“The Decembrist M.S. Lunin is a prisoner of the Akatuevskaya prison.” Mikhail Lunin - hero or demon? Lunin Mikhail Sergeevich short biography

Lunin Mikhail Sergeevich- Decembrist, Colonel of the Life Guards, member of the “Northern Community”. Born on December 18 (new style) 1787 in St. Petersburg. Lunin came from the noble family of state councilor and wealthy Tambov landowner Sergei Mikhailovich Lunin. Mikhail spent his early childhood in the Tambov province, on an estate on the territory of the current village of Inzhavino. He received his primary education at home, after which young Lunin spoke French, English, Polish, Latin and Greek.

In 1803 he was accepted into service in the cavalry regiment. During his service, Lunin took part in such military campaigns as the Battle of Austerlitz (1805), the Prussian Campaign (1807), and the Patriotic War of 1812, where in the battle of Borodino he was awarded the golden sword “For Bravery.” Then there were foreign campaigns with the Russian army (from 1813 to 1814).

In 1815, Lunin was released from service with the rank of captain. From 1816 to 1817 he lived in Paris, where, having met Saint-Simon, he converted to Catholicism.

1816 - Lunin joins the Union of Salvation. Here Lunin founded the Union of Welfare, which soon ceased to exist. Then Lunin became a member of the Northern Secret Society.

In 1822, M.S. Lunin again entered military service in the Grodno Hussar Regiment, in the Life Guards, where he was appointed adjutant to the commander-in-chief of the Warsaw Military District, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. Lunin somewhat moved away from the activities of the secret society (he considered the methods that guided its participants unacceptable), however, he did not cease to be a supporter of political changes in Russia, in particular, the abolition of serfdom.

Lunin was unable to take part in the Decembrist uprising, as he was serving in Warsaw. But this did not stop Lunin from being summoned for questioning on this case by the investigative committee in Warsaw. Lunin was the last of the Decembrists to be arrested. He stubbornly did not name the names of the participants and, at the same time, did not deny his participation in the secret society of the Decembrists. M.S. Lunin was immediately sent under escort to St. Petersburg.

On April 16, 1826, Lunin was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In 1826, Lunin was convicted of planning to assassinate the Tsar and sentenced to life in hard labor. Then the term was reduced to 15 years with further settlement in Siberia. In 1832, the term of hard labor was reduced to 10 years.

On March 27, 1841, after a short release, Lunin was again arrested following a denunciation and sent to the Akutuysk prison in the Chita region, where the days of his life were numbered. According to the official version, Mikhail Lunin died due to apoplexy, but there is another version that has some basis - he was killed by the mine caretaker.

Before imprisonment, each Decembrist could draw up a will in favor of his relatives. M.S. Lunin wrote a will in favor of his cousin, with the condition that he would give freedom to the peasants. His sister, following her husband’s instruction, managed to challenge the will and the family estate went to her.

His great contemporaries spoke warmly about Mikhail Lunin. So Pushkin considered him “the smartest man of our time,” and Herzen noted his inflexibility, courage and bravery.

Born on December 29, 1787 in St. Petersburg into a noble family. Received home education. In 1803 he entered military service in the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment, and in 1805 he transferred to the cavalry guards. He took part in the Battle of Austerlitz (1805), the Prussian Campaign (1807), the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaigns of the Russian Army (1813-1814).

For the Battle of Borodino he was awarded a gold sword with the inscription: “For bravery.” In 1815 he retired with the rank of captain. The following year, the Salvation Union joined the first secret political organization. In 1816-1817 lived in Paris, where he met A. Saint-Simon and converted to Catholicism. After the death of his father (1817) he returned to Russia. In 1818, he became a founding member of the secret organization Union of Welfare, became part of its Root Council and, as a supporter of the republic, was the first to come up with a project for regicide. After the liquidation of the Welfare Union (1821)

Lunin is one of the founders and leaders of the Northern Society. At the beginning of 1822 he returned to military service, in 1824-1825. served in Warsaw as a squadron commander of the Grodno Hussar Regiment and at the same time was an aide-de-camp to the governor of Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. After the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825, Lunin was under surveillance in Warsaw.

Despite the intercession of the Grand Duke, on April 9, 1826, he was arrested, brought to St. Petersburg and convicted by the Supreme Criminal Court of the 2nd category (political death and eternal hard labor, later reduced to a 10-year sentence).

He served his sentence in the Sveaborg Fortress (now the city of Swanmenlinna in Sweden; 1826-1827) and Vyborg Castle (1827-1828); was at hard labor in Chita (1828-1830) and Petrovsky Factory (now the city of Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky; 1830-1836).

