Abstract national composition of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Abstract national composition of the Republic of Bashkortostan The population of Bashkiria for the year is

About 4 million people live in Bashkortostan, who, according to the national language classification, belong to: Altai (Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvash, Kazakhs), Indo-European (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, Moldovans, Armenians, Latvians) and Ural (Mari , Mordovians, Udmurts) language families. The structure of beliefs of these peoples presents a complex picture. The two world religions that are most widespread among the believing population are Islam (Sunni) and Christianity (Orthodoxy). The adherents of Islam are the Turkic-speaking Bashkirs, the majority of Tatars, Kazakhs, and a small part of the Chuvash. Orthodoxy is professed by the overwhelming majority of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian believers; it is widespread among the believing Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, and some Tatars. The Finno-Ugric peoples and Chuvash also have distinctive forms of pre-Christian religious views: by attending church and honoring Christ, they worship their many gods and spirits. Russians (Orthodoxy, Old Believers), Ukrainians and Belarusians (Orthodox, Catholics), Turkic-speaking Tatars (Muslims - Sunnis, Kryashens) and Chuvash (dual believers who observe pagan rituals in Christianity, Muslims) also adhere to different directions of beliefs.

In the Urals, ancient Bashkir tribes appeared, judging by written sources, in 9th century This is evidenced by the messages of Ibn-Rust, al-Balkhi related to IX-XI centuries About the "Turkic people called Bashgord" who lived in X century in the Volga-Ural interfluve, reported the Arab traveler Ahmed ibn Fadlan. The Bashkirs came to the Urals as an established ancient people with a distinctive culture and language. In the new territory, they entered into relationships with the aboriginal Finno-Ugric and Sarmatian-Alan populations and, as a more numerous nationality, assimilated a significant part of them.

The Finno-Ugric peoples had a certain impact on the national image of the Bashkirs. From the end XVII and especially in XVIII centuries In connection with the construction of fortified cities and factory cities, a Russian population appeared on the Bashkir lands: the Ural Cossack army, working people, free peasant settlers - who had a significant impact on the economy and material culture of local residents.

IN X-beginning XIII centuries Basically, the western part of the Bashkirs was politically dependent on the Volga Bulgaria. The beginning of the penetration of Islam into their environment, spread by missionaries from Central Asia and Bulgaria, dates back to this time. IN 1236 Bashkiria was conquered by the Mongols and became part of the early feudal state - the Golden Horde. At the end XIII- beginning XIV centuries it collapsed, and a number of feudal khanates were formed on its ruins. The Bashkirs found themselves divided between the Nogai Horde, the Kazan and Siberian Khanates, although the political influence of the latter was not decisive.

For Bashkiria XV- first half XVI centuries The main political factor was Nogai domination. In the first half XVI century The Nogai Khanate split into two hordes: the Greater and the Lesser. Bashkiria remained under the rule of the Great Nogai Horde. In the middle XVI century Prince Ismail recognized himself as a vassal of the Russian state, which made it possible for the Bashkirs to finally free themselves from the yoke of the Nogai Murzas and princes, Kazan and Siberian khans and become part of the Russian state.

The annexation of Bashkiria to the Russian state continued from 1553-1554 before 1557 The first to join it were the western and northwestern Bashkirs, whose lands were later called the Kazan Road. Then the population of the central, southern and southeastern parts of the region accepted Russian citizenship. Subsequently, this area was called the Nogai Road. The northeastern and trans-Ural Bashkirs remained under the rule of the Siberian Khanate. They finally became subjects of Russia only after the complete defeat of the kingdom of Kuchum.

By accepting the Bashkirs as its subjects, the Russian state took upon itself to protect them from raids and robberies of neighboring tribes and peoples, and guaranteed their land rights. The Bashkirs undertook to pay tribute, perform military service (at their own expense), participate in military campaigns, and protect the southeastern borders of Russia from raids by nomads. At first, the Russian authorities did not interfere in internal governance and did not persecute the beliefs, customs and rituals of the Bashkirs. On the contrary, Ivan the Terrible won hitherto unprecedented popularity among the indigenous population as a “kind” and “merciful” king. He gave letters of grant to the Bashkirs because, in the conditions of a brutal struggle with the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, the interests of the state dictated this.

At the end XVIII- first half XIX centuries the main territory inhabited by the Bashkirs was part of the Orenburg province. IN 1798 In Bashkiria, a cantonal system of government was introduced, which, with minor changes, existed until 1865 An irregular army was formed from the Bashkir and Mishar population, whose main duty was to guard the Orenburg border line. IN 1865 The Orenburg province was divided into two: Orenburg and Ufa. The latter included Belebeevsky, Birsky, Menzelinsky, Sterlitamak, Ufa, and Zlatoust districts. Administrative-territorial division undertaken in 1865, remained unchanged until 1919

A few days after the socialist revolution - November 15, 1917 The territories of the Orenburg, Ufa, Perm, Samara provinces, inhabited by Bashkirs, were proclaimed by the Bashkir Regional Council (Shuro) as an autonomous part of the Russian Republic. The "government of autonomous Bashkortostan" was formed. However, subsequent events did not allow the plan to be realized. In March 1919 The “Agreement of the Central Soviet Power with the Bashkir Government on Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria” was signed, which formalized the formation of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The Bashkir Republic was formed within Minor Bashkiria as a federal part of the RSFSR. 13 cantons were created. Its center was the village of Temyasovo, from August 1919 government offices were located in Sterlitamak. As part of the Ufa province in 1919 there were districts: Ufa, Belebeevsky, Birsky, Menzelinsky, part of Zlatoust and Sterlitamak districts. Based on the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 14, 1922 The Ufa province was abolished and its districts were included in the Bashkir Republic with its capital in Ufa. Modern borders were established in 1926
In October 1990 The Supreme Council of Bashkortostan proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic.

In using the term "indigenous nationality", "indigenous population", the authors adhere to the definition adopted by the United Nations, which includes four main elements: pre-existence (that is, the inhabitants in question are the descendants of people who inhabited an area before the arrival of another settlement); non-dominant position; cultural differences and consciousness of belonging to the indigenous population. The non-Bashkir population of Bashkiria, as will be shown later, were migrants to the Bashkir region after its annexation to the Russian state.

The population of Ufa, as of December 31, 2016, was 1 125 612 man what's on 4 183 more people compared to the results of 2015. Almost all live in Ufa 28 percent of the population of Bashkortostan. Of the total urban population of the republic, the capital of the republic accounts for about 44 percent.

