Russian science cities. Science cities of the Moscow region: what branches of science are developing scientists in the region. Expansion of the list of science cities
The state scientific and technical policy implies the active involvement in the innovation processes of a number of institutions that, to one degree or another, form the backbone of the national innovation system (NIS). However, when understanding science cities as a phenomenon and subjects of NIS, a reasonable question arises: how promising are they for the future of our country? It is important to understand whether the science cities of Russia will be viable and will they be able to cope with the historical challenge of a global scale in the growing global processes? What role is in store for science cities by national strategists?
Brief historical background
ZATOs arose during the atomic project of the 1940s and 1950s. Scientists from Laboratory No. 2, who had been engaged in nuclear research since 1943, moved to one of these settlements (the city of Obninsk) in 1946. They were joined by scientists and the best physicists from the leading universities of the USSR who had been expelled from Germany. The result of the work at this site was the launch of the first nuclear power plant in 1954. The laboratory was transformed into the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, where not only fundamental science was developed, but extensive applied research was also actively carried out.
In the work on weapons of mass destruction in the country, the number of such sites began to grow - closed administrative-territorial formations (ZATOs). The specialization was based on R&D in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, rocket science and aviation. The most complex projects were implemented. The settlement form of organization of such formations was suitable for solving the problems of a scientific breakthrough and better ensured the security regime.
Photo of the checkpoint of the Institute of Physics and Energy, Obninsk. Source: obninsk.press
Gradually, a special status was established for residents of ZATO cities, for whom the level of provision and amenities was better. Subordination directly to Moscow and weak horizontal communications formed the specifics of ZATO. The inherent conflict between the inhabitants of such cities and the environment further contributed to the development of isolation. From the late 50s to the first half of the 70s, two grandiose projects were mainly implemented: the development of atomic energy and the Soviet space program. This period can be considered the "golden fifteen years" in the history of scientific cities, towns and ZATOs.
The future of science cities seemed bright. But gradually and imperceptibly, stagnation began to grow, the thaw was replaced by stagnation. The first generation of scientists left, but a full-fledged rotation of scientific personnel did not occur. In the 1980s, the CPSU was no longer able to generate such powerful tasks as in the middle of the century. New grandiose projects have not arisen. Perestroika began, liberal ideas captured the minds, including progressive-minded representatives of the scientific community. However, the sobering up came soon.
With the introduction of the market, ZATO leaders became convinced that their cities were on the brink of survival. In the early 1990s, two important events arose regarding the cities of science in ZATOs. Firstly, it became obvious to many that fundamental science, research sites, and the ZATO municipal economy simply cannot survive without government assistance. So in 1991, the idea of science cities and their targeted financial support arose. The authors of this idea are considered to be S.P. Nikanorov and N.K. Nikitin (city of Zhukovsky). Secondly, in 1992, the ZATO Law No. 3297-1 was issued, which introduced significant tax breaks, transforming these territorial entities into a kind of offshore zones that existed until 2004.
Differences of similar concepts in legislation
Immersion in the topic of innovation reveals many concepts that are very diverse, close in essence, but differ in content. For example, in the history of science cities there may be a period of activity in the status of ZATO, or may not be. It is advisable to find out whether the innovation city belongs to science cities (NG) or not. It is important to clarify how the concepts of an innovative business incubator, technopark, innovation platform, innovation city, NG, ZATO, etc. are related.
According to the Law of the Russian Federation No. 3297-1, ZATO means such an administrative-territorial entity for which special regimes are established for the protection of state secrets and the safe functioning of the city, research institutes and enterprises within ZATO. Such regimes are a necessity, since organizations associated with the creation, production, storage and disposal of WMD (weapons of mass destruction), radioactive and man-made materials operate in ZATOs. Both ZATOs and Russian science cities have the status of urban districts, but the profile of science cities is not limited to defense issues.
According to Law No. 70-FZ dated April 7, 1999, as amended in 2017, science cities, in addition to their municipal status, must have a high scientific and technical potential in combination with a city-forming research and production complex (RPC). Special regimes of security and safety are becoming an optional accessory of such cities. The wording of the law, specified by law No. 100-FZ of April 20, 2015, expanded the set of concepts that define NG, and detailed the set of criteria for assigning this status to a city. The status is granted for 15 years.
