Brest Peace is briefly the main. "Raunchy Peace": How the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk influenced the course of Russian history. Cancellation of the Brest Peace

Brest Peace (1918) - the peace treaty of Soviet Russia with Germany and its allies in the world war 1914-1918: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey.

Brest Peace

On October 26 (November 8), 1917, the 2nd Congress of Soviets adopted a decree on peace, after which the Soviet government invited all the belligerent states to begin immediately negotiations on an armistice. None of the Entente countries (allies of Russia in the war) responded to these peace proposals, but the countries of the German-Austrian bloc agreed at the end of November to negotiate an armistice and peace with representatives of the Soviet Republic. Negotiations began in Brest-Litovsk on 9 (22 December) 1917.

The signing of the peace at that moment was insistently demanded by the internal and external situation in Soviet Russia. The country was in a state of extreme economic devastation, the old army actually disintegrated, and the new one was not created. But a significant part of the leadership of the Bolshevik Party advocated the continuation of the revolutionary war (a group of "left communists" under the leadership of NI Bukharin. At the peace negotiations, the German delegation, taking advantage of the fact that the offensive of its army was rapidly developing at the front, offered Russia predatory peace conditions, to which Germany would annex the Baltic states, part of Belarus and Transcaucasia, and also receive indemnity.

Since by this time German troops, without meeting serious resistance from the remnants of the Russian army, had already occupied the Ukraine, the Baltic states, most of Belarus, some western and southern regions of Russia and were already approaching Petrograd, Lenin's government signed a peace treaty on March 3, 1918. In the west of Russia, an area of \u200b\u200b1 million square meters was torn away. km, in the Caucasus, Kars, Ardahan, Batum retreated to Turkey. Russia pledged to demobilize the army and navy. According to an additional Russian-German financial agreement signed in Berlin, she was obliged to pay Germany an indemnity of 6 billion marks. The treaty was ratified on March 15, 1918 by the Extraordinary Fourth All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

On December 9, 1917, peace negotiations began in Brest-Litovsk, where the headquarters of the German command was located. The Soviet delegation tried to defend the idea of \u200b\u200ba "world without annexations and indemnities." On January 28, 1918, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia. She demanded to sign an agreement under which Russia was losing Poland, Belarus and part of the Baltic states - only 150 thousand square kilometers.

This presented the Soviet delegation with a stern necessity between the proclaimed principles and the demands of life. In accordance with the principles, it was necessary to wage war, and not to conclude a shameful peace with Germany. But there was no strength to fight. The head of the Soviet delegation, Leon Trotsky, like other Bolsheviks, painfully tried to resolve this contradiction. Finally it seemed to him that he had found a brilliant way out. On January 28, he delivered his famous peace speech at the talks. In short, it boiled down to the well-known formula: "Don't sign peace, don't wage war, but dissolve the army."

Leon Trotsky declared: "We are withdrawing our army and our people from the war. Our soldier-plowman must return to his arable land in order to cultivate the land peacefully this spring, which the revolution has transferred from the hands of the landlords to the hands of the peasant. We are withdrawing from the war. We refuse to authorize the conditions that German and Austro-Hungarian imperialism writes with a sword on the bodies of living peoples. We cannot sign the Russian revolution under the conditions that bring oppression, grief and misfortune with them to millions of human beings. The governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary want to own lands and the peoples by the right of military seizure. Let them do their work openly. We cannot sanctify violence. We are withdrawing from the war, but we are forced to refuse to sign a peace treaty. "After that, he read out an official statement of the Soviet delegation:" Refusing to sign the annexationist treaty , Russia, for its part, declares a state of war ended. I am about complete demobilization along the entire front. "

German and Austrian diplomats were initially really shocked by this incredible statement. There was complete silence in the room for several minutes. Then the German general M. Hoffmann exclaimed: "Unheard of!" The head of the German delegation, R. Kühlmann, immediately concluded: "Consequently, the state of war continues." "Empty threats!" - said L. Trotsky, leaving the conference room.

However, contrary to the expectations of the Soviet leadership, on February 18, Austro-Hungarian troops launched an offensive along the entire front. Almost no one opposed them: only bad roads prevented the advance of the armies. On the evening of February 23, they occupied Pskov, and on March 3, Narva. This city was left without a fight by the Red Guard detachment of the sailor Pavel Dybenko. General Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich wrote about him: “Dybenko's detachment did not inspire confidence in me; it was enough to look at this sailor's freelancer with mother-of-pearl buttons sewn onto wide flares, with swaggering manners, to understand that they would not be able to fight regular German units. fears were justified ... "On February 25, Vladimir Lenin wrote with bitterness in the newspaper Pravda:" Painfully shameful reports about the refusal of the regiments to maintain their positions, about the refusal to defend even the Narva line, about the failure to comply with the order to destroy everything and everyone during the retreat; let alone about flight, chaos, handlessness, helplessness, slovenliness. "

On February 19, the Soviet leadership agreed to accept the German peace terms. But now Germany has already put forward much more difficult conditions, demanding five times more territory. About 50 million people lived on these lands; over 70% of iron ore and about 90% of coal in the country were mined here. In addition, Russia had to pay a huge indemnity.

Soviet Russia was forced to accept these very difficult conditions. The head of the new Soviet delegation, Grigory Sokolnikov, read out her statement: “Under the current conditions, Russia has no choice. the international proletarian revolution will turn out to be only temporary and coming. " After these words, General Hoffmann exclaimed indignantly: "Again the same nonsense!" "We are ready," concluded G. Sokolnikov, "to immediately sign a peace treaty, refusing to discuss it as completely useless under the current conditions."