In June 1836 he went to settle in the village of Urik near Irkutsk. For harsh letters about Russian orders, as well as for the essay “A Look at the Secret Society in Russia (1816-1826)” discovered during a search, he was arrested (March 27, 1841) and imprisoned in Akatuy prison.

Not a single figure of Russian history simultaneously appeared on the pages of the works of all three pillars of great Russian literature - Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy. Moreover, in their most important novels - “Eugene Onegin”, “War and Peace” and “Demons” - on which, in fact, Russian self-awareness is based. None except Mikhail Sergeevich Lunin.

Not a single figure of Russian history simultaneously appeared on the pages of the works of all three pillars of great Russian literature - Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy. Moreover, in their most important novels - “Eugene Onegin”, “War and Peace” and “Demons” - on which, in fact, Russian self-awareness is based. None except Mikhail Sergeevich Lunin.

In the tenth chapter of “Eugene Onegin” Alexander Sergeevich writes:

They are famous for their sharp orbit,
Members of this family gathered
From restless Nikita,
At the careful Ilya.
Friend of Mars, Bacchus and Venus,
Lunin sharply suggested to them
Its decisive measures
And he muttered with inspiration.
Pushkin read his Noels,
Melancholy Yakushkin,
It seemed to silently expose
Regicidal dagger.

Moreover, until his death, the poet kept a lock of Lunin’s hair, cut off when he was sent to hard labor. In War and Peace, Lev Nikolaevich brings out Lunin under the name Dolokhov. A daring hussar, a raider, a braggart and a man of honor, who really was Mikhail Sergeevich Lunin? And how was this extraordinary man connected with Belarus?

Born in St. Petersburg in 1787 into a wealthy noble family, he spent his early childhood in the Tambov province. Orthodox religion, later converted to Catholicism. Father - Actual State Councilor Sergei Mikhailovich Lunin, mother - Feodosia Nikitichna Muravyova. He was raised at home by teachers: the Englishman Forster, the French Bute, Cartier, Abbot Vauvilliers (who raised him in the spirit of Catholicism), the Swiss Malherbe, the Swede Kirulf.

In 1805, the cornet entered the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. Literally immediately after receiving officer ranks, Mikhail Lunin and his brother Nikita take part in the famous Battle of Austerlitz, where Russian-Austrian troops suffered a crushing defeat from Napoleon's army. But it was the cavalry guards, these dueling heroes, lovers in peacetime, who showed their best side during the war years. Thanks to them, the Russian army survived at Austerlitz, but the cavalry guards suffered huge losses. Nikita Lunin dies the death of the brave, and Mikhail Lunin receives his first military order - Anna, 4th degree.

Then the young officer was completely captured by the social life of St. Petersburg. Handsome, war hero, constant duelist, gambler. Idol of the “golden youth”, favorite of women. His eccentricities and tricks are on the lips of the entire capital. Lunin and his comrades changed the signs on all the shops on Nevsky Prospekt overnight! Lunin galloped around St. Petersburg completely naked! Lunin challenged the Tsar’s brother himself to a duel! Lunin sang serenades under the empress’s windows, declaring his love to her! Anyone else would have been thrown into a fortress long ago for such art, but Lunin got away with it.

Lunin Mikhail Sergeevich. Autolithograph by P.F. Sokolova. 1822 St. Petersburg

Soon the “thunderstorm of the twelfth year” came. Lunin was a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. Lunin wrote a letter to M.I. Kutuzov, in which he offers himself as a truce to Napoleon. So as not to stab him more or less when they meet. He had already chosen a suitable hidden dagger and began to train. As contemporaries write, no one doubted that Lunin would carry out this order if it came. This same man later also proposed executing Emperor Alexander I. And he wondered why his Decembrist comrades were hesitating. And again, no one doubted that he could do it.

He takes part in the battles near Smolensk, in the Battle of Borodino, where he receives a golden weapon “For Bravery”, fights at Tarutino, near Maloyaroslavets, near Krasnoye. Everywhere showing miracles of courage and bravery. He, an elite cavalry guard, could, if necessary, take a soldier’s rifle and launch a bayonet attack. He takes part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army. Bravely fights in the battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, Kulm, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, and enters Paris with Russian troops.

Returning to St. Petersburg with three new orders and glory, Mikhail Sergeevich became bored again. His violent nature demanded some action. He continued to fight in duels. As contemporaries write, “in almost every duel he received some kind of injury, which made his body look like a sieve.” Surprisingly, in numerous bloody battles Lunin did not receive a scratch!