Quantitative criteria for NG status. Source: archive of the TV channel "Russia 24" for 09/27/2017
Among the criteria for assigning and maintaining the status of NG are the following.
- The presence in the city of a deployed NPC.
- A strategy for the socio-economic development of the city of science was approved, agreed with the federal executive body responsible for regulating scientific and innovative activities.
- Substantive requirements for the city's development strategy have been met.
- The quantitative parameters of the activity of the NPC of the city, specified in the law 100-FZ, are observed (see the slide presented above).
- Monitoring the activities of the Plan for the implementation of the city development strategy confirms compliance with the criteria and achievement of the intended results over the past three years.
The concept of innovation city, innopolis is not fixed by law. Technoparks and business incubators were defined in the draft Federal Law "On technoparks in the field of high technologies" (presented below). When talking about science cities, many authors equate NG and technopolises, technopolises, innopolises, and even technoparks, which in the latter case indicates the incorrectness of such a comparison.
Definitions of technopark and business incubator. Source: Draft federal law "On technology parks in the field of high technologies"
In fact, such tools of the innovation economy as an innovation platform, innovation incubators, technology parks, just like NG or the same innovation city, belong to the NIS of the country, but they occupy completely different structural niches in it. This fact does not at all exclude the possibility that the city of science may contain several innovation clusters, and the ideas of business incubators and innovation parks are being implemented in it.
Below is the structure of the NIS RF, in which NGs are in the research and development sector, while elements such as “innovation incubator”, “technopark”, “innovation center”, etc. provide the financial and infrastructure resource of the system. As we can see, ZATOs do not belong to the innovation system in the modern sense, although many of these cities are still at the forefront of scientific developments and implementations.
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The composition of traditional NGs in Russia
Science cities of Russia, for the most part, received their status in the process of transformation from ZATO. When answering the question how many science cities in Russia have the corresponding status, one should pay attention to their specialization, the number of cities, the volume of products manufactured by the scientific and technological complex, including the innovative level. What matters is the quality of the city's socio-economic development strategy, and not just the fact of its existence and a large number of events. Below you will find a geographical scheme and a summary table of the official 13 cities with NG status.
Geographical layout of NG. Source: archive of the TV channel "Russia 24" for 09/27/2017
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Some of the most famous science cities should be characterized. There is the city of Obninsk, the first city of science that emerged back in the 1940s. The first nuclear power plant was created in it, and the Institute of Nuclear Energy, a branch of MEPhI, operates. However, the scientific sector occupies a relatively small share in the Obninsk municipality. A technopark of the same name has been created in the city; one of the elements of the innovation infrastructure is a business incubator that has been operating since 2004. However, it is difficult to name impressive results of innovative activity of the city of Obninsk.
The city of Pushchino today is the leading scientific center in Russia in the biological sector, has an excellent small university with a high level of training in biologists. The center is compact but well equipped with modern equipment. NG Pushchino is justifiably called a biotechnological innovation cluster. The cluster specializes in the following areas:
- innovations in the field of biotechnology for pharmacology and medicine;
- innovations in the field of food biotechnologies in agriculture;
- environmental protection innovations;
- innovations in industrial biotechnology and chemistry.
The city of Dubna was considered a very successful project for a long time. However, now this NG is gradually losing its position as a “brain boiler” due to the growth of the city and the erosion of the unique (in the past) scientific environment. The city of Dubna has a university of the same name on its territory. Teachers come from abroad, from Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Since 2005, a special economic zone has been operating in the city, in which a number of innovative facilities operate, including NPK Beta and NPK Alfa, using the capabilities of the cyclotron complex for the purpose of commercializing innovative products.
There is a small town in Siberia - the working settlement of Koltsovo. One of the strongest virological centers in the world is actively developing in it. This NG, having joined market processes in time, successfully masters modern economic mechanisms and serves innovative tasks. The number of innovative business entities in the city is growing. Managers of the municipality are competently working on the development of human capital, a favorable environment for innovative business has been created. In Russian reality, Koltsovo has every chance of maintaining leadership among the NGs in terms of maximum efficiency in the future. Below are the main statistical data on the socio-economic development of this municipality.