On March 3, the Brest Peace Treaty was signed. From the Soviet side, the contract was signed by the deputy. People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs G.Ya. Sokolnikov, deputy. People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs G.V. Chicherin, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs G.I. Petrovsky and secretary of the delegation L.M. Karakhan. Russia lost Poland, the Baltic States, Ukraine, part of Belarus ... In addition, under the agreement, Russia transferred more than 90 tons of gold to Germany. The Brest-Litovsk Treaty was not valid for long in November, after the revolution in Germany, Soviet Russia annulled it.

Soon after the conclusion of the peace, on March 11, V. I. Lenin wrote an article. The epigraph to it was the lines of N. Nekrasov: You are poor, You are abundant, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother Russia!

The head of the Council of People's Commissars wrote: "There is no need for self-deception. We must measure in full, to the bottom, all that abyss of defeat, dismemberment, enslavement, humiliation, into which we have now been pushed. The clearer we understand this, the more solid, hardened, steel our will will become. .. our unshakable determination to achieve, by all means, so that Russia ceases to be wretched and powerless, so that it becomes in the full sense of the word mighty and abundant. "

On the same day, fearing that the Germans, despite the concluded peace, would occupy Petrograd, the Soviet government moved to Moscow. Thus, more than two centuries later, Moscow again became the capital of the Russian state.

The Brest Treaty remained in force for 3 months. After the revolution in Germany of 1918-1919, the Soviet government on November 13, 1918 unilaterally annulled it.

Brest Treaty

PEACE TREATY

BETWEEN SOVIET RUSSIA, ON THE ONE SIDE, AND GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, BULGARIA AND TURKEY, ON THE OTHER SIDE

("BREST WORLD")

Article I

Russia, on the one hand, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on the other, declare that the state of war between them has ended. They decided to continue to live among themselves in peace and friendship.

Article II

The contracting parties will refrain from any agitation or propaganda against the government or government and military institutions of the other party. Insofar as this commitment concerns Russia, it also extends to the areas occupied by the powers of the Quadruple Alliance.

Article III

Areas to the west of the line established by the contracting parties and formerly belonging to Russia will no longer be under its supreme authority: the established line is indicated on the attached map ... *, which is an essential part of this peace treaty. The exact definition of this line will be worked out by the Russian-German commission.

For the aforementioned regions, no obligations towards Russia will follow from their former belonging to Russia.

Russia refuses any interference in the internal affairs of these areas. Germany and Austria-Hungary intend to determine the future fate of these areas by demolishing their populations.

Article IV

Germany is ready, as soon as a general peace is concluded and a completely Russian demobilization is carried out, to clear the territory lying to the east of the line specified in paragraph 1 of Article III, since Article VI does not state otherwise.

Russia will do everything in its power to ensure the speedy cleansing of the provinces of Eastern Anatolia and their orderly return to Turkey.

The districts of Ardahan, Kars and Batum are also immediately cleared of Russian troops. Russia will not interfere in the new organization of state-legal and international-legal relations of these districts, but will allow the population of these districts to establish a new system in agreement with neighboring states, especially Turkey.

Article V

Russia will immediately carry out a complete demobilization of its army, including the military units newly formed by the current government.

Article VI

Russia undertakes to immediately conclude peace with the Ukrainian People's Republic and recognize the peace treaty between this state and the powers of the Quadruple Alliance. The territory of Ukraine is immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard. Russia stops all agitation or propaganda against the government or public institutions of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

Estland and Livonia are also immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard. The eastern border of Estlavdia runs generally along the Narva River. The eastern border of Liflyavdia generally passes through Lake Peipsi and Lake Pskov to its southwestern corner, then across Lake Luban in the direction of Livengof on the Western Dvina. Estlavdia and Livonia will be occupied by the German police power until public safety is ensured there by the country's own institutions.

Finland and the Aland Islands will also be immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guards, and the Finnish ports of the Russian fleet and Russian naval forces.

Article IX

The contracting parties mutually refuse to reimburse their military expenses, i.e. government costs of waging a war, as well as from compensation for military losses, i.e. those losses that were caused to them and their citizens in the war zone by military measures, including all requisitions made in an enemy country.

Article X

Diplomatic and consular relations between the contracting parties are resumed immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty (...)

Article XIV

This peace treaty will be ratified (...) a peace treaty enters into force from the moment of its ratification.

• Foreign Policy Documents of the USSR, vol. 1, Moscow, 1957
• Vygodsky S. Lenin's decree on peace. M., 1958
• Mayorov S.M. The struggle of Soviet Russia for a way out of the imperialist war. M., 1959

Peace of Brest Peace of Brest

March 3, 1918, a peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey. Germany annexed Poland, the Baltic States, part of Belarus and the Caucasus, and received an indemnity of 6 billion marks. VI Lenin considered it necessary to conclude the Brest Peace Treaty in order to preserve Soviet power. The conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace caused an acute crisis in the leadership of Soviet Russia. A group of "left communists" headed by NI Bukharin opposed the Brest-Litovsk Peace and was ready "to accept the possibility of losing Soviet power" in the name of the interests of the world revolution. Nevertheless, in the conditions of the offensive of the German troops, the treaty was ratified by the 4th Congress of Soviets. Canceled by the government of the RSFSR on November 13, 1918 after the defeat of Germany in the 1st World War.

