Professions are divided into groups according to. Educational portal. Requirements for the psychological portrait of representatives of the professions “person - artistic image”

As the children's proverb says: “All professions are needed, all professions are important.” Of course this is true. It is difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without working in some profession. Even the most seemingly useless work makes a huge contribution to the life of each of us. What is the classification of professions?

General concept

Classification is a meaningful division of certain things into groups and types according to certain characteristics. The concepts of “profession” and “classification of professions” are closely related. A profession is a type of activity of a person who possesses a complex of special theoretical knowledge, as well as skills and abilities acquired as a result of training and practical exercises. Depending on the type of activity, professions can be grouped. The classification of professions by subject of labor also plays a large role in the division. This issue will be discussed in detail in this article.

Types of classification of working professions

The world of professions is diverse, there are more than seven thousand names in it. In 1957, the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) was adopted, created by the joint efforts of representatives of UNESCO, the UN and the World Health Organization. This is a type of division of professions into groups. The process of dividing into groups itself can take place in different ways, depending on the characteristic taken as a basis. This could be a classification:

• By the first letter of the name of the type of activity (in alphabetical order, for example).
• By character or physical).
• By sector of the economy (industry, science, construction, livestock and crop production, forestry, transport and communications, healthcare, management, trade, and so on).
• Based on material production (for example, agriculture, industry, forestry, construction, etc. There is no material production in healthcare, science, trade, media, etc.).
• According to the level and nature of the required qualifications: highly qualified (financial auditor, chemist, broker, engineer and others); qualified (insurance worker, personnel officers, administrator, appraiser, technologist and others); low-skilled (postman, store worker, etc.); unskilled (janitor, street vendor, cleaner, courier and others).

Everything has its drawbacks

Each of the above classifications of professions has its own disadvantages.

The first option is inconvenient because there are a lot of areas of activity (about seven thousand), and it will be difficult to distribute each one in alphabetical order, and the result will be an incredibly huge list.

The disadvantage of the second method is that when transferring, the boundaries of mental and physical labor are automatically erased.

The third method has two disadvantages:

1. There are professions that relate to several sectors of the economy (for example, a mechanic. The scope of activity is widespread in several sectors of the national economy).

2. Inaccuracy, since some activities cross over into other areas (for example, a school nurse, a health care worker, but at the same time works in a scientific field of activity).

The fourth method can also be argued. Every profession is related to production, only in one case these are material things (for example, industry, construction), and in the other case these are intangible values ​​(for example, science, the media). Regardless of whether you can “touch” what is being produced, every area of ​​activity is important for humanity.

The fifth case also has its own nuances. There is often a situation where a person is a jack of all trades and really does his job well, but they cannot hire him as a staff member because he does not have the education credentials. At the same time, a certified specialist comes in who actually doesn’t know how to do anything.

Division of professions by working conditions

There is also a classification of professions based on working conditions. It includes only four types:

1. Household microclimate. This is a profession whose workers work indoors under familiar conditions (or office work). For example, a programmer, accountant, doctor, teacher and others.
2. Work outdoors. The employee spends most of his time outdoors rather than indoors. For example, sales representative, postman, janitor, forester and others.
3. Small confined spaces, cabins. The worker spends most of his time in a small room. For example, driver, concierge, operator, and so on.
4. Unusual working conditions. Unusual working conditions include underground work, work in water conditions, or at high altitudes. For example, a miner, an industrial climber, a mountain rescuer, a diver and others.

In any case, depending on how you want to classify types of professions, any of the above methods is chosen. But about this in order.

What are they? In addition to the above options for classification of professions, there is also a way of psychological division into groups. The division of activities into groups according to psychological principles is intended for career guidance work. This type of distribution is important for the theory of labor psychology, as well as for understanding the role of psychological factors in a particular type of work.

Psychological analysis of work activity in any profession is an integral part and primary stage of work in the field of labor psychology. Analysis acts as the basis on which any further research is built.

The diversity of professions poses the task of labor psychology to classify professions, identify common features and differences between professions and types of activities. The psychological study of certain types of work activity is called a description of professions (professiography), and the resulting result is called a professiogram. The professiogram includes a number of characteristics relating to types of work: technical and economic, social, psychological, as well as hygienic working conditions. The result obtained is influenced by a combination of personality characteristics and mental processes that are activated during a certain type of work.

The concept of professionally important signs

Professionally important qualities are individual character and personality traits of a person, mental and physical qualities that meet the requirements for an individual occupying a particular position in the profession.

The important signs of a professional include five points:

1. Attitude to the profession, work, interests related to this field of activity.
2. The moral image of a person as part of a team.
3. Capacity related to a specific position (flexibility of mind, resourcefulness, ability to self-develop - the intellectual sphere of activity; physiological development, endurance - for physical labor).