The main indicators of the socio-economic development of NG "Koltsovo" for the period from 2003 to 2016 Author's compilation.
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Tax deductions from the territory of NG "Koltsovo".
A science city in Russia is a municipal formation with the status of an urban district, or a district of a larger city with a high scientific and technical potential, with a city-forming research and production complex.
The term science city was introduced for the first time in the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow Region, by Spartak Petrovich Nikanorov and Natalya Konstantinovna Nikitina in 1991 when creating the Union for the Development of Science City movement.
The movement took the initiative to develop a draft Concept of State Policy for the Preservation and Development of Science Cities.
The first versions of the draft law “On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation”* were developed in 1995. One - in the Federation Council, the other - in the State Duma.
The first Russian science city, in 2000, was Obninsk, where developments in the field of peaceful atom were and are being carried out.
By 2004, seven science cities had already received the official status of "Science City of the Russian Federation" (Obninsk, Korolev, Dubna, Koltsovo, Michurinsk, Reutov, Fryazino), six more passed all examinations and approvals at the federal level (Biysk, Zhukovsky, Peterhof, Pushchino, Seversk , Troitsk).
As of January 5, 2015, thirteen urban districts already have the status of a science city, assigned in accordance with federal law: Biysk (Altai Territory), Dubna (Moscow Region), Zhukovsky (Moscow Region), Koltsovo (Novosibirsk Region), Korolev (Moscow Region), Michurinsk ( Tambov region), Obninsk (Kaluga region), Protvino (Moscow region), Pushchino (Moscow region), Reutov (Moscow region), Troitsk (Moscow), Fryazino (Moscow region), Chernogolovka (Moscow region).
The main specialization of science cities
There are seven main specializations of science cities in Russia:
- aviation, rocket science and space research;
- electronics and radio engineering;
- automation, machine and instrument making;
- chemistry, chemical physics and creation of new materials;
- nuclear complex;
- energy;
- biology and biotechnology.
At present, the unofficial science cities of Russia include 65 urban and rural settlements, located mainly in the main population zone of the country. About half of them are located in the Moscow region (namely, 29, including the city of Zelenograd, which is administratively part of the city of Moscow, but located on the territory of the region).
Outside the capital region in Central Russia, there are 8 more similar territorial entities in the Vladimir, Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod, Tver and Yaroslavl regions.
Moscow is considered the first and most recognized scientific center, but no less large, and in some respects (experimental, testing base, etc.) even more significant scientific and scientific-industrial complex is considered the Moscow region.
The second region of the country in terms of the concentration of science cities is the Urals. Most of them are concentrated in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. In third place is Western Siberia, in the southern part of which there are 6 science cities - in the Altai Territory, Novosibirsk and Tomsk Regions.
Director of the Science City Development Union Mikhail Kuznetsov
According to Mikhail Kuznetsov, director of the Russian Science City Development Union:
“Now it is almost obvious that innovative development is essentially the only opportunity for Russia to take its rightful place in the global world economic space of the 21st century and maintain (or restore) the status of a Great Power. Exploited and exported natural resources (primarily oil and gas) and products of their primary processing cannot fundamentally be the basis for this; moreover, they make Russia dependent on the developed countries of the world.
It is necessary to move from the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy to its innovative development, stimulating the use of the results of scientific research, intellectual activity in energy, transport, machine and instrument making, aerospace, and other high technology industries, as well as in education, medicine, information and biotechnology . To do this, it is necessary to activate and stimulate a powerful intellectual and scientific and technical potential, which is currently in demand to a very small extent, primarily due to the unprecedented decline in production that occurred in the nineties, especially in the science-intensive sectors of industry.”
The assessments of the Russian intellectual and scientific and technical potential as obsolete, cumbersome, superfluous, which took place in some analytical and top management circles in Russia during these years, do not stand up to criticism. The use abroad of Russian developments “leaking” in various ways, combined with the “brain drain” from Russia and the “hunt” of foreign firms for Russian young scientists, graduate students and even students, speaks precisely of its high level and relevance.”