BREST WORLD

BREST WORLD, a peace treaty concluded on March 3, 1918 between Soviet Russia on the one hand and the states of the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria) on the other, ending Russia's participation in the First World War (cm. FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-18).
Peace negotiations
The issue of withdrawing from the First World War was one of the key issues in Russian politics in 1917-1918. Bolsheviks (cm. BOLSHEVIKI) declared that since the war is imperialist and predatory, an early peace is necessary, even if it is separate (cm. SEPARATE WORLD)... But this peace should be honorable for Russia and not provide for annexations (cm. ANNEXATION) and contributions (cm. CONTRIBUTION)... During the October Revolution of 1917 (cm. OCTOBER REVOLUTION 1917) the Decree on Peace (cm. DECREE OF PEACE)", Which offered all participants in the war to immediately conclude peace without annexations and indemnities. Only Germany and its allies responded to this proposal, whose military and economic situation, like Russia, was extremely difficult. In December 1917, an armistice was concluded, the Russian-German (with the participation of Germany's allies) negotiations began in Brest-Litovsk (cm. BREST (in Belarus))... They quickly showed that the German side does not take seriously the slogans of peace without annexations and indemnities, viewing Russia's desire to conclude a separate peace as evidence of its defeat. The German side acted from a position of strength and dictated conditions that included both annexations and indemnities. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomacy also took advantage of the fact that Soviet Russia granted the formal right to self-determination to Poland, Finland, Ukraine, the Baltic states and the Transcaucasus, while supporting, however, the communist struggle for power in these countries. The states of the Quadruple Alliance demanded non-interference in the affairs of these countries, hoping to use their resources necessary to win the war against the Entente. But Russia also badly needed these resources to restore the economy.
At the same time, the Central Rada (cm. CENTRAL RADA) - the governing body of the Ukrainian People's Republic - signed a separate peace with Germany and its allies, according to which German troops were invited to Ukraine to protect its government from the Bolsheviks, and Ukraine supplied food to Germany and its allies. Soviet Russia did not recognize the power of the Central Rada in Ukraine; it considered the Soviet Ukrainian government in Kharkov to be the legal representative of the Ukrainian people. Soviet troops took Kiev on February 9, 1918. But Germany, continuing to recognize the Central Rada, forced L.D.Trotsky to reckon with this (cm. TROTSKY Lev Davidovich), who served as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. It became obvious that the conclusion of peace would lead to the occupation of Ukraine by the Germans.
The humiliating agreement with the imperialists was unacceptable for the revolutionaries both from the point of view of the Bolshevik communists and from the point of view of their partners in the government of the Left Social Revolutionaries. (cm. LEFT ESERS)... As a result, in the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), it was decided that Trotsky should drag out the negotiations as long as possible, in the expectation that the revolution would embrace Germany, which was also exhausted by the war. As subsequent events showed, a revolution was indeed brewing in Germany, only not a "proletarian", but a democratic one.
Ultimatum
On February 10, Germany issued an ultimatum to the Soviet delegation that it was impossible to endlessly drag out the peace negotiations. Germany demanded that Russia renounce its rights to Poland, Transcaucasia, the Baltic States and Ukraine, the fate of which would be decided by Germany and its allies, from supporting revolutionary actions in these countries, paying indemnities by Russia, etc. Without changing the principles with which the Bolsheviks came to power, they could not sign such a peace. Trotsky protested against the ultimatum, broke off negotiations, declared the state of war ended, and left for Petrograd, leaving the German representatives perplexed.
Heated discussions broke out among the Bolsheviks and Left SRs. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. I. Lenin (cm. LENIN Vladimir Ilyich), who believed that in the conditions of the disintegration of the old army, a wide striving for peace and at the same time, with the threat of civil war, it was impossible to wage war with Germany. Recognizing that the world is difficult and shameful ("obscene"), Lenin demanded to accept the ultimatum in order to provide the Soviet power with a respite. He accused Trotsky of violating discipline with dire consequences: the Germans would resume their offensive and force Russia to accept an even harder peace. Trotsky put forward the slogan: "No peace, no war, but dissolve the army," that is, refusal to sign the peace and end the state of war, dissolution of the old decayed army. Delaying the signing of the peace, Trotsky hoped that Germany would transfer troops to the West and would not attack Russia. In this case, the signing of the shameful peace would become unnecessary. Trotsky's calculations were based on the fact that Germany did not have the strength to occupy Russia along with Ukraine. Germany and Austria were on the brink of revolution. In addition, by not concluding peace, the Bolsheviks did not compromise themselves by betraying the interests of the Motherland and compromising with the enemy. By disbanding the army, they strengthened their influence among the soldier mass, tired of the war.
Left communists (cm. LEFT COMMUNISTS) headed by N.I.Bukharin (cm. BUKHARIN Nikolay Ivanovich) and the majority of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries believed that other peoples should not be left under German rule, that they would have to wage a revolutionary, primarily partisan, war against German imperialism. They believed that the Germans, in any case, even when the peace was signed, would continue to put pressure on Soviet Russia, trying to turn it into their vassal, and therefore war was inevitable, and peace would demoralize the supporters of Soviet power. Such a peace provided Germany with additional resources to overcome the social crisis, the revolution in Germany will not take place.