Among the urban districts of Bashkortostan, population growth is also observed in the cities of Neftekamsk, Oktyabrsky, Sterlitamak.

In 2016, for the first time in the last 29 years, Ufa experienced the highest birth rate - one birth was born in the city 18 165 children. The largest number of births occurs in the Oktyabrsky, Kalininsky and Kirovsky districts. Last year, the birth rate level of 1987 was almost reached—one birth was born in the capital of Bashkortostan 18 767 children.

Today there is an increase in the number of school-age children. This year, children born mainly in 2010 will go to school, and 964 more people than those born in 2009.

The increase in the birth rate since 2000 was to some extent expected, since the number of women of the most active reproductive age (20-29 years) has been steadily increasing since 1998. The potential for population growth in reproductive age has been practically exhausted, since both in the republic and in Ufa, there has been a tendency to reduce the number of women aged 20-29 years. In subsequent years, this will affect the level of migration of young women to Ufa and, as a result, may lead to a decrease in the birth rate.

Along with the increase in the birth rate, at the same time in Ufa there is a tendency for the mortality rate to decrease. So, in 2016 this figure was 12 668 Human. Natural population growth – 5 497 Human. The capital of Bashkortostan retains its position as a leader among million-plus cities in Russia in terms of natural population growth.

In recent years, the capital of Bashkortostan, the city of Ufa, has been characterized by migration growth. The main source of migration growth for the capital so far remains the regions and cities of the republic - 43 298 people migrated within the republic and the migration increase here for the city in 2016 was 344 person.

In the context of the changed procedure for attracting foreign citizens to work, there was a decrease in the number of foreign citizens entering the city from the CIS countries - minus 1 042 person. The largest decrease in indicators occurred in Uzbekistan, Armenia and Tajikistan. The migration balance with Ukraine in 2016 is positive – a plus 122 person. In international migration with other countries, the largest positive balance is a plus 158 people – equaled with Vietnam.

In the near future, taking into account existing data and forecasts on vital statistics, city fertility support programs will be adjusted.

Over the past nine years, Ufa has maintained its leading position in natural population growth among large Russian cities.

The Bashkirs are an ancient people who have lived in the south of the Urals for at least 12 centuries. Their history is extremely interesting, and it is surprising that, despite being surrounded by strong neighbors, the Bashkirs have retained their uniqueness and traditions to this day, although, of course, ethnic assimilation is taking its toll. The population of Bashkiria in 2016 is about 4 million people. Not all residents of the region are native speakers of the language and ancient culture, but the spirit of the ethnic group is preserved here.

Geographical position

Bashkortostan is located on the border of Europe and Asia. The territory of the republic is just over 143 thousand square meters. km and covers part of the East European Plain, the mountain system of the Southern Urals and the Trans-Ural uplands. The capital of the region, Ufa, is the largest populated area in the republic; the rest are much smaller in population and territory size.

The relief of Bashkortostan is extremely diverse. The highest point in the region is the Zigalga ridge (1427 m). Plains and hills are well suited for agriculture, so the population of Bashkiria has long been engaged in cattle breeding and crop production. The republic is rich in water resources; the basins of such rivers as the Volga, Ural and Ob are located here. 12 thousand rivers of various sizes flow through the territory of Bashkiria; there are 2,700 lakes, mostly of spring origin. Also, 440 artificial reservoirs have been created here.

The region has large mineral reserves. Thus, deposits of oil, gold, iron ore, copper, natural gas, and zinc have been discovered here. Bashkiria is located in the temperate zone; there are many mixed forests, forest-steppes and steppes on its territory. There are three large reserves and several nature reserves. Bashkortostan borders on such subjects of the Federation as the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions, Udmurtia and Tatarstan.

History of the Bashkir people

The first people lived on the territory of modern Bashkiria 50-40 thousand years ago. Archaeologists have found traces of ancient sites in the Imanai cave. In the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic eras, tribes of hunters and gatherers lived here, they developed local territories, tamed animals, and left drawings on the walls of caves. The genes of these first settlers became the basis for the formation of the Bashkir people.

The first mentions of the Bashkirs can be read in the works of Arab geographers. They say that in the 9th-11th centuries, a people named “Bashkort” lived on both sides of the Ural Mountains. In the 10th-12th centuries, the Bashkirs were part of the state. From the beginning of the 13th century, they fought fiercely with the Mongols, who wanted to seize their lands. As a result, a partnership agreement was concluded, and throughout the 13th-14th centuries the Bashkir people became part of the Golden Horde under special conditions. The Bashkirs were not a people subject to tribute. They maintained their own social structure and were in military service with the Kagan. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bashkirs were part of the Kazan and Siberian Hordes.

In the 16th century, strong pressure began on the independence of the Bashkirs from the Russian kingdom. In the 1550s, Ivan the Terrible called on the people to voluntarily join his state. Negotiations were held for a long time, and in 1556 an agreement was concluded on the entry of the Bashkirs into the Russian kingdom on special conditions. The people retained their rights to religion, administration, and army, but paid a tax to the Russian Tsar, in return for which they received assistance in repelling external aggression.

Until the 17th century, the terms of the treaty were observed, but with the coming to power of the Romanovs, encroachments began on the sovereign rights of the Bashkirs. This led to a series of uprisings in the 17th and 18th centuries. The people suffered huge losses in the struggle for their rights and independence, but were able to defend their autonomy within the Russian Empire, although they still had to make certain concessions.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Bashkiria was subjected to administrative reform more than once, but in general retained the right to reside within its historical borders. The population of Bashkiria throughout its history were excellent warriors. Bashkirs actively participated in all the battles fought by Russia: the War of 1812, the First and Second World Wars. The losses of the people were great, but the victories were also glorious. There are many real hero-warriors among the Bashkirs.

During the 1917 coup, Bashkiria was first on the side of the resistance to the Red Army; the Bashkir Army was created, which defended the idea of ​​independence of this people. However, for a number of reasons, in 1919 the Bashkir government came under the control of the Soviet government. Within the framework of the Soviet Union, Bashkiria wanted to form a union republic. But Stalin said that Tatarstan and Bashkortostan could not be union republics, since they were Russian enclaves, so the Bashkir Autonomous Republic was created.

During Soviet times, the region had to endure difficulties and processes characteristic of the entire USSR. Collectivization and industrialization took place here. During the war years, many industrial and other enterprises were evacuated to Bashkiria, which formed the basis of post-war industrialization and reconstruction. During the years of perestroika, in 1992, the Republic of Bashkortostan with its own Constitution was proclaimed. Today Bashkiria is actively engaged in the revival of national identity and ancestral traditions.

