Savva Frost is famous for what. Literary and historical notes of a young technician. New hobby. Maria Andreeva

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Savva Morozov. Enamored philanthropist.

In Forbes magazine, this person could definitely occupy the first positions. People like him can afford everything and there are no visible reasons to be unhappy, however ... no one has yet been able to buy true love and true friendship.
Bright life and tragic death in the prime of life...

At the beginning of the 20th century, two and a half dozen families made up the top of the Moscow merchant class - seven of them bore the surname Morozov. The most eminent in this series was considered the largest chintz manufacturer Savva Timofeevich Morozov. "In Morozov, the power of not only money is felt. He does not smell of millions. This is a Russian businessman with exorbitant moral strength"- N. Rokshin, Moscow journalist.

MOROZOVS.
The ancestor of the manufacturing industrial family of the Morozovs was Savva Morozov, a serf in the village of Zueva, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province, who was born in 1770 into a family of Old Believers. At first he worked as a weaver at a small silk factory Kononov, receiving 5 rubles in banknotes a year from the master's grub. The lot falls on Savva to become a soldier, and he, wanting to pay off the recruitment, makes a large loan from Kononov, with whom he pays off within 2 years.

Savva Vasilyevich Morozov - the founder of the dynasty.

In 1797, he started his own workshop, but for the next 15 years, his family did not stand out in any way from other weavers.
In 1779 in with. Zuevo, he organizes his own production. In this he is helped by his wife Ulyana Afanasievna, who was famous for her art of dyeing fabrics.

The prosperity of the Morozovs was greatly helped by the great Moscow fire of 1812, which immediately destroyed the entire capital's weaving industry. IN post-war years in ruined Russia, there was a huge demand for linen and cotton products, the demands for calico and chintz were huge. Morozov's enterprise, oriented to the requirements of the market, began to grow rich quickly.

At first, Savva himself carried his products to Moscow and sold them to the houses of eminent landowners and townsfolk. Then the business expanded and went so well that around 1820 Savva Vasilyevich managed to redeem himself free with his whole family. To do this, he paid his landowner Gavrila Vasilyevich Ryumin a fabulous sum of 17 thousand rubles for those times. By this time, 40 people were already working at the Morozov enterprise.
Having become his own master, Morozov in 1830 founded in the city of Bogorodsk a small dyeing and bleaching plant, as well as an office for distributing yarn to craftsmen and accepting finished fabrics from them. This institution was the beginning of the future Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya cotton manufactory.
In 1838, Savva Vasilievich opened one of the largest in Russia in terms of size, the Nikolskaya Mechanical Weaving Factory, which was located in a large multi-storey stone building, and nine years later, in 1847, he built a huge spinning building nearby.
In 1842, he received hereditary honorary citizenship and bought a house in Rogozhskaya Sloboda. The choice of location was not accidental - Rogozhskaya Sloboda was the area in which the Old Believers lived, and Morozov, who came from a schismatic family, wanted to live with his fellow believers.
In 1850, already at a very advanced age, Savva Vasilyevich retired and transferred the management of the enterprise to his sons. He died in 1860.
The sons continued the work of their father. Savva Vasilyevich had five sons: Timofey, Elisha, Zakhar, Abram and Ivan. Little is known about the fate of the latter, and the first four were themselves or through their sons the creators of the four main Morozov manufactories and the ancestors of the four main branches of the Morozov family. Timofey was at the head of the Nikolskaya manufactory; Elisey and his son Vikula - the manufactory of Vikula Morozov; Zakhar - Bogorodskaya-Glukhovskaya, and Abram - Tverskaya.
Back in 1837, the eldest son Elisha Savvich separated from his father, who opened his own dye factory in the village of Nikolskoye. However, he was more interested in religious issues, so the prosperity of this branch of the Morozovs began only under his son Vikul Eliseevich.
The Bogorodsk institution of Savva Vasilievich passed to his son Zakhar. In 1842 he moved it to the village of Glukhovo. Gradually expanding the business, in 1847 he built a mechanical weaving factory, and in 1855 he approved the share partnership "Company of Bogorodsk-Glukhovskaya Manufactory". After his death in 1857, his sons Andrey and Ivan Zakharovichi were in charge of all affairs, under whom the business expanded and flourished even more. The descendants of Abram Savvich became the owners of the Tver manufactory.

Heads of four Morozov family firms:
Abram Abramovich Morozov (grandson), Timofey Savvich Morozov ( younger son), Ivan Zakharovich Morozov (grandson) and Vikula Eliseevich Morozov (grandson).

A healthy, almost athletic rivalry began between the brothers. Each tried to surpass the other and prove that his manufactory was better. When the Nizhny Novgorod Railway approached the possessions of the brothers, they took it from three sides at once. Zakhar demanded to lead her through Bogorodsk, Elisha - to the left of Nikolsky, and Timofey - to the right. According to a popular legend in those days, Timofey allegedly specially introduced his workers into the ranks of the railway builders so that they would quietly build the road as the owner needed. Whether it was so or not, and the road in 1861 passed through the possessions of Timofey Savvich . In the same year, the country first learned about the village of Nikolskoye.
“Nikolskoye consists exclusively of buildings belonging to the manufacturers Morozov, - wrote "Vladimir Gubernskie Vedomosti". -- Here you will not find a single nail, not a single chip that did not belong to the Morozovs. The minimum population figure in the town extends annually to 15 thousand people and consists of people who came here for the sake of a piece of daily bread.
For comparison: in Moscow by that time there were about 25,000 factory workers, in St. Petersburg - 23,000.

Timofei Savvich Morozov.

It is difficult to find such an evil capitalist as Timofey Savvich Morozov was. Workers at his factories received the lowest possible wages, most of it was given out by "cheques", which could only be bought in Morozov's stores. The working day was 12 - 14 hours, while the management often declared working days even the days of all-Russian and main church holidays. Everything was subject to fines, which took up to half of the earnings. They were fined for singing at the workplace (this is in weaving workshops where you can’t hear your voice), for dirty shoes, for not attending church services, for gaping and not taking off your hat to the master ...

People lived in the barracks, three families in a room, and the rooms were fictitious, separated by plywood partitions.
None of the company's employees had the right to sit in Timofey Savvich's office even during many hours of meetings. The people did not like the owner and made unthinkable legends about him. It was said that the roof of his house was lined with gold sheets. According to another version, there was a golden toilet in his house. They said that he sold his soul to the devil, and now his bullet does not take. It was said that he personally tortured forty people who were buried in the basement of the plant administration. In general, Timofey brought up gravediggers for himself - no matter where. Determined, embittered, hungry. So is it any wonder that the first major strike in Russia took place precisely at the factories of Timofey Savvich.
It all started with the fact that the directorate of the Association of the Nikolsky Manufactory "Savva Morozov Son and Co", as the company was called by that time, on January 5, 1885, announced January 7, the great feast of the Epiphany, as a working day. This has never happened in Russia before. In the evening of the same day, the most zealous workers gathered in a local tavern, who vowed to stop the factory on January 7th. Crowds of furious people went to smash the office, shops, apartments of the chiefs.
On the night of the 7th to the 8th, two infantry battalions and a detachment of cavalry arrived at Nikolskoye on the personal orders of Alexander III. The entire village was cordoned off by patrols. In the afternoon, Timofei Savvich himself arrived from Moscow, who, after conferring with the administration, made small concessions to the workers and again left for the capital. This state of affairs did not suit the strikers. On the evening of the next day, they put forward their demands.
In the end, three more infantry battalions and six Cossack hundreds were brought into the village. By January 17, the strike was crushed and its organizers arrested, but it was still difficult to get the people back to work.

The workers of the Nikolskaya manufactory called Timofey Morozov nothing more than a "bloodsucker".
And without that, he managed to cut the already meager salaries with endless fines.

At the trial of the organizers of the strike, Timofei Savvich acted as a witness. When he was called to testify, he stood up and, on a completely level place, in the aisle between the chairs, fell and broke his nose in blood. They immediately shouted from the audience: “God is punishing you, you bloodsucker!” Most of the accused at the trial were acquitted, only a few people were sentenced to three months in prison and released right there in the hall, since they had already spent about a year in pre-trial detention.
After the strike, Timofei Savvich canceled the fines at the factory, fired the foremen hated by the workers, and gave a full settlement to those who wished to leave the factory. Timofei Savich lay in a fever for a month and got out of bed a completely different person. He did not want to hear about the factory: "Sell it, and the money goes to the bank." And only the iron will of his wife saved the manufactory from sale. The factory became her property, but she entrusted the management of production to her son Savva. For the remaining four years of his life, Timofey Savvich could not get over the shock and, according to the recollections of his relatives, often told that he saw dirty, ragged and angry workers approaching him in a dream.
And the most, perhaps, the most famous of the Morozovs, Savva Timofeevich, began to manage the company.

SAVVUSHKA.

No, it happens, of course, that an apple falls far from the apple tree, but so that it is so abandoned ...
Savva Morozov was born on February 15 (new style), 1862. His children and youth were held in Moscow in the parental mansion, located in the Big Trekhsvyatsky Lane. The freedom of children in the house was limited to a chapel and a garden, beyond which well-trained servants did not let them go. He rarely saw his father, his mother, it seemed to him, gave preference to other children.
The future capitalist and freethinker was brought up in the spirit of religious asceticism, in exceptional severity. On Saturdays, underwear was changed in the house. The brothers, the elder Savva and the younger Sergei, were given only one clean shirt, which usually went to Seryozha, his mother's favorite. Savva had to wear the one that his brother took off. More than strange for the richest merchant family, but this was not the only eccentricity of the hostess.
Occupying a two-story mansion with 20 rooms, she did not use electric lighting, considering it to be demonic power. For the same reason, she did not read newspapers and magazines, she shied away from literature, theater, and music. Afraid of catching a cold, she did not take a bath, preferring to use colognes. And at the same time she kept her family in her fist so that they did not dare to rock the boat without her permission. At the same time, tried and tested "forms of education" for centuries were used - for poor academic success, the young merchant growth was mercilessly beaten.
Savva was not distinguished by special obedience. In his own words, while still at the gymnasium, he learned to smoke and not to believe in God. His character was paternal: he made decisions quickly and forever.
For the first time, parents showed interest in him when Savva was already a teenager: home teachers announced to Timofey Savvich and Maria Fedorovna that they could not teach Savva anything else - the boy showed remarkable abilities in the exact sciences and needed a serious education.
After graduating from the gymnasium in 1881, Savva entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. There he seriously studied philosophy, attended lectures on the history of V.O. Klyuchevsky. Then he continued his education in England. He studied chemistry at Cambridge, worked on his dissertation and at the same time got acquainted with the textile business. In 1887, after the Morozov strike and his father's illness, he was forced to return to Russia and take charge of the affairs.
At his father's enterprises, Savva carried out a complete modernization of production: he installed new machines, equipped all factories with powerful steam engines, installed electric lighting, reduced the administrative staff and introduced fixed prices. He built three-story stone dormitories for family workers and houses of cheap apartments, transferred the partnership to a nine-hour working day and opened the first public theater in Nikolskoye.