All his duels immediately became legends. Here is one of them. Once the conversation among the officers turned to politics, a certain Orlov added at the end of his discussion that they say that any honest person cannot think differently. Mikhail Sergeevich immediately intervened and said that there are probably honest people who may have a different opinion on this matter. Orlov was puzzled and asked if Lunin was provoking him. Lunin replied that he was not looking for a reason for provocation, but if Orlov considered this a challenge to a duel, then he was ready. It was obvious that the reason was completely trivial, but a duel was already inevitable. Orlov, unlike Lunin, was a poor shooter. Orlov shoots first, but misses. Lunin shoots in the air. Orlov is angry that Lunin is mocking him. Lunin constantly corrects the inexperienced officer’s hand and gives advice on how best to hit him. Orlov, following the advice, shoots a second time. Already more precise. The bullet pierces Lunin's epaulette, a few centimeters lower, and he would have hit the heart. Calm Lunin shoots into the air again. Then the seconds, taken aback, intervene and separate the duelists.

His contemporary, the famous doctor N.A. Belogolovy, in his “From the Memoirs of a Siberian about the Decembrists,” tells the following story about the antics of a war hero:

“Lunin was a guards officer and stood in the summer with his regiment near Peterhof; the summer was hot, and officers and soldiers in their free time took great pleasure in refreshing themselves by swimming in the bay; the commanding German general unexpectedly issued an order to prohibit, under severe punishment, bathing in the future on the grounds that this bathing takes place near the road and thus offends decency; then Lunin, knowing when the general would pass along the road, a few minutes before, climbed into the water in full uniform, in a shako, uniform and boots, so that the general from afar could see the strange sight of an officer floundering in the water, and when he caught up, Lunin He quickly jumped to his feet, immediately stretched out in the water and respectfully saluted him. The puzzled general called the officer to him, recognized him as Lunin, the favorite of the great princes and one of the brilliant guards, and asked in surprise: “What are you doing here?” “I’m swimming,” answered Lunin, “and in order not to violate your Excellency’s instructions, I try to do it in the most decent form.”

This is the kind of boredom that Mikhail Sergeevich’s life takes place in. As a result, he writes a letter to the emperor asking him to send him to foreign service, “since Russia does not foresee a war in the near future.” There is also a quarrel with his father and Lunin retires and leaves for Paris. Where he teaches French to the French. He knew French, Spanish, and English perfectly. He meets and becomes close friends with Henri Saint-Simon, the famous French philosopher. He is trying to create his own philosophical system; he will write down much of it much later, in Siberian penal servitude. In general, Lunin was one of the most educated people of his time; his library, as well as his kennel, was considered one of the best in Russia. Pushkin writes about him: “Mikhail Lunin is a truly wonderful person.” There he begins to write the tragedy “False Dmitry”, and in French.

His father dies, Lunin receives a huge inheritance of 200,000 rubles of annual income and returns to Russia, where he joins the secret society of future Decembrists “Union of Salvation”, then joins the “Union of Welfare”, a member of the Root Council, and becomes a participant in the “Moscow Conspiracy” of 1817. , the Nordic Society and other anti-government conspiratorial organizations. He is a leader and inspirer there too. It was he who came up with the idea of ​​physically eliminating the tsar and his family, creating the so-called “doomed detachment”, which was supposed to attack the imperial convoy and kill Emperor Alexander I. Lunin is ready to lead this detachment.

However, the half-heartedness and weak character of the conspirators disappoints Lunin, he cools down towards the revolutionary movement and leaves it. In 1822, Mikhail Sergeevich, at the age of 35, returned to military service and moved to the Belarusian town of Ruzheny near the city of Slutsk to the Polish Lancer Regiment under the command of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, whom he had challenged to a duel 15 years earlier. Thanks to his zeal in service and diligence, Lunin made Konstantin forget about his frivolity. And soon he becomes the Grand Duke's adjutant.

Once again he habitually enters into a luxurious social life. Two years later, he became a squadron commander in the famous Grodno Life Guards Hussar Regiment. Which was then located in Warsaw. And again under the command of his patron, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. Once again, as in cavalry guard times, jokes arose about Lunin’s antics. They said that he went for a walk in the park, accompanied by a huge Russian bear. The Poles were shocked. He has magnificent horses, serf servants, he is again everyone’s favorite, a spendthrift and a playmaker and at the same time a zealous servant.

Lunin did not take part in the uprising on December 14, 1825 and did not know about it. Since he withdrew from conspiratorial activities several years ago. On December 21, 1825, in Warsaw, Lunin, together with the entire regiment, took the oath to the new Emperor Nicholas I. A Secret Committee was established to investigate the “case of the Decembrists,” and already on December 22, 1825, Lunin’s name was mentioned during interrogations.