But Lenin considered the calculations of Trotsky and Bukharin to be erroneous, fearing that under the conditions of the German offensive, the Soviet government would not retain power. Lenin, for whom the issue of power was “the key issue of every revolution,” understood that successful resistance to the German invasion was impossible without broad support in the country. And the social support of the Bolshevik regime was limited, especially after the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly (cm. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY)... This meant that the continuation of the war would lead to a "shift in power" from the Bolsheviks and Left SRs to a broader coalition, where the Bolsheviks could lose their dominant positions. Therefore, for Lenin, the continuation of the war with a retreat into the interior of Russia was unacceptable. The majority of the Central Committee initially supported Trotsky and Bukharin. The position of the left received the support of the Moscow and Petrograd party organizations of the RSDLP (b), as well as about half of the country's party organizations.
The socialist fatherland is in danger
While sharp disputes were going on in the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), the Germans went on the offensive on February 18 and captured Estonia. An attempt was made to resist them. Near Pskov, units of the retreating Russian army faced a German detachment that had already occupied the city. Breaking through the city and blowing up an ammunition depot, the Russians took up positions near Pskov. Detachments of sailors and workers headed by P.E.Dybenko were sent to Narva (cm. DYBENKO Pavel Efimovich)... But the workers' detachments were militias that did not represent a serious military force, the sailors were poorly disciplined and did not know how to fight on land. Near Narva, the Germans scattered the Red Guards, Dybenko hastily retreated. By February 23, the Germans had threatened Petrograd. True, due to the stretching of communications, the Germans did not have the opportunity to attack deep into Russia. Lenin wrote an appeal "The socialist fatherland is in danger!", Where he called for the mobilization of all revolutionary forces to repulse the enemy. But the Bolsheviks did not yet have an army that could defend Petrograd.
Faced with resistance in his party, Lenin threatened to resign (which in these conditions meant a split in the Bolshevik party) if the "obscene" peace terms were not accepted. Trotsky understood that in the event of a split in the Bolsheviks, it would be impossible to organize resistance to the German invasion. In the face of such threats, Trotsky yielded and abstained from the peace vote. Left-wing communists were in the minority in the Central Committee. This allowed Lenin to obtain a majority and predetermined the conclusion of peace on March 3, 1918. According to its terms, which were worsened even in comparison with the ultimatum on February 10, Russia renounced its rights to Finland, Ukraine, the Baltic States and Transcaucasia, part of Belarus, and had to pay an indemnity.
The struggle to ratify the peace treaty unfolded. At the 7th Congress of the Bolshevik Party on March 6-8, the positions of Lenin and Bukharin clashed. The outcome of the congress was decided by the authority of Lenin - his resolution was adopted by 30 votes to 12, with 4 abstentions. Trotsky's compromise proposals to make peace with the countries of the Quadruple Alliance as the last concession and to prohibit the Central Committee from making peace with the Central Rada of Ukraine were rejected. The controversy continued at the IV Congress of Soviets, where the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists opposed the ratification, while the Left Communists abstained. But thanks to the existing system of representation, the Bolsheviks had an obvious majority at the Congress of Soviets. If the left-wing communists had decided to split the party, the peace treaty would have failed, but Bukharin did not dare to do so. On the night of March 16, the peace was ratified.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had many adverse consequences. A coalition with the Left Social Revolutionaries became impossible (on March 15, they left the government in protest, not wanting to compromise themselves by surrendering to Germany). The occupation of Ukraine by Germany (with subsequent expansion to the Don) disrupted the links between the center of the country and the grain and raw material regions. At the same time, the Entente countries began to intervene in Russia, seeking to reduce the possible costs associated with its surrender. The occupation of Ukraine aggravated the food problem and further exacerbated relations between the townspeople and the peasantry. Its representatives in the Soviets, the Left SRs, launched an agitation campaign against the Bolsheviks. The capitulation to Germany became a challenge to the national feelings of the Russian people, millions of people, regardless of their social origin, were opposed to the Bolsheviks. Only a very tough dictatorship could withstand such sentiments.
Peace with Germany did not mean that the Bolsheviks rejected the idea of \u200b\u200ba world revolution as such. The Bolshevik leadership believed that without a revolution in Germany, isolated Russia would not be able to move on to building socialism. After the start of the November Revolution (cm. NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918 in Germany) in Germany, the Council of People's Commissars annulled the Peace of Brest-Litovsk on November 13, 1918. However, its consequences have already made themselves felt, becoming one of the factors in the outbreak of a large-scale Civil War (cm. CIVIL WAR in Russia) in Russia. Post-war relations between Russia and Germany were regulated by the Rapallo Treaty of 1922 (cm. RAPAULA TREATY 1922), according to which the parties abandoned mutual claims and territorial disputes, especially since by that time they did not even have a common border.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what "Peace of Brest" is in other dictionaries:

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The issue of concluding a separate peace, if desired, could become an important factor consolidating the divergent political forces in order to create a broad government coalition. This was at least the third such untapped opportunity after the October Revolution. The first was associated with the Vikzhel, the second - with the Constituent Assembly. The Bolsheviks once again ignored the chances of achieving national accord.

Lenin, without reckoning with anything, sought the conclusion of a peace with Germany that was unfavorable for Russia, although all other parties were against a separate peace. Moreover, the matter was heading towards the defeat of Germany. According to D. Volkogonov, the enemy of Russia "himself was already on his knees before the Entente." It cannot be ruled out that Lenin wanted to fulfill the promise of an early peace, given to him before the seizure of power. But the main reason, undoubtedly, was the retention, preservation of power, the strengthening of the Soviet regime, even at the cost of losing the country's territory. There is also a version that Lenin, who continued to use Germany's financial assistance even after the October coup, acted according to a scenario dictated by Berlin. D. Volkogonov believed: "In fact, the Bolshevik elite was bribed by Germany."

The Bolsheviks' proposal to conclude peace responded to the states of the German bloc, waging a war on two fronts and interested in ending hostilities against Russia. On November 20, 1917, negotiations began in Brest-Litovsk between Soviet Russia, on the one hand, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, on the other. A month later, Ukraine, which became independent, took part in them. The proposal of the Soviet delegation to conclude a peace without annexations and indemnities was not taken seriously by Germany, since she occupied a significant part of the territory of Russia. Having agreed on a separate peace with Ukraine, it demanded from Russia that Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia and Estonia be seized. If we proceed from the fact that Russia in any case could not keep Poland and the Baltic States, then the conditions of peace were not too difficult.

Lenin proposed to immediately sign the peace. However, not only the right-wing, liberal and socialist parties and organizations, but also the majority of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), opposed the conclusion of a separate peace. Lenin met with strong resistance from the so-called. "Left communists" headed by NI Bukharin, who dreamed of waging a revolutionary war against Germany in order to ignite the fire of the world revolution. They believed that the conclusion of peace was beneficial to German imperialism, because peace will help stabilize the situation in Germany. Meanwhile, the socialist revolution was thought of as a world revolution, the first stage of it is Russia, the second should be Germany with a strong communist opposition. The "Left Communists" suggested starting a revolutionary war with Germany, which would create a revolutionary situation there and lead to the victory of the German revolution. The same position was shared by both the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and the German Communists led by K. Liebknecht and R. Luxemburg. If you make peace, then there may be no revolution in Germany. And without a revolution in the West, it will fail in Russia too. Victory is possible only as a world revolution.

Trotsky thought the same way, but unlike the "left communists", he saw that Russia had nothing to fight with. Dreaming of the same, he put forward another slogan: "no peace, no war, but the army should be disbanded." It meant: without signing a peace treaty with German imperialism and declaring the dissolution of the no longer existing Russian army, the Soviet government appeals to the solidarity of the international proletariat, primarily the German one. Consequently, Trotsky's slogan was a kind of call for a world revolution. He also headed the Soviet delegation at the negotiations and on January 28, 1918, declared that Russia was withdrawing from the imperialist war, that it would demobilize the army and would not sign the conquest peace.

Trotsky's expectation that the Germans would not be able to advance was not justified. The Germans went on the offensive on February 18. The Council of People's Commissars issued a decree "The socialist fatherland is in danger!", The formation of the Red Army began, but all this had little effect on the course of events. The Germans occupied Minsk, Kiev, Pskov, Tallinn, Narva and other cities without a fight. There was also no manifestation of solidarity between the German proletariat and Soviet Russia. In this situation, when the danger of the existence of Soviet power loomed, Lenin, threatening with resignation, forced the majority of the Central Committee to agree to German conditions. Trotsky also joined him. The decision of the Bolsheviks was also supported by the Central Committee of the Left SRs. The Soviet government informed the Germans by radio that it was ready to sign the peace.

Now Germany has put forward much stricter demands: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia were torn away from Russia; Russia's recognition of the independence of Ukraine and Finland; transition to Turkey Kars, Ardahan, Batum; Russia had to demobilize the army and navy, which were practically nonexistent; pay an indemnity of six billion marks. On these conditions, the peace treaty was signed on March 3 in Brest by the head of the Soviet delegation G.Ya. Sokolnikov. The contribution was 245.5 tons of gold, of which Russia managed to pay 95 tons.

The Brest-Litovsk Peace was approved by a majority of votes at the 7th Congress of the Bolsheviks, held on March 6-8. But the Central Committee of the Party of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, on the contrary, under pressure from the lower ranks of the party revised its position and spoke out against the world. The IV Extraordinary Congress of Soviets was convened on March 15 to ratify the Brest Peace. It took place in Moscow, where the Soviet government moved due to the approach of the Germans to Petrograd and the strikes of the Petrograd workers. Supporters of Lenin and Trotsky voted for the treaty, while the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarchists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks voted against. The "Left Communists" abstained, and soon their faction disintegrated. Trotsky in April left the post of the people's commissar for foreign affairs, became the people's commissar for military and naval affairs, then - the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the republic. G.V. Chicherin was appointed People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. The Left SRs, protesting against the Brest Peace, left the Council of People's Commissars, although they continued to cooperate with the Bolsheviks.

German units occupied Ukraine, moved deep into Russian territory and reached the Don. Peace with Russia allowed Germany to move its troops to the Western Front and launch an offensive on French territory. However, in the summer of 1918, the French, British, Americans and their allies inflicted decisive defeats on the German army. In November 1918, the countries of the German bloc capitulated, and revolutions took place in Germany and Austria-Hungary. As Lenin had foreseen, the Brest-Litovsk Treaty was annulled with the defeat of Germany. Soviet troops occupied Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states. The Bolsheviks considered the moment favorable for the realization of their main dream - the revolution in Europe. However, the campaign to Europe did not take place due to the outbreak of the civil war.

Since Russia on the one hand and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the other agreed to end the state of war and end peace negotiations as soon as possible, they were appointed plenipotentiaries:

From the Russian Federative Soviet Republic:

Grigory Yakovlevich Sokolnikov, member of the Center. Executable Comit. Sov. Rab., Sold. and Peasants. Deputies,

Lev Mikhailovich Karakhan, member of the Center. Executable Committee of Soviets Rab., Sold. and Peasant Deputies,

Georgy Vasilievich Chicherin, Assistant to the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and

Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky, People's Commissar for Internal Affairs.

From the Imperial German Government: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Imperial Actual Privy Councilor Richard von Kühlmann,

imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister, Dr. von Rosenberg,

royal Prussian Major General Hoffmann, Chief of the General Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief on the Eastern Front, and

captain I Rank Horn,

From the Imperial and Royal General Austro-Hungarian Government:

minister of the Imperial and Royal House and Foreign Affairs, His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty Privy Counselor Ottokar Count Czernin von and zu-Hudenitz, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty Privy Counselor Mr. Kayetan Merey von Kapos Mere, General of Infantry His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty's Privy Councilor Mr. Maximilian Chicherich von Bachani.