Single, private, special abilities, if necessary for the required position or profession as a whole.

4. Knowledge, abilities, skills and experience in a similar position.

A new type of classification of professions

Aleksandrovich, academician, specialist in labor psychology, professor of psychological sciences, made a lot of discoveries in the field of psychology and did not ignore the psychology of work. In 1970, he patented his classification of professions by subject of labor, which is still used today. His subject-activity concept of professional work is extensive and covers almost all professions, dividing them into certain groups. As Klimov himself states, every person is able to find a profession in which he will be comfortable, and work will bring pleasure. With Klimov’s concept, you can create an approximate formula for your desired profession, as well as determine your dream job.

Distribution of Klimov's professions

Correct compilation and further use of professionograms presupposes certain knowledge in the use of classification. The most common for career guidance is the classification of professions according to Klimov. In accordance with the object of labor, five types are distinguished.

"Man - Nature"

This type includes people whose work activity is related to the animal and plant world, as well as microorganisms and the conditions of their existence. A worker in this profession sees the world from the perspective of biological development, innovations and losses in this area. Representatives of professions of this type are able to create and adjust the living conditions and development of living organisms, while using a variety of technical means. If we take agriculture into account, not all remote areas are equipped with the necessary equipment, so physical labor also takes place in this area. And also do not underestimate the intellectual aspect of this classification of professions. Since working conditions are non-standard, it is often necessary to notice the most subtle, but very important changes in living organisms. The requirements for an employee of this structure are also non-standard: from special skills (for example, drawing, so that you can record what is visible under a microscope) to operating equipment. As for professional qualities, the employee must love nature, have perseverance in achieving goals, creative thinking and patience. Professions in the “Man - Nature” sphere include: veterinarian, agronomist, biologist, beekeeper and many others.

"Man—Technology"

This type includes activities related to the repair and maintenance of technical devices and their operation, as well as the creation, installation and assembly, design and construction of devices and technical systems, individual parts of the mechanism. Observation, keen hearing and vision are among the main professional qualities of an employee in this field. Also, for successful work, precise and high knowledge in the technical field is required. Professions of the “Man-Technology” type include mechanic, repairman, driver, technician and others.

"Man - Sign System"

The object of labor of this type of classification is signs - numbers, formulas, oral and written speech, drawings, drawings, maps, and so on. The basis of work activity is intellectual work, with the help of which all kinds of sign systems are created. The professional qualities of an employee of this type of profession are perseverance, attentiveness, the ability to concentrate for a long time, and a love of solitary work. Professions of the “Man - Sign System” type include programmer, system administrator, accountant, stenographer, radio operator, draftsman, cutter, editor and others.

"Man - Artistic Image"

The objects of labor of workers in this field are artistic images formed in literature, fine arts, music and acting. The goals of this profession are to create beauty, bring harmony to the world around us, preserve the cultural heritage of humanity and create aesthetics. A professional in this field must have an undoubted innate talent, a love of beauty and art, artistic taste and a rich imagination. Professions of the “Human – Artistic Image” type include actor, photographer, artist, journalist and even jeweler.

"Man - Man"

Workers in this type of profession work directly with people. The main task is to interact with people or serve other people. Certain types of professions are related to each other by the essence of work, although the work activity itself is completely different. The purpose of this classification of professions can be treatment, training, management, information, etc. The professional qualities that an employee must have are sociability and culture of communication, understanding of a person’s mood and his needs, developed cognitive activity, friendliness, listening skills and stress resistance . Professions of the “Human-Human” type include teacher, policeman, doctor, salesman, service worker, insurance agent and many others.

The choice of a future profession should be taken extremely seriously. Without love for work, love for life will disappear. When choosing the type of profession according to the classification, you can understand what exactly you need.

Summary of the pre-professional training lesson

Classifications of professions. Signs of the profession.

Smirnova Elena Mikhailovna, Deputy Director for HR,

pre-vocational teacher, primary school teacher

You've probably noticed how quickly and accurately the librarian finds the book the reader needs. The easiest way to find it is if you know the author and title - the alphabetical catalog will help with this. But it happens that a reader is looking for literature on a topic that interests him, without knowing either the author or the title. Then a thematic catalogue, through which you can find the books you need, comes to the aid of the librarian. Classification helps you find a book - rules for placing books on shelves. In biology lessons you study the classification of the natural world, in chemistry lessons the classification of chemical elements. In the broadest sense of the word, classification is a meaningful order of things.

The classification of professions is based on its own laws. There are about forty thousand professions in the world, and every year dozens of old ones disappear and hundreds of new ones arise. Some professions flirtatiously change their names, pretending to be modern. You won’t immediately understand that the bartender is a bartender, and the manager is a manager. Classifying professions alphabetically will help you navigate them if you know the names of all forty thousand professions. How many professions do you know?