It must be said that the arrested participants in the December uprising behaved differently. Many, in order to save lives, “threw down” everyone, involved and not involved. In the large list of persons mentioned by those arrested, the name Lunin immediately attracted the attention of the tsar. The name was too loud; he was well remembered both for his hooligan antics and his military merits.

Meanwhile, Grand Duke Constantine did not want to arrest his adjutant until the last moment. And he even hinted at the need to escape, but Lunin considered this a dishonorable act. Things got to the point that Lieutenant Colonel Lunin was allowed to hunt bears in the forests near the border. But, having hunted to his heart’s content, the noble Mikhail Sergeevich arrived in Warsaw on time, where an order awaited him to be sent under escort to St. Petersburg. Of the Decembrists, Lunin was the last to be arrested on April 10, 1826. And he was one of the few Decembrists who did not name a single accomplice during the investigation. The court determined Lunin’s guilt as follows: he participated in the “intention of regicide.”

“Convicted of category II and, upon confirmation, sentenced to hard labor for 20 years on July 10, 1826, the term was reduced to 15 years on August 22, 1826. Sent to Sveaborg - 10/21/1826, arrived there - 10/25/1826, transferred to the Vyborg fortress - 10/4/1827, sent to Siberia - 4/24/1828, arrived in Irkutsk - 6/18/1828, delivered to the Chita fortress - end of June 1828, arrived in Petrovsky plant in September 1830, the term of hard labor was reduced to 10 years - November 8, 1832. By decree of December 14, 1835, settlement was given to the village. Urik, Irkutsk district, settled in a house he built for himself - November 1836. For the “Letters from Siberia” sent by Lunin to his sister, correspondence was prohibited for a year - 5.8.1838, allowed to resume correspondence - 10.28.1839. As a result of the denunciation of the Irkutsk official Uspensky, who delivered to the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia V.Ya. Rupert, Lunin’s essay “A Look at the Russian Secret Society from 1816 to 1826”, was ordered by the highest order on 2/24/1841 to search Lunin’s house, present the papers to the III Department, and send Lunin to Nerchinsk, subjecting him to strict imprisonment. Arrested on the night of March 27, 1841, gave written testimony in Irkutsk - March 27, 1841, sent to the Akatuyevsky prison castle at the Nerchinsk Mining Plants - April 9, 1841, arrived in Akatuy - April 12. At Benckendorff’s report to the Tsar on February 23, 1842, on the results of the investigation into the case of the dissemination of Lunin’s works, the resolution was: “to remain in strict custody.” He died in Akatui on the night of December 3, 1845.”

The grave of M.S. Lunin in Akatui

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in the novel “Demons”, characterizing Nikolai Vsevolodovich Stavrogin, writes:

“I would probably compare him with other past gentlemen, about whom some legendary memories have survived in our society. They told, for example, about the Decembrist L[un]n that all his life he deliberately sought danger, reveled in the feeling of it, turned it into a need of his nature; in his youth he fought a duel for no reason; in Siberia - he went to fight a bear with only a knife, he loved to meet escaped convicts in the Siberian forests, who, I note in passing, are worse than a bear.

There is no doubt that these legendary gentlemen were capable of feeling, and perhaps even to a strong degree, a feeling of fear, otherwise they would have been much calmer and would not have turned the feeling of danger into a need of their nature. But conquering cowardice in themselves is what, of course, seduced them. The continuous rapture of victory and the consciousness that there is no winner above you - that’s what captivated them.

Even before his exile, this L[uni]n... struggled with hunger and worked hard to earn his own bread, solely because he never wanted to submit to the demands of his rich father, which he found unfair. Therefore, he understood the struggle in many ways; It was not only with bears and not only in duels that he valued his perseverance and strength of character. But still, many years have passed since then, and the nervous, exhausted and divided nature of the people of our time does not even at all allow the need for those immediate and integral sensations that other gentlemen of the good old days, restless in their activities, were so looking for.

Nikolai Vsevolodovich, perhaps, would have looked down on L[uni]n, even called him an eternally brave coward, a cockerel, although he would not have spoken out loud. He would have shot his opponent in a duel and would have gone after a bear if only he had had to, and would have fought off a robber in the forest - just as successfully and just as fearlessly as L[uni]n, but without any feeling of pleasure , but solely out of unpleasant necessity, sluggishly, lazily, even bored. In anger, of course, progress was made against L[uni]n, even against Lermontov.”