From the Royal Bulgarian Government:

royal Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Minister in Vienna, Andrey Toshev, Colonel of the General Staff, Royal Bulgarian Military Commissioner under His Majesty the German Emperor and Adjutant Wing of His Majesty the King of Bolgar, Peter Ganchev, Royal Bulgarian First Secretary of the Mission, Dr. Teodor Anastasov,

From the Imperial Ottoman Government:

His Highness Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, Former Grand Vizier, Member of the Ottoman Senate, Plenipotentiary Ambassador of His Majesty the Sultan in Berlin, His Excellency General of the Cavalry, Adjutant General of His Majesty the Sultan and Military Commissioner of His Majesty the Sultan under His Majesty the German Emperor, Zeki Pasha.

The plenipotentiaries gathered in Brest-Litovsk for peace negotiations and, after presenting their credentials, recognized as drawn up in a correct and proper form, came to an agreement on the following resolutions.

Article I.

Russia on the one hand and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the other declare that the state of war between them has ended; they decided to continue to live among themselves in peace and friendship.

Article II.

The contracting parties will refrain from any agitation or propaganda against the government or government and military institutions of the other party. Insofar as this commitment concerns Russia, it also extends to the areas occupied by the powers of the quadruple alliance.

Article III.

Areas to the west of the line established by the contracting parties and formerly belonging to Russia will no longer be under her supreme authority; the established line is indicated on the attached map (annex I), which is an essential part of this peace treaty. The exact definition of this line will be worked out by the Russian-German commission.

For the aforementioned regions, no obligations towards Russia will follow from their former belonging to Russia.

Russia refuses any interference in the internal affairs of these areas. Germany and Austria-Hungary intend to determine the future fate of these areas by demolishing their populations.

Article IV.

Germany is ready, as soon as a general peace is concluded and a completely Russian demobilization is carried out, to clear the territory lying east of that specified in paragraph 1 of Art. III line, since Article VI does not state otherwise. Russia will do everything in its power to ensure the speedy cleansing of the provinces of Eastern Anatolia and their orderly return to Turkey.

The districts of Ardahan, Kars and Batum are also immediately cleared of Russian troops. Russia will not interfere in the new organization of state-legal and international-legal relations of these districts, but will allow the population of these districts to establish a new system in agreement with neighboring states, especially Turkey.

Article V.

Russia will immediately carry out a complete demobilization of its army, including the military units newly formed by the current government.

In addition, Russia will either transfer its warships to Russian ports and leave there until a general peace is concluded, or it will immediately disarm. The military courts of states that are still at war with the powers of the quadruple alliance, since these vessels are in the sphere of power of Russia, are equated with Russian military courts.

The restricted area in the Arctic Ocean remains in force until the conclusion of a general peace. In the Baltic Sea and in the parts of the Black Sea subject to Russia, the removal of minefields should begin immediately. Merchant shipping in these maritime areas is free and immediately resumes. Mixed commissions will be set up to work out more precise decisions, in particular for the publication of safe routes for merchant ships. Navigation lanes must be kept free of floating mines at all times.

Article VI.

Russia undertakes to immediately conclude peace with the Ukrainian People's Republic and recognize the peace treaty between this state and the powers of the quadruple alliance. The territory of Ukraine is immediately cleared of Russian troops and Russian Red Guards. Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or public institutions of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

Estland and Livonia are also immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard. The eastern border of Estonia runs generally along the Narva River. The eastern border of Livonia generally runs through Lake Peipsi and Lake Pskov to its southwestern corner, then across Lake Luban in the direction of Livengof on the Western Dvina. Estland and Livonia will be occupied by the German police power until public security is ensured there by the country's own institutions and state order is established there. Russia will immediately release all arrested or taken away inhabitants of Estland and Livonia and will ensure the safe return of all the taken away Estonians and Livonians.

Finland and the Aland Islands will also be immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guards, and the Finnish ports of the Russian fleet and Russian naval forces. As long as the ice makes it impossible to transfer warships to Russian ports, only minor crews should be left behind. Russia stops all agitation or propaganda against the government or public institutions of Finland.

The fortifications erected on the Åland Islands should be demolished as soon as possible. As for the prohibition to erect fortifications on these islands in the future, as well as their general provisions with regard to military and navigation technology, a special agreement should be concluded regarding them between Germany, Finland, Russia and Sweden; The parties agree that other states adjacent to the Baltic Sea may be involved in this agreement at Germany's will.

Article VII.

Based on the fact that Persia and Afghanistan are free and independent states, the contracting parties undertake to respect the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of Persia and Afghanistan.

Article VIII.

Prisoners of war on both sides will be released to their homeland. The settlement of related issues will be the subject of special agreements provided for in Art. XII.

Article IX.

The contracting parties mutually refuse to reimburse their military expenses, that is, state costs of waging a war, as well as from reimbursing military losses, that is, those losses that were caused to them and their citizens in the war zone by military measures, in including all requisitions made in the enemy country.

Article X.

Diplomatic and consular relations between the contracting parties will resume immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty. With regard to the admission of consuls, both sides reserve the right to enter into special agreements.

Article XI.

Economic relations between Russia and the powers of the quadruple alliance are determined by the regulations contained in Appendices 2-5, with Appendix 2 defining relations between Russia and Germany, Appendix 3 - between Russia and Austria-Hungary, Appendix 4 - between Russia and Bulgaria, Annex 5 - between Russia and Turkey.