The total population of Bashkiria. Dynamics of indicators

The first Bashkiria was held in 1926, when 2 million 665 thousand people lived on the territory of the republic. Later, estimates of the number of inhabitants of the region were carried out at different intervals, and only from the end of the 20th century such data began to be collected annually.

Until the beginning of the 21st century, population dynamics were positive. The largest increase in the number of residents occurred in the early 50s. In other periods, the region steadily increased by an average of 100 thousand people. A slight slowdown in growth was recorded in the early 90s.

And only since 2001 was a negative one discovered. Every year the number of residents decreased by several thousand people. By the end of the 2000s, the situation improved a little, but in 2010 the number of residents began to decrease again.

Today the population in Bashkiria (2016) has stabilized, the number is 4 million 41 thousand people. So far, demographic and economic indicators do not allow us to expect an improvement in the situation. But the leadership of Bashkortostan sets its top priority to reduce mortality and increase the birth rate in the region, which should have a positive impact on the number of its residents.

Administrative divisions of Bashkortostan

Beginning in the mid-16th century, Bashkiria, as part of the Russian Empire, united around Ufa. At first it was the Ufa district, then the Ufa province and the Ufa province. In Soviet times, the region experienced several territorial and administrative reforms, associated either with consolidation or fragmentation into districts. In 2009, the current division of Bashkortostan into territorial units was adopted. According to republican legislation, the region has 54 districts, 21 cities, 8 of which are under republican subordination, and 4,532 rural settlements. Today, the population of the cities of Bashkiria is gradually growing mainly due to internal migration.

Population distribution

Russia is a predominantly agricultural country; about 51% of Russians live in rural areas. If we evaluate the population of the cities of Bashkiria (2016), we can see that about 48% of the population lives in them, i.e. 1.9 million people out of a total of 4 million. That is, the region fits into the all-Russian trend. The list of cities in Bashkiria by population is as follows: the largest settlement is Ufa (1 million 112 thousand people), the rest of the settlements are much smaller in size, the top five also includes Sterlitamak (279 thousand people), Salavat (154 thousand), Neftekamsk (137 thousand) and Oktyabrsky (114 thousand). Other cities are small, their population does not exceed 70 thousand people.

Age and sex composition of the population of Bashkiria

The national female to male ratio is approximately 1.1. Moreover, at an early age the number of boys exceeds the number of girls, but with age the picture changes to the opposite. Looking at the population of Bashkiria, one can see that this trend continues here. On average, there are 1,139 women for every thousand men.

The distribution of the population by age in the Republic of Bashkiria is as follows: younger than working age - 750 thousand people, older than working age - 830 thousand people, working age - 2.4 million people. Thus, for every 1,000 people of working age there are about 600 young and old people. On average, this corresponds to all-Russian trends. The gender and age model of Bashkiria makes it possible to classify the region as an aging type, which indicates a future complication of the demographic and economic situation in the region.

National composition of the population

Since 1926, the national composition of the inhabitants of the Bashkir Republic has been monitored. During this time, the following trends have been identified: the number of Russian population is gradually decreasing, from 39.95% to 35.1%. And the number of Bashkirs is increasing, from 23.48% to 29%. And the ethnic Bashkir population of Bashkiria in 2016 is 1.2 million people. The remaining national groups are represented by the following figures: Tatars - 24%, Chuvash - 2.6%, Mari - 2.5%. Other nationalities are represented by groups of less than 1% of the total population.

There is a big problem in the region regarding the preservation of small peoples. Thus, the population of Kryashens has grown over the past 100 years, the Mishars are on the verge of extinction, and the Teptyars have completely disappeared. Therefore, the leadership of the region is trying to create special conditions for the preservation of the remaining small subethnic groups.

Language and religion

National regions always face the problem of preserving religion and language, and Bashkiria is no exception. The religion of the population is an important part of national identity. For Bashkirs, the original faith is Sunni Islam. In Soviet times, religion was under an unspoken ban, although the family structure was often still built according to Muslim traditions. In post-perestroika times, a revival of religious customs began in Bashkiria. Over 20 years, more than 1,000 mosques were opened in the region (in Soviet times there were only 15), about 200 Orthodox churches and several places of worship of other faiths. And yet, the dominant religion in the region remains Islam; about 70% of all churches in the republic belong to this religion.

Language is an important part of national identity. In Bashkiria during Soviet times there was no special language policy. Therefore, part of the population began to lose their native speech. Since 1989, special work has been carried out in the republic to revive the national language. Education at school in the native language (Bashkir, Tatar) was introduced. Today, 95% of the population speak Russian, 27% speak Bashkir, 35% speak Tatar.

Economy of the region

Bashkortostan is one of the most economically stable regions of Russia. The subsoil of Bashkiria is rich in minerals, so the republic ranks 9th in the country in oil production and 1st in its refining. The region's economy is well diversified and therefore copes well with the difficulties of times of crisis. Several industries ensure the stability of the development of the republic, these are:

The petrochemical industry, represented by large plants: Bashneft, Sterlitamak Petrochemical Plant, Bashkir Soda Company;

Mechanical engineering and metallurgy, including the Trolleybus Plant, Neftemash, Kumertau Aviation Enterprise, Vityaz all-terrain vehicle production enterprise, Neftekamsk Automobile Plant;

Energy industry;

Manufacturing industry.

Agriculture is of great importance for the economy of the region; Bashkir peasants are successfully engaged in animal husbandry and plant cultivation.

Trade and the service sector are well developed in the region, which are negatively affected by the decrease in income of the population (2016) in Bashkiria, but still the situation in the republic is much better than in the subsidized regions of the country.

Employment

In general, the population of Bashkiria is in better economic conditions than residents of many other regions. However, in 2016, an increase in unemployment was recorded here; over six months the figure increased by 11% compared to last year. There is also a decline in trade and consumption of services, a reduction in wages and real incomes of the population. All this leads to another round of unemployment. First of all, young professionals and university graduates without work experience are at risk. This leads to an outflow of young people and qualified employees from the region.

Region infrastructure

For any region, it is important that it allows residents to experience satisfaction from living in a particular place. The population of Bashkiria in 2016 rates the living conditions in their region quite highly. In Bashkortostan, a lot of effort and money is invested in the repair and construction of roads, bridges, and healthcare institutions. Transport and tourism infrastructure is developing in the republic. However, of course, there are problems, in particular with the provision of the population with educational and cultural institutions. The region has obvious environmental problems; numerous industrial enterprises negatively affect the purity of water and air in the area of ​​large cities. However, urban infrastructure is much better developed than rural infrastructure, which leads to an outflow of the rural population to cities.