From the history of science cities
The Russian scientific and technical potential was territorially distributed very unevenly. Ten years ago, approximately 70% of all scientific research was carried out in research centers, universities and laboratories located in Moscow and the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, the Novosibirsk region and the Urals.
Most of the science cities were created in the 30s, 50s and 70s by special resolutions of the country's highest authorities to solve the most important state tasks: the general strategic and political goals of the USSR leadership required the development of the military-industrial complex and its scientific and technical support. The implementation of major projects - first aviation, then atomic (nuclear), rocket and space, and later biological - led to the creation of appropriate scientific and technical complexes with the corresponding settlements.
Many of them until recently were not shown on maps, were not mentioned in reference books and had special code, often "numbered" names.
In the list of science cities to the map showing their location in Russia, some of these former names are indicated in brackets. These are such cities as Sarov, Snezhinsk, Seversk, Zheleznogorsk, Ozersk and others. These cities are relatively open today. They began to talk and write more about them, but they have a special status established by law of Closed Administrative-Territorial Entities (ZATO) with a number of restrictions.
Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26, Sotsgorod, Atomgrad), Krasnoyarsk Territory, photo: Sergey Filinin In other cities, "closeness" manifested itself in a ban on visiting foreign citizens and the absence in the open press of references to a number of city-forming enterprises and organizations. Such science cities include Obninsk, Troitsk, Protvino, Zhukovsky, Khimki, Korolev, Dzerzhinsky, Sosnovy Bor and many others.
Today's science cities are very different in scale, nature, and activities.
According to the nature and profile of scientific complexes, science cities are divided into:
> monoprofile
> mono-oriented
> complex
A typical example of a monoprofile science city is Obolensk, socially and infrastructurally providing one State Scientific Center - Research Institute of Applied Microbiology. Beloozersky, Koltsovo, Krasnoznamensk, Mendeleevo, Protvino, Snezhinsk and others can be attributed to the same type.
Vaccine production at Microgen, Obolensk Monooriented science cities have several city-forming enterprises of the same sphere of scientific and technical activity. This is, for example, Zhukovsky, where the largest research, testing and production complexes of the aviation profile are located. Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka, established in 1959. At present, there are 7 research institutes and 2 research and production enterprises in Chernogolovka. The main areas of research are chemical physics. Zelenograd, Krasnoobsk, Pushchino, Trekhgorny, Yubileiny are also monooriented.
International Aviation and Space Salon MAKS-2015 in Zhukovsky The most characteristic example of an integrated science city is Dubna, where, in addition to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, there are scientific, design and research and production centers of the aerospace, instrument-making, shipbuilding profile, an international university.
Klimovsk, Kovrov, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Korolev, Obninsk, Reutov belong to the same type. Complex science cities also include a number of academic campuses of scientific centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which include scientific organizations of various profiles.
At the same time, a number of unofficial science cities are a kind of testing grounds and experimental testing complexes, or they are mostly such, having other enterprises and organizations on their territory. These are, for example, such cities and towns as Autopolygon (Dmitrov-7), Beloozersky, Znamensk, Krasnoarmeysk, Mirny, Novostroyka, Raduzhny, Remmash and others.
Science cities of the future
On September 28, 2010, Dmitry Medvedev signed the Federal Law "On the Skolkovo Innovation Center".
Skolkovo (Moscow region)- the first in the post-Soviet period in Russia, a scientific and technological innovation center built "from scratch" for the development and commercialization of new technologies. The project is conceived as one of the key elements of Russian modernization, designed to end the raw-material orientation of the economy and transfer it to an innovative development path, and provides for the creation of a favorable environment for the concentration of Russian and international intellectual capital capable of independently generating innovations.
> cluster of biomedical technologies;
> cluster of information and computer technologies;
> cluster of space technologies and telecommunications;
> a cluster of energy efficient technologies;
> nuclear technology cluster.
A technopark will also operate within Skolkovo. Its strategic goal is to provide the innovative companies participating in the project with all the necessary support for the successful development of their technological assets and corporate structures. The Technopark plans to implement this task by attracting the infrastructure and resources available to the Skolkovo project and its partners.
In addition, in Tatarstan, on the right bank of the Volga River, since 2012, the second innovative science city Innopolis, implemented “from scratch” in Russia, designed for 155 thousand inhabitants, is being built, an analogue partner of Skolkovo near Moscow and a satellite city of Kazan.
