Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Omsk State Pedagogical University"

Abstract on the discipline:

Primary school educational programs

Analysis of the educational program of the primary school of the municipal educational institution "Tavrichesky Gymnasium"

Performed:

Martynova Anna

22 group PiSP

Checked:

Burmistrova Elena Vladimirovna

Introduction

1. Analysis of the primary school educational program taking into account the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.

2. Characteristics of the educational program of the primary school “Perspective”.

3. Psychological and pedagogical features of the implementation of the educational program of the primary school in the municipal educational institution "Tavrichesky Gymnasium"

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

This work is aimed at analyzing the educational program of an elementary school in order to analyze the compliance of the “Perspective” program with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard and to determine the psychological and pedagogical features of the application of this program.

To achieve the goal pursued in this work, I visited the Tauride Gymnasium. I attended classes in first grade.

1. Analysis of the primary school educational program taking into account the requirements of the Federal State Standards.

So, first, let’s analyze the educational program “Perspective” taking into account the requirements prescribed in the Federal State Educational Standard.

The main goal of the educational complex "Perspective" is the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual (spiritual-moral, cognitive, aesthetic), realized in the process of mastering school subject disciplines.

One of the main tasks of the educational complex "Perspective" is

Personal development - the formation of the identity of a Russian citizen in a multicultural, multinational society; the value and moral development of the student, which determines his attitude to the social world and the natural world, to himself; readiness to make personal choices and take responsibility for them; the ability to cooperate equally on the basis of respect for the personality of another person; tolerance to the opinions and positions of others;

A special place is given to the formation of spiritual and moral values, acquaintance with the cultural and historical heritage of the world and Russia, with the traditions and customs of the peoples inhabiting our homeland.

The “Perspective” program coincides with the Federal State Educational Standards Point by point Personal results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education, which are reflected in the ability to:

to form a civic identity - a sense of belonging and pride in one’s homeland, people and history, awareness of a person’s responsibility for the well-being of society;

to form a perception of the world as one and holistic with a diversity of cultures, nationalities, religions, refusal to divide into “us” and “strangers”, respect for the history and culture of each people

to form self-respect and an emotionally positive attitude towards oneself, criticism of one’s actions and the ability to adequately evaluate them;

to form a sense of beauty and aesthetic feelings based on familiarity with world and domestic artistic culture;

understand your social roles and rules of interaction with the outside world;

create conditions for self-determination and meaning formation;

teach to give a moral and ethical assessment of an event, action, deed;

encourage independent actions and actions, taking responsibility for their results.

"I want to learn!": the child often asks the question “why?”, he is interested in knowing everything and about everything, our task is to maintain this interest, but at the same time:

develop broad cognitive interests, initiative and curiosity, motives for knowledge and creativity;

to form determination and perseverance in achieving goals, readiness to overcome difficulties and optimism in life;

to develop the ability to learn and the ability to organize one’s activities (plan, adjust, control and evaluate one’s activities).

On this basis, we can conclude that the educational program “Perspective” is based on the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.

The Perspective work program is quite popular in schools today. All textbooks are included in the Federal State Educational Standard. In this section of the site you can freely download and print textbooks, printed workbooks, teaching aids for the "Perspective" program for primary grades (grades 1, 2, 3, 4).

In December 2012, Russian legislation adopted the Federal It is considered the main regulatory legal act in the field of education.

General education in Russia

Education in our country is aimed at personal development. And also in the learning process, the child must acquire basic knowledge, skills and abilities that will be useful to him in the future for adapting among people and choosing the right profession.

Levels of general education:

• preschool;
• general primary (grades 1-4);
• basic general (grades 5-9);
• general secondary (grades 10-11).

Thus, it becomes clear that education in Russia is divided into 2 types:

• preschool - children receive it in kindergartens and schools;
• school - from grades 1 to 11, children study in educational institutions, schools, lyceums, gymnasiums.

Many children, when they enter 1st grade, begin to study under the educational program “Perspective Primary School”. There are different reviews about it; teachers and parents discuss the program on various forums.

The main provisions of the program include all the requirements of state standards for primary general education. The basis was a system-active approach to the development of a child’s personality.