Who this man was remained a mystery. Why a brave brave warrior tries so hard to kill his king, for what good, will remain a mystery. But that this man was extraordinary is quite obvious.

Vladimir Kazakov

LUNIN MIKHAIL SERGEEVICH

Lunin, Mikhail Sergeevich - Decembrist (1783 - 1845). Received an excellent upbringing. During the war of 1812 - 1814 he showed extraordinary daring and courage. Close to Emperor Alexander I, who loved him for his extraordinary truthfulness, Lunin incurred his disfavor for his outburst against the government of Louis XVIII regarding the execution of Ney. Not receiving promotion to lieutenant colonel and embarrassing his seniors and juniors with his presence, he left the service and left without permission for Paris, where he lived from hand to mouth, moving in revolutionary circles and conservative salons. He attracted the attention of Saint-Simon. Upon returning to Warsaw, he became close to Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich, to whom he predicted the Polish uprising. When the arrests began, Grand Duke Konstantin tried to defend Lunin, who was one of the ideological leaders of the movement, and gave Lunin time to hide abroad; Lunin considered the flight to be cowardice and was arrested. During the investigation, he answered sharply and was assigned to category II (20 years of hard labor) for the fact that “he participated in the intent of regicide by consent, in the intent of rebellion by accepting members into a secret society and establishing a lithography for the publication of the society’s works.” In hard labor, he alienated most of his comrades, delving more and more into mysticism (he became a Catholic in Paris). At the settlement (since 1836) he set up a Catholic chapel. For his harsh letters about the Russian order and for his brilliant analysis of the report of the investigative commission, published in London, Lunin was torn from the land he was cultivating and imprisoned in Akatuy, where he died. His mood in recent years is expressed in the following lines: “My life passes alternately between visible beings who do not understand me, and an invisible being whom I do not understand. Egyptian darkness hides him from my eyes, but I guess his beauty.” According to him, in England he would be “so-and-so from the opposition.” His “Analysis of the Report of the Investigative Commission” and “A Look at the Secret Society” were published in Herzen’s “Polar Star” (Book 6, Leipzig, 1861); the first composition was mistakenly attributed to Nikita Muravyov. Some of Lunin’s letters are in “Polar Star” (book 5, 1859). - Wed. "Notes" Ipp. Auger ("Russian Archive", 1877, I - II); "Notes" of Baron Rosen (St. Petersburg, 1907); D. Zavalishin "Decembrist Lunin" ("Historical Bulletin", 1880, I); ON THE. Murzalov "On the biography of the Decembrist Lunin" ("Russian Antiquity", 1914, book III), which contains Lunin's will on the abolition of serfdom on his estate; In Stroev "Lunin", (in the "Russian Biographical Dictionary" by Labzin-Lyashchenko, St. Petersburg, 1914).

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what LUNIN MIKHAIL SERGEEVICH is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

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• LUNIN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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• LUNIN in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  Valery Vasilievich (b. 1940), Russian physical chemist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991). Basic research in the field of heterogeneous catalysis; developed a method for recycling high-tactity nitrogen-containing...
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• KHORUZHIY SERGEY SERGEEVICH
  Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Khoruzhiy Sergey Sergeevich (b. 1941) - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, philosopher, researcher of the spiritual tradition of hesychasm. ...
• TIKHONRAVOV EVFIMIY SERGEEVICH in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
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Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Guards Grodno Regiment, Decembrist; genus. in 1783. He came from a wealthy noble family, received a brilliant upbringing for his time, but did not have a solid general education. Lunin's youth was a stormy one: he reflected the passion for youth common to young people of that time, the desire to attract attention; at that time in St. Petersburg there was almost no fight in which he did not take part; several times he himself shot himself and was wounded. Lunin began serving in the Cavalry Regiment, took part in the Battle of Austerlitz, and was an orderly of the Emperor. Alexander I on the memorable night after crossing the Neman; at one time he was toying with the idea of ​​killing Napoleon and thereby ridding Russia of danger.

During a campaign abroad, Lunin had a famous incident with Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich.

All the officers of the corps he commanded considered themselves insulted by the crown prince and resigned.

When the Tsarevich after this, at one of the days at the review, declared that resignations could not be accepted, but that he, recognizing his wrongness, apologized, and to whomever this was not enough, he was ready to give personal satisfaction, then everyone recognized themselves as satisfied, but Lunin said: “Your Highness has now deigned to offer personal satisfaction, let me take advantage of this honor.” - “Well, brother, you’re still too young for that!” - answered the Tsarevich.

Subsequently, Konstantin Pavlovich greatly favored Lunin.