Innopolis, Tatarstan - what the city will look like Now a number of objective (issues of taxation, land ownership and land use) and subjective reasons (extremely slow review of documents in the bureaucratic structures of federal ministries and departments) in many cases aggravate relations between various subjects of activity in science cities, give rise to disbelief in the ability of the government to implement the declared priorities, to make systemic management, development and use of their innovative potential in science cities.
It is necessary to provide not so much funding for the urban infrastructure of science cities as to stimulate innovative activity on their territory. The experience of Dubna, Obninsk, Koltsovo and other science cities shows that small government funding of innovative projects with a competent policy makes it possible to attract many times larger resources from non-state sources.”
M.I. Kuznetsov
Science cities of Russia are an urban district or a district of a large city with a significant potential for scientific and technical development. The main city-forming factor of which is the research and production complex.
Goals and objectives
The main goal of creating science cities is to obtain a reference point for the development of areas of science that are priority. From the side of the state, this territory is under special protection. These cities receive stable financial support. The creation of new products of scientific activity is interesting not only for them, but also for the country as a whole.
There are two areas of activity in the specialty:
- Solving problems in the field of science at the state level.
- Creation of new firms of scientific orientation.
For the most part, the development of the scientific complex remains in the hands of the state. The government designates the areas of work of science cities, which become a priority in a specific period of time, with the aim of economic and political development of the country.
Story
The first similarities of science cities in Russia can be called the cities of science created in the middle of the last century. A distinctive feature of these settlements was the access system. They were almost completely closed off from the rest of the world. The term "science city" came into use only after the collapse of the Soviet Union, despite the fact that some of them have existed for several decades.
The declassification of closed settlements actively took place in the 90s. Of course, among them were not only cities that had the goal of developing a scientific field, but also belonged to the Ministry of Defense, performing defense functions.
The definition of cities for obtaining in the future the official status of "Science City" began in 1991. In the same period, the state review of directions in scientific activity for these subjects was carried out. The Union for the Development of Science City was created.
In 1999, B. Yeltsin signs the 70th federal law, which allows the official appropriation of Russia. It allowed not only to consolidate the name, but also contained provisions for preserving the form of ownership of the complexes of science cities.
NPK - research and production complex - has become one of the city-forming factors. After that, the issue of dividing such settlements into areas of focus began to be actively considered. The distribution into groups was made according to the leading areas of scientific research.
The city of Obninsk was the first to be awarded the official title of Science City of Russia in 2000 on May 6th.
Russian Science City Development Union
It was a new movement, the Union for the Development of Science City was launched in 1991.
1996 year. The Union has been reformed. It has been reformed into a non-profit partnership. The name has undergone a change, now it has come into use as the "Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia".
The purpose of creating the organization is to help bring together the efforts of management organizations of cities with high scientific potential (ie Russian science cities), enterprises and specialists in creating a platform for sustainable development. Formation of their role. Assistance to the growth of the Russian economy. In this case, the scientific and technical complex is considered as the base.
Science cities of the Russian Federation
Let's consider what science cities of Russia exist today and their main specializations.
- Space research, aircraft building, rocket science.
- Radio engineering, electronics.
- Mechanical engineering, instrument making, automation.
- Creation of new types of materials.
- Development of the nuclear complex.
- Biotechnology, biology.
- Development of the energy sector.
The honorary list of Russian science cities includes 73 settlements. They are located in various territorial zones.
- It is noteworthy that 31 such settlements are located in the Moscow region. One of the accommodation points was the city of Zelenograd (Moscow administrative complex).
- 8 science cities are located in the central part of Russia, in the following regions: Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod,
Tambov, Tver, Vladimir, Yaroslavl. - 9 are in the Urals. They are deployed in two regions: Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk.
- Western Siberia also did not remain without points of scientific development. It has become a place to house 7
science cities. This list includes four Akademgorodok, the largest scientific research centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Siberia and the Far East. They represent areas of large cities (Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk).
In the general list of 55 settlements, these are cities, eight urban-type settlements and four rural ones.
Aircraft and space research
The main part of the cities with a focus in this area is located in the Moscow region.
Zhukovsky is the largest center in Russia engaged in the design and testing of aircraft. Within the framework of the domestic aircraft industry, it is the absolute leader. Testing and research organizations located in this city are known all over the world:
- Central Institute for Aerohydrodynamics Research.
- Flight Research Institute. MM. Gromov.
The Russian Space Corporation (RKK) Energia is located in the city of Korolev. The company is engaged in the development of various kinds of space programs. It is the leading aerospace company in Russia. The Manned Flight Control Center, MCC for short, is also located here.
Jubilee is located not far from Korolev. He placed research institutes on his territory, which mainly specialize in rocket science systems.
Another nearby settlement is Star City. In this village, cosmonauts are trained for flights on space research vehicles of any direction.
Krasnoznamensk is one of the cities of the closed type. It is located near Moscow. It houses the Central Communications Center. Now it is called the Main Center for Testing and Control of Space Flights. It is from here that communication is carried out with orbital systems of all types (scientific, military, etc.).
Znamensk and Mirny - these two science cities were created at the cosmodromes: Kapustin Yar (Astrakhan region) and Plesetsk (Arkhangelsk region). With their appearance, the Baikonur Cosmodrome lost the status of the main site for launching space systems.
Electronics and radio engineering
This direction is assigned to three cities of Russia: Khimki, Zelenograd, Pravdinsk.
Zelenograd is considered the clear leader among them. It has 8 huge institutes with pilot plants. It has 11 research institutes, and two of them have federal significance.
nuclear complex
Those science cities that can be attributed to the nuclear sphere are engaged in research work and production activities in the fields of chemistry. Their list includes 10 settlements that were created on the basis of the nuclear project of the Soviet Union. The main function assigned to these Science Cities is the maintenance of nuclear power plants located nearby.
It is noteworthy that all of them are located at a distance from large cities. They are mainly deployed in forests, taking into account the absence of road and railway junctions.
Sarov and Zarechny were the first in the list of auto cities.
Sarov is located near the border of the Nizhny Novgorod region with Mordovia.
Closer to the center of Russia is the Zarechny Science City.
The remaining eight are located in the Urals and Siberia.
Eight science cities from the general list of the nuclear complex have large research institutes that conduct research activities in the field of nuclear energy and nuclear physics.
Chemistry, chemical physics
The group of science cities involved in this area includes 12 settlements. Four of them are deployed in the Urals and Siberia. These cities carry out the processing of fuel made on the basis of uranium (processing is carried out by chemical means).
Automation, mechanical engineering and instrumentation
The vast majority of enterprises in this area are located in the Moscow region.
A total of 5 science cities are located outside the Moscow region: Trekhgorny, Obninsk, Zarechny, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Raduzhny - 9.
Biology and Biotechnology
The list of cities conducting research and work in this area includes only five settlements:
- In the Yaroslavl region, the city of Borok, it has a scientific center that studies the biology of inland waters.
- Two are near Moscow.
- The village of Koltsovo is located in the Novosibirsk region. NPO "Vector" is located in this settlement. The center deals with issues of biotechnology and virology.
- Krasnoobsk - Academgorodok of Siberia. Places on its territory 10 research institutes according to the profile.
Features of science cities in Siberia
Siberia and the Urals have placed 8 atomic cities on their territory. Among them, each has its own specialization, highlighted in the program of research in the atomic direction.
The development of nuclear weapons is carried out in the settlements: Zheleznogorsk, Lesnoy, Novouralsk, Zarechny, Trekhgorny. Among the developments, a special place is occupied by nuclear shells and the development of the use of weapons-grade plutonium.
Another science city of Siberia is Ozersk. The Lighthouse is located in this settlement. This production association is engaged in the processing and disposal of waste with radioactive properties.
Among the northern science cities, Snezhinsk and Sarov received federal significance. In addition to performing a production function, they own the largest centers for research in physics in the nuclear field in Russia.