Program "Promising Primary School" in 1st grade

Reviews from parents and teachers in elementary schools about the “Perspective” program are varied, but in order to understand its full essence, you need to get to know it in more detail.

What the program studies:

• philology;
• mathematics;
• computer science;
• social science;
• art;
• music.

A child, while studying the program, can generally form his own opinion about the environment and get a complete scientific picture of the world.
The Perspective program has a number of textbooks. Among them:

• Russian language - alphabet;
• literary reading;
• mathematics;
• computer science and ICT;
• the world;
• foundations of religious cultures and secular ethics;
• art;
• music;
• technology;
• English language.

All textbooks included in the “Prospective Primary School” curriculum have been certified for compliance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the NEO. And they were recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science for use in teaching children in general education institutions.

The main goal of the entire “Prospective Primary School” program is the full development of the child based on teachers’ support for his individual characteristics. At the same time, the program is designed so that each student will be able to play different roles. Thus, at one time he will be a learner, at another - a teacher, and at certain moments - an organizer of the educational process.

Like any program, Prospective Primary School has its own principles in teaching children. The main ones:

• the development of each individual child must be continuous;
• in any situation, the child must formulate a holistic picture of the world;
• the teacher must take into account the characteristics of each student;
• the teacher protects and strengthens the physical and mental condition of the child;
• For education, a schoolchild should receive a clear example.

Basic properties of the Perspective program

1. Completeness - at the time of learning, the child learns to find data from different sources. Such as a textbook, reference book, simple equipment. Children develop business communication skills, as the program develops joint tasks, working in pairs, and solving problems in small and large teams. When explaining new material, the teacher uses several points of view regarding one task, this helps the child consider the situation from different angles. The textbooks have main characters who help children learn to perceive information while playing.
2. Instrumentality is specially developed mechanisms for children that help them apply acquired knowledge in practice. It was made so that the child could, without outside help, look for the necessary information not only in the textbook and dictionaries, but also beyond them, in various teaching aids.
3. Interactivity - each textbook has its own Internet address, thanks to which the student can exchange letters with the characters in the textbooks. This program is used mainly in schools where computers are widely used.
4. Integration - the program is designed so that the student can get a general picture of the world. For example, in classes about the surrounding world, a child will be able to gain the necessary knowledge from different areas. Such as natural science, social studies, geography, astronomy, life safety. The child also receives an integrated course in literary reading lessons, since the basis of education there includes teaching language, literature and art.

Main features of the Perspective program

For teachers, the developed teaching aids have become great helpers, as they contain detailed lesson plans. Most parents and teachers are satisfied with the program.

Peculiarities:

• in addition to textbooks for each subject, a reader, a workbook, and an additional teaching aid for the teacher are included;
• The course for schoolchildren consists of two parts. In the first part, the teacher is offered theoretical lessons, while the second part helps the teacher build a lesson plan separately for each lesson. And also in the methodological manual there are answers to all the questions asked in the textbook.

It is worth understanding that education in primary school is a very important process in which the child builds the foundation for all subsequent learning. The curriculum "Perspective Elementary School", reviews confirm this, has many positive aspects. It is quite interesting for a child to gain new knowledge.

How do the authors see the future of their program?

When developing the program, the authors sought to include all the key points that would help the child in later life. After all, it is precisely in elementary school that children must learn to comprehend the correctness of their actions and receive a more complete picture of the world around them.

Nowadays, virtually all school programs are aimed at personal development. "Perspective" was no exception. Therefore, as teachers who have encountered working with this program say, there is nothing complicated about it. The main thing is that the child studies not only at school, but also at home.

Is it worth studying using this system?

Whether to go to school with the “Promising Primary School” program or not is up to each parent to decide for himself. In any case, the child must receive primary education.

Teachers try not to leave negative reviews about the Promising Primary School program, as they will continue to work with it. But the opinions of parents are ambiguous, some like it, some don’t.

What you need to know about the Perspective program:

• the program is developed very close to the traditional one;
• should help the child become independent;
• Parents will not be able to relax; the child will need their help throughout the entire education.

A little about the "Promising Primary School"

If a student goes to study in an elementary school under the Perspective program, reviews for parents very often become a powerful argument to think about whether he will be able to understand all aspects of learning.

The entire program is one large system of interconnected subroutines. At the same time, each discipline is a separate link and is responsible for a specific area of ​​activity. For many parents, reviews of the “Perspective Primary School” curriculum help them correctly assess their capabilities and the abilities of their child.

• the child must be ready to develop independently;
• the child must comprehend and understand the basic values ​​in life;
• It is necessary to motivate the child to learn and learn.

For many parents, these goals seem inappropriate and quite difficult for first grade students. That is why reviews of the Perspective training program (primary school) are far from clear. Some people like textbooks and the material presented in them, others don’t. But this is true for all training programs. Each of them has its own pros and cons, and the task of parents is to understand which is more.

If we consider the program 1 "Promising Primary School", 1st grade, the authors' reviews will help you understand the principles on which the entire educational process is built. What are the creators hoping for?

1. The greatest attention is paid to personality development in this program. The child must understand which human values ​​should be above all.
2. Education of patriotism. From childhood, a child must be hardworking, respect human rights and freedoms, show love for others, nature, family, and the Motherland.
3. Combining cultural and educational processes. Protection of national culture and understanding of the significance of all cultures, different nations for the entire state as a whole.
4. Personal self-realization. The child must be able to develop independently and participate in various creative tasks.
5. Formation of the correct point of view and general picture of the world.
6. One of the main goals is to help the child learn to live in society with other people.

From reviews of the "Perspective Elementary School" program, you can understand how completely different children learn information and how adaptation occurs at school. It should be noted that this largely depends on the teacher (sometimes much more than on the program).

Schoolchildren's achievements

An elementary school under the "Perspective" program, reviews from employees of the Ministry of Education confirm this, promotes the harmonious development of students.

Achievements:

1. In meta-subject results, students cope quite easily with mastering
2. In subject results, children acquire new knowledge and try to apply it based on the overall picture of the world.
3. Personal results - students easily study and find the necessary material on their own.

These are the main achievements that the primary school is aimed at with the “Perspective” program. Reviews about the project are often positive, as parents notice changes in their children for the better. Many become much more independent.

School program "Perspective Primary School": teacher reviews

Despite the fact that the Perspective program appeared relatively recently, many teachers are already working on it.

Reviews about the “Promising Primary School” program (grade 1) from teachers are very important for parents. Since they work with it and know all the pitfalls that they will have to face.

With the emergence of a large number of school programs for primary schools in the learning process, it is impossible to say for sure which will be better. Likewise, “Perspective” has its pros and cons.

The advantages of teachers include teaching aids for conducting lessons. They are divided into two parts, one of which contains theoretical material, the other - a detailed lesson plan for the school program "Perspective Primary School".

Parents of future first-graders think about the education of their children long before the first and most memorable Knowledge Day. In search of a suitable educational program, many people’s heads are spinning: how to choose one that will help develop the child’s personality and at the same time meet all the requirements of state elementary school standards? According to reviews, the “Perspective” program is what is needed for the comprehensive and comprehensive development of the student.

Creators of the complex

Perhaps we should start with the fact that this educational project relates to the traditional system of teaching primary school children. The complex was developed in 2006. The author of the educational materials and the initiator of the creation was a teacher with many years of experience, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Lyudmila Peterson. Together with the Prosveshchenie publishing house and young scientists, she managed to create a unique school program.

Reviews about “Perspective” for elementary school are not always rosy, but, as you know, any project always has its critics and admirers. It is no coincidence that the authors of the program had to face difficulties in obtaining recommendations from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. For this reason, certain materials had to be replaced and modified in 2014, after which all stages of approval of the curriculum for the Perspective primary school were completed. Feedback from those parents whose children have already studied using the updated educational and methodological complex deserves attention.

How do parents rate Perspective?

In general, the project has more positive than negative feedback. The most important thing that parents of primary school students note is that their children are interested in learning. In contrast to this opinion are dissatisfied mothers and fathers who believe that any experiments with educational forms are doomed to failure. Next, we will take a closer look at the features of the school program for the “Perspective” primary school. Reviews from 2016 or earlier really help to get an idea of ​​this training course in general terms, but you can objectively understand whether it is worth sending your child to study in this program only by delving into its content and principles.

What disciplines are included in the program

Like any other traditional projects, Perspective has the necessary theoretical and practical basis. Primary school students are trained in the areas of philology, mathematics, social studies, art and modern technology. Textbooks from the following authors help them with this:

• “ABC” for 1st grade and the course “Russian language” by L. Klemanova.
• “Mathematics” by G. Dorofeev.
• “Literary reading” by V. Goretsky.
• “Informatics” T. Rudnichenko.
• “The world around us” by A. Pleshakov.
• “Technology” by N. Rogovtseva.
• “Physical Education” by A. Matveev or I. Viner (teacher’s choice).
• “Fine art” by T. Shpikalova.
• “Music” by E. Kritskaya.
• “Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics” by A. Shemshurina.

All teaching aids are written in an accessible manner and are easily understood by children, judging by the reviews of parents.

The “Perspective” program for primary schools in 2017 offers the study of several foreign languages ​​at once:

• English - in standard or advanced courses in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard, as well as in the textbooks “In Focus” by Yu. Vaulina and “Star” by K. Komissarov;
• French - based on the project by N. Kasatkina “In Perspective” or A. Kuligina “Your Friend the French Language”;
• Spanish and German according to classical programs.

All textbooks and manuals that are included in the school program “Perspective” for elementary school, according to teachers’ reviews, are designed for children with different levels of training. The educational materials have undergone the certification procedure for compliance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the National Educational Institution, having received the appropriate reviews from the Ministry of Education.

Basic principles of "Perspective" for elementary grades

The goal pursued by the creators of the program is to provide the teacher with the opportunity to fully develop children and their individual abilities. At the same time, “Perspective” has its own principles for conducting the educational process in primary school. These include the following provisions:

• continuity of learning;
• taking into account the personal qualities of students;
• formation of a child’s worldview, a holistic picture of what is happening;
• the presence of a worthy visual example for schoolchildren;
• maintaining the physical and mental condition of students.

It is interesting that Lyudmila Peterson based her educational project on the system of activity approach she had previously developed. By the way, in 2002, the President of the Russian Federation awarded Peterson the State Prize in the field of education.

Giving a child universal skills and abilities, developing his ability to set the right goals, solve problems and take responsibility for results - this is the essence of the “Perspective” program for elementary school. Reviews from teachers indicate that introducing the complex into the educational process is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. It is important to teach your child to study and discover new knowledge on his own, and not to provide him with ready-made information. The basis for this activity-based methodology of the school curriculum are several areas. Let's devote a few words to each of them.

I want to learn!

The teacher must maintain and constantly stir up the child’s interest in everything unknown, develop his cognitive abilities with exciting tasks, instill the ability to plan his actions and achieve his goals, objectively evaluate the results and correct mistakes.

A healthy body means a healthy mind!

During the educational process, it is extremely important to simultaneously teach the child to take care of himself and observe the rules of personal hygiene and safety precautions. In addition, in their reviews of the school program “Perspective” for primary schools, teachers note that it is important to lay in the child’s perception the foundation of moral values, manifested in the ability to empathize, care about others and protect nature.

I am at peace, peace is within me!

This principle helps the child build his own “I”, including getting to know himself through the prism of moral principles in society, improving communication skills (freely dialogue, be able to listen to others, identify suitable sources of information, work with a book, etc.) .

What teachers say about this complex

Teachers are of the same mind in their conclusions about Perspective: teaching under this program can hardly be called difficult. If a child not only studies at school, but also devotes enough time to self-education, no difficulties will arise in mastering the material. Despite the fact that all children adapt completely differently in the elementary grades, as evidenced by reviews from parents, the “Perspective” program in elementary school is universal. It allows the teacher to find an individual educational approach to each child. To some extent, everything depends on the teacher rather than on the type of curriculum.

Judging by the reviews, few people criticize the Perspective curriculum for elementary schools. Of course, there are also shortcomings in it, or rather, shortcomings - apparently, the authors of the project got something wrong with the manuals and materials. Teachers and parents include the following imperfections:

• Preparation of copybooks for first-graders. Students adapt to the proposed notebooks with difficulty, so uppercase and lowercase letters are written in almost the same size.
• Sequence of topics in the Mathematics course. Studying the multiplication table, according to the textbook, is planned earlier than familiarization with numbers up to 100.
• Presence of grammatical errors in ABC.
• Exercises and assignments in books do not always correspond to the topics being studied.