Upon the return of the guard to St. Petersburg, Lunin expected to be promoted to colonel, but, having learned that the emperor was dissatisfied with his behavior and did not want to promote him, just as he did not want to promote junior officers, Lunin, so as not to harm his comrades, resigned.

After leaving service, Lunin went abroad with the Frenchman Hippolyte Auger, who had joined the Russian Guard, with whom he became very friendly.

While in Paris on this trip, Lunin met Saint-Simon, who became interested in Lunin;

Lunin planned to write a novel from the era of impostors, then abandoned this idea, became interested in the secret societies of France and converted to Catholicism.

The unexpected death of his father, who left him a large fortune, forced Lunin to return to Russia.

Upon Lunin’s return to St. Petersburg, he was soon overwhelmed by the social unrest that was beginning at that time; he was among the people who laid the foundation for the “Union of Welfare,” and perhaps also the “Union of Salvation,” in any case, he was a member of the “Union of Salvation.” The role that Lunin played in the activities of the Union of Salvation is quite difficult to establish.

What is certain is that he was one of its active members; according to Grech, he loudly preached revolution and rebellion.

In any case, with his determination and energy he gained great influence, and with the harshness of his judgments and extreme conclusions, at which he did not hesitate, he pushed the rest of his comrades (at this time he returned to military service) onto the path of political struggle.

At one of the meetings of the “Society of Salvation” back in 1817, according to Pestel’s testimony, Lunin, when discussing the issue of opening actions, said that if the society decided to kill the emperor, then it would be possible to summon several masked persons to the Tsarskoye Selo road for this purpose.

Lunin admitted that he "incidentally said this." Lunin’s decisive character was, of course, well known to his comrades, and when, later, Pestel wanted to recruit the so-called cohorte perdue from young desperate people, he thought to entrust the leadership of this detachment to Lunin.

When the "Union of Salvation" was renamed the "Union of Welfare", Lunin was among the founding members; when the "Union of Welfare" was dissolved and some of its members formed the "Northern Society", Lunin was among the members of the new society.

But Lunin did not have to take part in the event of December 14; he was the adjutant of the leader. book Konstantin Pavlovich in Warsaw.

Here Lunin moved to the "Southern Society". When, after December 14, the networks of the Decembrist conspiracy began to be revealed, they wanted to arrest Lunin; V. book Konstantin Pavlovich took him under his protection and wrote the following about him to St. Petersburg: “It could be that he (Lunin), being in displeasure against the government, could say something about it, as this happens not only to him; even his Imperial Your Majesty will deign to recall that sometimes among ourselves, in the heat of the moment, without thinking better of it, in such cases we were not always moderate in our speeches, but this does not mean any harmful intention.

It is possible to blame him for the fact that he knew about the secret society and did not inform the government then, although it is possible, but one must also take into account the fact that it, as has now been revealed, included so many cousins ​​and second cousins ​​and other relatives of him." Along with Konstantin Pavlovich then notified Lunin that an order had come from St. Petersburg to arrest him.

Lunin took advantage of this and burned all the papers incriminating him, among other things, a receipt from one of the members of the society, who had already become an important person, notifying him about this through his sister.

Lunin had the full opportunity to flee abroad and thus avoid the retribution that awaited him, but he himself went to St. Petersburg and appeared before the investigative commission, where he behaved very defiantly and attracted attention with his harsh answers.

By the Supreme Criminal Court, Lunin was classified as a second-class state criminal and sentenced to political death.

By decree of Nicholas I of July 10, 1826, this sentence, as for the other Decembrists, was commuted.

Lunin arrived in Siberia later than others; he was brought to Chita at the end of 1829. Like other Decembrists, he was initially placed at the Nerchinsk factories, and then transferred to the Petrovsky plant. Lunin's term of hard labor expired at the end of 1835, and in July 1836 Lunin, together with 9 comrades, was settled in the settlement of Urike, 18 versts from Irkutsk along the Angarsk highway.

Here he lived in his own house, which was arranged in a rather original way.

The house stood in the middle of a courtyard surrounded by a high fence.

One half of the house was residential, and the other was a Catholic chapel.

While living in the settlement, Lunin continued to be interested in Russian and Western European literature; he could get acquainted with the latter in the original in almost all European languages; finally, Lunin’s studies during this time also related to religious subjects.

He continued to remain a zealous Catholic, in his chapel he read his missal every day in the most careful manner, and once a week a chaplain came to him from Irkutsk to perform church services.

Thanks to his sister's care, Lunin never needed money during his entire stay in Siberia.

Lunin maintained constant contact with his sister; his letters were constantly harsh, filled with attacks on the government; These letters were secretly distributed throughout St. Petersburg.