All students take turns naming professions. Anyone who cannot remember a profession within three seconds or repeats one that has already been named is eliminated from the game. If the guys name not a profession, but a position (boss, director, president), such answers are not accepted, as well as the words “oligarch”, “authority”, etc. The game continues until there is only one winner left.

Different countries have classifications that unite professions according to various criteria: place of work, degree of independence, speed of promotion, etc. Professions can be divided into industries. For example, the clothing industry. There are all sorts of professions there - fashion designers, equipment adjusters, mechanics, artists, seamstresses and motorists of various specialties, economists, and accountants. But is it possible to adapt an industry to your interests and inclinations? You can only try on a profession. That is why it is important to know the classification of professions based on essential features (E.A. Klimov. How to choose a profession).

It is interesting that back in the 18th century, the famous historian and statesman V.N. Tatishchev proposed his classification of types of professional activities:

· useful sciences (agriculture, physics, biology, mathematics);

· dandy or entertaining sciences (literature and art);

· vain sciences (alchemy, astrology);

· necessary sciences (education, healthcare, economics, law);

· sabotage sciences (witchcraft).

In our country, the four-level classification of professions E.A. is most often used. Klimov, according to which all professions can be divided into five subjects, three goals, four means and four working conditions.

According to Klimov, five large groups of professions can be distinguished depending on the subject of work - “technology”, “man”, “nature”, “sign”, “artistic image”. This is the first level of classification.

1. TECHNIQUE (T). This group includes professions related to the production, maintenance and design of any equipment, from space rockets and computers to the anvil and hammer of a blacksmith. Engineer, designer, pilot, machinist, driver, electrician, builder, car mechanic, plumber, miner, engine tester - just to name a few. The peculiarity of technical objects is that they can be accurately measured and calculated, therefore professions in this group require a person to have a combination of a practical mindset and creative abilities, accuracy, and good health.

· What type of thinking is typical for technology professionals?

2. MAN (H). Doctor, nurse, teacher, educator, waiter, lawyer, salesman, hairdresser, tour guide - all these professions belong to the same group, because they have one subject of labor - a person. These professions have special social significance. They require patience and exactingness from a person, the ability to take responsibility and control their emotions. The main content of work in these professions is effective interaction between people. Some qualities contribute to successful work, while others complicate it. If you have an increased need for communication, contacts with people will delight you; if you have a low need, they will tire you. An increased level of aggression is unacceptable for specialists in this field. By the way, the ability to communicate productively is necessary for each of us.

· What temperament is conducive to communicating with other people?

3. NATURE (P). This group includes all professions related to living and inanimate nature. Research, study and use of natural resources, caring for animals and plants, their treatment are possible activities. Professions of this group: agronomist, breeder, livestock specialist, veterinarian, dog handler, plant breeder, geologist, game warden, ecologist, land reclamation specialist. People of these professions are united by a love of nature. But this love is active, not contemplative. Playing with pets and admiring flowers is one thing. And it’s quite another thing to regularly, day after day, look after them, observe, treat, walk them, regardless of personal time and plans. To be successful in this activity, you need to be strong and resilient, caring and patient, not afraid of difficulties and not expecting quick results.

· What type of thinking is typical for successful specialists in this field?

4. SIGN (3). This group includes all professions associated with the use of oral and written speech, working with documents and numbers. These are the professions of economist, accountant, linguist, mathematician, programmer, and notary. The subject of labor for these professions is the “sign system”, that is, all information that can be presented in the form of texts, formulas, signs, codes, graphs, diagrams and drawings. Much, if not everything, depends on the reliability and timeliness of information in our lives. Therefore, it is important for a specialist who works with signs to be able, on the one hand, to abstract from the real physical, chemical, mechanical properties of objects, and on the other, to imagine and understand the characteristics of real phenomena and objects behind the signs. Professions in this group place special demands on a person’s thinking, memory and attention.

· What type of thinking is typical for a specialist in the field of sign information?

5. ARTISTIC IMAGE (X). This group includes professions related to visual, musical, literary and artistic, acting and stage activities. Creating works of art is a special process. Contemporaries are not always able to appreciate a brilliant artist, poet or composer living nearby, because talent tends to outstrip its time. Therefore, fame and recognition often come to creators only after death. But a person engaged in creativity experiences incomparable joy. To master creative professions, desire alone is not enough—creative abilities, talent, and hard work are required.

· What type of temperament is most often found in people of art?

Many professions are difficult to classify as one subject of labor. For example, a good secretary must not only be a specialist in the field of sign information (working with documents), but also be able to use a computer and office equipment, and communicate effectively with people. A good teacher, in addition to professional knowledge and communication skills, must have artistry.

As the teacher explains, the children, independently or at the blackboard, fill out all four floors of the pyramid, writing down the abbreviated names of objects of labor on the first level, the goals of labor on the second, the means of labor on the third, and working conditions on the fourth level, emphasizing the preferred ones for each during the explanation. objects, goals, means and working conditions.

When choosing a profession, first of all, they keep in mind the subject of work. Thus, the concept of “object of labor” is the basis for further classification, the foundation of the pyramid invented by Professor E.A. Klimov.

SUBJECT OF WORK (SCHPZH)

Regardless of the subject of work, all professions are classified according to three goals of work: gnostic, transformative, exploratory. This is the second level.

1. Gnostic professions (G)

Gnostic, or cognitive, goals of work can be varied: sort, compare, check, evaluate. Gnostic professions can be found among any of five types of professions: “Nature” - laboratory biologist, exterior specialist; “Technology” - radio equipment controller, tester; “Man” - forensic expert, sociologist; “Sign” - proofreader, auditor; “Artistic image” - art critic, theater critic. These professions place certain demands on the worker: cognitive activity, observation, stability of attention, memory, thinking, and responsibility are necessary.

2. Transformative professions (P)

Transformative human activity can be aimed at objects, energy, information, processes. In some cases, the results can be seen immediately - a builder, a blacksmith, an artist, in others - the results wait months and years (breeder, educator). The predominance of practical or mental activity of a specialist depends on the subject and content of his work: “Nature” - livestock breeder, plant breeder, livestock specialist; “Technology” - mechanic, machine operator; “Man” - teacher, coach; “Znak” – layout designer, accountant; “Artistic image” - graphic designer, fashion designer.

3. Survey professions (I)

The purpose of the work of professions of this class is to search for something new, unknown. “Nature” - fishery inspector, game warden, research biologist; "Technology" - design engineer; “Man” - supply agent, production organizer; “sign” - programmer, mathematician; “Artistic image” - composer, designer. Many professions combine characteristics of different classes.

The goals of labor make up the second floor of Klimov’s pyramid.

JOB GOALS (GPI)

SUBJECT OF WORK (SCHZH)

At the next level, professions are classified by tools, or means of labor. The means of labor can be real and functional.

Material tools of labor are a carpenter's hammer and ax, a surgeon's scalpel, a musician's violin, a teacher's pointer, a programmer's computer. Material means of labor are manual (R)- scalpel, screwdriver, cutter, brush; mechanical (M)- sewing machine, car, crane; automatic (A)— automatic and semi-automatic lines, robotic systems.

Functional tools (F) invisible. This is the eye of a carpenter, the tactile sensations of a surgeon, the inspiration of a musician, the knowledge of a teacher and programmer.

The means of labor constitute the third level of our pyramid.

EQUIPMENT OF WORK (RMAF)

JOB GOALS (GPI)

SUBJECT OF WORK (SCHZH)

Each profession requires working in certain conditions: in the office and under water, underground and in space, in hot shops, outdoors at any time of the year.

The diver examines water areas, the underwater part of structures and ships, finds and repairs damage in ship hulls and hydraulic structures, lays cable lines and pipelines under water, lifts sunken ships, cuts and welds metal structures under water; conducts research.

Underground navigators - surveyors - using special instruments, make measurements and calculations, draw up underground maps, working both underground, on the ground, and at a desk. They work with pinpoint precision, because a deviation of even five centimeters when tunneling in the opposite direction is unacceptable.

Civil aviation pilots do more than just transport cargo and passengers. They are updating maps of the area and putting out forest fires. Rolls, climb angles, speeds, directions, the state of on-board systems - all this is in the pilot’s field of vision.

A doctor, educator, teacher are responsible for the life, health, and full education of people. Their work, like the work of a pilot, is associated with increased moral and material responsibility.

There are four groups of working conditions:

B- ordinary, everyday microclimate (laboratory assistant, accountant, salesperson, scientist);

ABOUT— open air (agronomist, traffic police inspector, installer, geologist);

N— unusual conditions (miner, astronaut, submariner, firefighter);

M- increased moral responsibility for the health and life of people, for great material values ​​(teacher, doctor, judge, security guard).

Working conditions constitute the fourth level of Klimov’s pyramid.

WORKING CONDITIONS (BONM)

EQUIPMENT OF WORK (RMAF)

JOB GOALS (GPI)

SUBJECT OF WORK (SCHZH)

Using this classification, any profession can be designated by a formula of four letters denoting the corresponding attribute. Almost every profession has several characteristics. Therefore, the main thing is to highlight the main and secondary features.

3. The teacher works:

4. In the world there are:

Applications:

1. Lesson worksheet (for students)

2. Presentation

_________________________________ _____________________________

F.I. Class

Task No. 1. “Name your profession.”

Task No. 2. "In hot pursuit".

List the objects of labor according to Klimov’s classification.

Task No. 3. "Klimov's Pyramid".

Task No. 4. Control questions.

1. The base of the “Klimov pyramid” is:

a) working conditions; b) subject of labor; c) means of labor; d) goals of work.

2. The subject of the driver’s work is:

a) technology; b) person; c) nature; d) artistic image.

3. The teacher works:

a) in domestic conditions; b) outdoors; c) in unusual conditions; d) in conditions of increased responsibility.

4. In the world there are:

a) about 10 thousand professions; b) more than 100 thousand professions; c) about 40 thousand professions; d) 23,198 professions.

5. Hand tools are necessary for work:

a) surgeon; b) astronaut; c) actor; d) driver.

2.9 Classification of professions

The most famous system of classification of professions is the system of E.A. Klimova. In it, the entire variety of professions is consistently divided into types, classes, departments and groups. Let us briefly dwell on this approach to the taxonomy of professions.

Types of professions ( on the subject of work).

1. "Man is a man"(H).

The main subject of work is people and groups of people. Examples of professions: waiter, salesman, doctor, psychologist, trainer, investigator.

2. "Human - technical systems"(T).

The main subject of work is technical systems, material objects, materials, energy. Examples of professions: - turner, mason, mechanic, driver, architect, engineer.

3. "Man - Nature"(P).

The main subject of work is living organisms and biological processes. Examples of professions: botanist, zoologist, livestock specialist, beekeeper, ichthyologist, agronomist.

4. "Man is a sign"(W)

The main subject of work is symbols, numbers, ciphers, codes, formulas, languages. Examples of professions: programmer, proofreader, philologist, mathematician.

5. “Man is an artistic image”(X)

The main subject of work is artistic images. Examples of professions: poet, sculptor, conductor, artist, designer.

Job classes

(by labor operations or labor purpose)

According to the approach of E.A. Klimov, in accordance with the prevailing labor operations, all professions are divided into three classes:

1. Gnostic(recognizing) specialties (GN),

2. Transformative specialties (Pr),

3. Exploratory(creative) specialties (I).

Let us show how classes of professions relate to types of professions (Table 2.7).

Classes professions Types professions	Gnostic (G)	Transformative (Etc)	Exploratory(creative) (AND)
Man - Technology	Quality Control Worker	Mechanic, driver, installer.	Designer, inventor.
Man - Man	Investigator	Teacher, nurse, doctor, salesperson.	Psychologist, entrepreneur.
Man - Nature	Receiver of agricultural products	Field breeder, veterinarian.	Breeder
Man - Sign	Corrector	Programmer, accountant, cryptographer	Theoretical physicist
Man - Artistic image.	Painting works inspector	Jeweler, painter, decorator.	Composer, writer, sculptor.

Departments of professions

(by means of labor)

1. Manual labor(P) - manual (simple and weakly mechanized) tools.

Examples of professions: jeweler, fitter, auto mechanic, surgeon, pianist.

2. Mechanized labor(M) - mechanical equipment with manual control.

Examples of professions: driver, turner, seamstress.

3.Automated labor(A) - automated equipment for ensuring long-term or continuous technological processes.

Examples of professions: steelmaker, brewer, boiler room operator, nuclear power plant operator.

4. Functional tools(F). The main means of labor are the functional means of the body.

Examples of professions: teacher, singer, actor, theoretical scientist, dancer.

Profession groups (according to working conditions)

1. Household microclimate(work indoors) (B).

Examples of professions: accountant, teacher, manager.

2. Outdoor work(ABOUT)

Examples of professions: - shepherd, field farmer, postman, huntsman, military man.

3. Small confined spaces, cabins(TO).

Examples of professions: driver, crane operator, cashier of an exchange office.

4. Unusual working conditions(N)

Examples of professions: diver, miner, mine rescuer, steelmaker, astronaut, stuntman.

According to this classification, you can create formulas for a particular profession. For example, the formula for the accounting profession will be - Z: Pr: R: B.

Psychologist - H: Pr: F: B

Turner - T: Pr: M: B

Locksmith - T: Pr: R: B

Steelmaker - T: Pr: A: N

Artist - H: Tv: R: B

Investigator - W: G: F: B

Page 5

Psychological materials » Features of temperament and character accentuations in teenagers with different personality types in the professional sphere » Theoretical foundations of the problem of temperament features and character accentuations in teenagers with different personality types in the professional sphere. Approaches to personality typology in professional

1. Gnostic professions (G) – from the other Greek “gnosis” - knowledge. Therefore, in those cases where human activity as an end product involves recognizing, recognizing, monitoring, classifying or sorting, checking according to previously known signs, evaluating, researching, it will be classified as Gnostic.

Ch-P: laboratory assistant, taster.

CH-T: finished product controller, master diagnostician.

Ch-Ch: investigator, sociologist.

Ch-Z: proofreader, accountant-auditor.

Ch-H: art critic, theater critic.

2. Exploratory professions(I). In this class of professions, the goal of activity that proposes to invent something, come up with something, or find a new solution comes to the fore. This class is small in the number of professions.

Ch-T: design engineer.

Ch-Ch: educator, supply agent.

Ch-Z: programmer, mathematician.

Ch-H: designer, composer.

3. Transformative professions (P). The purpose of activity in this class: changing the properties, state of the object of labor or preserving its properties, states in certain objects.

Ch-P: zoo engineer, agronomist.

Ch-T: mechanic, turner.

Ch-Ch: teacher, psychologist.

C-Z: draftsman, accountant.

Ch-H: florist-decorator, graphic designer.

Third tier of classification. Departments of professions.

The class of professions, in turn, is divided into departments depending on the instrument of labor or means of production. There are four such departments:

1. Manual labor professions (P). Examples: medical laboratory assistant, mechanic, cartographer.

2. Professions of machine-manual labor (M). Manually operated machines are created for processing, transforming, moving objects of labor, therefore typical professions for this division of the classification are excavator operator, turner, car driver.

3. Professions related to the use of automated and automatic systems: machine operator, boiler room operator, operator.

4. Professions related to the transformation of functional means of labor (F). Here we mean psychological means of labor - various kinds of mental standards: singer, teacher, actor.

The fourth tier of classification. Groups of professions.

According to working conditions, professions can be divided into four groups:

1. Working in microclimate conditions similar to household “room” ones (B). Laboratory assistants, accountants, operators.

2. Work that involves being outdoors in any weather (O). Agronomist, installer, traffic police inspector.

3. Work in unusual conditions at heights, underground, at high or low temperatures, etc. (N). Diver, firefighter, miner.

4. Work in conditions of increased moral responsibility for people’s lives, health, and great material values ​​(M). Teacher, investigator.

Using symbols, you can give an overview “map” of the world of professions, as well as create an approximate formula for a certain profession: this formula can be applied to both a real profession and a dream profession.

Descriptive psychological characteristics of types of professionals (according to E.A. Klimov):

1. Representatives of professions such as “Man-nature”.

In professions of this type, the world is seen, perceived by the worker and worries him, primarily from the side of the biotic and abiotic phenomena that take place, gains and losses in this area. Professionals will highlight and retain in consciousness, first of all, the integrity that microorganisms, plants, and animals need. Numerous ideas about plants, animals, microorganisms, factors and manifestations of the “fate” of something living are identified and retained in consciousness.

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Sections: Technology

Class: 9

The purpose of the lesson: To create conditions for the formation of information competence of students for an informed choice of profession based on familiarity with the world of professions.

Equipment:

• dictionary of professions,
• computer for demonstrating the presentation "Classification of professions"

You've probably noticed how quickly and accurately the librarian finds the book the reader needs. The easiest way to find it is if you know the author and title - the alphabetical catalog will help with this. But it happens that a reader is looking for literature on a topic that interests him, without knowing either the author or the title. Then a thematic catalogue, through which you can find the books you need, comes to the aid of the librarian. Classification helps you find a book - rules for placing books on shelves. In biology lessons you study the classification of the natural world, in chemistry lessons the classification of chemical elements. In the broadest sense of the word, classification is a meaningful order of things. Slide 3.

The classification of professions is based on its own laws. There are about forty thousand professions in the world, and every year dozens of old ones disappear and hundreds of new ones arise. Some professions flirtatiously change their names, pretending to be modern. You won’t immediately understand that the bartender is a bartender, and the manager is a manager. Classifying professions alphabetically will help you navigate them if you know the names of all forty thousand professions. How many professions do you know?

Task No. 1. “Name your profession.” All students take turns naming professions. Anyone who cannot remember a profession within three seconds or repeats one that has already been named is eliminated from the game. If the guys name not a profession, but a position (boss, director, president), such answers are not accepted. The game continues until there is only one winner left.

Different countries have classifications that unite professions according to various criteria: place of work, degree of independence, speed of promotion, etc. Professions can be divided into industries. For example, the clothing industry. There are all sorts of professions there - fashion designers, equipment adjusters, mechanics, artists, seamstresses and motorists of various specialties, economists, and accountants. But is it possible to adapt an industry to your interests and inclinations? You can only try on a profession. That is why it is important to know the classification of professions based on essential features (E.A. Klimov. How to choose a profession).

• Slide 4. It is interesting that back in the 18th century, the famous historian and statesman V.N. Tatishchev proposed his classification of types of professional activities:
• necessary sciences (education, healthcare, economics, law);
• useful sciences (agriculture, physics, biology, mathematics);
• dandy or pleasure sciences (literature and art);
• vain sciences (alchemy, astrology);
• sabotage sciences (witchcraft).

Slide 5. In our country, the four-level classification of professions E.A. is most often used. Klimov, according to which all professions can be divided into five subjects, three goals, four means and four working conditions.

Slide 6. According to Klimov, five large groups of professions can be distinguished depending on the subject of labor - “technology”, “man”, “nature”, “sign”, “artistic image”. This is the first level of classification.

1. TECHNIQUE (T). This group includes professions related to the production, maintenance and design of any equipment, from space rockets and computers to the anvil and hammer of a blacksmith. Engineer, designer, pilot, machinist, driver, electrician, builder, car mechanic, plumber, miner, engine tester - just to name a few. The peculiarity of technical objects is that they can be accurately measured and calculated, therefore professions in this group require a person to have a combination of a practical mindset and creative abilities, accuracy, and good health.

What type of thinking is typical for technology professionals?

2. MAN (H). Doctor, nurse, teacher, educator, waiter, lawyer, salesman, hairdresser, tour guide - all these professions belong to the same group, because they have one subject of labor - a person. These professions have special social significance. They require patience and exactingness from a person, the ability to take responsibility and control their emotions. The main content of work in these professions is effective interaction between people. Some qualities contribute to successful work, while others complicate it. If you have an increased need for communication, contacts with people will delight you; if you have a low need, they will tire you. An increased level of aggression is unacceptable for specialists in this field. By the way, the ability to communicate productively is necessary for each of us.

What temperament is conducive to communicating with other people?

3. NATURE (P). This group includes all professions related to living and inanimate nature. Research, study and use of natural resources, caring for animals and plants, their treatment are possible activities. Professions of this group: agronomist, breeder, livestock specialist, veterinarian, dog handler, plant breeder, geologist, game warden, ecologist, land reclamation specialist. People of these professions are united by a love of nature. But this love is active, not contemplative. It's one thing to play with pets and admire flowers. And it’s quite another thing to regularly, day after day, look after them, observe, treat, walk them, regardless of personal time and plans. To be successful in this activity, you need to be strong and resilient, caring and patient, not afraid of difficulties and not expecting quick results.

What type of thinking is typical for successful specialists in this field?

4. SIGN (3). This group includes all professions associated with the use of oral and written speech, working with documents and numbers. These are the professions of economist, accountant, linguist, mathematician, programmer, and notary. The subject of labor for these professions is the “sign system,” that is, all information that can be presented in the form of texts, formulas, signs, codes, graphs, diagrams and drawings. Much, if not everything, depends on the reliability and timeliness of information in our lives. Therefore, it is important for a specialist who works with signs to be able, on the one hand, to abstract from the real physical, chemical, mechanical properties of objects, and on the other, to imagine and understand the characteristics of real phenomena and objects behind the signs. Professions in this group place special demands on a person’s thinking, memory and attention.

What type of thinking is typical for a specialist in the field of sign information?

5. ARTISTIC IMAGE (X). This group includes professions related to visual, musical, literary and artistic, acting and stage activities. Creating works of art is a special process. Contemporaries are not always able to appreciate a brilliant artist, poet or composer living nearby, because talent tends to outstrip its time. Therefore, fame and recognition often come to creators only after death. But a person engaged in creativity experiences incomparable joy. To master creative professions, desire alone is not enough - you need creative abilities, talent, and hard work. What type of temperament is most often found in people of art?

Many professions are difficult to classify as one subject of labor. For example, a good secretary must not only be a specialist in the field of sign information (working with documents), but also be able to use a computer and office equipment, and communicate effectively with people. A good teacher, in addition to professional knowledge and communication skills, must have artistry.

Slide 8. Pyramid of professions

Task No. 2. "Hot on the heels." List the objects of labor according to Klimov’s classification.

(As the teacher explains, the children independently fill out all four floors of the pyramid, writing down abbreviated names of objects of labor on the first level, goals of labor on the second, means of labor on the third, working conditions on the fourth level, emphasizing the objects, goals, and means preferred for each and working conditions.)

When choosing a profession, first of all, they keep in mind the subject of work. Thus, the concept of “object of labor” is the basis for further classification, the foundation of the pyramid invented by Professor E.A. Klimov.

SUBJECT OF WORK (SCHPZH)

Slide 9. Students complete the task.

Slide 10. Regardless of the subject of work, all professions are classified according to three goals of work: gnostic, transformative, exploratory. This is the second level.

1. Gnostic professions (D) Gnostic, or cognitive, goals of work can be varied: sort, compare, check, evaluate. Gnostic professions can be found among any of five types of professions: “Nature” - laboratory biologist, exterior specialist; "Technique" - radio equipment controller, tester; "Man" - forensic expert, sociologist; "Sign" - proofreader, auditor; "Artistic image" - art critic, theater critic. These professions place certain demands on the worker: cognitive activity, observation, stability of attention, memory, thinking, and responsibility are necessary.

2. Transformative professions (P) Transformative human activity can be aimed at objects, energy, information, processes. In some cases, the results can be seen immediately - a builder, a blacksmith, an artist, in others - the results wait months and years (breeder, educator). The predominance of practical or mental activity of a specialist depends on the subject and content of his work: “Nature” - livestock breeder, plant breeder, livestock specialist; "Technology" - mechanic, machine operator; "Man" - teacher, coach; "Znak" - layout designer, accountant; "Artistic image" - graphic designer, fashion designer.

3. Exploratory professions (I) The purpose of the work of professions of this class is to search for something new, unknown. "Nature" - fisheries inspector, game warden, research biologist; "Technology" - design engineer; "Man" - supply agent, production organizer; "sign" - programmer, mathematician; "Artistic image" - composer, designer. Many professions combine characteristics of different classes.

Slide 12. The goals of labor make up the second floor of Klimov’s pyramid.

JOB GOALS (GPI)

SUBJECT OF WORK (SCHZH)

Slide 13. Students complete the task.

Slide 14. At the next level, professions are classified by tools, or means of labor. The means of labor can be real and functional.

Slide 15. Material tools of labor are a carpenter’s hammer and ax, a surgeon’s scalpel, a musician’s violin, a teacher’s pointer, a programmer’s computer. Material means of labor are manual (R)- scalpel, screwdriver, cutter, brush; mechanical (M)- sewing machine, car, crane; automatic (A)- automatic and semi-automatic lines, robotic systems.

Functional tools (F) invisible. This is the eye of a carpenter, the tactile sensations of a surgeon, the inspiration of a musician, the knowledge of a teacher and programmer.

Slide 16. The means of labor constitute the third level of our pyramid.

EQUIPMENT OF WORK (RMAF)

JOB GOALS (GPI)

SUBJECT OF WORK (SCHZH)

Slide 17. Students complete the task.

Slide 18. Each profession involves working in certain conditions: in the office and under water, underground and in space, in hot shops, outdoors at any time of the year. There are four groups of working conditions:

B - ordinary, everyday microclimate (laboratory assistant, accountant, salesman, scientist);

O - open air (agronomist, traffic police inspector, installer, geologist);

N - unusual conditions (miner, astronaut, submariner, firefighter);

M - increased moral responsibility for the health and life of people, for great material values ​​(teacher, doctor, judge, security guard).

Slide 19. The diver examines water areas, the underwater part of structures and ships, finds and repairs damage in ship hulls and hydraulic structures, lays cable lines and pipelines under water, lifts sunken ships, cuts and welds metal structures under water; conducts research.

Underground navigators - surveyors - using special instruments, make measurements and calculations, draw up underground maps, working underground, on the ground, and at a desk. They work with pinpoint precision, because a deviation of even five centimeters when tunneling in the opposite direction is unacceptable.

Civil aviation pilots do more than just transport cargo and passengers. They are updating maps of the area and putting out forest fires. Rolls, climb angles, speeds, directions, the state of on-board systems - all this is in the pilot’s field of vision.

A doctor, educator, teacher are responsible for the life, health, and full education of people. Their work, like the work of a pilot, is associated with increased moral and material responsibility.

Slide 20. Working conditions constitute the fourth level of Klimov’s pyramid.

WORKING CONDITIONS (BONM)

EQUIPMENT OF WORK (RMAF)

JOB GOALS (GPI)

SUBJECT OF WORK (SCHZH)

Slide 21. Students complete the task.

Slide 22. Using this classification, any profession can be designated by a formula of four letters indicating the corresponding attribute. Almost every profession has several characteristics. Therefore, the main thing is to highlight the main and secondary features.

Control questions.

1. The base of the “Klimov pyramid” is:

a) working conditions;

b) subject of labor;

c) means of labor;

c) goals of work.

2. The subject of the driver’s work is:

A) technique;

b) person;

c) nature;

d) artistic image.

3. The teacher works:

a) in domestic conditions;

b) outdoors;

c) in unusual conditions;

G) in conditions of increased responsibility.

4. Hand tools are necessary for work:

A) surgeon;

b) astronaut;