At the same time, in their reviews of the “Perspective” program for primary schools, teachers note that, for example, the course “The World Around us” is compiled in an unusual way, and children read the textbook itself with great interest. True, when doing homework on this subject, students rarely do without the help of their parents. The teachers did not ignore “Mathematics”, which is designed for children with different levels of knowledge and degrees of preparation. Any of the topics involves solving several problems in the lesson (from 4 to 6), and at the end of the paragraph there are olympiad-type tasks.

What skills does the child acquire?

The Perspective program for elementary schools, according to reviews from its creators, was developed according to three fundamental principles:

• independence;
• instrumentality;
• integration.

The first presupposes the child’s ability in the learning process to use the proposed sources of information (textbook, reference book, dictionary, workbook, etc.) to solve assigned problems. Basic business communication skills that children acquire as part of mastering the material, role-playing games, working in pairs, joint tasks, and holding discussions also help with this. It is important that the teacher, when revealing a new topic, presents several possible solutions to the problem - this gives children the ability to continue to look at the same situation from different angles.

The principle of instrumentality implies the introduction of specially designed mechanisms into the curriculum that facilitate easier perception and mastery of the material. According to the authors, what is more important is not how much information the child has comprehended, but whether he is able to apply the acquired knowledge in practice. For this purpose, for example, each textbook has heroes, thanks to whom, from the first to the last topic of the course, the material is studied in a playful way.

The Perspective program is designed in such a way that every elementary school student can get a general and comprehensive picture of the world. The most striking example is the integrated course “The World Around us”. During lessons and doing homework, each child receives knowledge in geography, social studies, natural science, astronomy, and life safety.

Benefits of the program

The teaching aids of the Perspective complex, as teachers admit, have become real helpers for them. Each course has detailed classroom lesson plans. According to parents’ reviews, the “Perspective” program for primary schools in 2016 and 2017 pleased with the increase in educational materials: now each course, in addition to textbooks, comes with a reader, notebooks for independent work, tests and tests. It is also convenient that the annual process of studying any subject is conventionally divided into two parts - theoretical and practical.

What goals did the authors pursue when creating the “Perspective” program for elementary schools? According to feedback from teachers, the likely goal was to include in the project everything that would help the child in later life. After all, starting from elementary school, schoolchildren must learn to analyze their actions, comprehend their correctness and draw appropriate conclusions. Most existing educational programs are aimed at personal development. The creators of Perspective did not deviate from the main concept either. In the understanding of the creators of this project, students should develop creatively by regularly completing relevant tasks and participating in various thematic competitions.

And yet, if there are any significant differences between this educational complex and the others, they lie in unprincipled nuances. The primary task of teachers working in this program is not so much the conduct of the educational process, but the ability to guide and motivate the child to study each subject in depth independently.

It is important that from the first grade children understand which human values ​​are above all. This concept includes instilling a sense of patriotism - every schoolchild from an early age should be instilled with hard work, respect for the rights and freedoms of other people, showing love and care for others, nature, family, and the state. An equally significant role is played by the integration of the educational and cultural process. Moreover, it is important that the child knows not only about his national traditions and customs, but also remains tolerant of representatives of other cultures. Thus, a simple conclusion arises: the “Perspective” program teaches children to live in society and keep up with the modern world, but at the same time be fair, be able to protect and defend their position.

Conclusion

As you know, parents have the right to independently choose an educational institution for their child. Do you want your children to study in elementary school using the Perspective educational program? Reviews about this project often serve as a significant argument for most parents, despite the ambiguity of opinions. The entire educational and methodological complex is a huge system of subprograms that are interdependent on each other. At the same time, each of the subjects is a separate direction, an indispensable link in the educational activities of students. The program does not differ fundamentally from traditional projects that comply with the Federal State Educational Standard. “Perspective” from the first grade helps the student to become more independent, but this does not mean that the child will not need parental help throughout the entire period of education.

Hello again! Are you tired of studying? Are you confused about their names and authors? Can you handle another one? I want to finally put the finishing touches on this issue, but without completing the research in full, I’m not ready to do so. So take heart: today we are discussing the Perspective training program.

Lesson plan:

Another traditional project

The “Perspective” set belongs to the traditional system of education in primary school, and it was developed in 2006 during the formation of the first stage of education.

The educational materials were prepared on the initiative of the author of the project, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Lyudmila Peterson, together with the Prosveshcheniye publishing house. Scientists from academies of education and sciences, practicing teachers and methodologists took part in the “promising” project.

As befits any methodological kit used in the educational process at school, “Perspective” contains everything that is necessary:

• alphabet for 1st grade by L. Klemanova and the same author, Russian language;
• mathematician G. Dorofeev;
• literature by V. Goretsky;
• computer science T. Rudnichenko;
• “environment” of A. Pleshakov;
• technology of N. Rogovtseva;
• physical education at the choice of the teacher: either A. Matveev, or I. Wiener;
• Fine art by T. Shpikalova;
• music by E. Kritskaya;
• fundamentals of religion and ethics in areas of different cultures.

“Perspective” offers the study of as many as four foreign languages:

• English in standard or advanced programs, as well as in the “In Focus” or “Star” course;
• Spanish and German according to the classical program;
• French either in the course “Your friend...” or “In perspective”.

It should be noted that, like many other educational sets of school educational programs, “Perspective” in 2014 faced the problem of obtaining recommendations from the Ministry of Education. Textbooks on mathematics and religion were called into question.

As a result, L. Peterson’s mathematical work “Learning to Learn” was replaced, and materials on the study of religions in grades 4-5 were improved. UMK "Perspective" has passed the necessary approvals in its entirety.

Long-term goals, or how and what the program teaches

Lyudmila Peterson used the system of activity approach she developed as the basis for her educational project, for which she once received a prize from the President of the Russian Federation. It's wisely said.

In fact, everything is simple: this is another attempt to combine in school education the developing approach that is already familiar to us and the established classics through the universal skills of setting goals, solving problems and being responsible for results.

The task of such education at school is not to provide ready-made information, but to teach the child to discover new knowledge independently. “I hear - I forget, I see - I remember, I do - I assimilate,” - I remember that we have already gone through this.

As a result of this activity-based methodology, the educational set “Perspective” has several directions around which the entire educational “prospective” process revolves:

All of the above areas of student development embodied the ideas of the authors in thematic educational materials: “My planet is Earth”, “My country is my Fatherland”, “My family is my world”, “Nature and culture - the environment of our life”.

Pros and cons of prospective learning

In fact, there are not many reviews on “Perspective”, but I noted for myself that there is not much categorical criticism, as in other educational programs, for example, in.

“...didn’t like the copybooks: after writing from line to line, first-graders have a problem later deciding in their notebook the size of the letters: uppercase and lowercase letters are written the same way...”,

“...mathematics first studies the multiplication table, without giving the concept of numbers up to 100...”,

“...how to teach children to read and write if there are mistakes in the ABC?”,

“...the exercises in the textbooks do not correspond to the topics...”.

But the textbooks for subsequent grades 3 and 4 are quite suitable for teachers:

“...an interesting world around us, but often requires the help of parents...”,

“...mathematics is designed for different children: the weak and the strong are interested in working at the same time, the problems are well presented, one topic involves solving them from 4 to 6 pieces per lesson, strong children can try their hand at solving Olympiad tasks...”

The opinions of parents are presented dryly and in a nutshell boil down to the fact that children in the 1st grade are asked very little about writing, I would like more, and Dorofeev’s mathematics is simple and boring for those who would like to master knowledge at a higher level.

Most of all, parents of schoolchildren are concerned about the continuity of the program when moving to the secondary level, since it is designed only for primary school.

It turned out to be not so easy to express all the pros and cons. Those who want to be “promising” do so, it turns out, almost unheard of. This is, say, a neutral program that does not invite compliments, but is also not subject to strong criticism.

Perhaps being a “gray eminence” is not as bad as you think?

I hope that I have helped you a little to understand the complexity of the many educational programs for primary education. I think we can put an end to this. I say goodbye to you, but not for long.

Always yours, Evgenia Klimkovich.