His letters to his fellow Decembrists were also harsh; Knowing that the letters had to go through the “III Department,” Lunin did not stop before this; he liked, as he put it, “to tease the bear”; For several indecent jokes addressed to the Emperor, Lunin was forbidden to write letters for a year.

Less than a year had passed since the ban on correspondence when a new thunderstorm broke out over Lunin. He wrote a criticism of the report of the investigative commission on the Decembrist case.

In it, he argued that the government was limited to only one investigation, that there was no trial at all, he portrayed the actions of individual members in an unfavorable light, and he portrayed the investigation itself as biased and unscrupulous.

This manuscript was written in English, which Lunin spoke perfectly; he sent it to his sister in St. Petersburg, then it went to London and was printed.

At the beginning of 1841, Lunin was taken to the Akatuevsky mine; a case arose in which some other Decembrists who lived in the settlement were also involved.

Akatui, where Lunin was exiled, was one of the most remote mines of the Nerchinsk factories.

This mine was located in an extremely unhealthy area.

But Lunin, even in the saddest circumstances, knew how to live without despondency.

Only a year before his death did he immediately change somehow, became silent and began to feel bored; he expected to be shot, and this thought haunted him. Lunin died suddenly on December 8, 1845 and was buried at the Akatuevsky cemetery. "Historical Bulletin", 1880, vol. I, pp. 139-149; 1891, vol. 45, pp. 65, 66; 1902, t. 87, p. 246. - "Russian Archive", 1870, pp. 1582, 1606, 1631, 1650-1661; 1874, vol. II, p. 702; 1877, vol. I, pp. 51, 240, 519; vol. II, p. 55 (notes of Hippolyte Auger); 1879, I., p. 516; 1881, II, pp. 282, 334 (Report of the investigative commission); 1882, I, pp. 231, 459; 1885, I, pp. 359-365 (From the memoirs of L. F. Lvov); III, pp. 225-227, 230, 234, 555, 560-661 (Notes of N. N. Muravyov). - "Russian Antiquity", 1870, II, pp. 183, 184; 1877, III, p. 83; 1878, I, p. 3; 1881, I, p. 820, IV, p. 654; 1882, I, pp. 65, 160; II, p. 711; 1886, IV, p. 235; 1888, II, p. 371; 1891, V, p. 89; 1892, III, p. 171; 1898, November, p. 344; 1899, November, pp. 329, 331; 1900, Feb., pp. 279, 280, May, pp. 364; 1901, Jan., p. 192, Feb., p. 438. - "Notes of the Fatherland", 1869, No. 10, pp. 231, 556, 559. - "Nineteenth Century", M. 1872 , part I, pp. 111, 145, 173 (Notes of N.V. Basargin). - Golovachev, “Decembrists”, 86 portraits... Ed. M. M. Zenzinova, M., 1906, pp. 129-138. - Bar. Rosen, "Notes of the Decembrist", St. Petersburg, 1907, pp. 3, 30, 48, 54, 97, 106, 109, 126, 129, 132, 154, 161, 162, 171, 176, 274, 303. - "Decembrists and secret societies in Russia." Ed. V. M. Sablina, M., 1906, p. 86. - Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. - Grech, “Conspiracy of the Decembrists”, St. Petersburg, 1886, pp. 428, 429. - “On the biography of the Decembrist M. S. Lunin” (“Russian Antiquity”, 1914, book III). V. Stroev. (Polovtsov) Lunin, Mikhail Sergeevich - Decembrist.

While serving in the guard, in a cavalry regiment, L., offended by the fact that he was bypassed in production, voluntarily quit his service and went abroad.

Returning to Russia, L. served under Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich in Poland.

He participated in the Decembrist conspiracy, belonging to the Northern Society, but Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, who was close to him, did not want to hand him over to the authorities for a long time and even offered L. to arrange his escape abroad.

L. himself appeared in St. Petersburg, at the Supreme Criminal Court, where he worsened his fate with bold answers.

He was sentenced to hard labor under the 2nd category and sent to Chita, from where he was later transferred to the Petrovsky plant. After serving hard labor, L., while in a settlement in Siberia, for his very harsh letters directed against the government and administration, then printed in England, was again imprisoned, where he soon died. See the article by D.I. Zavalishin in the Historical Bulletin, 1880, No. 1. (Brockhaus) Lunin, Mikhail Sergeevich (12/29/1787-12/3/1845). - Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Guards. Grodno Hussar Regiment. Genus. in St. Petersburg, spent his early childhood in Tambov province. Orthodox religion, later converted to Catholicism.

Father - active stat. owls Sergey Mikh. Lunin (d. February 1817), mother - Feodosia Nikitichna Muravyova (d. 1792). He was raised at home by teachers - the Englishman Forster, the French Bute, Cartier, Abbot Vauvilliers (who raised him in the spirit of Catholicism), the Swiss Malherbe, the Swede Kirulf.

Behind Lunin in the village. Sergievsky (Inzhavino also) and Nikitsky, Kirsanovsky district, Tambov province, village. Annino, Volsky district, Saratov province. only 929 souls. He entered the service as a cadet in the Life Guards. Jaeger. Regiment - Sept. 1803, harness-junker - Jan. 1805, transferred to Life Guards. Cavalry Regiment estandard cadet - 1805, cornet - 10/8/1805, participant in the war of 1805-1807 (Austerlitz, Helsborg - awarded the Order of Anna 4th class, Friedland), lieutenant - 12/26/1807, staff captain - 9/28/1810, participant in the Patriotic War war of 1812 (Smolensk, Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, Krasnoye), captain - 14.1.1813, participant in foreign campaigns (Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden, Kulm, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris), returned with the regiment to St. Petersburg - 10.18.1814 , dismissed on October 6, 1815 as a result of submitting a report on leave.

He left for Paris on September 10, 1816, returned in the first half of 1817, and again entered service as captain of the Polish Lancers. regiment (m. Ruzheny, Slutsk) - January 20, 1822, transferred to Warsaw to the Life Guards. Grodno Hussar. regiment with the appointment to be attached to the leader. book Konstantin Pavlovich - 26.3.1824, appointed commander of the 4th squadron - 5.5.1824. Mason, member of the Three Virtues Lodge. Member of the Union of Salvation (1816), the Union of Welfare (member of the Root Council, participant in the “Moscow Conspiracy” of 1817 and the St. Petersburg meetings of 1820) and the Northern Society.

He gave initial testimony in response to the questions raised by the Investigative Committee in Warsaw on March 24, 1826, was arrested on April 9, 1826 in Warsaw, and was taken to St. Petersburg at Ch. guardhouse - 15.4, transferred to the Peter and Paul Fortress under special arrest. dormant - 16.4, in May shown in No. 8 of the Kronverk curtain.

Convicted of the first category and upon confirmation on July 10, 1826 he was sentenced to hard labor for 20 years, the term was reduced to 15 years on August 22, 1826. Sent to Sveaborg - 10.21.1826 (signs: height 2 ars. 8? ap., "white, oblong face, brown eyes, medium nose, dark brown hair on the head and eyebrows"), arrived there - 10.25.1826, transferred to the Vyborg fortress - 10/4/1827, sent to Siberia - 4/24/1828, arrived in Irkutsk - 6/18/1828, delivered to the Chita prison - end of June 1828, arrived at the Petrovsky plant in September. 1830, the term of hard labor was reduced to 10 years - November 8, 1832. By decree 14.12. 1835 turned to settlement in the village. Urik of the Irkutsk district (arrived in Irkutsk on June 16, 1836), settled in the house he built for himself - November 1836. For the "Letters from Siberia" sent by Lunin to his sister, correspondence was prohibited for a year - 5.8. 1838, permission to resume correspondence - 10/28/1839. As a result of the denunciation of the Irkutsk official Uspensky, who brought the governor general. East Siberia to V. Ya. Rupert, Lunin’s essay “A Look at the Russian Secret Society from 1816 to 1826”, High. On February 24, 1841, it was ordered to search Lunin’s house, present the papers to the III Department, and send Lunin to Nerchinsk, subjecting him to strict imprisonment.

Arrested on the night of March 27, 1841, he gave written testimony in Irkutsk - March 27. 1841, sent to the Akatuyevsky prison castle at the Nerchinsk Mining Plants - 9.4.1841, arrived in Akatuy - 12.4. At Benckendorff’s report to the Tsar on February 23, 1842, on the results of the investigation into the case of the dissemination of Lunin’s works, the resolution was: “to remain in strict custody.” He died in Akatui on the night of December 3, 1845. Brother - Nikita (1789-1805); sister - Ekaterina, married to Uvarov (8.3.1791-22.12.1868); nephews - Serg. Fed. Uvarov (October 5, 1820-1896), historian;

Alexander Fed. Uvarov (11.1.1816-30.3.1869), colonel of hussars. led book Konstantin Nikolaevich regiment. VD, III, 111-130; TsGAOR, f. 109, 1 exp., 1826. D. 61. Part 61. Lunin, Mikhail Sergeevich Colonel Grodnen. Hussar Regiment, writer under Nikol. I. (Polovtsov)