditions, goals and objectives of the struggle. National-will release. P. d. For the most part is carried out on the basis of a broad plank beds. front led by the most progress. societies. class. The relationship between the P. d., Directed against foreign invaders, with the state. power of the country, ter. a cut underwent occupation. In those cases when the pr-in of this country went into the service of the invaders and became its subsidiary body, the national liberation. the struggle of the masses also includes actions against such a government and its troops. In cases where the pr-in does not put up with the occupation, but, fearing decisive action by the people. the masses, calls them to passivity and expectation (for example, the so-called policy of "attantism" during World War II), a deep contradiction arises between him and the masses, and the political movement is developing against the will and policy of the given government, losing the support of the people. Finally, in those cases when the government opposes the invaders together with the people. masses, the actions of regular troops are coordinated with the P. d. The possibility and degree of unity of forces between the government and the people depend primarily on the class. character of this pr-va. The highest degree of unity is possible only in the conditions of the existence of a truly nar. pr-va, continuously connected with the masses. Widely developed in the years Vel. Fatherland. war Sov. Union deeply popular P. d. Was the clearest manifestation of the Sov. patriotism, evidence of the indestructible unity of the Sov. authorities, Communist. party and people. The movement was an integral part of the nationwide struggle against the invaders, the struggle of the Soviet Army at the front, partisans and underground fighters in the enemy rear. East experience confirms great military and moral-political. the importance of the P. d., a cut causes serious damage to the enemy troops and disorganizes their rear, undermines the stability and morale of the invading armies, creates an intolerable situation for them on the occupiers. ter. At the same time, P. d. Strengthens the confidence of the masses in the ultimate victory over the enemy, involves them in active actions aimed at disrupting all military measures. authorities and administration of the invaders. P. d. Arose in antiquity. One of the classics. examples of P. d. can serve as the struggle of the peoples Wed. Asia in the 3rd c. BC e. against the armies of Alexander the Great. To the partisans. the struggle was also resorted to by many peoples who opposed the rule of the Roman Empire. The uprisings of slaves in ancient Rome bore the features of P. d. They have long resorted to partisans. the struggle of the peoples of Russia: in the 13-15 centuries. against the Mongol-Tatar invasion, at the beginning. 17th century against the Polish and the Swede. interventionists. The P. d. Against the troops of the Polish gentry in the Ukraine led to the general government uprising and national liberation. war 1648-54. Partisan. the struggle of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians during the Northern War of 1700-21 played a big role in the defeat of Charles XII and the victory of the army of Peter I at Poltava. The partisan form of struggle was used along with other forms by the oppressed peasantry in the states of Europe under feudalism: in Russia (crusade under the leadership of I. Bolotnikov, S. Razin and E. Pugachev), Germany (crusade war 1524-25) , Austria (peasant war 1626). Partiz. the peoples of the Balkans fought against the Turkish oppressors, the people of the Czech Republic during the Hussite wars, and Hungary in the 17th century. , North. America during the struggle for independence against England (1775-83). The response to the capture of Spain by Napoleon I was an uprising in Madrid, and then a wide partisan. war (so-called guerrilla) 1808-13. P. d. Played a huge role in the Fatherland. the war of 1812 of the peoples of Russia against the Napoleonic invasion, becoming an important factor in the defeat of the invaders (see. Partisan movement in the Patriotic War of 1812). During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, French. the people led the partisans. the war against the Prussian occupiers. In the Boer War of 1899-1902 20 thousand partisans resisted 250 thousand. Army eng. colonialists. During the 1905-07 revolution in Russia in the Moscow uprising of 1905, as V. I. Lenin noted, a new barricade tactic was put forward, which was "... the tactics of guerrilla warfare" (see ibid., Vol. 13, p. 375 (vol. I, p. 150)). P. d. In the years of foreign. armed intervention and civil. war in Russia took place under the leadership of the Communist. party. The partisan struggle merged with the actions of the Red Army; at times in districts, remote or in a particularly difficult situation, P. d. represented the main form of plank beds. wars with the interventionists and White Guards (see Partisan movement in the civil war 1918-22). The Chinese people used guerrilla tactics extensively. wars in the struggle against the Kuomintang reactionaries in 1927-1937, in the war against the Japanese. invaders 1937-45 and during the period of people's liberation. wars 1946-49. On an unprecedented scale in history, the Soviet people developed P. d. In the years of the Great. Fatherland. wars 1941-45. This movement has become truly nationwide. character. Armed. the struggle of the partisans, led by the Communist. party, played an important role in the defeat of the fasc. Germany and forever entered the history of the Soviet people as a vivid testimony of their dedication and patriotism in defending the socialist. Fatherland. The P. d. During the Great Patriotic War showed how deep the faith of the Soviet people was in the victory of their just cause, how great and comprehensive was their support for the combat activities of partisans (see Partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45). In occupied it. and japan. imperialistic. By the invaders of the countries of Europe and Asia, during the Second World War, a broad political movement arose as an important component of the Resistance Movement. In the forefront of the partisas. troops and armies were fighting communists everywhere. P. d. Was inspired by the example of owls. people, its soldiers and partisans. This is a movement in the occupiers. countries of Europe and Asia made a great contribution to the common cause of the victory of freedom-loving peoples over fasc. bloc, played an important role in the establishment of the People's Democratic. building in many of these countries. After World War II, the peoples of a number of countries fought partisans. war for their nat. and social liberation. P. d. Was widely developed in the countries of Asia (for example, in Vietnam), Africa (for example, in Algeria in 1954–62), and in a number of countries of Latin America; in the form of the P. d. the popular revolution developed in Cuba. The heroic struggle against the Amer. the aggressors were deployed by partisans Yuzh. Vietnam. Political. the leaders and propagandists of imperialism are trying to put P. d. outside the law, they call the partisans "bandits" and the partisans. detachments "gangs". Zap.-germ. reaction. historiography, trying to justify the monstrous atrocities of the Nazis in the years of World War II, which had been planned in advance, depicts them as retaliatory measures against the "illegal" political movement. Leading figures, reactionaries, resort to a similar method. US historians and publicists in regard to liberate. struggle of patriots South. Vietnam, calling them "terrorists" and in every possible way justifying the US aggression against Vietnam, dictated by the aggressive, imperialist. goals. Lit .: Engels F., Chances of war, K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., Vol. 17; Lenin V.I., Lessons from the Moscow uprising, Poln. collection cit., 5th ed., vol. 13 (vol. 11); his, Partisan War, ibid., v. 14 (v. 11); History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945, vol. 6, M., 1965; Soviet partisans. (Sat. Art., M., 1961); Klokov V.I., The struggle of the peoples of the Slavic countries against the fascist oppressors (1939-1945), K., 1961; R. Battaglia, History of the Italian Resistance Movement, trans. from ital., M., 1954; L. Longo, The People of Italy in the Struggle, trans. from ital., M., 1952; Maryanovich I., War of Independence and the People's Revolution in Yugoslavia, trans. from Serb.-Croatian., M., 1956; Tillon S., French Frantiers and Partisans in the Fight Against the German Fascist Occupiers, trans. from French, M., 1963; K? Hnrich H., Der Partisanenkrieg in Europa. 1939-1945, B., 1965; Gornenski N., V'orzhenata fight against the Bulgarian people for liberation from the Hitlerist occupation and the monarchist-fascist dictatorship (1941-1944), S., 1958; Bulgariens Volk im Widerstand, 1941-1944, V., 1962; Polski ruch robotniczy w okresie wojny i okupacji hitlerowskiej, (Warsz.), 1964; Kouck? V., Illeg? Ln? KSC a prazsk? povst? n? Praha 1946; Fal'tan S., O Slovenskom n? Rodnom povstan ?, Brat., 1964; Oslobodilacki rat naroda Jugoslavije 1941-1945, kn. 1-2, Beograd, 1957-58. See also lit. with the articles Resistance Movement, Partisan Movement in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45. G. A. Deborin. Moscow.