(indefinite) . Federal Law "On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation" (as amended (with amendments and additions as of July 2, 2013). GARANT system. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
In the Russian Federation, 13 cities have the status of a science city, eight of them are located on the territory of the Moscow region. In the law "On the status of a science city of the Russian Federation", a science city is defined as a municipal entity with the status of an urban district, which has a high scientific and technical potential, in which scientific and technical products account for more than 50% of the total output of all economic entities of the municipality. About which science cities are located in the Moscow region and what they specialize in, read the material of the portal website.
Dubna
The status of a science city was assigned to Dubna by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 20, 2001 for a period until December 31, 2025. The main specialization of the scientific enterprises of the district is nuclear physics. Thus, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is a world-famous international center, and now a mega-project of world significance is being implemented in it - the construction of the NICA scientific complex.
Also on the territory of Dubna are the special economic zone "Dubna", the center of space communications, the State University "Dubna", research and production complexes and machine-building plants.
An interesting fact: Dubna is the only Russian city immortalized in the periodic table of D. I. Mendeleev. Dubnium, element 105, was discovered by scientists here.
Zhukovsky
Zhukovsky was awarded the status of a science city by a decree of the government of the Russian Federation in 2007. The priority areas for Zhukovsky are information and telecommunication systems, transport, aviation and space systems, advanced weapons, military and special equipment, energy and energy saving. And the most famous was the aviation industry of the city. It was in Zhukovsky that the United Aircraft Corporation was created and the Zhukovsky airport is located.
More than a thousand scientists work at the most important enterprises of the district, including the world's largest center of aviation science, TsAGI im. prof. N. E. Zhukovsky, Flight Research Institute. M. M. Gromova, a number of defense industry enterprises.
Zhukovsky is known to many as a venue.
Korolev
Korolev received the status of a science city in 2001 by presidential decree. It is symbolic that the decree was signed on April 12, Cosmonautics Day, and Korolev is the center of the rocket and space industry. On its territory are located: JSC Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after S.P. Korolev, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Design Bureau of Chemical Engineering named after S.P. A. M. Isaeva.
The main enterprises of the Russian space industry are located in Korolev, among which is the Mission Control Center, it is from here that the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS) is controlled.
Protvino
The city district of Protvino received the status of a science city by presidential decree in 2008 for a period of five years, in 2014 this status was maintained for the next five years. The main specializations are biotechnology and energy. The State Research Center Institute of High Energy Physics, CJSC Protom, NPO DNA-Technology, NPO Turbotekhnika and others successfully operate in Protvin.
It is noteworthy that in Protvino a complex of ion beam therapy was developed for the treatment of cancer patients without damaging the surrounding healthy tissues.
Pushchino
Pushchino has had the status of a science city since 2005. Now Pushchino is the largest center of scientific research in the field of biology. The city has nine academic institutes and an observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
A biotechnological innovation cluster operates on the territory of the Okrug, which produces products in the following areas: biotechnologies for medicine, pharmacology, biotechnologies in agriculture, environmental protection, industrial biotechnologies.
Reutov
Reutov has had the status of a science city since 2003 until December 31, 2027. The main specializations are aviation and space, mechanical engineering, instrument making. Thus, JSC MIC "NPO Mashinostroeniya" is the city's main enterprise, it is here that the latest types of military equipment are created, as well as missile and rocket-space systems that have no analogues in the world.
Among other scientific enterprises of the district are the Scientific and Technical Association "Flame", the scientific company "Flamena" (engaged in pharmaceutical products), LLC "Nano Invest" (high-tech equipment).
Fryazino
Fryazino has had the status of a science city since 2003. The main specialization of research and production enterprises of Fryazin is electronics. There are 25 enterprises and organizations in the scientific and industrial complex of the science city, among which JSC "NPP" Istok "" named after. Shokin”, JSC “NII “Platan” with a plant at the research institute”, Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Special Design Bureau of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences” and others.
On the basis of NPP "Istok" named after Shokin in 2015, it was created, where investment projects in the field of microwave electronics are being implemented.
Chernogolovka
In 2008, Chernogolovka was given the status of a science city, mainly scientists in the field of chemistry, chemical physics and the creation of new materials work here. The city-forming enterprises of the district are included in the complex of the Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka, where more than 5 thousand people work.
The main areas of research in Chernogolovka are the chemical physics of combustion and explosion processes, the formation and modification of polymers, biological processes and systems.
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