The hospital built in those distant times is still functioning and is called Morozovskaya. Huge brick buildings with spacious chambers and offices still cause surprise and admiration today. To supply the hospital, nursery and almshouses with meat and dairy products, cows and chickens were kept in outbuildings.
A beautiful green park was laid out on the outskirts of the settlement. Here the workers rested, on holidays they brought samovars, laid tables, had fun with songs and dances. At the entrance to the park there was an open stage, significant for the fact that Fyodor Chaliapin sang on it on August 7, 1918. Savva was the initiator of the construction of a summer theater, and later, in 1904, a stone theater building with 1350 seats.
He created the first sobriety society in the country, opened a “rest garden”, where a specially hired orchestra played for the workers in the evenings, and on weekends, artists invited from the capital performed on the summer stage and in which tea and sweets were distributed free of charge to the workers. It was forbidden to bring alcoholic beverages into the garden, however, according to the recollections of local gendarmes, the workers still managed to throw bottles wrapped in thick rags over a high fence.
Relatives, representatives of the Eliseevich branch, perceived Savva's social transformations as a personal challenge and also rushed to improve the living conditions of the workers. They built two hospitals, a school and a reading room in a short time. Only here in culture, the owner of the Association of Manufactories "Vikula Morozov with Sons" Alexei Vikulovich was not strong. And so he decided to play sports and built a football stadium in the village, which became one of the best stadiums in Russia. At the stadium, the workers of the Vikulovskaya manufactory created the Orekhovo club-sport football team, which repeatedly became the champion of the empire.
However, Savva carried out all the transformations only as a hired director: after the death of Timofey Savvich, all family businesses passed to his wife, Maria Fedorovna. Secretly, Maria Fedorovna was proud of her son - God did not deprive him of either intelligence or mastery. Although she was angry when Savva first ordered in his own way, as he saw fit, and only then approached: "Here, they say, mama, let me report ..."

The father was afraid that the “socialist” Savva would blow up the family property, and left him only insignificant shares that bring a good income, but do not give him the right to a decisive vote. Timofey Savvovich stamped his feet on his son and scolded him as a socialist.
"- And in good moments, very old - he used to stroke me on the head and say:" Eh, Savvushka, you will break your neck "- recalled Savva Morozov.
Meanwhile, his father's worries were in vain: the factories reorganized by Savva were twice as productive as before. The money that the young director seemed to have simply thrown away quickly returned to the family and brought good dividends.
To say that Savva was loved by the people is to say nothing. He was simply adored and affectionately called Savvushka. He walked along Nikolsky in worn-out boots and easily talked to people. “Just wait,” he said to the workers, “in ten years, I’ll plaster the streets with gold here.” There were legends among the people that in the evenings Savva often changes into a peasant shirt and walks in this form through the streets, and then the one who was noticed in a bad attitude towards the working people is expelled without explanation.

SCANDAL MARRIAGE.
Savva Timofeevich showed perseverance not only in the reorganization of textile production, but also in his own marriage. He fell in love with the wife of his second cousin, Sergei Vikulovich, the son of Vikula Eliseevich, a neighbor in Nikolsky, a young beauty Zinaida Grigoryevna, nee Zimina
insisted on her divorce, and, despite protests from relatives, before graduating from the university, he married her.
Savva's mother often reprimanded him: “You have made me happy, Savvushka. The first fiance in Moscow, and whom he brought into the house ... That your dowry Zinovia is not so bad, wiring, that's bad. You never know worthy surnames in Moscow, but you took Zimina, the daughter of a merchant of the second guild, and even her husband’s wife, took away from her nephew.
For both the Morozov family and the Zimin family, the divorce of Zinaida and the marriage of Savva to the divorced woman were a terrible shame. Zina's father (in fact, her name was Zinovia, she named herself in a secular manner) said to her daughter: “It would be easier for me, daughter, to see you in a coffin than to endure such a shame.”
A separate legend was composed among the people about Zinaida. It was said that she herself was “from the factory”, that she worked at the Nikolsky factory of Elisha Savvich as a whistleblower, that is, she made sure that the thread did not break, that it was there that the youngest from the Eliseevich clan noticed her, who took the girl to the mansion. In fact, Zina was the daughter of a merchant of the second guild Zimin, the owner of the Zuevskaya Manufactory I.N. Zimina.
At the age of seventeen, she was married to Sergei Vikulovich Morozov, who often preferred the company of friends to the company of a young wife. Somehow, on the eve of the Christmas ball, he went hunting - Zinaida Grigoryevna showed self-will, went to the ball alone. They whispered behind her back, she pretended not to notice. That evening she met Savva Timofeevich Morozov, her husband's uncle. Savva later admitted that he fell in love with her at first sight.
Morozov was lucky to have powerful, arrogant, intelligent and very ambitious wives. Zinaida Grigorievna only confirms this statement. An intelligent, but extremely pretentious woman, she entertained her vanity in a way that is most understandable to the merchant world: she adored luxury and reveled in secular success. Her husband indulged her every whim.

Z. Morozova is expecting her first child - Timofey. 1888

For his beloved wife, Savva Morozov built in 1893 a castle, which had never happened in Moscow. Zinaida did not count her husband's money and rumors about the luxury of the mansion quickly spread throughout Moscow (all the interiors were carefully worked out by Shekhtel, with the participation of Vrubel). Gothic turrets, lancet windows, battlements on the walls - from the house there was an air of mystery, the spirit of the Middle Ages. The same mansion is considered one of the prototypes of Bulgakov's Margarita's mansion.
Now it belongs to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, is located at Spiridonovka, 17 and is used for receptions at highest level(In particular, it was here that the "Big Eight" met at one time).

Morozov's mansion on Spiridonovka.

In the same mansion, Morozov for some time sheltered the revolutionary Bauman, who was on the run. And here's the bad luck: it was at this time that the Moscow Governor-General Sergey Alexandrovich himself decided to visit Morozov with dinner ... The reception was furnished in the most chic way. Sergei Alexandrovich was sitting at the table and did not even suspect that the “friend of the Morozov family” sitting here was none other than the most dangerous revolutionary Bauman, whom all the Moscow police were looking for and could not find.
The personal apartments of Zinaida Grigoryevna were luxuriously and eclectically furnished. Bedroom "Empire" from Karelian birch with bronze, marble walls, furniture covered with blue damask. The apartment resembled a dishware shop, the amount of Sevres porcelain was frightening: even the mirror frames were made of porcelain, porcelain vases stood on the dressing table, tiny porcelain figures hung on the walls and on brackets.
The study and master bedroom looked alien here. Of the decorations, only the bronze head of Ivan the Terrible by Antokolsky on a bookcase. These empty rooms resembled a bachelor's dwelling.
In general, mother's lessons were not in vain. In relation to himself, Savva Morozov was extremely unpretentious, even stingy - he walked at home in worn-out shoes, on the street he could appear in patched shoes. In defiance of his unpretentiousness, Madame Morozova tried to have only "the very best": if toilets, then the most unthinkable, if resorts, then the most fashionable and expensive. Savva looked through his fingers at his wife's affairs: mutual frenzied passion soon grew into indifference, and then into complete alienation. They lived in the same house, but practically did not communicate.

S.T. Morozov - with children Maria, Timofey, Elena. 1897

Captivating, with an insinuating look and an arrogant face, complexed because of her merchant class, and all hung with pearls, Zinaida Grigorievna sparkled in society and tried to turn her house into a secular salon. She "easily" visited the queen's sister, the wife of the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna. Evenings, balls, receptions followed in succession ...

Morozova was constantly surrounded by secular youth, officers. A.A. Reinbot, officer General Staff, a brilliant boyfriend and socialite. Morozova understood that the queen was recognized in her because of money, and not because of her origin, and even Parisian dresses would not make her profile more noble. And she doesn’t look like the noteworthy beauties of her time: her cheeks were not ruddy, her shoulders were sloping, and her eyes were naive - swarthy, “eyebrows are allied”, with a dark gypsy in her eyes, she was too spectacular for her time, too purposeful, too prudent.

THEATRE.
Everyone knows the story of how in Moscow in 1897 in the "Slavianski Bazaar" a merchant of the first guild Alekseev, who later took the pseudonym Stanislavsky from his grandmother, and a nobleman, theater critic Nemirovich-Danchenko, met and what came of it. But much less is known about the fact that without the help of another merchant, namely Savva Timofeevich, absolutely nothing would have come of this. According to the legend, Savva Timofeevich somehow attended a performance of the still young Art Theater, looked at Moskvin as a king Fyodor Ioannovich was so moved that he immediately came to the meeting of shareholders of the theater and bought up all his shares. In fact, Savva was one of the first merchants who responded to the request of Alekseev and Nemirovich-Danchenko to help create the first public theater in Russia.
In four years, Savva spent more than 200,000 rubles on the Moscow Art Theater. He repaired the Hermitage Theater for his needs, on the stage of which the Moscow Art Theater troupe performed, bought costumes for performances, and for the play The Snow Maiden even equipped an expedition for costumes to the North, covered losses and acted as the main guarantor in financial matters.
Savva Timofeevich, holding the position of technical director, personally supervised the lighting service of the theater. Once one of his friends, having come to the mansion on Spiridonovka, saw Savva mixing some varnishes on an expensive mahogany table. “Savva, you could at least lay something on it, you’ll ruin the furniture,” the guest hinted. “What a table, nonsense,” the owner replied, “any carpenter will make such a table for a hundred rubles. But only I will have moonlight in the theater. The chief illuminator of the Moscow Art Theater, a certified chemist, prepared colored varnish for the light filters of the Snow Maiden.
If in the period up to 1902 Savva spent 200,000 rubles on the theater, then in 1903 alone, his expenses under the same item amounted to 300,000 rubles. This was due to the fact that Savva found a new building for the theater in Kamergersky Lane, which he rented for twelve years and completely rebuilt. And in 1904, he left the Association to establish a public theater in Moscow, transferring all his shares to the theater free of charge. And the reason for this was, as often happens, a woman ...

LOVE.

Savva Timofeevich was an enthusiastic and passionate nature. It was not for nothing that Mother Maria Fedorovna was afraid: "Hot Savvushka! .. will be carried away by some innovation, he will contact unreliable people, God forbid."
Maria (nee Yurkovskaya) was the wife of a passionate theater-goer - a real state councilor Andrei Alekseevich Zhelyabuzhsky, who was a member of the board of the Russian Theater Society. He was 18 years older than his wife and held a high position in the railway department of Russia. The couple had two children, son Yuri and daughter Ekaterina.

Both she and her husband passionately loved the stage - Mr. Zhelyabuzhsky was a talented amateur actor. The State Councilor and his wife performed at home performances, the prominent Moscow manufacturer Mr. Alekseev, a handsome man, dandy and star of the amateur scene (he was known there under the pseudonym Stanislavsky), was their good friend. Zhelyabuzhsky chose the stage name Andreev. Under this name, Maria Fedorovna also made her debut on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater.
Andreeva was not happy in the family. Her husband met another love, but the couple, keeping up appearances, lived in one house for the sake of two children. Maria Fedorovna found solace in the theater.
Fate brought her together with Konstantin Sergeevich Stanislavsky, with whom she played together in performances for some time. And when Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko began to create the Art Theater, Maria took an active part in this. Not a single official could resist her charm, and patrons donated a lot of money at her first word.
Then Savva Timofeevich Morozov appeared in her life. The millionaire was restrained, laconic, did not like it when people paid attention to him, but he gave the money, and not the merchants who boasted of their charity. Then the gloomy and taciturn Morozov greatly amused her; that it was impossible to laugh at him, she understood later.
She knew that the Moscow millionaire fell in love with her desperately and immediately, and she was flattered by it. And he quickly realized what kind of torment love for a beautiful, intelligent and absolutely inaccessible woman can bring.
A stormy romance ensued. Morozov admired her rare beauty, bowed before her talent and rushed to fulfill any desire.
A few years will pass, and Stanislavsky will write her a sharp letter: “The relationship of Savva Timofeevich to you is exceptional ... These are the relationships for which they break their lives, sacrifice themselves ... But do you know what sacrilege you reach? .. You boast publicly to outsiders that Zinaida Grigorievna, painfully jealous of you, is looking for your For the sake of acting vanity, you tell right and left that Savva Timofeevich, at your insistence, contributes a whole capital ... for the sake of saving someone ....
I love your mind and views and I do not like you as an actor in life at all. This actress is your main enemy. It kills the best in you. You start telling lies, stop being kind and smart, become harsh, tactless both on stage and in life.
This letter was written immediately after Andreeva, the first actress of the theater who played the main roles, announced that she was breaking with the Moscow Art Theater. She remembered him for the rest of her life - the reproach was fair, then there was too much left in her from the talkative Moscow coquette.
In the theater, which quickly gained popularity, Maria played leading roles, many Muscovites went to the Art Theater "on Andreeva". But soon another beautiful actress appeared in the theater - Olga Knipper, and Stanislavsky began to give her the roles that Andreeva claimed. A conflict arose that Stanislavsky could not or did not want to extinguish in time, and his reckless statements about Maria's romance with Morozov, comparing the games of Andreeva and Knipper in favor of the latter only "added fuel to the fire." Andreeva was given secondary roles - she demanded the main ones, complained to Stanislavsky and Morozov about Nemirovich-Danchenko. In the end, the two co-owners of the theater hated each other so much that they could not talk calmly.
Maria decided to leave the Art Theater, sending a caustic letter to Stanislavsky as a farewell: “The art theater has ceased to be an exception for me, it hurts me to stay where I so sacredly and ardently believed that I was serving the idea ... I don’t want to be a Brahmin and show that I serve my god in his temple when I realize that I serve an idol and the temple is only better and more beautiful in appearance. It's empty inside."
Savva's devotion to his idol knew no bounds. He immediately announced that he no longer had any financial obligations to the Moscow Art Theater, and decided to create a new theater in St. Petersburg, which would be led by Andreeva and Gorky. The revolution of 1905 prevented the realization of his grandiose plans.

PASSION AND REVOLUTION.
Andreeva was a hysterical woman, prone to adventures and adventures. Only the theater was not enough for her, she wanted political theater. First, Maria Feodorovna made friends with her son's Marxist tutor, then with his student friends, they studied Capital, then she was asked to raise some money for the party, and things went so well that it was enough to publish Iskra. Then the students were exiled. Maria Fedorovna, playing Irina that day, sobbed so much that the alarmed Morozov rushed to Petrovka, to the shop of Pihlau and Brant, bought a whole batch of fur jackets - they were enough for all the arrested students of Moscow University, and then paid ten thousand rubles bail to the Minister of Internal Affairs .
Morozov gave money that went to forged passports, and to weapons, and to Iskra, and it printed reports from Orekhovo-Zuev, which told how his own workers were starving. (Maria Fedorovna did not think that there was little truth here - she never appeared at the factory.)
She quickly picked up the keys to the unoccupied heart of the forty-year-old oligarch, and a trickle of money quickly flowed through her into the party cash desk. She managed to quickly convince Savva of the loyalty of Marxist ideas, she introduced her new lover to Gorky, Krasin and Bauman. And Savva was carried away by the new idea in earnest: he gave money for the publication of Iskra, bought warm clothes for the exiles, financed jailbreaks, and hid runaway convicts in his own office. Ridiculous, but true: Savva personally smuggled revolutionary literature into his factories and distributed it among the workers.

Maria's achievements were highly appreciated by the leader of the proletarian revolution, Comrade Lenin, who gave Andreeva the party nickname "Comrade Phenomenon". Savva did not become a revolutionary. He only sympathized with the working class, dreamed of democratic changes in society. The wealthy businessman “attentively followed the work of Lenin, read his articles and once said amusingly about him: “All his writings can be titled: "The Course of Political Scuffle" or "Philosophy and Fighting Technique".
But there was another love in Andreeva's life. Once, before one of the performances, Maxim Gorky was brought into her dressing room - a strange, tall, thin as a chip, ridiculously dressed, poorly educated person. But he has long fingers, a radiant smile and beautiful blue eyes. He spoke in a bass voice, smoked into his fist, carried himself either too pompous or too constrained, and adored cheap knick-knacks that she was disgusted to look at. He was a genius (Maria Fedorovna believed in this, as in "Capital"), a real person who defeated both injustice and need, he embodied everything that she wanted to serve.

Andreeva and Gorky became lovers.
This discovery was a severe shock for Savva. Morozov loved her more than life, she was his dream and curse. For her sake, he broke his fate, but Maria Fedorovna forgot about this a long time ago ...

Actor A.A. Tikhonov spoke about it this way:
A bare, shoulder-length female hand in a white ball glove touched my sleeve.
- Tikhonych, dear, hide this for now ... I have nowhere to put it ...
Maria Fyodorovna Andreeva, very beautiful, in a white dress with a deep neckline, handed me a manuscript with Gorky's poem "The Man". At the end, a donation was made - they say that the author of this poem has a strong heart, from which she, Andreeva, can make heels for her shoes.
Morozov, who was standing nearby, grabbed the manuscript and read the dedication.
- So ... a New Year's gift? Fall in love?
He pulled out a thin gold cigarette case from the pocket of his tailcoat trousers and began to light a cigarette, but from the wrong end. His freckled fingers were shaking."

A year later, Andreeva left her husband without getting a divorce. Secular friends pretended that she did not exist - the family of a familiar chamberlain passed by without bowing, her husband's friends stopped inviting her, and only Savva Morozov still remained her knight - he only regretted that it was impossible for him, an outsider, to to intercede for her ... It was both touching and funny, and she recounted his words to Gorky with pleasure.
Savva Timofeevich lived according to the laws of Russian literature, where suffering from love and indulging bitches and hysterics was revered as a virtue. Even after Andreeva and Gorky began to live together, Morozov still anxiously cared for Maria Fedorovna. When she was on tour in Riga, she was hospitalized with peritonitis and was on the verge of death, it was Morozov who looked after her. He bequeathed to her an insurance policy in the event of his death (in the event of Morozov's death, Andreeva could receive 100 thousand rubles from insurance). In fact, it was a death warrant signed with his own hand.

LIFE AFTER PASSION.
“What a disgusting person, indeed!- Savva Timofeevich once exclaimed in his hearts, having a strong quarrel with Maxim Gorky. - Why does he pretend to be a tramp when everyone around knows very well that his grandfather was a wealthy merchant of the second guild and left a large inheritance to the family?
Morozov could not resist the venerable rival, and was forced to improve relations with his wife, and not without success. The women barely knew each other - Morozov's wife was deeply indifferent to Maria Fedorovna. And thanks to Andreeva, she experienced a humiliation that lasted her whole life: her husband fell in love with this lady and for several years lived with his lawful wife the way a brother and sister could live; then the lady had a lover, and Savva again returned to the marital bed ...
Zinaida Grigorievna Morozova did not understand the nuances. She considered Savva to have gone astray, a dislocated, wrong person, but they lived in love and harmony for more than ten years, and she mourned her youth, the wonderful beginning of their marriage, the way he cared for her and tried to please her. The husband returned to her, but he still loved the other. It seemed to her that the state councilor bewitched Savva, and then squeezed out and left. A year later, the Morozovs had a fourth child - the son of Savva. ...

Savva Morozov with children: Timofey, Maria, Elena, Savva. Moscow, 1905.

It was 1905, troubled times had come in the country, the first Russian revolution was brewing. After Bloody Sunday, the unrest of the workers intensified and engulfed many cities in Russia. Orekhovo-Zuevo was no exception. A significant role in shaping the revolutionary mood of the workers of the Morozov manufactory was played by Leonid Krasin, whom Savva attached to supervise the construction of the power plant back in 1904.

Krasin was well versed not only in electricity, but also in the manufacture of explosive devices. No wonder he headed the Combat Technical Group under the Bolshevik leadership. Krasin's expropriations consisted in organizing bandit raids on bank crews in order to seize money.
In Moscow, Krasin's workshop was equipped in Gorky's apartment, which was vigilantly guarded by the Georgian militants of the legendary Simon Kamo. It was here that the bombs that exploded at Stolypin's residence in August 1906 were constructed. Stolypin was unharmed that time, but the explosion killed 32 people and injured dozens. Terrorist actions were gaining momentum. “Krasin dreamed of creating a portable walnut-sized bomb,” Leon Trotsky recalled. Krasin's military merits were highly appreciated by his comrades-in-arms, and he was appointed treasurer of the Central Committee.
Finally, Savva realized what a threat to society the fiery revolutionaries posed, and stopped injecting money into their treasury. Such a turn did not suit the Bolsheviks, they tried to put pressure on the sponsor, but Savva was adamant, the Bolsheviks too.
At the beginning of 1905, a mass strike began at the Morozov Textile Manufactory. Savva decided to compromise. He asked his mother for a power of attorney to conduct business in order to negotiate with the workers and fulfill their requirements. But the mother, who still headed the manufactory, categorically refused to follow the workers' lead. When her son tried to object, she said: “I don’t want to listen! You won’t leave on your own - we’ll force you!” And she fulfilled the threat - Savva was removed from leadership.
The circle of loneliness was inexorably shrinking. Morozov remained in complete isolation. A talented, intelligent, strong, rich man could not find something to rely on. Love proved impossible and untrue. The secular wife was annoying. He had no friends in his circle, and in general it was unimaginably boring among the merchants. He contemptuously referred to his colleagues as a "wolf pack". The "flock" answered him with timid dislike. Gradually, an understanding came of the true attitude towards him on the part of the "comrades": the Bolsheviks saw him as just a stupid cash cow and shamelessly used his money. In the letters of Gorky's "sincere friend" one could see frank calculation.
Savva fell into a severe depression. The reasons were called different, including the conflict with the mother. Perhaps his mother's actions hurt his pride, but in no way touched his wealth. Morozov remained a wealthy industrialist. He owned mines, logging, chemical plants, hospitals, newspapers. The break with Andreeva occurred a few years earlier and also could not cause a nervous breakdown. Rumors about his madness spread around Moscow.
Savva Timofeevich began to avoid people, spent a lot of time in complete solitude, not wanting to see anyone. His wife was vigilant that no one came to him, and seized the correspondence that came in his name. At the insistence of his wife and mother, a council was convened, which made a diagnosis: a severe nervous disorder, expressed in excessive excitement, anxiety, insomnia, bouts of depression. The doctors recommended that the "patient" be sent abroad for treatment.

THE END OF EVERYTHING.
On April 15, Savva Timofeevich, together with his wife and doctor, went to France, to Cannes. This decision was made at the family council in order to remove Savva from dangerous friends, and at the same time improve his health. Apparently, even then not only the "ghost of communism" was wandering around Europe, but also its agents. Later, Zinaida Grigorievna recalled that some suspicious personalities were constantly wiping around their house in France.

A photograph of the Royal Hotel, where S.T. Morozov was killed, found in the archives of Cannes

Nothing foreshadowed a tragic denouement - the day before, Savva was going to the casino and was in a normal mood.
On May 13, a shot rang out in Morozov's apartment. Zinaida Grigorievna ran into her husband's room and found him shot through the heart. Through the open window, she saw a man running away. Near the body of the murdered police found two notes. In one it was written: “Debt - payment. Krasin. In the other, Savva's posthumous appeal, in which he asked no one to blame for his death.

Morozov's suicide note

The handwriting of the last note was similar to Krasin's. Morozov's personal doctor noted with surprise that the dead man's hands were neatly folded on his stomach, his eyes were closed. The doctor doubted that the suicide could have done this unaided.
Until the end of her life, Zinaida Grigoryevna did not believe in Savva's suicide and claimed that Krasin visited her husband in Cannes. At the insistence of the mother of the deceased, the official version was adopted - suicide due to a nervous breakdown. “Let's leave everything as it is. I will not allow a scandal she decided.
The investigation into the suicide of S. T. Morozov was entrusted to the counterintelligence officer, Colonel Sergei Nikolaevich Svirsky.
“At the moment, on the basis of the collected data, we can neither confirm nor deny the fact of Savva Morozov’s suicide,” he reported to Nicholas II. no death certificate either...

The death certificate of S.T.Morozov (Cannes)

A metal coffin with a certain body was delivered to Moscow via Revel on board the Eva Johansson yacht, assigned to the Helsingfors yacht club by Savva's second cousin, merchant of the 3rd guild of the Nizhny Novgorod province, Foma Panteleevich Morozov. During the funeral, the coffin was not opened and was buried at the Rogozhsky cemetery without opening. According to the rules of the Russian Orthodox Church, it is customary to bury suicides behind the fence of cemeteries; in this case, the firm rule was violated, which means that the body of anyone was in the coffin, but not the suicide.
According to his religion, Savva Morozov, like, indeed, the entire Morozov clan, was an Old Believer, and among them suicide has always been and is considered to this day the most terrible, and most importantly, unforgivable sin. Suicide entails a renunciation of faith and the church, of family and children ... If we take on faith the version that Savva still shot himself, then it becomes incomprehensible why the coffin with his body was buried in full accordance with church rites and canons why the whole family took an active part in the burial.

Rogozhskoye cemetery and the family tomb of Savva Morozov

FINAL STROKE.
NOBLEWOMAN ZINAIDA MOROZOVA.

ZG Morozova in Pokrovsky-Rubtsovo after her husband's funeral. May 1905

Savva's widow soon married for the third time in 1907. On the Kuznetsk bridge, she met her longtime admirer - General Reinbot, who was then the mayor of Moscow. He sent her roses, she thanked him, they corresponded for some time, then got married. Rainboat was married but divorced. Morozova married a third time, and her surname became double.
It was a union of vanity and calculation: the beggar Reinbot gained material stability, the merchant Morozova became a noblewoman. Reinbot appealed to the Moscow Deputy Nobility Assembly with a request to include his wife, Zinaida Grigorievna Reinbot, in the genealogy book of the Moscow province and give her documents about the nobility. Morozova gave her husband 380 acres of empty land so that the Rainbot couple would be included in the genealogical book of the Moscow nobility.
The new husband did not live up to expectations. Under him, bribes became completely legal. If the owners of gambling houses or shopping arcades delayed the payment, then the secretary called and reminded: "General Rainboat asked me to tell you that he still lives on Tverskoy Boulevard." Rainbot was accused of embezzlement, followed by a scandalous resignation and a long trial, the former mayor was pardoned by the highest command. Morozova hired the best lawyers, and "Supporting Documents in the Rainboat Case" were published as a separate volume. The pride of a proud and intelligent woman was dealt a severe blow. In 1916, at the initiative of Zinaida Grigorievna, the Reinbot spouses parted forever.
Until the revolution, she lived in her beloved Gorki estate, which she turned into the world's first industrial agro-industrial farm. And after the revolution, Lenin settled in Gorki. Although no one survived Zinaida Grigorievna from here either: she was given a whole wing.
After the revolution, Morozova-Reinbot miraculously escaped repression, but lost all her estates - she had to sell personal belongings and valuables. Children died young, grandchildren suffered from tuberculosis, the war began. Zinaida Grigorievna Morozova died in 1947. Her ashes rest in the Morozov family vault at the Old Believer Rogozhsky cemetery in Moscow.

REVOLUTIONARY ANDREYEVA.
Morozov's relatives protested Andreeva's right to dispose of the policy, but lost the case. “Krasin was in charge of all these operations,” Andreeva wrote in a letter to Nikolai Burenin, Lenin's ally. Most of the money received under the policy went to the Bolshevik cash desk. About 28,000 rubles were transferred to Evgenia Crete, Andreeva's sister, who raised her children. Andreeva herself, together with the "petrel of the revolution," began to carry out a new task for the Bolshevik committee to raise money.
To this end, they went to New York with a letter of recommendation from the Executive Committee of the RSDLP and a personal note from Lenin. Maxim Gorky, in his passionate speeches to the Americans, exposed the bloodthirsty policy of tsarism and asked for money to support the revolution in Russia.
The new government remembered Savva Morozov as a wealthy exploiting manufacturer, trying to oblivion his large cash contributions that went to the revolutionary cause.

M.F. Andreev with his son and Gorky. 1905

A new period of life began for Andreeva after the October events of 1917. Appointed commissar of theaters and spectacles of the Union of Communes of the Northern Region, which included Petrograd, she developed a vigorous activity. The opening and closing of theaters, food rations and housing for actors, revolutionary new plays, and so on. etc. There was practically no time left for personal life. Although she sometimes came to Gorky, who at that time lived near Berlin, their relationship gradually became simply friendly.
In 1931, Andreeva was appointed director of the House of Scientists in Moscow. Thanks to her energy and organizational skills, the House of Scientists quickly gained prestige among the intelligentsia, even a phrase appeared that needed no explanation: "Go to Andreeva." Maria Feodorovna led the House of Scientists until 1948 (she turned 80 that year!), Having survived the war and evacuation with him.
Maria Fedorovna Andreeva died on December 8, 1953. At the end of her life, she wrote the most interesting memoirs, which were published in 1961. They say that it was she who became the prototype of Bulgakov's Margarita. It is quite possible, since Bulgakov knew Andreeva well, and all the vicissitudes of her relationship with Gorky.

LEGENDS AND ASSUMPTIONS.
Savva's suicide immediately gave rise to several legends, one more beautiful than the other. According to the first, Savva could not survive the fact that Andreeva preferred Gorky to him. According to the second, Savva was shot dead by the main Bolshevik terrorist and a good friend of Morozov, Krasin, to whom Savva refused another tranche of money. And, finally, according to the third, the most beautiful, Savva did not shoot himself at all. He threw all his capital, changed into a simple peasant dress and went to wander around Russia. According to a police act in 1907, a man appeared in Nikolskoye, posing as Savva Timofeevich Morozov. They welcomed him in companies, willingly gave him water in taverns, but then they caught him in a lie and beat him badly.
From the memoirs of a distant relative of Morozov - Fyodor Morozov:
"In accordance with the will of Savva Morozov, his remains were to be buried according to the Old Believer rules at the Malokhtensky cemetery in St. brother Sergei, which, you see, is very unusual and suspicious.
And, finally, something about the mysterious Foma, the second cousin of Savva Timofeevich, a merchant of the 3rd guild of the Ardatovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province. From early childhood, Foma and Savva were very similar to each other. Over the years, this resemblance has not disappeared, and at the Nizhny Novgorod fair, where Savva chaired the exchange committee, Foma often replaced him, cutting his hair slightly and putting on his brother's fashionable suits.
Foma was not a novice in financial matters: he owned a brokerage firm at the same Nizhny Novgorod fair ... The coffin with the body of Savva was brought to Moscow not by his nephew Karpov, sent by his family to Cannes, but by Foma, and he brought it not from Cannes, but from Helsingfors, where the coffin, in fact, was purchased from the funeral home Olof Swenson and Co.
The most curious thing: in the village cemetery near the town of Lahti, a grave was discovered ... of Foma Morozov, who died in 1903 from overeating in the Lutheran infirmary of Mary Magdalene in Helsingfors. The grave was recently opened. But we have no way to prove the substitution of Savva Morozov for Foma Morozov, without having the fingerprints of both of them. It is impossible to prove that Foma Morozov, who brought the coffin of Savva to Moscow, and Foma Morozov, who died in Helsingfors, are the same person, since all the facts necessary for identification are not available to us. The fact that the Morozovs bought a metal coffin in Helsingfors is not denied and does not come true - they say, where they bought it cheaper, they brought it from there.
There is reason to believe that the body was placed in a coffin in Revel, but it is impossible to prove or disprove this. As for the oddities of the will, the Morozovs explain them simply: Savva believed that the family would have enough stocks and real estate, and of all the faraway ones, he felt sorry for Thomas the most, to whom he bequeathed his main capital. That's all...
I know about what happened next from the words of my grandfather Nikita Stepanovich Morozov, co-owner of the brokerage office of Foma Morozov. Although the grandfather’s companion died in 1903, the fact of his death was not advertised, his passports continued to have legal force, and the office at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair continued its stormy activities as if nothing had happened until the 1917 revolution itself. Since 1905, she carried out the most piquant and strange orders of Savva Timofeevich Morozov, who lived according to the documents of his deceased second cousin until his death.
From the Old Believers, I heard many times that at the Malokhtensky Old Believer cemetery until October 1967 there was a grave with a large cross and a board, the inscription on which testified that the body of Savva Morozov was buried here on October 14, 1929. This cross was demolished on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Great October Revolution by order of one of the secretaries of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the CPSU. In 1990, another secretary of the same regional committee told me about this "in a terrible secret" ... "

P.S. In 1992, the local historian of Orekhovo-Zuyevo Vladimir Sergeevich Lizunov wrote a series of works about the history of the city. Talking about the Morozov dynasty, he mentioned the icon of St. Sava Stratilat. For about a century, the icon personified a tribute to the outstanding person of his era - Savva Timofeevich Morozov, and after wide publicity, the historical relic was stolen.

That's the whole story of the life of a Russian philanthropist and an ordinary person. I would very much like to pay tribute to the blessed memory of Savva Timofeevich Morozov, whose name in Russia not a single theater, not a single museum, not a single street, not a single lane is named ...

The ancestor of the manufacturing industrial family of the Morozovs was a serf in the village of Zueva, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province Savva Vasilievich Morozov, who was born in 1770 in a family of Old Believers. At first he worked as a weaver at a small silk factory Kononov, receiving 5 rubles in banknotes a year from the master's grub. In 1797, he started his own workshop, but for the next 15 years, his family did not stand out in any way from other weavers. The prosperity of the Morozovs was greatly helped by the great Moscow fire of 1812, which immediately destroyed the entire capital's weaving industry. In the post-war years, in devastated Russia, there was an enormous demand for linen and cotton products, the demands for calico and calico were enormous. Morozov's enterprise, oriented to the requirements of the market, began to grow rich quickly. At first, Savva himself carried his products to Moscow and sold them to the houses of eminent landowners and townsfolk. Then the business expanded and went so well that around 1820 Savva Vasilyevich managed to redeem himself free with his whole family. For this he paid his landowner Gavril Vasilyevich Ryumin a fabulous sum of 17 thousand rubles for those times. By this time, 40 people were already working at the Morozov enterprise. Having become his own master, Morozov in 1830 founded in the city of Bogorodsk a small dyeing and bleaching plant, as well as an office for distributing yarn to craftsmen and accepting finished fabrics from them. This institution was the beginning of the future Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya cotton manufactory. In 1838, Savva Vasilyevich opened one of the largest in Russia in terms of size, the Nikolskaya Mechanical Weaving Factory, which was located in a large multi-storey stone building, and nine years later, in 1847, he built a huge spinning building nearby.
In 1842 he received hereditary honorary citizenship and bought a house in Rogozhskaya Sloboda.

The choice of location was not accidental - Rogozhskaya Sloboda was the area in which the Old Believers lived, and Morozov, who came from schismatic family wanted to live with his co-religionists.

In 1850, already at a very advanced age, Savva Vasilyevich retired and transferred the management of the enterprise to his sons. He died in 1860.

Back in 1837, the eldest son separated from his father Elisey Savvich, who opened his own dye factory in the village of Nikolsky. He, however, was more interested in religious issues, so the prosperity of this branch of the Morozovs began only under his son Vikule Eliseevich. In 1872, he built a paper-spinning factory, and in 1882 he established a share partnership "Vikula Morozov with his sons." The Bogorodsk institution of Savva Vasilievich passed to his son Zakhar. In 1842 he moved it to the village of Glukhovo. Gradually expanding the business, in 1847 he built a mechanical weaving factory, and in 1855 he approved the share partnership "Company of Bogorodsk-Glukhovskaya Manufactory". After his death in 1857, his sons Andrey and Ivan Zakharovichi were in charge of all affairs, under whom the business expanded and flourished even more. The descendants of Abram Savvich became the owners of the Tver manufactory.

Parents of Savva Timofeevich Morozov

but greatest commercial success and fame fell to the share of the younger branch of the Morozov house. Its founder.
A stern man and, according to the recollections of his daughter, Yulia Timofeevna, an extraordinary mind and energy, Timofey was obsessed with two ideas - increasing the family fortune and preserving family traditions. He considered love in all its manifestations a sign of stupidity and weakness.
In November 1846, Timothy, on the advice of his father, married a merchant's daughter Maria Feodorovna Simonova. She came from a family of Kazan Tatars who converted to Orthodoxy, but, having entered the Morozov clan, she switched to the Old Believers - this was Timofey Savvich's indispensable condition. Despite the difference in upbringing, it was in all respects a successful marriage: Maria Fedorovna turned out to be smart and strong woman and managed to earn the respect of her harsh husband, including the ability to keep the house and children in strictness.

Timofey Savvich Morozov set up an office in Tver, but concentrated his main efforts on the development of the Zuevskaya factory. This was a manufactory in the full sense of the word, that is, it received cotton and sold the finished product, often from its warehouses, directly to the consumer. Timofey Savvich completely re-equipped it with English machines. Using the latest equipment, high-quality American cotton, imported dyes, he was able to stage production in such a way that it met high international standards. It was one of the most profitable Russian companies, generating annually several million rubles in net income. Morozov showed great energy to improve production: he invited experienced and knowledgeable English and Russian engineers, sent young engineers to study abroad at his own expense. The village of Nikolskoye (now it is the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo) resembled, according to contemporaries, " specific principality of the Morozovs". Most of the buildings here were made by the Morozovs, and the entire population of 15,000 worked at their enterprises and was completely dependent on them. Even the police were supported by the Morozovs.

For his workers and masters, Timofei Savvich was a formidable and cruel master. He introduced the Jesuit system of fines for the slightest violation or deviation from the established regulations. Even the most exemplary workers lost up to 15% of their earnings on fines, the rest did not have enough money to live on at all. It is no coincidence that it was at the Zuevskaya manufactory in 1885 that the the first organized strike of workers in Russia. The court that followed, which revealed the terrible abuses of the owners, turned out to be fatal for Morozov: he retired, fell ill, and died in 1889. Management of affairs passed to his son Savva Timofeevich, who, not without reason, is considered the most striking and controversial figure in the world of Russian entrepreneurship of those years.

Childhood and youth, study and marriage of Savva Morozov

Savva Morozov was born on February 15 (according to the new style), 1862. His childhood and youth years were spent in Moscow in the parental mansion, located in Bolshoi Trekhsvyatsky Lane. The freedom of children in the house was limited to a chapel and a garden, beyond which well-trained servants did not let them go. He rarely saw his father, his mother, it seemed to him, gave preference to other children. For the first time, parents showed interest in him when Savva was already a teenager: home teachers announced Timofey Savvich And Maria Feodorovna that they can’t teach Savva anything else - the boy shows remarkable abilities in the exact sciences and needs a serious education. After graduating from the gymnasium in 1881, Savva entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, and after attending the course, in 1885 he left for England. In Cambridge, Savva Timofeevich successfully and deeply studied chemistry, he was going to defend his dissertation here, but the need to head the family business forced him to return to Russia.

Management Savva Morozov Nikolskaya manufactory

After the strike of 1885, the health of Savva Morozov's father began to deteriorate, and he actually retired. At the initiative of the mother of Savva Timofeich - Maria Feodorovna, a mutual partnership was created from relatives, the technical director of which was a 25-year-old talented engineer Savva Timofeevich Morozov, who gladly took over the management of the manufactory.
Becoming head of the Nikolskaya manufactory, Savva Morozov hurried to destroy the most egregious oppressive measures introduced by his father. He abolished fines, built many new barracks for the workers, and provided exemplary medical care. He carried out all these improvements as a manager.
However, in the true sense, he was never the owner of the manufactory, since most of shares after the death of Timofey Savvich passed to the mother of Savva Timofeevich, Morozova Maria Fedorovna, a very domineering woman, with a great mind and independent views. Possessing a huge capital, Maria Fedorovna never forgot about charitable deeds, and surpassed her husband in scale. For example, in 1908, Maria Fedorovna bought up and closed all the notorious overnight houses in the Khitrovka area. At the expense of Morozova, a student dormitory and a building for the laboratory of the mechanical technology of fibrous substances of the Imperial Technical School (now named after Bauman) were built. M. F. Morozova made her will in 1908, distributing her fortune among her children and grandchildren and allocating 930 thousand rubles. for charitable purposes She died in 1911 at the age of 80, leaving behind 29 million 346 thousand rubles. net capital and increasing her husband's fortune, which she inherited, by almost 5 times.

Savva Morozov's personal life

Shortly before graduating from university, Savva informed his parents that he had fallen in love and was going to marry the divorced wife of his close relative, Zinaida Grigorievna Zimina. His chosen one was completely different from the submissive, naive merchant daughters with whom Savva was introduced by her parents. She was a strong, charming, passionate and sensitive woman with a sharp mind. Despite attempts by relatives to dissuade Savva from this marriage, the wedding still took place. And immediately after graduation, the newlyweds left for England. After returning to Russia, according to the project of F. O. Shekhtel, a house was built for his wife on Spiridonovka (now the Reception House of the Russian Foreign Ministry), where all the color of the then intelligentsia of Moscow attended receptions. To receive an invitation to a reception from Zinaida Grigoryevna was considered an honor by the most senior officials of the city. However, Morozov himself rarely appeared at these receptions and felt superfluous. Heavy and clumsy, he could not organically fit into high society. After several years of such a life, Morozov gradually lost interest in his wife and did not approve of her overly luxurious lifestyle.

Charitable activities of Savva Morozov

Loud fame Savva Morozov brought his charitable activities. In addition, he was a great philanthropist, and many cultural undertakings of those years took place with the participation of his capital. However, he had his own views here - he did not give money to everyone and not indiscriminately. For example, Morozov did not donate a penny to the Museum of Fine Arts, which was created with the active participation of Tsvetaev. But on the other hand, regardless of any expenses, he supported everything in which he foresaw an important influence on national culture. In this sense, his attitude to the Moscow Art Theater is indicative, in the creation of which Morozov's merit is no less than Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. The establishment of the theater required significant funds. Neither Stanislavsky nor Nemirovich-Danchenko had them. Having received a refusal from the government, they began to turn to patrons. Morozov from the very beginning in 1898 gave 10 thousand rubles to the theater. In 1900, when serious complications arose in the activities of the troupe, he bought out all the shares and undertook to finance the current expenses alone. His donations have become the most important source of funds for the theater. For three years, he kept the theater afloat, saving its leaders from exhausting financial troubles and giving them the opportunity to focus entirely on the creative process. According to Stanislavsky, "he took over the entire economic part, he delved into all the details and gave the theater all his free time." Morozov was very keenly interested in the life of the Moscow Art Theater, went to rehearsals and predicted "that this theater will play a decisive role in the development of theatrical art." Under his leadership, the building was rebuilt and a new hall for 1300 seats was created. This construction cost Morozov 300 thousand rubles, and the total amount spent by him at the Moscow Art Theater approached half a million.

Political activities of Savva Morozov

At the beginning of the XX century. Morozov became interested in politics. Semi-legal meetings of the Cadets took place in his mansion. This, however, was not yet surprising, since many large industrialists at that time gravitated towards the constitutional democrats. But Savva Morozov soon ceased to be satisfied with the half-hearted reforms that they were going to carry out in Russia. He himself had much more radical views, which eventually led him to close contact with the Bolshevik Party, which adhered to the most extreme socialist orientation. It is known that Morozov gave money for the publication of Iskra. At his expense, the first legal Bolshevik newspapers were founded. New life Petersburg and Borba in Moscow. All this gave the right to accuse Morozov of being "feeded the revolution with his millions". Morozov did even more: he smuggled printing type, hid the revolutionary Bauman from the police, and delivered banned literature to his factory himself.

Death of Savva Morozov

In February 1905, when Savva Timofeevich decided to carry out some extreme transformations at his factory, which were supposed to give the workers the right to a part of the profits, his mother - Maria Fedorovna took him out of control. In addition to this event on January 9, 1905, which went down in history as " Bloody Sunday were a real shock to him. Apparently, all these circumstances caused a severe nervous breakdown. Morozov began to avoid people, spent a lot of time in solitude, not wanting to see anyone. He began to have insomnia, sudden bouts of melancholy and obsessive fears of insanity. And in the Morozov family - although this was hushed up - there were many who lost their minds. A council of doctors convened in April at the insistence of his wife and mother stated that Savva Timofeevich had a "severe general nervous breakdown" and recommended that he be sent abroad. Morozov left with his wife for Cannes and here in the Royal Hotel room on May 13, 1905 was found dead.

The official version was that it was suicide, but Zinaida Grigoryevna did not believe it. And the doctor who accompanied the spouses on the trip was surprised to note that the eyes of the deceased were closed, and his hands were folded on his stomach. There was a nickel-plated browning by the bed, the window in the room was wide open. In addition, Zinaida Grigorievna claimed that she saw a man running away in the park, but the Cannes police did not conduct an investigation. Subsequently, all attempts to find out the truth about death of Morozov resolutely cut him off mother Maria Fedorovna, who allegedly said: “Let's leave everything as it is. I won't allow a scandal."

In memory of the departed son Maria Fyodorovna Morozova together with her son Sergei and daughter Yulia, she allocated funds for the construction of two buildings of the Staro-Ekaterininsky hospital, a building for nervous patients with 60 beds and a building for a maternity hospital with 74 beds (both were preserved on the territory of MONIKI, the former Staro-Ekaterininsky hospital).
Contributed to the memory of her husband and widow Zinaida Grigoryevna Morozova, which built in the Presnenskaya part of Moscow a house of cheap apartments named after. Savva Morozov, having spent 70 thousand rubles on him.
And two years after the death of Savva Morozov, she married the Moscow mayor Anatoly Reinbot.

Name: Savva Morozov

Age: 43 years

Place of Birth: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Russia

A place of death: Cannes, France

Activity: Russian businessman, philanthropist

Family status: was married

Savva Morozov - biography

Why richest man of his time, a successful industrialist, a well-known philanthropist Savva Morozov, decided to commit suicide? It's all about double betrayal.

The boy, who was born in the family of the Old Believer merchant Timofey Morozov in 1862, became God's gift for his parents. They already had children, but they were all girls, and without an heir, the family could stop ...

Savva Morozov - youth and study

After graduating from the 4th Moscow Gymnasium, Savva entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. The choice was explained simply: the family's business was connected with weaving, and hence dyes. Savva wanted to understand them no worse than experts, and technology did not stand still. By the way, the fabrics produced by the Morozov manufactories were of the highest quality and won prizes at foreign exhibitions more than once. That is why Timofey Morozov basically did not use advertising to promote his fabrics. Instead, he preferred to win the buyer with high quality, and he succeeded in this.

After university, Savva continued to study chemistry, wrote a number of works, and even actively communicated with Dmitri Mendeleev. Then he went to the University of Cambridge for 3 years to study chemistry and at the same time train in English manufactories. Returning to Russia, Savva hurried to tell his father about what he saw and began to introduce foreign technologies. At that time, the parent, suffering from the consequences of a stroke, could no longer manage manufactories: instead of him, Savva's mother was engaged in this. She began to transfer the threads of business management to her son.

However, mother was seriously worried about her son's relationship with a divorced woman (a shame according to the concepts of the Old Believers!) - ex-wife Savva's cousin-nephew. Zinaida got married at the age of 17, but the years did not bring the spouses closer. But with Savva, they had a real passion. So that relatives would not interfere with this dubious marriage, even before the wedding, the lovers announced Zinaida's pregnancy. The mother was forced to give in.

Savva Morozov - Talented Entrepreneur

The organization of labor seen by Savva in England was different from what he saw in Russia. Morozov Jr. decided to change the system of relations with workers. Earlier, the father established a system of fines for them, and Savva canceled them. He began to build modern workshops with labor protection standards, build houses for workers with steam heating, ventilation and kitchens. Through his efforts, a hospital was built, where they were treated for free, and a maternity hospital. Moreover, Savva Timofeevich was one of the first to introduce pregnancy benefits for female workers.

When entering his manufactory, preference was given to family workers. Teenagers, on the other hand, were hired only after graduating from a public school. Morozov himself looked at the lists of the dismissed and demanded explanations from the managers - for which the person was fired. Most often they were thieves of products. However, when the industrialist saw in front of the names of two dismissed workers of 18 and 19 years of experience, he decided to find out the details.

It turned out that there were no serious violations, they just quarreled with the master. Morozov issued a penalty to the director of the factory, and returned the workers.

Savva Timofeevich ordered to organize refresher courses for employees. Yesterday's peasant, having ingenuity and desire, in a few years could grow up to an engineer or manager. The most gifted were sent to study abroad. Soon the manufactory in Orekhovo-Zuyevo became the third most profitable in Russia and one of the best in terms of product quality.

Savva Morozov - biography of personal life

In addition to caring for the workers, Morozov became famous for patronage. His participation in the formation of the Moscow Art Theater, created by Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, can hardly be overestimated. First, he gave the troupe 10 thousand rubles. When it became clear that this money would not be enough, he became the manager of the institution.

Morozov financed the construction of a theater building in Kamergersky Lane. His assistance amounted to 500 thousand royal rubles, which by today's standards is equivalent to 750 million. The new building of the Moscow Art Theater impressed with its architecture and interior decoration. The auditorium accommodated 1,100 seats, the dressing rooms were equipped with desks and couches, and the stage with a seagull on the curtain became the hallmark of the theatre.

Konstantin Stanislavsky was grateful to Morozov: "... the work you contributed seems to me a feat, and the elegant building that has grown on the ruins of a brothel seems like a dream come true ...". However, evil tongues claimed that it was not the love of art that made Morozov spend insane amounts, but the beautiful actress Maria Andreeva.

Having met Andreeva in the theater, Morozov lost his head. Even under the threat of discord in the family, Savva was ready for anything for her. But she did not love him, which she openly spoke about. The actress assigned the role of a close friend to the manufacturer, and nothing more. When others tried to reproach Andreeva for using the rich man in her own interests, she was not at all embarrassed. She liked to command a powerful man.

The novel quickly became public knowledge. In the bohemian circles in which Andreeva and Morozov moved, they were watched with undisguised curiosity. However, the ending of this story is tragic. Andreeva suddenly fell in love, and not with anyone, but with the writer Maxim Gorky, with whom Morozov developed friendly relations.

They first met when Gorky came to the manufacturer to ask for chintz for the children of the poor: with the money of patrons, he organized a Christmas tree. Savva Timofeevich went to meet them. On another occasion, when Gorky was arrested for participating in revolutionary activities, Morozov hired lawyers and secured his release a month later. It is worth noting that the merchant helped the revolutionaries more than once: he gave money for the publication of the Iskra newspaper, kept the circulation of leaflets and typographic fonts in his warehouses, and hid wanted people from the police. All the more unexpected and offensive was the romance of a friend with his beloved woman.

At the same time, Morozov began to have problems in business: when he decided to give workers the right to part of the profits, his mother severely removed him from capital management.

The last straw was the execution of a peaceful demonstration of workers on January 9, 1905 in St. Petersburg. Savva Timofeevich experienced a strong shock. As a result, he completely retired from business and fell into a deep depression. Morozov suffered from insomnia, sat in his office for a long time, thinking about something of his own, and did not want to see anyone. Concerned wife turned to the luminaries of medicine. They examined Morozov and found "a severe general nervous breakdown." Treatment was recommended conservative - rest abroad. Accompanied by his wife, the manufacturer went to Berlin, and then to Cannes.

Death of Savva Morozov

On the evening of May 13, 1905, Savva Morozov was found dead on the floor of a hotel room in Cannes. The fingers of his left hand were burned, his right hand was unclenched, a pistol was lying near it. Nearby is a leaflet: “I ask you not to blame anyone for my death.”

Valentin Serov. Portrait of Savva Morozov

"In Morozov, you can feel the power of not only money. He does not smell of millions. This is a Russian businessman with exorbitant moral strength."

Rokshin, Moscow journalist

At the beginning of the 20th century, two and a half dozen families made up the top of the Moscow merchant class - seven of them bore the surname Morozov. The most eminent in this series was considered the largest chintz manufacturer Savva Timofeevich Morozov.

The family business was started by Savva's grandfather and namesake, the economic man Savva Vasilievich Morozov. Savva son Vasiliev was born a serf, but managed to go through all the steps of a small producer and become a major textile manufacturer. For 17 thousand rubles (huge money at that time), Savva received "freedom" from the nobles of the Ryumins, and soon the former serf Morozov was enrolled in the Moscow merchants of the first guild. Having lived to a ripe old age, Savva Morozov did not overcome the letters, which did not prevent him from doing excellent business.

His son Timothy was literate and, although he "did not graduate from universities", he often donated quite large sums to educational institutions and publishing. What did not prevent him from being a real, as they said then, "bloodsucker": wages he constantly reduced the workers, harassed them with endless fines. In general, he considered strictness and rigidity in dealing with subordinates the best way to manage.

On January 7, 1885, a strike of workers broke out at the Nikolskaya manufactory, later described in all domestic history textbooks as the "Morozov strike". It lasted two weeks, it was the first organized action of the workers. When the instigators of the unrest were tried, Timofey Morozov was summoned witness to court After the trial, Timofei Savvich lay in a fever for a month and got out of bed a different person - aged, embittered. He did not want to hear about the factory and transferred the property to his wife.

The Morozov family was Old Believer and very rich. The mansion in Bolshoi Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane had a winter greenhouse and a garden with gazebos and flower beds.

Savva Morozov was born on February 15, 1862. His childhood and youth years were spent in Moscow in the parental mansion, located in Bolshoi Trekhsvyatsky Lane. The freedom of children in the house was limited to a prayer house, in which priests from the Rogozhskaya Old Believer community served daily,and a garden, beyond which well-trained servants did not let them go. He rarely saw his father, his mother, it seemed to him, gave preference to other children. For the first time, parents showed interest in him when Savva was already a teenager: home teachers announced to Timofey Savvich and Maria Fedorovna that they could not teach Savva anything else - the boy showed remarkable abilities in the exact sciences and needed a serious education. After graduating from the gymnasium in 1881, Savva Morozov entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, and after attending the course, in 1885 he left for England. In Cambridge, Savva Timofeevich deeply and successfully studied chemistry, was going to defend his dissertation, but the need to head the family business forced him to return to Russia.

After the strike of 1885 health Savva Timofeyich's father began to deteriorate, he actually retired. At the initiative of Maria Feodorovna, a share partnership was createdfrom relativesThe technical director of which was the 25-year-old talented engineer Savva Timofeevich Morozov, who gladly took over the management of the manufactory.

Having become the head of the Nikolskaya manufactory, Savva Morozov hastened to destroy the most egregious oppressive measures introduced by his father. He abolished fines, built many new barracks for the workers, and provided exemplary medical care. He carried out all these improvements as a manager.
However, in the true sense, he was never the owner of the manufactory, since most of the shares after the death of Timofey Savvich passed to the mother of Savva Timofeevich, Morozova Maria Fedorovna, a very domineering woman with a great mind and independent views. Possessing a huge capital, Maria Fedorovna never forgot about charitable deeds, and surpassed her husband in scale. For example, in 1908, Maria Fedorovna bought up and closed all the notorious overnight houses in the Khitrovka area. At the expense of Morozova, a student dormitory and a building for the laboratory of the mechanical technology of fibrous substances of the Imperial Technical School (now named after Bauman) were built. M. F. Morozova made her will in 1908, distributing her fortune among her children and grandchildren and allocating 930 thousand rubles. for charitable purposes She died in 1911 at the age of 80, leaving behind 29 million 346 thousand rubles of net capital and increasing her husband's fortune, which she inherited, by almost 5 times.

Shortly before graduating from university, Savva informed his parents that he had fallen in love and was going to marry the divorced wife of his close relative, Zinaida Grigorievna Zimina. His chosen one was completely different from the submissive, naive merchant daughters with whom Savva was introduced by her parents. She was a strong, charming, passionate woman with a sharp mind. Despite attempts by relatives to dissuade Savva from this marriage, the wedding still took place. And immediately after graduation, the newlyweds left for England.

After returning to Russia, a house on Spiridonovka (now the Reception House of the Russian Foreign Ministry) was built for his wife according to the project of Shekhtel, where all the color of the then intelligentsia of Moscow attended receptions. To receive an invitation to a reception from Zinaida Grigoryevna was considered an honor by the most senior officials of the city.

Savva TimofeevichMorozov rarely appeared at these receptions and felt superfluous. Heavy and clumsy, he could not organically fit into high society. After several years of such a life, Morozov gradually lost interest in his wife and did not approve of her overly luxurious lifestyle.. They lived in the same house, but practically did not communicate. Even four children did not save this marriage.

Captivating, with an insinuating look and an arrogant face, complexed because of her merchant class, and all hung with pearls, Zinaida Grigorievna sparkled in society and tried to turn her house into a secular salon. She "easily" visited the queen's sister, the wife of the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna. Evenings, balls, receptions followed in succession ... Morozova was constantly surrounded by secular youth, officers. Reinbot, an officer of the General Staff, a brilliant boyfriend and socialite, enjoyed her special attention.

Loud fame Savva Morozov brought his charitable activities. In addition, he was a philanthropist, and many cultural undertakings of those years took place with the participation of his capital. However, he had his own views here - he did not give money to everyone and not indiscriminately. For example, Morozov did not donate a penny to the Museum of Fine Arts, which was created with the active participation of Tsvetaev. But on the other hand, regardless of any expenses, he supported everything in which he foresaw an important influence on national culture.

In 1898, the Moscow Art Theater staged the play "Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich" based on the play by Alexei Tolstoy. Savva Morozov, accidentally stopping by the theater in the evening, experienced a deep shock and since then has become an ardent admirer of the theater. This year whenfor the establishment of a theater required funds that neither Stanislavsky nor Nemirovich-Danchenko had, he gave 10 thousand rubles.

Morozov not only generously donated money - he formulated the basic principles of the theater: to maintain the status of a public theater, not to raise ticket prices and play plays of public interest.

Andreeva Savva Timofeevich was an enthusiastic and passionate nature. It was not for nothing that mother Maria Fedorovna was afraid: "Hot Savvushka! .. will be carried away by some innovation, will contact unreliable people, God forbid." God did not save him from the actress of the Art Theater Maria Fedorovna Andreeva, ironically - the namesake of his mother.

The wife of a high-ranking official Zhelyabuzhsky, Andreeva was not happy in the family. The husband met another love, but the couple lived in one house for the sake of two children. Maria Fedorovna found solace in the theater, Andreeva was her stage name.

Morozov, a regular at the Art Theater, became Andreva's admirer. He admired her rare beauty, bowed before her talent and fulfilled her every desire.

Andreeva was a hysterical woman, prone to adventures and adventures. Only the theater was not enough for her (or rather, she was stung by the undoubted artistic genius of Olga Knipper-Chekhova), she wanted a political theater. Andreeva mined for Bolsheviks money. Later, the Okhrana would establish that she had collected millions of rubles for the RSDLP.

"Comrade Phenomenon," as Lenin called her, managed to force the largest Russian capitalist to fork out for the needs of the revolution. Savva Timofeevich donated a significant part of his fortune to the Bolsheviks.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Morozov became keenly interested in politics. Semi-legal meetings of the Cadets took place in his mansion. This, however, was not yet surprising, since many large industrialists at that time gravitated towards the constitutional democrats. But Savva Morozov soon ceased to be satisfied with the half-hearted reforms that they were going to carry out in Russia. He himself had much more radical views, which eventually led him to close contact with the Bolshevik Party, which adhered to the most extreme socialist orientation. It is known that Morozov gave money for the publication of Iskra. At his expense, the first legal Bolshevik newspapers Novaya Zhizn in St. Petersburg and Borba in Moscow were founded. All this gave Witte the right to accuse Morozov of "feeding the revolution with his millions." Morozov did even more: he smuggled printing type, hid the revolutionary Bauman from the police, and delivered banned literature to his factory himself.

The tragedy began with the fact that Stanislavsky quarreled with Nemirovich-Danchenkobecause of the artist Andreeva, who made a scandal because of the artist Knipper-Chekhova. The genius talent of Olga Leonardovna Knipper was recognized by absolutely everyone.Andreeva was given secondary roles - she demanded the main ones, complained to Stanislavsky and Morozov about Nemirovich-Danchenko.The two co-owners of the theater hated each other so much that they could not talk calmly. Morozov resigned his directorship. Together with his close friend Maxim Gorky and Maria Fedorovna, he started a new theater.But then Andreeva and Gorky fell in love with each other. This discovery was a severe shock for Morozov.

Gorky with Andreeva and her son 1905

In February 1905, when Savva Timofeevich decided to carry out some extreme transformations at the factory, which were supposed to give the workers the right to a part of the profits, his mother, Maria Fedorovna, removed him from management. In addition to this event on January 9, 1905, which went down in history as "Bloody Sunday" became a real shock for him.Passionate, carried away, nature in everything going "to the end", "to the complete death in earnest." Rogozhin in the novel "The Idiot" seems to be written off by Dostoevsky from Savva Morozov.

All these circumstances led to a severe nervous breakdown. Morozov began to avoid people, spent a lot of time in solitude, not wanting to see anyone. He began to have insomnia, sudden bouts of melancholy and obsessive fears of insanity. And in the Morozov family - although this was hushed up - there were many who lost their minds.

A council of doctors convened in April at the insistence of his wife and mother stated that Savva Timofeevich had a "severe general nervous breakdown" and recommended that he be sent abroad. Morozov went with his wife to Cannes and was found dead here in the Royal Hotel room on May 13, 1905.

The official version was that it was suicide, but Zinaida Grigoryevna did not believe it. And the doctor who accompanied the spouses on the trip was surprised to note that the eyes of the deceased were closed, and his hands were folded on his stomach. There was a nickel-plated browning by the bed, the window in the room was wide open. In addition, Zinaida Grigorievna claimed that she saw a man running away in the park, but the Cannes police did not conduct an investigation. Subsequently, all attempts to find out the truth about Morozov's death were decisively suppressed by his mother, Maria Fedorovna, who allegedly said: “Let's leave everything as it is. I won't allow a scandal."
In memory of her departed son, Maria Fedorovna Morozova, together with her son Sergei and daughter Yulia, allocated funds for the construction of two buildings of the Staro-Ekaterininskaya hospital, a building for nervous patients with 60 beds and a building for a maternity hospital with 74 beds (both were preserved on the territory of MONIKI, the former Staro-Ekaterininsky Catherine's Hospital).
The widow Zinaida Grigorievna Morozova also made her contribution to the memory of her husband, who built a house of cheap apartments named after Savva Morozov in the Presnensky part of Moscow, spending 70 thousand rubles on it.
And two years after the death of Savva Morozov, she married the Moscow mayor Anatoly Reinbot.

www.peoples.ru/undertake/finans/morozov/ ‎

Savva Timofeevich Morozov (born February 3 (15), 1862 - death May 13 (26), 1905) - Russian businessman, philanthropist.

The largest cotton manufacturer Savva Morozov. He continued the line of Timofeevich among the descendants of his famous grandfather Savva Vasilievich.

Childhood of Savva Morozov

Savva Morozov was born in 1862 in Moscow in the Old Believer merchant family of Timofey Savvich and Maria Feodorovna Morozov. His childhood years were spent in the spacious estate of his parents in Bolshoy Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane. The Morozov family was very rich. Peace and order reigned in the family. Ros Savva is in full abundance. The mansion in Bolshoi Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane had a winter greenhouse and a huge garden with gazebos and flower beds. The young man was brought up in the spirit of religious asceticism, in exceptional severity.

Priests from the Rogozhskaya Old Believer community served every day in the family chapel. The extremely pious mistress of the house, Maria Feodorovna, was always surrounded by hosts. Occupying a 2-storey mansion with 20 rooms, she did not use electric lighting, considering it to be demonic power. For the same reason, she did not read newspapers and magazines, she shied away from literature, theater, and music. But the new generation of the richest merchants was brought up in a new way. The Morozov family had governesses and tutors, children were taught secular manners, music, and foreign languages.

Studies. Homecoming

1881 - Savva enters the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Moscow Imperial University, graduating in 1887 with a diploma in chemistry. In 1885-1887 he studied chemistry at the University of Cambridge, at the same time he got acquainted with the organization of textile business in factories in Manchester (England).

1887 - after the Morozov strike and the illness of his father, he was forced to return to Russia and take charge of affairs. Savva Morozov was then 25 years old. He was like his father in character: he made decisions quickly and forever. He said about himself: "If anyone gets in my way, I will cross and not blink."

In the early 1880s, 1.6% of the shares of the family enterprise of the Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory "Savva Morozov's son and Co." belonged to the five children of the owners - Timofey Savich and Maria Fedorovna. Among them was Savva Jr. However, since 1886, he became part of the directorate of the Nikolskaya manufactory "Savva Morozov's son and Co." The main and main shareholder of the manufactory was Savva's mother Maria Fedorovna: she owned 90% of the shares. In industrial affairs, Savva could not help but depend on his mother. In fact, he was a co-owner-manager, and not a full owner.

Innovations in production

When Savva became one of the directors of the manufactory, the equipment at the factory was already outdated, there was a lack of fuel, and a crisis broke out, competition increased. It was necessary to rebuild the whole thing on the go. He orders the newest equipment from England. The father categorically disagreed - it was expensive, but Savva broke Timofey, who was behind the times. The old man did not accept his son's innovations, but in the end he was forced to give in: fines were canceled at the manufactory, prices were changed, and new barracks were built.

After the death of the father, the mother becomes the managing director of the Partnership, and Savva Morozov, a chemical engineer by education who studied in England, heads the production, is in charge of equipment and product quality. Maria Feodorovna was angry when Savva at first ordered in his own way, as he considered necessary, and only then approached: “Here, they say, mother, let me report ...” But she could not help but be proud of her son. He was a wonderful host.

Empire expansion

Things in the Partnership went brilliantly. Nikolskaya manufactory was in third place in Russia in terms of profitability. Morozov products began to replace English fabrics even in Persia and China. At the end of the 1890s, 13,500 people were employed in the factories; about 440,000 pounds of yarn, almost two million meters of fabric, were produced here every year.

Savva Morozov was also the director of the Trekhgorny brewing association in Moscow.

He owned cotton fields in Turkestan, the acquisition of which was started by his father.

In 1890, Morozov bought an estate in the Urals in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva, Perm province. The main goal was the availability of wood as a raw material for the production of chemical reagents. Reagents were needed to create new dyes used in manufacturing. In Vsevolodo-Vilva, Savva Timofeevich transformed the former ironworks into a chemical one. He opened another plant of the same profile on the Ivak River.

Savva Morozov with his wife, Zinaida Grigorievna

Personal life. Zinovia Grigorievna

Savva's passion for the wife of his cousin-nephew made a lot of noise. Zinovia Grigoryevna comes from an Old Believer merchant family. At the age of 17, the parents married their daughter to a wealthy representative of the Morozov dynasty. The marriage was not happy. Zinovia began dating Savva Morozov. She wrote in her memoirs: “When my love for Savva Timofeevich began, I was 18 years old, I didn’t know whether I should decide on a divorce ...”

The divorce, initiated by Zinovia Grigorievna, nevertheless took place in 1887. Almost a year and a half passed after Zinovia's divorce, when her pregnancy put them in front of the need to legalize their relationship. Marrying a divorced woman among the Old Believers was considered a “sin and shame”, casting a shadow not only on the newlyweds, but also on their relatives. According to Zinovia Grigorievna, her father said: “It would be easier for me, daughter, to see you in a coffin than to endure such a shame.” Maria Fedorovna said this about this: “The first groom in Moscow, and whom did he bring to the house ... That your dowry Zinovia is not so bad, the wiring is bad.”

The marriage of a 26-year-old groom and a 21-year-old bride took place on June 24, 1888. As a gift, Savva Morozov bought a house on Bolshaya Nikitskaya in the name of Zinovia Grigoryevna, where the young began to live separately from their parents. Soon, Zinovia began to be called by the more secular name Zinaida.

Savor

A smart but vain wife adored luxury and reveled in social success. The husband indulged all her whims.

In the early 1890s, he purchased a mansion with a garden on Spiridonovka and registered it in the name of his wife. The house was immediately dubbed the "Moscow miracle". The house of extraordinary style - a combination of Gothic and Moorish elements, soldered with the plasticity of modernity - immediately became a landmark of the capital.

There, the married couple received guests and arranged balls where one could meet Mamontov, Botkin, Chaliapin, Gorky, Chekhov, Stanislavsky, Boborykin and other prominent people of Russia. Knipper-Chekhova recalled one of these balls: “I had to attend a ball at Morozov's. I have never seen such luxury and wealth in my life.”

The wife's private apartment was furnished with unprecedented luxury. The study and master bedroom looked more than modest. Of the decorations - only the bronze head of Ivan the Terrible by Antokolsky on a bookcase. The asceticism of the decoration of the rooms resembled a bachelor's dwelling.

In relation to himself, Savva Timofeevich was extremely unpretentious, even stingy - at home he walked in worn-out shoes, on the street he could appear in patched shoes. Zinaida tried to have only the best: if toilets, then the most unthinkable, if resorts, then the most fashionable and expensive. Once Zinovia Grigorievna was invited to the Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna, the tsar's sister. The guest's bouquet was so beautiful and luxurious that the royal lady bit her lips with envy. The wealth and power of Morozov had no equal in the country. The best trotters in Russia "Tashkent" and "Neyada", owned by Savva Morozov, won almost all the prestigious races at the Moscow hippodromes.

Z.G. Morozova sparkled in society, trying to turn her house into a secular salon. She "easily" visited the queen's sister, the wife of the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna. Evenings, balls, receptions were commonplace. Zinaida Grigoryevna was constantly surrounded by secular youth, officers. Savva looked at all this through his fingers. Mutual frenzied passion quickly passed and grew into indifference, and then into complete alienation. They lived in the same house, but practically did not communicate. Even four children did not save this marriage.

Savva Morozov and Maria Andreeva

New hobby. Maria Andreeva

It so happened that Savva Timofeevich became interested in the Moscow Art Theater actress Maria Andreeva. For her sake, Morozov provided great assistance to the Moscow Art Theater: the construction of the building alone cost him 300,000 rubles. She was considered the most beautiful of the Russian actresses, but she did not have a special artistic gift. Using Morozov's selfless love for herself, she pulled money from him and spent it on dubious enterprises. When Maria Fedorovna became Gorky's common-law wife, Morozov still did not stop anxiously taking care of her. When, while on tour in Riga, she was hospitalized with peritonitis and was on the verge of death, it was S.T. Morozov who looked after her. He bequeathed to her an insurance policy in the event of his death.

Loneliness

Personal disappointments gradually narrowed the circle of loneliness.

Morozov remained in complete isolation. A talented, intelligent, strong, rich man could not find a shoulder to support. He had no friends in his circle, the society of merchants was unimaginably boring for him. He called his colleagues a "wolf pack" with contempt.

Savva Timofeevich at one time became interested in the revolutionary movement. He financed the publication of the social-democratic newspaper Iskra, the first legal Bolshevik newspapers Novaya Zhizn and Borba were founded at his expense. Morozov smuggled forbidden literature and typographical fonts to his factory, and in 1905 he hid Bauman, one of the leaders of the Bolsheviks, from the police. He was friends with M. Gorky, was closely acquainted with Krasin. Over time, an understanding came of the true attitude towards him on the part of the "comrades": the Bolsheviks saw in him only a stupid cash cow and shamelessly used his money.

Shaken by the tragic events of January 9, 1905, Savva Timofeevich told the Chairman of the Committee of Ministers Witte about the need to put an end to the autocracy; drew up a note demanding freedom of speech, the press and unions, universal equality, inviolability of the person and home, compulsory schooling, and public control over the state budget.

Strike

1905, February - there was a strike at his Nikolskaya manufactory. Then Morozov demanded that the management of the Partnership accept the conditions of the workers and transfer full control over the affairs of the factory into his hands. The mother was frightened to the point that she insisted on removing her son from business.

When he tried to object, she shouted: “I don’t want to listen! If you don’t leave, we will force you.”

Savva Morozov fell into a severe depression. Rumors about his madness began to spread around Moscow. He began to avoid people, spent a lot of time in complete solitude, not wanting to see anyone. At the insistence of his wife and mother, a council was convened. The doctors recommended that the "patient" be sent abroad for treatment.

Death of Savva Morozov

Accompanied by his wife, Savva left for Cannes. There, in May 1905, he was found dead in a hotel room, shot through the chest. Morozov was 44 years old. According to the official version, the tycoon committed suicide, but another version cannot be ruled out: he could have been killed by staging suicide.

It turned out to be unprofitable for the French and Russian sides to conduct an investigation. The mother of Savva Morozov also insisted on suicide, fearing the publicity of her son's financial affairs, his connection with the revolutionaries. The body was brought to Moscow in a closed metal coffin. A medical commission was created in the capital, which issued expert opinion about the affective state of the magnate before his death, which made it possible to bury the deceased at the Rogozhsky cemetery.

Most of the state of Savva Timofeevich went to his wife, who shortly before the revolution sold the shares of the manufactory. Beloved actress Maria Andreeva received 100,000 rubles under an insurance policy.

After her husband's suicide in 1905, Zinaida decided to sell the house as well. As a result, the house was purchased for 870,000 rubles, along with all the furnishings, by Mikhail Ryabushinsky. The new owner settled here with his wife, ballet dancer of the Bolshoi Theater Tatyana Fominichnaya Primakova. The life of a talented person ended tragically.