Article XII.

The restoration of public-law and private-legal relations, the exchange of prisoners of war and civil prisoners, the issue of amnesty, as well as the issue of the attitude towards merchant ships that have fallen into the power of the enemy, are the subject of separate treaties with Russia, which form an essential part of this peace treaty. and as far as possible, take effect at the same time.

Article XIII.

When interpreting this treaty, the authentic texts are for relations between Russia and Germany - Russian and German, between Russia and Austria-Hungary - Russian, German and Hungarian, between Russia and Bulgaria - Russian and Bulgarian, between Russia and Turkey - Russian and Turkish.

Article XIV.

This peace treaty will be ratified. The exchange of the instruments of ratification should take place as soon as possible in Berlin. The Russian government undertakes to exchange the instruments of ratification at the request of one of the powers of the quadruple alliance within two weeks.

A peace treaty comes into force from the moment of its ratification, since otherwise does not follow from its articles, annexes to it or additional treaties.

In witness to this, the delegates have personally signed this agreement.

Genuine in five copies.

(Signatures).

Peace of Brest 1918

peace treaty between Russia, on the one hand, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on the other, concluded in Brest-Litovsk (now Brest) on March 3, 1918, ratified by the Extraordinary 4th All-Russian Congress of Soviets on March 15, approved by the German Reichstag March 22 and ratified on March 26, 1918 by the German Emperor Wilhelm II. On the Soviet side, the treaty was signed by G. Ya. Sokolnikov (chairman of the delegation), G. V. Chicherin, G. I. Petrovsky and the secretary of the delegation L. M. Karakhan; on the other hand, the treaty was signed by delegations headed by: from Germany - State Secretary of the Foreign Office R. Kühlmann, Chief of the General Staff, Supreme Commander on the Eastern Front M. Hoffman; on behalf of Austria-Hungary - Minister of Foreign Affairs O. Chernin; from Bulgaria - the envoy and minister plenipotentiary in Vienna A. Toshev; from Turkey - Ambassador to Berlin I. Hakki Pasha.

On October 26 (November 8), 1917, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Peace Decree, in which the Soviet government invited all belligerent states to conclude an immediate armistice and begin peace negotiations. The refusal of the Entente countries from this proposal forced the Soviet government on November 20 (December 3) to go to separate negotiations with Germany for peace.

The internal and external situation of Soviet Russia demanded the signing of a peace. The country was in a state of extreme economic devastation, the old army collapsed, and a new, combat-ready workers 'and peasants' army had not yet been created. The people demanded peace. On December 2 (15), an armistice agreement was signed in Brest-Litovsk, and on December 9 (22), peace negotiations began. The Soviet delegation put forward the principle of a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities as the basis for negotiations. On December 12 (25), Kühlmann, on behalf of the German-Austrian bloc, demagogically declared that he acceded to the main provisions of the Soviet declaration on peace without annexations and indemnities, provided that the governments of the Entente countries joined the Soviet formula for peace. The Soviet government again turned to the Entente countries with an invitation to take part in the peace negotiations. On December 27, 1917 (January 9, 1918), after a 10-day break in the meetings, Kuhlmann declared that since The Entente did not join the peace negotiations, then the German bloc considers itself free from the Soviet peace formula. The German imperialists considered the difficult situation that had arisen in Russia convenient for achieving their predatory goals. On January 5 (18), the German delegation demanded the seizure of over 150 thousand territories from Russia km 2, including Poland, Lithuania, parts of Estonia and Latvia, as well as significant areas inhabited by Ukrainians and Belarusians. At the suggestion of the Soviet government, the negotiations were temporarily interrupted.

Despite the severity of the conditions of the German bloc, V.I.Lenin considered it necessary to accept them and conclude peace in order to give the country a respite: to preserve the gains of the October Revolution, to consolidate Soviet power, to create the Red Army.

The need to sign the B. m. Caused sharp internal party disagreements. At that time, a significant part of the party workers, regardless of the objective factors in the development of the revolutionary movement, counted (in connection with the growing revolutionary crisis in the belligerent countries) on a pan-European socialist revolution and therefore did not understand the harsh necessity of signing peace with Germany. The party formed a group of "left communists" headed by NI Bukharin, whose main assertion was that without an immediate Western European revolution, the socialist revolution in Russia would perish. They did not allow any agreements with the imperialist states and demanded that a revolutionary war be declared on international imperialism. The "Left Communists" were even ready to "accept the possibility of losing Soviet power", allegedly in the name of "the interests of the international revolution." It was a demagogic, adventurous policy. No less adventurous and demagogic was the position of L.D.Trotsky (at that time the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR), who proposed: declare the war ended, demobilize the army, but not sign peace.

Lenin headed the stubborn struggle against the adventurist policy of the "left communists" and Trotsky, proving to the party the necessity and inevitability of signing peace.

On January 17 (30), negotiations in Brest resumed. When the head of the Soviet delegation, Trotsky, left for Brest, between him and the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Lenin, it was agreed: to drag out the negotiations in every possible way until Germany presented an ultimatum, and then immediately sign a peace. The atmosphere in the peace talks was heating up.

Germany rejected the offer to allow the delegation of Soviet Ukraine to negotiate and on January 27 (February 9) signed a separate agreement with representatives of the nationalist Ukrainian Central Rada (see Central Rada), according to which the latter pledged to supply Germany for military assistance to the Rada in the fight against Soviet power. bread and livestock. This treaty made it possible for German troops to occupy Ukraine.