Demographic characteristics of the population

In terms of demographic indicators, Bashkortostan compares favorably with many regions of the country. Thus, the birth rate in the republic is small, but has been growing over the past 10 years (the only exception was 2011, when there was a decrease of 0.3%). But, unfortunately, mortality has also been increasing in recent years, although at a slower rate than the birth rate. Therefore, the population of Bashkiria shows a slight natural increase, which is not typical for the country as a whole.

In Bashkortostan, people of various nationalities live in peace and friendship. Friendship, respect for the culture and customs of each nationality have become the norms of life in our republic. Preserving this relationship between people is our duty to our ancestors.

Bashkirs are the indigenous people of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The name of the republic is based on his name. Unfortunately, during the years of the USSR, insufficient attention was paid to preserving the culture and national identity of the peoples of Russia. Remnants of this have survived to this day. You can often hear from the most prominent politicians the phrase: “We are Russians,” instead of “We are Russians.” Such people forget about all the other nationalities living in Russia, which, of course, is unacceptable. Therefore, in the second half of the 1980s, the movement of the peoples of Russia for national revival began. The Bashkirs did not stand aside either. One of the forms of preserving the culture of the Bashkir people, as well as (note this) all other nationalities living on the territory of the republic, was the holding of kurultai.

The first world kurultai (congress) of Bashkirs was held on June 1-4, 1995 in the city of Ufa and regions of the republic. The Second World Kurultai was held on June 10-11, 2002. Addressing the people of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the delegates of the Second World Kurultai said the following:

We call on all peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan to further strengthen interethnic trust and harmony, avoiding contradictions and conflicts in relationships, avoiding actions that could aggravate interethnic relations.

We believe in the future of our native Bashkortostan - a common home for all the peoples of the republic!

Population of Bashkortostan. There are different opinions about the number of Bashkirs at the end of the 18th – mid-19th centuries. According to the calculations of the pre-revolutionary scientist V.E. Den, the Bashkirs at the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries numbered only 185 thousand souls of both sexes. F.A. Fielstrup believed that the total number of Bashkirs in 1796 was about 235 thousand people. The number of Bashkirs in 1800 is rounded up by U. X. Rakhmatullin at 184 - 186 thousand and by B. X. Yuldashbaev - about 160 thousand. R. G. Kuzeev gives the figure 250 -275 thousand people, additionally taking into account 30 - 40 thousand Sarts and Ayukins Kalmyks, who by the beginning of the 19th century had mostly dissolved into the Bashkir ethnic environment.

The first half of the 19th century is characterized by further colonization of Bashkortostan, which, along with natural growth, led to an increase in population density. So, in 1811, the Orenburg province was inhabited by about 788 thousand people. In 1822, the male population of the Orenburg province reached 552,227 people. In addition to the Bashkirs in the province there were: Russian peasants - 206,997 people, yasak Tatars, Teptyars and Mishars - 124,675, merchants, townspeople, factory peasants and others not engaged in arable farming - 50,352, retired soldiers, Cossacks and their children - 33,068, Cossacks of the Ural Army - 15274 people.

In 1989, the total number was 3,943,313 people, including Russians - 1,548,291 people or 39.3%. Taking into account the war years, the influx and outflow of the population, the overall demographic growth of the entire population, including the Russian population, should be considered normal.

The dynamics of the number of Bashkirs and Tatars requires careful analysis, especially the noticeable decrease in the number of Bashkirs and, accordingly, the increase in the number of Tatars according to the 1989 census. Where are the roots of this demographic phenomenon? To do this, we should turn to history.

The creation and active functioning of the Bashkir literary language on the basis of the southern and eastern dialects without taking into account the northwestern dialect practically marked the beginning of the differentiation of the Bashkir ethnic group and removed the northwestern Bashkirs from the general direction of cultural and linguistic development.

In 1970 - 1980, an attempt was made in the Bashkir villages of northwestern Bashkortostan to introduce school teaching in the Bashkir literary language and in this way, starting with the younger generation, to revive the Bashkir language in a modern literary form among the Bashkirs who switched to the Tatar language. Teaching in schools in the Bashkir language without taking into account the peculiarities of the northwestern dialect met with discontent and was suspended.

The results of the incorrect national policy in Bashkortostan regarding the northwestern Bashkirs are clearly reflected in the statistics. According to the 1926 census in Bashkortostan, out of 625.8 thousand Bashkirs, 280 thousand (44.7%) called Tatar their native language, in 1939, respectively, out of 671 thousand Bashkirs - 306 thousand (45.6%), in 1959 out of 737,711 people - 309 thousand (41.8%), in 1979 out of 935.9 thousand Bashkirs - 33,000. (more than 28%), in 1989, out of 863.8 thousand people - 216 thousand (about 25%).

The figures for the total number of Bashkirs in 1979 and 1989 are especially indicative of the policy outlined. The number of Bashkirs, without taking into account natural growth, over 10 years decreased by 72.1 thousand people, while in the country as a whole it increased by 78 thousand people or by 5.7%.

The 1926 census shows that in Bashkortostan there were 135,960 (4.3%) Mishars and 23,290 (0.9%) Teptyars. Whether these figures correspond to historical reality or not is unimportant. It is important that these peoples indicated their ethnicity in the census. In the population census of 1939 and subsequent censuses, the Mishars and Teptyars were classified as Tatars. This was a gross violation of the rights of peoples to self-determination. The Mishari differ in language, life and culture from the Tatars, although they are close to them. It is not without reason that among modern Mishars one notices the predominance, in contrast to the Kazan Tatars, of the Pontic anthropological type. Almost all major ethnographers of Russia connected and connect the Mishars with the ancient Finno-Ugric tribe “Meshchera”, who lived in the Middle Oka basin and was subsequently Turkified.

The Teptyars arose as a class at the end of the 17th century. The term “teptyar”, according to A. Z. Asfandiyarov, comes from the Bashkir word “tibeu” - expelled from the community. According to archival sources, in the 18th century, most Teptyars were Bashkirs. Then the Mari, Tatars, Mishars and others gradually joined their ranks. At the beginning of the 20th century. The Teptyars were in the stage of transition from class to ethnic group. The process of formation of the Teptyars as an ethnic group was not completed and was suspended by the turbulent events of 1917.

In recent decades, there has been a decrease in the number of peoples of Bashkortostan. So, from 1970 to 1989. the number of Chuvash decreased by 8129, Mari - by 3870 people, Mordovians - 8822, Udmurts - 4322, Ukrainians - 2015, Belarusians - 947, Germans - 1081 and Jews - 1757 people. The reasons for this are the outflow of the population to their historical homeland (especially Jews to Israel, Germans to Germany, etc.), to new industrial areas, assimilation by larger nations (for example, in mixed marriages, children are usually written Russian) and a reduction in natural growth.

(Rim Yanguzin.)

ABSTRACT
in the discipline: "Local History"
On the topic: “National composition of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan”

Ufa-2009
Content
Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3
National composition of the Republic of Bashkortostan……………………….……..4
History of the formation of the anthropological composition of the Bashkirs………………..6
Russians……………………………………………………………………10
Tatars………………………………………………………………………………………….13
Belarusians …………………………………………………………………………………14
Mishari…………………………………………………………………………………………..16
Teptyar……………………………………………………………… …………….16
Kryashens……………………………………………………………….17
Chuvash…………………………………………………………………………………………18
Mari……………………………………………………………………….18
Mordva…………………………………………………………………………………………19
Moldovans………………………………………………………………………..20
Udmurts…………………………………………………………………….21
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………22
List of references……………..……………………………. 23

Introduction
The national composition of the population of Bashkortostan has historically developed during its long-term colonization and as a result of the region’s location on the main routes of long-standing and stable migration flows between the European and Asian parts of the country.
Bashkortostan has been a multi-ethnic region since ancient times. Finns-Permyaks, Ugrians, Iranian-speaking tribes lived here, from the 5th century AD. - Turks, to which the Bashkirs belong. From the 16th century The modern national composition of the population began to form. Since the 30s. XVIII century In connection with the economic development of the region, the influx of population increased. Even then, 75 thousand Russians and 42 thousand Tatars, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts, Mordovians, and Ukrainians lived in the region. In the middle of the 19th century. more than half of the population were Russians (1,300 thousand), followed by Bashkirs (508 thousand), Tatars (98 thousand), Chuvash (58 thousand), Mari (38 thousand). Subsequently, in the course of socio-economic development, the multinational structure of the population (especially during the Soviet period) became more complex.
Currently, representatives of more than a hundred nationalities live in the republic, the most numerous are 30, incl. 10 nationalities have a population of more than 5 thousand people.
Multinationality is the most important feature of the structure of the population of the republic, as well as a historically conditioned reality and the most important asset of the republic, the enormous potential for its further development.

National composition of the Republic of Bashkortostan
According to the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Bashkortostan, citizens of more than one hundred nationalities currently live on its territory. The most numerous of them are: Bashkirs (21.91% of the total population of the republic), Tatars (28.42%), Russians (39.27%), Chuvash (3.01%), Mari (2.68%), Ukrainians ( 1.90%), Mordovians (0.81%), Udmurts (0.60%).
Most of the Bashkirs are settled in the southern, southeastern, eastern and northeastern regions of the republic (the so-called Bashkir Trans-Urals). The most homogeneously Bashkir region is the Burzyansky district, where Bashkirs make up 95.3% of the population. They also make up a significant proportion of the population in Abzelilovsky (84.8%), Baymaksky (79.6%), Uchalinsky (75.4%), Ishimbaysky (69.7%) districts. In the central and northern regions, the Bashkirs are somewhat inferior in number to the Russians and Tatars, and in the western and northwestern regions they live almost or not at all: in the Belebeevsky district they make up only 4% of the population, in the Kushnarenkovsky district - 5.5%, in the Sharansky district - 6, 4%.
The bulk of the Tatars, on the contrary, are concentrated in the western and northwestern regions bordering the Republic of Tatarstan. Their percentage gradually decreases when moving from west to east and southeast: 78% in the Kushnarenkovsky district, 75% in the Chekmagushevsky district and only 6.5% in the Ishimbaysky district, 3.1% in the Abzelilovsky district.
Russians are settled quite widely and evenly in the republic. The bulk of them live in cities: in Ufa (54.2% of the city’s population), Beloretsk (72%), Birsk (63.7%), Kumertau (64.7%). There are significantly fewer Russians in rural areas.
The Chuvash are quite compactly settled in the western and northwestern regions: Bizhbulyaksky (37.5%, where they predominate over other ethnic groups), Aurgazinsky (32.2%), Belebeevsky (23.8%).
In the west of the republic, in approximately the same places as the Chuvash, the Mordovians are settled; the territory of its compact settlement is the Fedorovsky district (14.6% of the total population). The Mari inhabit mainly the northern and partly northwestern regions of the republic: Kaltasinsky - 47% of the population (prevail over other ethnic groups), Sharansky - 20.3%, Krasnokamsky - 18.3%. Here are also the districts with the highest share of the Udmurt population: Tatyshlinsky (22.3%), Yanaulsky (13.9%), Kaltasinsky (10.1%).
Of the East Slavic peoples in the republic are represented Ukrainians- about 75 thousand and Belarusians- more than 17 thousand people. Ukrainian immigrants come mainly from the Kyiv, Podolsk, Chernigov and Poltava provinces. They are most compactly settled in the southern and central zones of the region. other peoples In Bashkortostan live: Germans (more than 11 thousand), Georgians (more than 8 thousand), Jews (4.8 thousand), Kazakhs (3.5 thousand), Azerbaijanis (2.4 thousand), Uzbeks (2 ,3 thousand), Armenians (2.3 thousand), Latvians (about 2 thousand), Greeks (1083 people), Moldovans (945 people), Poles (757 people), Tajiks (735 people) , Gypsies (650 people), Bulgarians (509 people).
The population of the republic also includes Estonians, Turkmen, Lithuanians, Kyrgyz, Ossetians, Koreans, Komi, Lezgins, Avars, Dargins, Finns, Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, Buryats, Ingush, Kumyks, Hungarians, Kalmyks, Gagauz - 43 nationalities with a population of up to 51 people. Among other peoples, according to the results of the All-Russian Census of 2002, Ukrainians live in Bashkortostan - 55 thousand 249 people, Belarusians - 17 thousand 117 people, Armenians - 8 thousand 784 people, Germans - 8 thousand 250 people, Uzbeks - 5 thousand 145 people, Azerbaijanis - 5 26 thousand people, Kazakhs - 4 thousand 92 people, Tajiks - 2939 people, Jews - 2367 people, Latvians - 1508 people, Georgians - 1341, Vietnamese - 1204 people, Chechens - 1195, Greeks - 1038, Koreans - 722 people, Turkmens - 701 people, Roma - 684, Poles - 660 people and Yezidis - 577 people. A total of 5 thousand 792 people were single representatives of other national groups. And 4 thousand 366 people did not indicate their nationality in the census questionnaires.
History of the formation of the anthropological composition of the Bashkirs
Indigenous nationality of the region -Bashkirs . The Bashkirs under their modern name (Bashkort, Bashgyrd, Bashgird, etc.) became known from the 9th century. Most researchers (linguists, historians, ethnographers) divide the word into two parts: bash + court / kurt / kyrd. The initial part of the word is etymologized to mean “head”, “head”, “chief”, and opinions differ in explaining the meaning of the second half of the name. Some interpret this as “bee”, “worm” (kort), others - “circle of people”, “tribe” (kor), others derive it from the verb “to shave (the head)” (kyr+yu), etc. The prevailing point of view is that the ethnonym goes back to the concept of “chief” (bash) + “wolf” (Kurd/gurd from the Turkic-Oguz languages), “wolf-leader”. At the same time, researchers proceed from the fact that the ancient Bashkirs, like a number of other Turkic peoples (for example, Turkmens, ancient Turks), worshiped the wolf as one of the main totems - tribal deities.
Their total number in the USSR, according to the 1989 population census, was 1 million 449.1 thousand people, of which 1 million 345.3 thousand were on the territory of Russia. The bulk of the Bashkirs (863.8 thousand, or 59.6%) are concentrated on their ethnic territory. Outside the republic they live in Chelyabinsk (161.2 thousand), Orenburg (53.8 thousand), Perm (52.3 thousand), Sverdlovsk (41.5 thousand), Kurgan (17.5 thousand) , Tyumen (41.1 thousand) regions, Kazakhstan (41.3 thousand), Uzbekistan (34.8 thousand), Tatarstan (19.1 thousand), etc. The total number of Bashkirs in Bashkortostan according to the results of the 2002 All-Russian Census year is over 1 million 221 thousand people.
About 4 million people live in Bashkortostan, who, according to the national language classification, belong to: Altai (Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvash, Kazakhs), Indo-European (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, Moldovans, Armenians, Latvians) and Ural (Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts) language families. The structure of beliefs of these peoples presents a complex picture. Two world religions are most widespread among the believing population - Islam (Sunni) and Christianity (Orthodoxy). The adherents of Islam are the Turkic-speaking Bashkirs, the majority of Tatars, Kazakhs, and a small part of the Chuvash. Orthodoxy is professed by the overwhelming majority of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian believers; it is widespread among the believing Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, and some Tatars. The Finno-Ugric peoples and Chuvash also have distinctive forms of pre-Christian religious views: by attending church and honoring Christ, they worship their many gods and spirits. Russians (Orthodoxy, Old Believers), Ukrainians and Belarusians (Orthodox, Catholics), Turkic-speaking Tatars (Muslims - Sunnis, Kryashens) and Chuvash (dual believers who observe pagan rituals in Christianity, Muslims) also adhere to different directions of beliefs.
In the Urals, ancient Bashkir tribes appeared, judging by written sources, in 9th century This is evidenced by the messages of Ibn-Rust, al-Balkhi related to IX-XI centuries About the "Turkic people called Bashgord" who lived in X century in the Volga-Ural interfluve, reported the Arab traveler Ahmed ibn Fadlan. The Bashkirs came to the Urals as an established ancient people with a distinctive culture and language. In the new territory, they entered into relationships with the aboriginal Finno-Ugric and Sarmatian-Alan populations and, as a more numerous nationality, assimilated a significant part of them.
The Finno-Ugric peoples had a certain impact on the national image of the Bashkirs. From the end XVII and especially in XVIII centuries In connection with the construction of fortified cities and factory cities, a Russian population appeared on the Bashkir lands: the Ural Cossack army, working people, free peasant settlers - who had a significant impact on the economy and material culture of local residents.
IN X-beginning XIII centuries Basically, the western part of the Bashkirs was politically dependent on the Volga Bulgaria. The beginning of the penetration of Islam into their environment, spread by missionaries from Central Asia and Bulgaria, dates back to this time. IN 1236 Bashkiria was conquered by the Mongols and became part of the early feudal state - the Golden Horde. At the end XIII- beginning XIV centuries it collapsed, and a number of feudal khanates were formed on its ruins. The Bashkirs found themselves divided between the Nogai Horde, the Kazan and Siberian Khanates, although the political influence of the latter was not decisive.
For Bashkiria XV- first half XVI centuries The main political factor was Nogai domination. In the first half XVI century The Nogai Khanate split into two hordes: the Greater and the Lesser. Bashkiria remained under the rule of the Great Nogai Horde. In the middle XVI century Prince Ismail recognized himself as a vassal of the Russian state, which made it possible for the Bashkirs to finally free themselves from the yoke of the Nogai Murzas and princes, Kazan and Siberian khans and become part of the Russian state.
The annexation of Bashkiria to the Russian state continued from 1553-1554 before 1557 The first to join it were the western and northwestern Bashkirs, whose lands were later called the Kazan Road. Then the population of the central, southern and southeastern parts of the region accepted Russian citizenship. Subsequently, this area was called the Nogai Road. The northeastern and trans-Ural Bashkirs remained under the rule of the Siberian Khanate. They finally became subjects of Russia only after the complete defeat of the kingdom of Kuchum.
By accepting the Bashkirs as its subjects, the Russian state took upon itself to protect them from raids and robberies of neighboring tribes and peoples, and guaranteed their land rights. The Bashkirs undertook to pay tribute, perform military service (at their own expense), participate in military campaigns, and protect the southeastern borders of Russia from raids by nomads. At first, the Russian authorities did not interfere in internal governance and did not persecute the beliefs, customs and rituals of the Bashkirs. On the contrary, Ivan the Terrible won hitherto unprecedented popularity among the indigenous population as a “kind” and “merciful” king. He gave letters of grant to the Bashkirs because, in the conditions of a brutal struggle with the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, the interests of the state dictated this.
At the end XVIII- first half XIX centuries the main territory inhabited by the Bashkirs was part of the Orenburg province. IN 1798 In Bashkiria, a cantonal system of government was introduced, which, with minor changes, existed until 1865 An irregular army was formed from the Bashkir and Mishar population, whose main duty was to guard the Orenburg border line. IN 1865 The Orenburg province was divided into two: Orenburg and Ufa. The latter included Belebeevsky, Birsky, Menzelinsky, Sterlitamak, Ufa, and Zlatoust districts. Administrative-territorial division undertaken in 1865, remained unchanged until 1919
A few days after the socialist revolution - November 15, 1917 The territories of the Orenburg, Ufa, Perm, Samara provinces, inhabited by Bashkirs, were proclaimed by the Bashkir Regional Council (Shuro) as an autonomous part of the Russian Republic. The "government of autonomous Bashkortostan" was formed. However, subsequent events did not allow the plan to be realized. In March 1919 The “Agreement of the Central Soviet Power with the Bashkir Government on Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria” was signed, which formalized the formation of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
The Bashkir Republic was formed within Minor Bashkiria as a federal part of the RSFSR. 13 cantons were created. Its center was the village of Temyasovo, from August 1919 government offices were located in Sterlitamak. As part of the Ufa province in 1919 there were districts: Ufa, Belebeevsky, Birsky, Menzelinsky, part of Zlatoust and Sterlitamak districts. Based on the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 14, 1922 The Ufa province was abolished and its districts were included in the Bashkir Republic with its capital in Ufa. Modern borders were established in 1926 In October 1990 The Supreme Council of Bashkortostan proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic.
Today Bashkortostan is a multinational republic. And the indigenous Bashkirs make up 21.91% of the total population of the republic.
Russians
Another numerous people of the republic - Russians. Their language is part of the East Slavic group of Indo-European languages. By their origin, Russians are related to East Slavic tribes. Some non-Slavic peoples, who have long lived in the current territory of the European part of Russia, also took part in their formation.
IN XVI-XVII centuries Russians began to populate the Lower Volga region, the Urals, the North Caucasus and Siberia, in XVIII-XIX centuries- settle in the Baltic states, the Black Sea region, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the Far East. Population census 1989 took into account more than 1 million 548 thousand Russians in the republic, constituting 39.3% of the population of Bashkortostan. The Russian population is distributed throughout the territory of Bashkortostan everywhere, but unevenly. It is most concentrated in the southern, northeastern and central zones. In the western, northwestern and Ural regions, its share in the population structure is relatively low. The absolute majority of Russians (83.02%) live in urban areas. In rural areas they make up less than 17%.
The settlement of Bashkiria by Russians began mainly with XVII century, although the first Russian people appeared in the region already in the 16th century, after its annexation to the Russian state. IN 1574 Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible “to protect them (the Bashkirs) from the attacks of neighboring predatory peoples, built a fortress inside Bashkiria on the banks of the Belaya River and placed protective guards in it.” The Streltsy, who founded the fortress-city of Ufa, were the first Russian people on Bashkir soil. By order of the tsarist government, other fortified settlements began to appear: in 1645- Menzelinsk, in 1663- Birsk. Around the same time, the Zakamsk line of fortifications was built. The systematic settlement by Russians of vast areas of the newly annexed region begins. The resettlement of Russians to the region occurred not only as a result of government colonization, but also due to the fugitive serfs and draft population. Northwestern Bashkiria was populated by palace peasants from the Kazan district and Kungur region. Towards the middle XVII century The villages of Chelny, Latkinskoe ("Maslennyi Mys izh") and Bolshiye Shilny, the villages of Orlovka, Nizhnie Kuvaty, Mazino and others arose here.
Fishing along the rivers Kama, Ik, Menzelya, Belaya (lower reaches) and the land adjacent to them were given “as rent from the treasury” to Savvo-Storozhvsky ( since 1654), Bogorodsky and Kostroma, Epiphany ( since 1657) monasteries. On lands granted to monasteries ( in 1651 Bashkir lands were granted to the Ufa Assumption Monastery; On the patrimonial lands of the Bashkirs, the Dalmatov and Raphael monasteries grew), the Duvanen and Voznesenskoe Monasteries ("Chesnokovka also") were formed, the village of Eltemir (on the Chelny River), etc., which, of course, were places of concentration of the Russian population. Eastern (Trans-Ural) Bashkiria was settled by peasants from the Kungur region and Western Siberia.
At the end XVII century in the Kataysky and Kolchedansky forts founded by the Russians, the Aramilskaya, Okunevskaya, Beloyarskaya, Chumlyatskaya, Kamyshlovskaya, Novopeschanskaya and Bagaryatskaya settlements, there were more than 1.4 thousand households with a population of 4.6 thousand male souls. The settlers were classified as one of the categories of peasants: quitrent, palace, monastic, black-sown (state) peasants. South of Bashkiria from the end XVII century began to be settled by people from the Yaik Cossacks. Somewhat later, several dozen fortresses and cities appeared on the southeastern and southwestern borders, populated by military service people and forming the Orenburg fortified line. At the same time, the Orenburg Cossack army was formed, the number of which by the end XVIII century reached more than 21 thousand male souls.
The influx of Russian population especially increases with XVIII century in connection with the construction of plants: Voskresensky ( 1736), Preobrazhensky ( 1750), Kananikolsky ( 1751), Bogoyavlensky ( 1752), Arkhangelsk ( 1753), Verkhne-Avzyanopetrovsky ( 1755), Blagoveshchensky, Nizhne-Avzyanopetrovsky ( 1756), Nizhne-Troitsky ( 1760), Beloretsky ( 1762), Uzyansky ( 1777) etc. Only for 1747-1795, between the second and fifth revisions, more than 94 thousand male peasants moved from Voronezh, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Simbirsk, Perm provinces, including 30 thousand Russians, 20 thousand Tatars, 19 thousand Mordvins, 18 .5 thousand - Chuvash and more than 7 thousand male souls - “baptized Gentiles”.
In the last century, resettlement to Bashkiria intensified. During the first half alone, the population of the Orenburg Territory increased 2.5 times. IN 1824 state-owned peasants from land-poor provinces were allowed to move to the Orenburg region and beyond 1824-1827 About 12 thousand people took advantage of this right.
By the beginning of the century, Russians became the most numerous people in Bashkiria. IN 1912-1913 876.5 thousand Russian peasants lived in the rural areas of the Ufa province alone. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the number of Russians reached 1281 thousand. The number of Russians in the republic is not decreasing: in 1970- 1546.3 thousand, 1979- 1547.9 thousand and in 1989- 1548.3 thousand. The total number of Russians in Bashkortostan, according to the results of the All-Russian census of 2002, is over one million 490 thousand people.
Russians predominate in the old cities - Ufa, Birsk, Belebey, Sterlitamak. In relatively new cities their share is much lower (Baymak, Uchaly, Sibay, etc.).
Tatars
1120.7 thousand people live in Bashkortostan. Tatars. Just like Russians, Tatars are not an indigenous population. They were formed within the Middle Volga and Lower Kama regions. Their resettlement to the east, including to the territory of modern Bashkortostan, began in the second half 16th century.
There are mainly two theories about the origin of the Tatars. According to the first, known as the Bulgar (N. Karamzin, I. Berezin, V. Grigoriev, K. Nasyri, N. Chernyshevsky, etc.), the ancestors of the Volga (Kazan) Tatars descended from the Bulgars.
The second version, which arose almost simultaneously with the first, links the origin of the Volga (Kazan) Tatars with the Tatars of the Golden Horde and, through them, with the Tatar-Mongols XIII century S. M. Solovyov, G. I. Peretyatkovich, A. N. Ashmarin, M. N. Pokrovsky and others believed that the Kazan Tatars are direct descendants of the Golden Horde Tatar conquerors who destroyed Volga Bulgaria. The Golden Horde hypothesis of the origin of the Tatars has its supporters among scientists of various directions.
Tatars mainly have a dark and light Caucasian appearance. The dark Caucasian (Pontic) type is represented in 40% of Kazan Tatars, 60% of Mishars and up to 15% of baptized Tatars. The light Caucasoid type is characteristic of 20% of the Volga Tatars, 20% of the Mishars and 44% of the Kryashens. In addition, one can also distinguish the sublapoid or Ural (Volga-Kama) type and the Mongoloid (South Siberian) type, characteristic of the Tatars of the Golden Horde, preserved among a number of Turkic-speaking peoples (including some of the Bashkirs in the southeast of the region). In terms of the degree of expression of Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics, the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals are between the Uzbeks and the Gagauz.
The total number of Tatars in Bashkortostan according to the results of the 2002 All-Russian Census is over 990 thousand people, and during the 2002 census, for the first time since 1926, data was obtained on the number of people who called themselves Kryashens, which in Bashkortostan amounted to 4.5 thousand people.

Belarusians
Belarusians (self-name) are part of the East Slavic population of the Primorsky Territory. Most of the Belarusians moved to Primorye in 1900-1906, i.e. before the start of the Stolypin reform (10.5% of all migrants of this period). In general, in the pre-revolutionary period they made up 6.8% of the total number of peasant migrants. The bulk of Belarusians moved to the region at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. These were mainly people from Vitebsk, Grodno, Mogilev and Minsk provinces. They settled in compact groups in the foothills of Sikhote-Alin and other taiga regions of the region, that is, in the forest areas familiar to them: in the villages of Voznesenka, Voznesensky volost; Nikolaevka, Ivanovo volost; and other volosts.
Belarusians, together with Russians and Ukrainians, belong to the Eastern Slavs. According to the most common concept of the origin of the Belarusians, the ancient tribes that lived on the ethnic territory of the Belarusians - Dregovichi, Krivichi, Radimichi - as part of Kievan Rus, together with other East Slavic tribes, consolidated into the Old Russian nationality. (There is also a point of view about the independent way of forming Belarusians from tribal formations.). In the 13-14 centuries, during the era of political fragmentation, the western lands of the Old Russian state became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, within which the formation of the Belarusians took place. The specific features of the Belarusians were formed on the basis of the regional characteristics of the ancient Russian community. Important ethnic-forming factors were the relatively high economic and cultural level of the East Slavic population, its large numbers and compact settlement. The language factor played a big role. The Western dialect of the Old Russian language - Old Belarusian - served as the state language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; printing appeared in it in the 16th century.
The Belarusian ethnic community took shape in the 14th-16th centuries. The name Belarusians, Belarusians, goes back to the toponym Belaya Rus, which in the 14th-16th centuries was used in relation to the Vitebsk region and the northeast of the Mogilev region, and in the 19th - early 20th centuries it already covered almost the entire ethnic territory of the Belarusians. In the 14-16 centuries, the western part of the future Minsk and Vitebsk provinces, the Grodno region (excluding the Brest region) was called Black Russia, and the southern swampy and wooded plain was called Polesie. The form of the modern name - Belarusians - arose in the 17th century. At the same time, a name appeared for the Belarusian-Ukrainian population - Poleshuki. At the same time, the ethnonyms Litvins, Rusyns, and Rus existed. As a self-name, the ethnonym Belarusians became widespread only after the formation of the Belarusian SSR (1919).
The formation of the Belarusian ethnic community took place in the context of confessional contradictions between Orthodoxy and Catholicism, polonization during the era of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russification within Russia, to which the Belarusian lands were transferred as a result of the three partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795). By the end of the 17th century, the ancient Belarusian language was forced out of public life by Polish. Publications in the literary Belarusian language, created on the basis of living colloquial speech, appeared only in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The very fact of the existence of Belarusians as an independent ethnic community was called into question; they tried to present Belarusians as part of the Russians or Poles. As a result of confessional disunity, the politics of the church and the state, the self-awareness of Belarusians was often replaced by the idea of ​​​​confessional affiliation. They often called themselves “Catholics” or “Orthodox”, and often “Tuteishi”, i.e. local. At the end of the 19th century, the process of forming the national identity of Belarusians intensified. The total number of Belarusians in Bashkortostan according to the results of the 2002 All-Russian Census is over 17 thousand 117 people.

Mishari
Another ethnographic group of Tatars of the Middle Volga region and the Urals - mishari. There is no reliable information about the beginning of the resettlement of the Mishars to Bashkiria, but many scientists are unanimous that they are “the first and oldest of the settlers.” The Mishars of Bashkiria are mostly from the central provinces of Russia (Simbirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Penza). Moreover, their migration to the Bashkir lands was very intensive. IN 1738, according to V.M. Cheremshansky, there were 1,530 Meshcheryak households in the Orenburg region. In the Ufa province in 1879 there were more Mishars than Tatars, 138.9 thousand and 107.3 thousand respectively. The population census conducted in 1926, was the last one in which the Mishars were counted separately from the Tatars. Then there were 136 thousand people. Next pre-war census 1939 and the 2002 census counted them among the Tatars.

Teptyar
An ethnographic group was formed from the multilingual and multi-tribal alien population - Tatars, Mishars, Maris, Chuvashs, Mordovians and partly Bashkirs - Teptyari
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