On January 27-28 (February 9-10), the German side conducted negotiations in an ultimatum tone. However, no official ultimatum has yet been issued. Therefore, the opportunity to carry out, in accordance with the decision [of January 11 (24), 1918] of the Party Central Committee, the tactics of delaying negotiations was not yet exhausted. Nevertheless, on January 28, Trotsky issued an adventurous declaration that Soviet Russia would end the war, demobilize the army, but did not sign peace. Kühlmann responded by saying that "if Russia does not sign a peace treaty, it automatically leads to the termination of the armistice." Trotsky refused further negotiations, and the Soviet delegation left Brest-Litovsk.

Taking advantage of the break in the negotiations, the Austro-German troops on February 18 at 12 hdays began an offensive along the entire Eastern Front. On the evening of February 18, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the party, after a bitter struggle with the "left communists", the majority (7 - for, 5 - against, 1 - abstained) spoke in favor of signing the peace. On the morning of February 19, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. I. Lenin sent a telegram to the German government to Berlin, expressing protest against the treacherous offensive and the consent of the Soviet government to sign the German conditions. However, German troops continued their offensive. On February 21, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree - "The socialist fatherland is in danger!" The active formation of the Red Army began, which blocked the enemy's path to Petrograd. Only on February 23, a reply was received from the German government, which contained even more difficult conditions for peace. To accept the ultimatum, 48 h... On February 23, a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) was held, at which 7 members of the Central Committee voted for the immediate signing of the German peace terms, 4 abstained. 4. Foreseeing that the capitalist states would try to attack the Soviet Republic, the Central Committee unanimously adopted a decision on immediate preparation for the defense of the socialist fatherland. On the same day, Lenin spoke at a joint meeting of the factions of the Bolsheviks and Left SRs (See Left SRs) All-Russian Central Executive Committee, at the Bolshevik faction, and then at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In a fierce struggle against the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (on February 23, 1918, at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, they voted against the Bolsheviks), Mensheviks, Right-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries, and "Left Communists," he won the VTsIK's approval of the decision of the Party Central Committee.

On the night of February 24, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR accepted the German peace terms and immediately informed the German government about this and about the departure of the Soviet delegation to Brest-Litovsk. On March 3, the Soviet delegation signed the Brest Treaty. The 7th Congress of the RCP (b), urgently convened on March 6-8, approved Lenin's policy on the question of peace.

The agreement consisted of 14 articles and various annexes. Article 1 established an end to the state of war between the Soviet Republic and the countries of the Quadruple Alliance. Large territories were torn away from Russia (Poland, Lithuania, part of Belarus and Latvia). At the same time, Soviet Russia had to withdraw its troops from Latvia and Estonia, where the German troops were sent. Germany retained the Gulf of Riga and the Moonsund Islands. Soviet troops were to leave Ukraine, Finland, the Aland Islands, as well as the districts of Ardahan, Kars and Batum, which were transferred to Turkey. In total, Soviet Russia lost about 1 million. km 2 (including Ukraine). Under article 5, Russia pledged to carry out a complete demobilization of the army and navy, including units of the Red Army, under article 6, to recognize the peace treaty of the Central Rada with Germany and its allies and, in turn, conclude a peace treaty with the Rada and determine the border between Russia and Ukraine. The bureaucracy restored the customs tariffs of 1904, which were extremely unfavorable for Soviet Russia, in favor of Germany. On August 27, 1918, a Russian-German financial agreement was signed in Berlin, according to which Soviet Russia was obliged to pay Germany in various forms an indemnity of 6 billion marks.

B. m., Which was a complex of political, economic, financial, and legal conditions, was a heavy burden for the Soviet Republic. However, it did not touch upon the fundamental achievements of the Great October Socialist Revolution. The Soviet Republic retained its independence, withdrew from the imperialist war, receiving a peaceful respite necessary to restore the destroyed economy, create a regular Red Army, and strengthen the Soviet state. The November Revolution of 1918 in Germany overthrew the power of Emperor Wilhelm II, and the Soviet government annulled the Brest Treaty on November 13, 1918.

Lit .: Lenin V.I., On the history of the question of an unhappy world, Poln. collection cit., 5th ed., vol. 35; his, On the revolutionary phrase, in the same place; his, the Socialist Fatherland is in danger !, ibid; his, Peace or War ?, ibid; its the same. Report at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on February 23, 1918, ibid; his, Unhappy world, in the same place; its the same. A hard but necessary lesson, ibid; his, the Seventh Emergency Congress of the RCP (b). March 6-8, 1918, ibid., Vol. 36; his, the main task of our days, in the same place; his, IV Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets, March 14-16, 1918, ibid: USSR Foreign Policy Documents, v. 1, Moscow, 1957; History of diplomacy, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, M., 1965, p. 74-106; Chubaryan A.O., Brest Peace, M., 1964; Nikolnikov GL, Outstanding victory of Lenin's strategy and tactics (Peace of Brest: from conclusion to rupture), M., 1968; Magnes J. Z., Russia and Germany at Brest-Litovsk. A documentary history of the peace negotiations, N. - Y., 1919.

A.O. Chubaryan.

Peace of Brest-Litovsk 1918

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Peace of Brest-Litovsk 1918" is in other dictionaries:

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Books

• Peace of Brest. On the stage and behind the scenes of the Brest tragicomedy of 1917-1918, D. Focke, Memoirs of John Gugovich Focke (? -1925), a direct participant in the diplomatic negotiations in Brest-Litovsk, which marked Russia's withdrawal from the First World War, are written with bitter ... Category: 1917-1922 Before the formation of the USSR Series: Library of the Russian Revolution Publisher: